ALBERTO VIEIRA
[email protected]
HISTORIA DO
MEIO AMBIENTE
Guia bibliográfico
Funchal.1999
ECOFEMINISMO
He says that woman speaks with nature. That she hears voices from under the
earth. That wind blow in her ears and trees whisper to her.(…)
Susan Griffin[1978]
Um dos movimentos radicais ecologistas é o
Ecofeminismo. A ele liga-se também uma corrente literária.
O termo foi usado pela primeira vez por Françoise
d'Eauboune(1). Desde a década de setenta que o movimento
feminista defende a ideia de que o ambiente é feminino,
deste modo o combate ecológico está ligado à libertação da
mulher(2). De acordo com Karen J. Warren "ecological
feminism is the name give to a variety of position that have
roots in different feminist practices and philosophies"(3). Por
outro lado para Carolyn Merchant, uma historiadora deste
movimento, "women and nature have an age-old
association - an affiliation that has persisted throughout
culture, language, and history"".(4)
Tenha-se em atenção que foi Rachel Carson [1907-1964],
com o seu livro "Silent Spring" (1962) que fez despertar a
consciência dos cientistas, políticos e historiadores para o
movimento
ecológico(5).
Esta
aproximação
ao
Ecofeminismo deu-se em 1987 com a conferência
"Ecofeminist perspectives", preparada para celebrar os 25
anos de publicação do livro de Rachel Carson. Todavia a
primeira conferência a fazer apelo a esta aproximação da
mulher aos problemas do ambiente teve lugar em 1974 na
Universidade da Califórnia, a que se seguiram outras na
década imediata(6). Os dois textos mais marcantes que
historiam este movimento são os de Susan Griffin, Women
and Nature (1978) e Carolyn Merchant, the Death of
Nature (1980)
É de salientar aqui o papel assumido pelas mulheres no
passado na defesa e valorização do meio ambiente. O facto
mais evidente disto está na obra de Rachel Carson(7), a que
poderá juntar-se a iniciativa de outras mulheres desde o
século XVIII, como o prova o estudo de Marcia Myers
Bonta Women in the Field (1991)(8).
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Zhenshchina i zemlëiìa = Woman and Earth. Hartford, CT : [s.n.], 1992ZIMMERMAN, Michael E., 1946- Contesting Earth's Future:Rradical
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1.
François d'Eauboune, le féminisme ou la mort, Paris, 1974, pp. 213-252. Irene
Diamond, Reweaving the world, S. Francisco., 1990, p. 100.
2. M. Zimmerman, Contesting Earth's Future, Berkely, 1994, p. 233-319; M.
Zimmerman, Environmental Philosophy..., NY, 1993, p. 263.
3. M. Zimmerman, 1993, p. 264.
4. C. Merchant, the Death of Nature, S. Francisco, 1980, p. XIX.
5. . Outras obras: Under the Sea Wind(1941), The Sea Around US(1951), The Edge of the
Sea(1955).
6. Irene Diamond, Reweaving the world... S. Francisco, 1990, p. 8.
7. Veja-se Mary A. Mccay (1993), Linda Lear (1997), Carol B. Garter (1983) Martha
Freeman (1994).
8. Aqui são assinaladas algumas destas pioneiras: Jane Colden(1724-1766), Agnes
Chase, Alice Eastwood, Elizabeth K. Britton, Martha Maxwell, Kate Brandegee.