Attracting Girls and Advancing Women in Science and Technology: Why this is Necessary and what Academies can do to Remove Obstacles IANAS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Elisa Baggio Saitovitch CBPF, MCT VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 1 7th IBRO WORLD CONGRESS OF NEUROSCIENCE Melbourne, Australia, July 2007. Female Participation International Conferences plenary lecturers = 4 (25%) plenary lecturers = 2 (25%) symposia speakers = 89 (39%) symposia speakers = 80 (24%) 1st author in posters= 935 (62%) 1st author in posters= 647 (47%) Total registrations = 2445 Total registrations = 2289 registration = 1461 (60%) registration = 954 (42%) Eliane Voulchan Participation in International conference is essential for scientists Why so few • Looking at a developing nation like mine, you would consider the women in S.& T as doing extra work. She has to combine academics with house chores and taking Mathematics as a compulsory elective. Mostly she is also in charge of other things at home. • All these hinders females from actually progressing rapidly in Sc. & Tec. When one sees her mate rapidly scale up the academic ladder while she is as it were crawling on the same ladder, she feels like running down the steps to the humanities and arts. A colleague from TWOWS 3 How many of scientist women • Are married? • Have children? • Have been mistaken for a secretary? • Make or have been asked to make coffee for the • • • department or research group? Have been asked to take notes at a meeting? Cook dinner most nights? Spend more than 2 hours per day caring for children, parents, or others? 4 Listen from colleagues in conferences • Can I believe in results of a Brazilian woman? • I would never like to get divorced from you! • I would not like to be your husband! 5 Science Needs MORE Women • Women bring talent, ideas and approaches that • • • enrich and advance Science. Yet . . . - Women are SCARCE. - Senior women are VERY SCARCE. Some woman has to be the FIRST ONE in each department, subfield, program committee, directorship, etc A classically forbidden state, Often meeting colossal resistance 6 Women in Physics: Opportunity and Potential • How many girls and women had potential to be great scientists, but no opportunity? • What ideas were lost to science, society, & science education because few women participated? • How many children have poor science literacy, because their mothers know no science? 7 In Latin America Guatemala: Señor como quiere usted que yo respect las piedras? Tiengo hambre y en el pueblo mi familia no tiene ni mismo lo que comer. Como quiere usted que se respecten las piedras, si aca no se respectan ni mismo los hombres? • Education for the majority • Develop capacity to adapt and create Innovation and Technology • Creativity and Technological knowledge are necessary We need the participation of all independent of race, color or gender, We can not leave behind the women that are 50% of population • Some statistics 9 Statistics on Women in Physics (USA) • 47% of high school students taking physics (2005) • 21% of undergraduate degrees (class of '06) • 17% of PhD recipients (class of '06) • 6% of full professors (2006) • 0% of faculty in 43% of physics departments (2006) • < 20 departments graduating ≥ 5 female BS (1999-03) • ~10 departments producing ≥ 5 female PhD (1999-03) • Minority women? Almost none! Beverly Hartline Data from AIP reports; summarized by Y. Zastavker 10 Significant Global Differences, But Low Everywhere 11 Large National Differences Within Regions Data from IUPAP 1990-2002 12 BRAZIL High hopes for Brazilian science - Nature, June 2010 - Entrevista com o Ministro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Sergio Machado Rezende: Exciting times for Brazilian science - Nature Materials, Vol. 69 CNPq/ CAPES Alice Abreu 13 Brazil – Number of Students in the University 2008 Total 5.080.056 800.318 Women % Women 2.772.828 54,58 478.668 59,81 Brazil – Prof. in the University 2008 Brasil Publica Privada Prof. in the Universities 2008 Total Women % Women 338.890 152.170 44,90 119.368 51.925 43,50 219.522 100.245 45,67 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência Fonte: MEC/INEP/DEED CEFET/IFET - Centro Federal deof Educação Tecnológica e Instituto Program, Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia VII Meeting the Science Education Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq – research groups in Intitutions, Scientists and doctors. 1997 – 2008 Institutions , Research groups, Researches , PhDs. Brazil, 1993 – 2008 Institutions Research groups Researchers Doctors 1997 181 8.632 34.040 18.724 2000 224 11.760 48.781 27.662 2004 335 19.470 77.649 47.973 2006 403 21.024 90.320 57.586 2008 422 22.797 104.018 66.785 Fonte: Censo de grupos de pesquisas. CNPq. AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq – Fellowships 2001-2008 80000 60000 45.361 46.114 2001 2002 46.146 51.340 55.358 57.161 59.420 49.106 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 40000 20000 0 2003 No total bolsas CAPES – Fellowships–1996 - 2008 45.000 41.039 35.000 31.524 28.888 30.000 25.000 21.176 20.000 22.387 23.334 24.495 25.310 26.096 18.534 15.836 15.890 16.515 15.000 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 19 99 19 98 19 97 10.000 19 96 Número de bolsas 40.000 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 Brazil: Master and PhD Students - 1987-2007 Fonte: CAPES MEC. Elaboração:Coordenação Geral de Indicadores ASCAV/SEXEC MCT. . Note: The Professional MSc started in 1999. AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq – Members of Committees to select fellowships and grants - December 2009 Total Women % Women Human and social sciences 57 29 50% Life sciences Engineering, Earth and Exact Sciences TOTAL 98 23 22% 83 6 5% 238 58 24% •Fonte: CNPq website. AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq Research Groups (%) 1995 – 2008 3970 60 50 40 49 30 44 42 39 46 48 47 20 10 Masculino 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Feminino 2008 Year Fonte: CNPq, Censo de grupos de pesquisas AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq - Research Groups % Women in different areas - 2008 Scientific area TOTAL Engineering and computer science Exact and Earth sciences Agrarian sciences Applied social sciences Biological sciences Human sciences Health sciences Arts and linguistic Women % 48,89 27,31 33,73 37,86 47,69 53,29 59,27 60,40 66,46 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq – Research Groups Leaderships distribution by age and gender - 2008 2500 2.124 1.869 2000 Men Women 1.760 1.557 1.506 1500 1.325 1.196 1.039 926 1000 627 611 500 548 364 293 323 154 4 1 76 63 60 30 0 Até 24 % Women 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 ou + ñ inf. Woman % Group leaders - 1995-2008. 1995 1997 2000 2002 2004 34,16 37,25 39,41 40,68 41,75 2006 2008 43,26 44,54 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência Fonte: CNPq. Censo de Grupos de Pesquisas VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq –Research Groups % Women leading Groups per areas - 2008 Scientific area Engineering and computer science Exact and earth sciences Agrarian sciences Applied social sciences Biological sciences Human sciences Health sciences Arts and linguistic TOTAL % Women group leaders 21,90 28,21 32,29 44,20 51,26 55,44 56,37 66,49 44,52 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência Fonte: CNPq. Censo de grupos de pesquisas. VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq Research Groups Women participation– by level - 2008 Students groups Doctor students Master students Inic. Científica Total 2000 49,12 52,23 58,18 54,11 2002 51,79 55,06 58.09 55,68 Women % 2004 2006 52,76 54,37 55,74 56,73 57,38 58,52 55,97 57,25 2008 55,12 57,66 59,51 58,20 Fonte: CNPq. Censo de grupos de pesquisas. AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq –Fellowships given by categories – % Women 2002 - 2008 2002 2004 2006 2008 54 54 55 57 Master – GM 52 50 52 52 Doctor – GD 49 49 50 51 Post-doctor - PD (1) 39 48 52 51 Research productivity – PQ 32 33 33 34 Total 48 48 48 49 45.348 48.596 55.004 58.869 2002 2004 2006 2008 Doctor 37 41 32 28 Doctor Sandwich 51 52 43 50 Visiting Professor Junior/Senior 16 0 35 30 Post-doc 40 35 29 37 Total 39 41 33 39 Total number of scolarships 766 510 354 551 Feallowship in Brazil Iniciação Científica- IC Total number of fellowships Fellowships Abroad Fonte: CNPq/AEI (2.9.1-Sexo_Mod_PaisExt_0108_nº) AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 CNPq – Research Fellowships % Women per Level– 2001 -2008 Productivity Fellowships Levels 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 Total % Women 2001 22,3 27,1 28,0 32,3 37,2 32,1 2002 2003 22,1 22,9 27,8 27,2 27,8 28,6 32,9 34,0 37,8 37,7 32,3 32,5 2004 23,8 27,2 29,3 34,6 38,3 33,4 2005 23,2 28,6 30,0 34,5 37,7 33,3 2006 23,0 30,4 30,6 35,0 37,2 33,4 2007 23,0 31,8 31,6 34,2 36,8 33,7 2008 23,6 31,8 32,0 32,9 37,0 33,8 Fonte: CNPq/AEI AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 In Physics in 2006 Number of Fellowships X Number of Publications CNPq – Adisory Committees to select Fellowships and grants - % Women by areas December 2009 Total number Scientific areas Number % Woman of woman Human and social sciences 57 29 50% Health sciences 98 23 22% Engineering, exact sciences and earth sciences 83 6 5% Total 238 58 24% AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência Fonte: CNPq website VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 Academia Brasileira de Ciências – October 2009 Áreas Científicas da Academia Brasileira de Ciências Agrarian sciences Biological sciences Biomedical sciences Engineering Health sciences Earth sciences Physics Math Chemical sciences Social sciences TOTAL Man Woman %Woman 17 21 85 26 20 40 66 46 42 13 376 4 7 15 1 2 2 4 3 7 5 50 23,53 33,33 17,65 3,85 10,00 5,00 6,06 6,52 16,67 38,46 13,30 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 Engenheiras Petrobras AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 Reasons Stiffness of the scientific community Discrimination claims that ancient man's superiority Male models adopted to evaluate and judge, set the criteria. Male model permeates the workplace Preference to family, the predominance of emotion and sensitivity Historical guilt feeling Lack of aggressiveness, timidity and submission Low self-esteem Tendency to adopt male patterns of work Private X Public As is going this passage from the private to public world? With many gains for science because the woman has contributed to the expansion of knowledge Adapting and / or questioning, to change the male face of science . A "Glass Ceiling" in All Countries • Very few women in leadership • • • • • positions Very few women full professors Some assistant and associate professors Several post-docs More graduate students Even more undergraduates • Efforts by women & men are helping some women through the glass ceiling into leadership in some countries Source: Economist 7/05 32 Balancing Family and Career • Career/family conflicts are a serious challenge for women scientists around the world - Women have children at the age a physicist must start her career, working long hours in temporary positions, often abroad • In most countries, women are responsible for children, home, cooking, laundry, . . . • • It helps when men and women together share family and household duties and pleasures • Both boys and girls must be taught to expect this lifestyle In some countries and cultures the expectations of females CLASH sharply with the requirements to succeed in science 33 Bringing Up Girls & Boys • Get dirty • Take things apart and put • • • • • • them together (or maybe not) Work with tools Explore and build Do sports and outdoor games In team projects: be the leader and innovator Be energetic & rambunctious Think for himself • Stay clean • Keep things whole, neat and • • • • • • pristine Use paintbrushes artistically Read and write Play quietly indoors In team projects: be a follower and note-taker Cook following recipes Don't question Preparation for interest and success in science and engineering? 34 Understanding the Challenges • According to Dr. Virginia Valian (author of Why So Slow? ) two key concepts help explain the difficulties girls and women face entering and advancing in science and engineering “Gender schema" Accumulation of advantage • These hidden challenges are likely to be aggravated for under-represented minorities 35 Gender "Schema" • Gender and ethnic "schema" are widely held beliefs about men, women, and people from ethnic groups with respect to their competence, career roles, and leadership ability – Lead us to overrate white men k – Lead us to underrate women and minorities Overheard at the Physics conference: You're the smartest secretary I've met. Thank you. But I'm an physicist. Drawing © UFS, Inc, 3/6/04 36 Accumulation of Advantage • "Accumulation of advantage" refers to the cumulative long-term effect of small differences in the way males and females from different ethnic groups are treated throughout their lives • • • • • At home and in school On the sports field In the workplace In restaurants, stores, theatres,... If majority males experience "1.001" and others experience "0.999" the difference accumulates profoundly • White males' experience ("1400" after 20 years) • Others' experience 0 ("0.00067" after 20 years) 37 Your Ideas, Strategies & Actions Needed • To interest girls and ensure they get the needed • • • • • • • math background in primary & secondary school To attract & graduate women in science (BS & PhD) To launch women graduates into science careers - Career options for scientists needed in all countries To get women into the science professoriate To promote women science into leadership To solve the family-career conflict To overcome the special challenges and barriers associated with some racial/ethnic/cultural groups To reform institutions to be more inclusive 38 Catalyze and Drive Change Including more women would bring more ideas and approaches to science, thereby reinforcing and enhancing the quality of the science • • How can we blaze or open new pathways for women (and others) to enter science? How can we transform the profession of science, along with the institutions where it is practiced, to welcome and promote women? 39 23rd IUPAP General Assembly (1999) • • • Concerned about very low participation of women in physics in most countries Passed a resolution to form IUPAP Working Group on Women in Physics (WIP) - Marcia Barbosa (Brasil), founding chairperson - Judy Franz (USA) IUPAP Liaison - 13 members from 12 countries WIP mandate to survey the situation, report to IUPAP, and suggest strategies to improve the situation - Conducted international survey - Organized 1st IUPAP Int'l Conference on Women in Physics (Paris, 2002) 40 IUPAP's Women in Physics Conferences: I: Paris, 2002 II: Rio, 2005 WYP 2005 Event Rio de Janeiro 2005 ~150 physicists from ~40 countries; 7% men Limited travel funding Paris 2002 ~300 physicists from 65 countries; 15% men (only ~45 countries were IUPAP members at this time) 41 Results from ICWIP 2002 & 2005 • Unanimous resolutions later approved by IUPAP General • • • Assembly Empowered participants returning home to take action Conference Proceedings published with reports from more countries than attended IUPAP created associate membership categories for developing countries - Membership has risen from 45 countries to 59, including 8 in Latin America (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Peru) 42 IUPAP Actions After ICWIP 2002 & 2005 • • Women appointed to Liaison Committees in significant numbers Gender a consideration in nominations to Commissions and the Council - 2005: Judy Franz (USA) became Secretary General of IUPAP - 2008: Marcia Barbosa (Brasil) elected IUPAP Vice President - 2008: Cecilia Jarlskog (Sweden) elected President Designate • IUPAP-sponsored conferences expected to have women on program committees and as invited speakers 43 Other Strategies and Actions • • • • • • • • • Networking nationally and internationally Making recommendations to governments & physical societies—with many being adopted Internet resources, web pages, and data bases Information exchange and teacher workshops on teaching methods and syllabi effective with girls Women in physics “site visits“ to improve “climate” Mentoring programs, career brochures, and job shadowing "Success skills" training Family-friendly policies: caretaker leave, childcare, pausing "tenure clock," flexible age limits Statistics on participation, hiring, promotions, salaries 44 GAB BRASIL Agreement between GAB and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences - Established in October 31st 2006 Since then, the Committee had only three meetings, but keep contact through on-line networking. ACTION PLAN – OBJECTIVES: 1. Activities related to improving gender equity in science and technology education 2. Activities related to improving the collection of gender disaggregated data for policy makers 3. Making science and technology decision-making more gender aware 4. Removing the obstacles to women in scientific and technological careers 5. To strengthen GAB BRASIL resource base, structures and systems to implement its programs, projects and plans to achieve the stated goals and objectives MEMBERS Alice ABREU (Chair) - ICSU-LAC Jussara Marques de ALMEIDA – UFMG (Computer Science) Marcia BARBOSA – UFRGS (Physics) Beatriz Barbuy – USP (Astronomy) Eva Alterman BLAY – USP (Sociology and Gender Studies) Sandra BRISOLLA – UNICAMP (Economy) Yvonne MASCARENHAS – USP/ABC (Chemistry/Physics) Lúcia MELO – CGEE (Engineering) Magaly PAZELLO – PAGIC (NGO) Lucia PREVIATO – UFRJ/ABC (Microbiology) Elisa REIS – UFRJ/ABC (Sociology) Elisa SAITOVITCH – CBPF (Physics) Angela ULLER – UFRJ (Engineering) Mayana ZATZ – USP/ABC (Biological Sciences) Ciência – Mulher 2004 Latin American Women in Exact and Bio Science http://www.cbpf.br/~mulher/index2.html Elisa Saitovitch and Marcia Barbosa Porto Alegre MUJER CIENCIA BOLIVIA 2007 Elsa Quiroga CUARTA CONFERENCIA DE LATINOAMERICANAS EN LAS CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y DE LA VIDA “Ciencia Mujer 2009” • My final message is that: beside work to have more women in science it is necessary to qualify their participation. 52 The Opportunity and Challenge Women and men working TOGETHER can make science more inviting to women • And also to men • Of all races and nationalities Which would accelerate science progress 53 Ciencia Mulher • Women face several obstacles in the entrance, permanence and professional growth in a scientific career. Among these are • - Prejudice and lack of support / incentives for family members and society for a woman to pursue scientific career, which requires a great dedication. - Lack of perspective in the labor market, as a result of discrimination, such as the existence of unique positions for men and women who have children, etc.. - Children (family responsibilities) and on a double shift work. - Tension in the marital relationship, even when her husband shares the profession. • • • 54 Ciencia Mulher • • • • - The glass ceiling, difficult to cross and then preventing them from moving forward. The society reinforces a model of fragility for women that makes a strong counterpoint to the model of academic career associated with an image of toughness. - Some consequences: low self-esteem, excessive selfcriticism. This leads to: barriers in promotions, distribution of tasks, afraid to apply for or hold positions of visibility. Women with power is only accepted in exceptional cases if professional profile of the woman is much better than any pair of males with requirements to occupy the same position. 55 Ciencia Mulher • - New technologies have created new job opportunities for women, because they do not require physical strength and minimize and soften the household chores. The new media allow to bring culture and education to more distant places, thus contributing to the full involvement of women in society. Electronic communications reduce the distances, facilitating contact between women and their organizations. 56 Ciencia Mulher RECOMMENDATIONS – SOLUTIONS • Make researchers, illustrators, publishers of science • • • magazines to be attentive to gender issues so as not to perpetuate stereotypes of woman. A Latin American woman scientist should participate in activities promoting and fostering, encouraging girls and young women to move into careers in science. Ensure a quality basic education for all, regardless of gender. Improving science education and increase the university also encouraging the entry of women in science. To minimize the influence of stereotypes on career choice, it is suggested the creation of a basic cycle university training, common to all careers. 57 Ciencia Mulher • - Mobilizing women researchers to be more present in the • • • media, raising awareness of colleagues who have to make science communication, considering the magnitude of the impact of positive role models of women scientists for teenagers. - Encourage programs as a young scientist, encouraging new values for the confrontation of stereotypes. - Motivate and encourage girls to choose careers in science, while educating the boys in the sense that animate to do so and support this intent. - Increase participation of women scientists in events such as "Week of S & T and other projects of scientific dissemination. 58 Ciencia Mulher • - To carry out actions for the dissemination and popularization • • • • of science with a gender perspective, in schools and media. Promote vocational education in schools with greater integration-School-University Research Centers. - Some initiatives: (1) create programs that take youth to attend Universities and Research Centers, (2) establish programs that lead to professional schools of education, (3) expand programs of development agencies to involve children and adolescents scientific and technological subjects. 59 Ciencia Mulher • • SHARES IN PUBLIC POLICY - Establish mechanisms for joint action between government agencies responsible for gender policies with those responsible for S & T. - Establish the right of the stock of doctorate and master's enjoyment of paid maternity leave, extending the duration of the fellowship and the deadlines for submitting their theses and dissertations. - Request that the curriculum standards (eg, curriculum Lattes) include an item designed to provide information on the number of children and dates of birth. 60 Ciencia Mulher • • • • • - Request that the scientific meetings to provide a service for childcare. - Establish "subsidies for re-insertion“ to which women have committed themselves to the scientific system for family reasons may resume their research career. - Encourage, fund and widely disseminate research on gender in science and technology, particularly in the hard sciences, natural and biomedical sciences. - Conduct comparative studies of women in Latin America. - Studying life trajectories of women scientists, grouping them by age and following them over time. 61 - Promote gender periodic conferences with Ciencia Mulher • • • • • Studying life trajectories of women scientists, grouping them by age and following them over time. Promote gender periodic conferences with participation of scientists and researchers and researchers of gender. Create awards for excellence for women. Create support programs for the publication of theses, monographs and life stories of women who excelled in science in our countries. Encourage the creation of advisory services to institutional and gender issues. 62 Ciencia Mulher AFFIRMATIVE ACTION • - Increase and ensure the representation of women in • • proportion compared to professionals with the same level of excellence, commissions, committees and boards of agencies and representative bodies of government and institutional. Encourage decision-making bodies in the area of Sc. & Tec. to establish quotas for women, with regard to support for research projects and scholarships in the country and abroad, and establish different variants of grants and shared set age limits Require public agencies provide data sufficiently detailed to allow the studies mentioned above. 63