EMERGING ECONOMIES BOOK OF ABSTRACTS SÃO PAULO – SP, BRAZIL, JUNE 28 TH TO 29 TH , 2012
SASBE2012 4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EMERGING ECONOMIES BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 1st. Edition SÃO PAULO – SP, BRAZIL
FUNDAÇÃO DE DESENVOLVIM ENTO DA UNICAM P
2012
SASBE2012 4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EMERGING ECONOMIES BOOK OF ABSTRACTS SÃO PAULO – SP, BRAZIL
FUNDAÇÃO DE DESENVOLVIM ENTO DA UNICAM P
2012
Image credits and visual design Angulo Design PDF Edition Daniel Teixeira Turczyn Isabela Escaroupa Panobianco Natalia Taroda Ranga Ligia Mininel Editorial revision Vanessa Gomes (chair) Maristela Gomes da Silva (scientific coordinator) TH
4 CIB Conference on Smart and Sustainable Built Environments – SABE2012: Emerging economies | Book of Abstracts, São Paulo, th
Brazil, June 28-­‐29 , 2012 E-­‐book ISBN 978-­‐85-­‐65823-­‐03-­‐6 1. Smart and sustainable. 2. Design. 3. Construction. 4. Operation. 5. Built environments. Published by Fundação de Desenvolvimento da UNICAMP – Funcamp Av. Érico Veríssimo 1251, Campus Unicamp | Distrito Barão Geraldo 13.083-­‐970 | Campinas – SP, BRAZIL Tel: +55 (19) 3521.2700 WWW: http://www.funcamp.unicamp.br |http://www.fec.unicamp.br/~sasbe2012 © 2012 SASBE2012 | FUNCAMP TABLE OF CONTENTS The Conference: focus and themes v Steering Committee v Scientific Board vi Organizing Committee vi International Scientific Committee vii Conference Program vii ABREU, L. V.; LABAKI, L. L.; MATZARAKIS, A. Bioclimate Provide by Shade Trees as Factor in Urban And Architectural Planning In Tropical Climates – The Case of Campinas, Brazil 1 ALMEIDA, M. G.; SILVA, P. P.; SILVA, S. M.; BRAGANÇA, L. Definition of the Energy Performance Requirements in Rehabilitation Project 2 ARAÚJO, C.; ALMEIDA, M.; BRAGANÇA, L. Evaluation of the Impact of some Portuguese Thermal Regulation Parameters on the Buildings Energy Performance in a Cost/Benefit Perspective 3 ARAÚJO, L. S.; CALMON, J. L; OLIVEIRA, R. D.; MARTINEZ, F. Brazilian Low-­‐Energy 650 m2 Single Family House Design: Challenges Of Approaching Procel Edifica Level A 4 AYALA, A.; MARINCIC, I. Perception of Thermal Comfort in Hot Dry Climates. Case: Educational Buildings in Hermosillo, Mexico 5 AZEREDO, M. A.; MOTTA, A. L. T. S.; CAVALCANTI, H. J. O. Negative Effects at Jacarepaguá Basin System Due to Barra da Tijuca Fast Urban Development 6 BASTOS, C. S.; CALMON, J. L.; Using Air-­‐Conditioning Waste Water for Toilet Flushing in a Commercial Building 7 BATE, L.; STELZER, K.; Integration of District Energy Management Systems and Commercial Building Energy Optimization 8 BECKER, H. H.; Sustainable, Affordable Housing Using Locally-­‐Grown Bamboo 9 BEREST, M. Context and Design Opportunism; A Case Study 10 BERNI, M. D.; DELGADO, A. C. V.; PAGLIARDI, O. Sustainable Development and use of Social and Economic Indicators in the Evaluation of Retrofit Buildings 11 BERNI, M. D.; DORILEO, I. L.; LIMA, B. W. F. Mechanisms to Incentive Energy Generation and Energy Efficiency in Brazilian Buildings 12 BOHNE, R. A.; HUANG, L.; WYCKMANS, A. Cultural And Historic Values in Sustainability Assessment. Comparison of Residential Energy Consumption in Different Geographical Areas, and Relevance for Environmental Policy 13 BONHAM-­‐CARTER, C.; ENGBLOM, S.; BUCALEM, M. L.; WEBER, D. Sustainability as a Catalyst of Short-­‐Term Success and Long-­‐Term Value for Urban Regeneration Masterplans 14 BOURDIC, L.; SALAT, S. Morphological Indicators for Urban Sustainability 15 BROWN, C. Evaluating the Potential for Community-­‐Based Social Marketing in a Toronto High-­‐Rise Rental Building 16 BUCCELLATO, A. P. C. Materials / Matter 17 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S i CAINI, M.; PAPARELLA, R. Design Methodologies to Construct Sustainable Buildings, in the Mediterranean Area, Based on the Use of Renewable Resources Integrated with the Use of Intelligent Systems 18 CARDEMAN, R. G.; SALGADO, M. S. Sustainability in the Process of Urban Planning: Case Study in the City of Rio de Janeiro 19 CARVALHO, A. C.; PASCHOALIN, R. F.; CASTAÑON, J. A. B. Sustainable Urban Mobility and the Brazilian Historical Cities 20 CATTANI, E.; FERRANTE, A.; BOIARDI, L. A 'Learning From Informality' Approach For Socio-­‐Oriented And Sustainable Built Environments 21 CAVALCANTI, S. F.; CARAM, R. M. Evaluation of Feasibility of Using Trombe Walls to Increase Natural Ventilation in Hot and Humid Climates 22 CETINER, I.; EDIS, E. Integrating Environmental Sustainability Issues into Building Science And Technology Courses Of Architecture Education 23 CLIFFORD, D.; JONES, L. Emerging Materials Research -­‐ Application of Organic Phase Change Materials to Meet the Living Building Challenge 24 COLLUCI, A.; HORVAT, M. Can Toronto be a Solar City: an Analysis on Solar Energy Potential in the City of Toronto 25 CONRADIE, D. C.; KUMIRAI, T. Predictive Performance Simulations For A Sustainable Lecture Building Complex 26 CONRADIE, D. C.; KUMIRAI, T. The Creation of a South African Climate Map for the Quantification of Appropriate Passive Design Responses 27 CORREA, S. R. M.; CRUZ, J. H. P. Sustainability Teaching Strategies in the Architectural Design 28 DABIJA, A. B. Greening the Buildings. Improving the Built Environment in Romania 29 DAS, R.; RICHMAN, R. Energy Literacy and Perceptions of Energy Consumption in Multi-­‐Unit Residential Buildings 30 DIJK, S. V.; TENPIERIK, M.; DOBBELSTEEN, A. V. D.; Continuing the Building’s Material Cycle a Literature Review and Analysis of Current Systems Theories in Comparison with the Theory of Cradle to Cradle 31 DOBBELSTEEN, A. V. D.; KEEFFE, G.; TILLIE, N. Cities Ready for Energy Crises – Building Urban Energy-­‐
Resilience 32 DOBBELSTEEN, A. V. D.; WISSE, K.; DOEPEL, D.; TILLIE, N. REAP2 -­‐ New Concepts for the Exchange of Heat in Cities 33 DUART, M. A.; TAGUCHI, M. K.; PARANHOS, R. M.; ALEXANDRE, M.; BORDIM, V.; RICHTER, K. Use of Rice Industrialization Ashes like Concrete Component Material In Low Cost Constructions 34 ECKER, V. D.; SATTLER, M. A. House & Context: The Integration of Residential Housing Projects at the Local Environment Through Sustainable Targets 35 GADAKARI, T.; FOTIOS, S.; MUSHATAT, S.; NEWMAN, R. Exploring the Social Aspect of Sustainability in Intelligent Environments 36 GIBBERD, J. 0.8 Human Development Index, 1.8 Gha Ecological Footprint Built Environments 37 GUSSON, C. D. S.; MADEIRA, A. H. Y.; DUARTE, D. H. S. São Paulo: A Dense City? 38 HEINE, U. Teaching Sustainability in Design Without Green Washing 39 HERTHOGS, P.; DE TEMMERMAN, N.; DE WEERDT, Y.; DEBACKER, W. Links Between Adaptable Buildings and Adaptive Urban Environments: A Theoretical Framework 40 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S ii HUYUANG, L.; YANG, J.; LOH, S. Breaking Organizational Barriers for Greening Australian Campuses 41 JANSEN, R. J. J. A. Encouraging Innovation in the Built Environment by Exposing Pre-­‐Graduate Students to Different Innovative Building Systems 42 JAUSLIN, D.; DREXLER, H.; CURIEL, F. Design Methods for Young Sustainable Architecture Practice 43 KENNEDY, R.; LEWIS, J. The Impacts of Power Outages on the Residents of Contemporary Multi-­‐Storey Apartment Buildings in Subtropical Environments 44 KLEEREKOPER, L.; BRUIN-­‐HORDIJK, T. G. J. D. Coupling Climate Adaptation Strategies: Achieving Synergies in a Neighbourhood in Amsterdam-­‐West 45 KOLLER, L.; GIRMSCHEID, G. Life Cycle-­‐Oriented Performance Model in the Field of Operational Road Maintenance 46 LEHTIRANTA, L. M.; HAMPSON, K. D.; KENLEY, R. Evaluation of Green Public Road Procurement in Australia: Current Practices and Gaps to Fill 47 LI, M.; YANG, J.; New Strategies of Managing Waste in Office Building Retrofit Projects 48 LIMA, B. W. F.; JANNUZZI, G. D. M.; SILVA, V. G. D. Evaluation of the Performance of a Theoretical BIPV System Installed Into Building´s Façades 49 LIMA, M. M. X.; RUSCHEL, R. C. Project Vasari Used to Evaluate the Environmental Performance of a Low-­‐
Income Housing Project 50 MARCHWIŃSKI, J.; PV Technology In Retrofitted Buildings – Architectural Outlook 51 MARINCIC, I.; OCHOA, J. M.; RIO, J. D. A. Thermal Votes Prediction Based on an Adaptative Thermal Approach 52 MARINS, K. R. D. C. C.; ROMERO, M. D. A.; A Methodology to Integrate Urban Morphology, Urban Mobility, Buildings and Energy in the Planning of Urban Development Areas 53 MONSON, N. J.; SINGHAL, D.; KUMAR, A. Identifying the Need for a Universal Rating System for Assessment of Smart Buildings 54 MONTEIRO, L. M.; ALUCCI, M. P. Sustainable Transitional Spaces: Adaptive Model for Thermal Comfort 55 MOON, H. J.; CHOI, M. S. Mapping and Data Transfer from Gbxml to a Building Energy Analysis Model (Energyplus) 56 NELSON, N. O.; KRUIJNE, E.R. S. B. Decentralized Utility Provision Management: Models for Community-­‐
Led Infrastructure Services 57 NOYA, M.; ABREU, W.; MOTTA, A. L. T. S. Sustainable Methods and Techniques in Old And New Public Constructions 58 OCHOA, J. M.; MARINCIC, I.; ALPUCHE, M. G. Energy and Environment Specialist Program an Option to Educate Sustainable Architects 59 ORKMEZ, A. S.; CETINER, I. Evaluating Thermal Comfort Near Perimeter Zone in Double Skin Glass Facades for Moderate Climates 60 PACHECO, F. A. Density and Spatial Quality: High Density and Perceived Spatial Quality on the Transition from Public to Private Spaces 61 PAULA, N. D.; MELHADO, S. B. Effects of the Demand of Environmental Sustainability on the Building Design Stage 62 PINTO, R. L. C.; LIBRELOTTO, L. I. Study and Contemplation Upon Project Importance in Public Housing 63 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S iii PLESSIS, C. D. Applying the Theoretical Framework of Ecological Resilience to the Promotion of Sustainability in the Urban Social-­‐Ecological System 64 RIVALLAIN, M.; BAVEREL, O.; PEUPORTIER, B. Comparison of Multi Criteria Optimization Methods for Existing Buildings Energy Retrofit 65 ROGGEMA, R. Developing a Planning Theory for Wicked Problems: Swarm Planning 66 SAADE, M. R. M.; SILVA, M. G.; GOMES, V.; FRANCO, H. G.; SCHWAMBACK, D.; LAVOR, B. Proposition and Preliminary Analysis of a Core Set of Indicators to Describe Material Eco-­‐Efficiency of Brazilian Buildings 67 SACHT, H.; BRAGANÇA, L.; AMEIDA, M.; CARAM, R. Glazing Façade Modules: Daylighting Performance Simulation for Bragança, Coimbra, Évora and Faro 68 SALAT, S.; BOURDIC, L. Urban Network’s Structure: The Tree or the Leaf? 69 SARAIVA, T. S.; BORGES, M. M.; COLCHETE, A. F.; PIMENTA, A. B. Recycling and Reuse of Buildings and Components Considered in Conceptual Design Stage 70 SCHILLER, S. D.; EVANS, J. M.; SARTORIO, J. Smart & Simple Demo-­‐Project in a Highly Sensitive Natural Heritage Site 71 SOURANI, A.; SOHAIL, M. Which Economic Sustainability Criteria Should be Addressed in Public Procurement Strategies? 72 STARBUCK, S.; LEECH, P. Do Engineers Need to Learn About Sustainable Design? Historically, Change Was Anticipated By Exploring New Techniques Which Then Went on to Define Their Age 73 THIEL, C. L.; BILEC, M. M.; NEEDY, K. L. Impacts of Green Design on Hospital Performance in the United States 74 TILLIE, N.; KOULOUMPI, I.; DOBBELSTEEN, A. V. D City Rankings and Urban Assessment Tools to Help Accelerating Sustainable Development in Cities 75 VALENTE, H. B.; GOMES, F. J.; OLIVEIRA G. F.; CONCEICAO L. R.; TEIXEIRA, M.; CYRILLO, Y. M. Sustainable Homelab: Automation, Data Monitoring, Alternative Energy and Education on Efficient Sustainable Living Environments 76 WYCKMANS, A.; BOHNE, R. A. Cross-­‐scale Indicators for the Indirect Impact of the Built Environment on Sustainable Lifestyles. The Case of Brøset, Trondheim, Norway 77 YANG, Z.; YANG. J. The Implementation of Sustainable Housing Through Mutual Benefits to Key Stakeholders 78 YIP, A.; RICHMAN, R. Assessing Metrics for Energy Performance in Canadian Residential Buildings 79 ZAMBRANO, L. M. A.; MARQUES, A. C.; CASTRO, E. B. P.; LUZ, A. P. F.; NEVES, L. F.; ALMEIDA, M. M.; RIBEIRO, N. D. P. Sustainable Home Laboratory: Exhibition and Experimental Space for Education and Research on Sustainable Living Environments 80 ZHANG, H.; LAU, B. A Practice of Green Architecture in China 81 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S iv THE CONFERENCE: FOCUS AND THEMES SASBE2012 is the fourth in a global conferences series, being the previous editions organized in Australia (2003), China (2006) and The Netherlands (2009). At global level, organization is hosted by CIB (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction) Work Commission 116, which shares the conference name. The Brazilian edition is a collaboration between UNICAMP, UFES and SindusCon-­‐SP, chaired by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vanessa Gomes (UNICAMP, CIB, iiSBE). SASBE2012 takes on the batten from previous events and moves forward from sustainable development theories to professional practice with tangible outcomes, particularly in emerging economies contexts. In the past decade, strong efforts in developing countries have focused on leveling the playing field, on envisioning a more sustainable future, and on exploring management and innovation for sustainable building. SASBE2012 also takes in the challenge of helping to instrument such transition. A post-­‐conference book will include invited contributions. The Smart and Sustainable Built Environment (SASBE) journal, to be published by Emerald Group Publishing Limited, will be launched during the conference. Revised versions of SASBE2012 best papers will be encouraged for publication in a special 2013 number of the SASBE Journal. The conference will focus on Emerging economies, which creates a very fertile opportunity to also build upon discussions developed in the week before during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development | Rio+20, scheduled for June 20th and 22nd in Rio de Janeiro. Rio+20 Conference will focus on two themes: (a) agreen economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and (b) the institutional framework for sustainable development. The concept of green economy focuses primarily on the intersection between environment and economy. The UNEP report "Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty erradication" demonstrates that the greening of economies is not generally a drag on growth but rather a new engine of growth; that it is a net generator of decent jobs, and that it is also a vital strategy for the elimination of persistent poverty. In the report's Part II (Investing in energy and resource efficiency), two chapters were dedicated to sustainability of the built environment, namely to buildings and cities. The report also aimed at motivating policy makers to create the enabling conditions for increased investments in a transition to a green economy. The discussion on Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development (IFSD) responds to the need addressed in Chapter XI of the 2002 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI), and encompasses the role of institutions comprising the economic and social pillars, how to step up efforts to bridge the gap between the international financial institutions (IFIs) and the multilateral development banks (MDBs), and the UN agencies, programmes and funds, and enhance the integration of sustainable development in their activities. Under the scientific coordination of Prof. Dr. Maristela G. Silva (UFES, CIB), SASBE2012 invited contributions and case studies to push forward implementation and demonstration of advances on, among other subjects: 1.
Design, development and operation of smart and healthy workplace and living environments; 2.
New systems, innovative technologies and high performance products responding to emerging challenges such as climate change, closed materials loops, security, alternative energy, passive design, life-­‐cycle assessment, and integration with natural systems; 3.
Evaluation on the methods and techniques of smart and sustainable design, construction, and operation of new built facilities and regeneration of existing ones; 4.
Improvement of sustainability deliverables in projects through management processes, regulations, governance and community engagement; 5.
Management of knowledge on innovation and sustainability for the built environment; and 6.
Communication, education and training of sustainable development principles and professional skills. 7.
Smart and sustainable buildings, infrastructure, districts, cities and the community STEERING COMMITTEE Vanessa Gomes (chair) University of Campinas, Brazil CIB W116 Regional coordinator, Americas 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S v Andy van den Dobbelsteen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands CIB W116 Joint coordinator Doris C.C.K.Kowaltowski University of Campinas, Brazil Jay Yang Queensland University of Technology, Australia CIB W116 Joint coordinator Maristela G. Silva Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil Nils Larsson Executive Director, iiSBE Wim Bakens Secretary General of CIB, Rotterdam SCIENTIFIC BOARD Andy van den Dobbelsteen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands CIB W116 Joint coordinator Frank Schultmann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany CIB W116 Regional coordinator Jay Yang Queensland University of Technology, Australia CIB W116 Joint coordinator Jeremy Gibberd CSIR, South Africa CIB W116 Regional coordinator Vanessa Gomes (chair) University of Campinas, Brazil CIB W116 Regional coordinator ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Aldomar Pedrini Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Doris C. C. K. Kowaltowski University of Campinas, Brazil Flavia R. M. Oliveira Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil Letícia M. A. Zambrano Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil Marcia Regina de Freitas University of Campinas, Brazil Maristela G. Silva Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil Monica Salgado Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Regina C. Ruschel University of Campinas, Brazil Solange V. Galarca Goulart Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Sheila Wabe Ornstein University of Sao Paulo, Brazil 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S vi Vahan Agopyan University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Vanessa Gomes University of Campinas, Brazil Chair INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Maristela G. Silva | Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil (Scientific Coordinator) Prof. Andre de Villiers | CSIR, South Africa Prof. Andy van den Dobbelsteen | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Anke van Hal | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Charles J. Kibert | University of Florida, United States Prof. Chris Geurts | Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands Dr. Chrisna du Plessis | University of Pretoria, South Africa Prof. Craig Langston | Bond University, Australia Dr. Dale Clifford | Carnegie Mellon University, United States Prof. Doris C.C.K.Kowaltowski | University of Campinas, Brazil Dr. Frank van der Hoeven | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Greg Keeffe | Leeds School of Architecture, United Kingdom Dr. Han Vandevyvere | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Dr. Hielkje Zijlstra | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Dr. Hilde Remoy | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Dr. Jeremy Gibberd | CSIR, South Africa Prof. John Bell | Queensland University of Technology, Australia Prof. John Frazer | Queensland University of Technology, Australia Prof. Jos Lichtenberg | Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands Dr. Karen Allacker | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Dr. Martin Tenpierik | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Nils Larsson | iiSBE, Canada Prof. Paulien Herder | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Peter Teeuw | Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Piet Vosloo | University of Pretoria, South Africa Dr. Serge Salat | CSTB, France Prof. Dr. Silvia de Schiller, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Dr. Solange Goulart | Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Prof. Tom Jefferies | Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom Dr. Vanessa Gomes | University of Campinas, Brazil 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S vii CONFERENCE PROGRAM 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S viii 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S ix BIOCLIMATE PROVIDE BY SHADE TREES AS FACTOR IN URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING
IN TROPICAL CLIMATES – THE CASE OF CAMPINAS, BRAZIL
Loyde V. ABREU Arch, Ms.
Eng.1
Lucila L. LABAKI, Dr. Eng1
Andreas MATZARAKIS, Dr. Met2
1
Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil engineering, Architecture and Urban Design,
University of Campinas – SP, Brazil, [email protected]
2
Meteorological Institute, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg – BW, Germany, [email protected]
Summary
Urban expansion and modification without climate responsive guidelines can provide progressively falling short of
sustaining outdoor and, also, indoor life of cities in the Tropics. To re-establish and sustain life inside and outside,
it is important to define the thermal bioclimatic of outdoor and, consequently, to make urban spaces comfortable
as far as the ambient climate permits. The urban climate studies show that shade trees can improve thermal
comfort on Tropical cities. The canopy type is an important characteristic of arboreal vegetation that it must be
considered on microclimate due to different capacities of attenuation of solar radiation provided by each arboreal
species. This paper presents thermal bioclimate analyses using physiologically equivalent temperature conditions
and the benefit of shade trees as guidelines factors for urban and architectural planning in tropical climate of
Campinas, Brazil. The meteorological data: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation from
the period 2003 to 2010 over were used for the calculation of physiologically equivalent temperature with the aid
of RayMan Pro model. The simulations of shade variations were done for verify the influence on urban climate
changes in thermal comfort due shade trees. The solar radiation by different arboreal species was measured in the
shadow of individual trees and simultaneously in the sun from period 2006 to 2010 by using tube solarimeters. Ten
species were chosen: Tabebuia chrysotricha (deciduous), Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don. , Caesalpinia
peltophoroides L., Lafoensia glyptocarpa L., Tipuana tipu F., Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv., Pinus palustris L.
and Pinus coulteri L. (semi-deciduous), Syzygium cumini L. (perennial) and Mangifera indica L. (perennial).The
results shows not only the solar radiation can influence air temperature, but also thermal comfort as well.
Furthermore, the simulation of variation of shade conditions demonstrates the shade trees can improve thermal
comfort in PET above 18oC. Percentages of solar radiation reduction by trees as Caesalpinia peltophoroides L.
(deciduous), Syzygium cumini L. (perennial) and Mangifera indica L. (perennial) that have the best results, shows
that canopy provide shadow and consequently, improve microclimate. The comfortable ambient climate leads to
comfortable indoor environment particularly in buildings and consequently, the energy efficiency. The appropriate
conditions for outdoor thermal comfort are an important step towards achieving sustainability on urban spaces.
An awareness of these issues would be valuable to architects, planners and urban designers, not by the way of
limiting possible solutions, rather by enriching the design possibilities.
Keywords: thermal bioclimate; shade trees; urban spaces; tropical climate, Brazil (Campinas)
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
DEFINITION OF THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS IN REHABILITATION PROJECT
Manuela G. Almeida, Dr. Eng.
Pedro P. SILVA, Eng.
1
2
Sandra M. SILVA, Dr.Eng.
Luís Bragança, Dr. Eng.
3
4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal,
[email protected]
2
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal,
[email protected]
3
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal,
[email protected]
4
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal,
[email protected]
Summary
Building rehabilitation is essential to achieve the targets defined by the EPBD-recast regarding energy efficiency,
reduction of carbon emissions and use of on-site renewable energy sources.
To propose an effective building rehabilitation it is necessary to study the best combination of available options in
terms of construction solutions, technical building systems (hot water, ventilation, heating, cooling and lighting),
their cost, but also their impact on the thermal and acoustic comfort and indoor air quality of the building. Also,
the definition of the cost-optimal level is essential, which is the minimum lifecycle cost (including investment costs,
maintenance and operating costs, energy costs, earnings from energy produced and disposal costs) of each
individual measure.
In this work the multi-criteria decision analysis method ELECTRE III will be applied to balance all these aspects,
during the design phase of a refurbishment project, in order to assist the design team on the selection of
construction solutions and technical building systems.
A simple case study is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in what concerns the definition of
the energy performance requirements (e.g. thickness of insulation and efficiency of the heating system/airconditioning system etc.), of a rehabilitation project. In this example several retrofit alternatives were studied,
their implementation could lead to the reduction of the energy needs of the building from 13% to 83%. With this
approach it was also possible to identify the alternative with the best global performance considering the
investment costs, energy needs, indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and CO2 emissions.
Keywords: rehabilitation, cost-optimal, EPBD-recast, building energy efficiency, life-cycle cost
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF SOME PORTUGUESE THERMAL REGULATION
PARAMETERS ON THE BUILDINGS ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN A COST/BENEFIT
PERSPECTIVE
Catarina Araújo,
1
MsC.Eng.
1
University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal
[email protected]
2
Manuela Almeida, University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães,
Portugal, [email protected]
3
Luís Bragança, University of Minho, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Guimarães,
Portugal, [email protected]
Summary
In the last decades, our planet suffered severe changes that led the world to a serious environmental crisis.
Due to the emissions produced by fossil fuel consumption and to the increasing global energy demand,
there was an increase in greenhouse effect that caused a global warming, causing several serious effects on
the planet. The energy production and use are responsible for 92.5% of total CO 2 emissions, so energy
efficiency is a solution with an increasing importance in this matter. Being the buildings sector responsible
for consuming approximately 40% of the final energy in Europe and taking into account that more than
50% of this consumption can be reduced through energy efficiency measures, a number of directives and
laws at european and national level emerged in the last decade for energy certification of buildings that
promote energy efficiency in this sector.
With this paper it is intended to analyse the Portuguese thermal regulation applied to residential buildings
in what concerns the impact that some parameters have on their thermal performance. The study consists
on the analysis of some parameters that are considered relevant for the energy efficiency of buildings, in
order to find out in which way they influence their energy performance and the final energy certification
rating. Another objective is to perform an economical analysis to determine the cost-benefit relation that
results from changing these parameters. Through this study it will be possible to understand the benefits in
terms of energy rating that result from changing certain parameters as well as the costs associated with
such changes, allowing comparing different alternatives in terms of economic and energy performance.
Keywords: Energy efficiency, Thermal regulation, Cost / Benefit analysis
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
BRAZILIAN LOW‐ENERGY 650 M2 SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE DESIGN: CHALLENGES of APPROACHING PROCEL EDIFICA LEVEL A Liliam S. ARAUJO, Arch,MSc.Eng.1 João Luiz CALMON, Dr. Eng2 Roberto de OLIVEIRA Eng. Dr. Arch3 Fernanda MARTINEZ Arch, MSc. Eng.4 1
Naturalmente design &consulting, Vitoria –ES, Brazil [email protected] 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria –ES, Brazil [email protected] 3
Department of Architecture, Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis –SC,Brazil [email protected] 4
Eficientysul, PortoAlegre‐RS, Brazil, [email protected] Summary An important strategy for climate change mitigation is the reduction of energy use in buildings. One way to do it is to build or renovate buildings applying passive house design approach. The passive house concept has been applied successfully in providing a 650 sq meter Brazilian single family house with low‐annual energy‐consumption, which was designed to meet PROCEL Edifica certification level A (Brazilian Passive House code). At the same time, issues have risen from design measurements showing that several problems around comfort and energy consumption need to be solved according to the Local Municipal Building Code. The experience from real cases of houses already built shows that residents suffer from comfort problems such as overheating in the summer — high temperatures above comfort standards for this season. In addition to this, the consumption of electricity, especially for cooling purposes, is often much higher than predicted. The present paper challenges the passive house paradigm and suggests supplementing it with a low energy design concept that aims at optimizing indoor comfort, while minimizing the consumption of primary energy. The task is to ensure that the supplied energy is used efficiently and provides optimal indoor climate despite the heat present all over the year. The study investigates opening requirements in a low‐energy house designed in compliance with Procel Edifica prescriptive method for building standards and climatic conditions in the City of Serra City, Espírito Santo State, Brazilian climate zone 8. Part of the investigation is a comparison based on minimum local code opening size and Procel Edifica requirement size to comply with efficiency level A. Controlling U‐Value and absorptance value for roof, walls, and openings. The design also applies cross ventilation under roof and aims at some additional points to achieve level A by using wetlands as graywater treatment to supply sanitary flush and landscape irrigation, green roofs and VRF air conditioning system. The conclusion shows how passive house concepts and solar shading techniques will have an impact on traditional local design and construction methodology and how designing decisions influence esthetics. The project is called Brum Residence and the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) supported decision making during the design phase and also during the construction process to meet the energy efficiency targets, which is expected to be validated during the operation phase as well. Keywords: Low Energy, Energy Efficiency, sustainable building, passive house 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S PERCEPTION OF THERMAL COMFORT IN HOT DRY CLIMATES. CASE: EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
IN HERMOSILLO, MEXICO.
Alma AYALA, Arq.
1
1
Irene MARINCIC, Dr. Eng.
2
Post-Degree in Humanities, University of Sonora. Hermosillo, Sonora, México, [email protected]
2
Department of Architecture and Design, University of Sonora. Hermosillo, Sonora, México,
[email protected]
Summary
Achieving environmental comfort in educational buildings is extremely important because it is a factor that could
influence learning processes. In hot dry climates, the main factor affecting comfort is temperature, which carries
the need for major infrastructure to produce the energy to achieve comfort inside buildings. Thermal comfort is
artificially achieved by air conditioning, which is often designed and operated according to international standards,
which are not necessarily appropriate to these climates, due to changes in perception of humans as well as their
adaptation to the environment.
The results presented are part of a research project done for a master’s thesis, which studied a population of
medium socioeconomic level habituated to air conditioning. The main objective of the research is to obtain a
range of temperatures corresponding to the perception of comfort of the inhabitants of a hot dry climate,
specifically in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
A field study was conducted on the campus of the University of Sonora, in the city of Hermosillo, located in the
northern region of México.
Consisted in the application of surveys to subjects over the age of 18 who are using campus buildings with air
conditioned; at the same time, climate data was also recorded and measured.
The collected survey and climate data was entered on an Excel data sheet in order to perform the statistical
analysis. An associated dispersion method was used to obtain the Neutral Temperature (Tn) as well as the limits of
thermal comfort. The Neutral Temperature (Tn) obtained from the field study in educational buildings with air
conditioned in summer season was 26.9°C, and the average temperature of thermostats in the campus was 22.3°C.
Apparently, 22°C is the internal standard temperature of the thermostats in most of the campus buildings. The
results show that standardization, regardless of human perception, sometimes applied without local adjustments,
further than optimize indoor thermal conditions and save energy, can do the opposite. Therefore, increasing the
operating temperatures of air conditioning represents a huge opportunity for saving energy and constitutes a step
to achieve harmony with the environment.
Keywords: thermal comfort, hot dry climate, energy in buildings, air conditioning, educational buildings.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
NEGATIVE EFFECTS AT JACAREPAGUÁ BASIN SYSTEM DUE TO BARRA DA TIJUCA FAST URBAN DEVELOPMENT Margareth A Azeredo, MSc. Eng1 Ana L.T.S.MOTTA, Dr Arq 2 Hermano J. O. Cavalcanti, MSc. Eng3 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Doctoral Student of Graduate Program of University Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil [email protected] 2
Department of Civil Engineering. Associate teacher at the University Federal Fluminense. Niteroi –RJ, Brazil [email protected] 3
Department of Civil Engineering, Doctoral Student of Graduate Program of University Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil [email protected] Summary This article deals with the relation between quality of the sanitation sewer system and water quality in the coastal region of Jacarepaguá Lagunar Complex‐ RJ. The data were analyzed using parameters established at CONAMA Resolution 357/05 and identified by INEA‐ RJ (Rio de Janeiro State Environment Institute). Conformity rates from the region of collection are presented compared to the recommended parameters in order to identify the results of the sanitation sewer systems. A survey was conducted on legislation that refers to the theme and a comparison of the recommended parameters with those found in field surveys performed in the lagoons of the Lagunar Complex studied was done. The results published by INEA indicates that almost all the lagoons present an unacceptable rate of conformity regarding the conditions of classification of water quality. Three of them have “very bad” and one has “bad” rates of conformity concerning the presence of fecal coliforms. Moreover, 70% of all conformity were classified as "very bad”. This study made it possible to verify the existence of a relation between the availability of adequate sanitation sewer systems in that region and the quality of its waters, which have an existing level of commitment. Keywords: Sanitation, Sewage Treatment, Monitoring, Water Pollution 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S USING AIR‐CONDITIONING WASTE WATER FOR TOILET FLUSHING IN A COMMERCIAL BUILDING Celso Silva Bastos Arch1 João Luiz Calmon Dr.Ing2 1 Postgraduate program in Civil Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil, [email protected] 2 Postgraduate program in Civil Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil, [email protected] Summary Within the concept of sustainable construction, with sensible and conscious use of finite natural resources, every effort to save and reuse raw‐materials is considered an important step to be adopted in buildings; from project, implantation, and construction to operation and maintenance throughout their lifecycle. Raising awareness through the need of changing the way buildings are projected and constructed has little by little been inserted into the whole production chain in civil construction. This study aims at showing the application of a system that reuses condensed water drained from air‐conditioner evaporators (which is usually disposed of), and a plan to use this water for toilet flushing, reducing consumption of treated water bought from water companies. We verified that each air‐conditioner specified in the project of a commercial building — used as reference here — produces 4.8 litres of water per hour of operation. Taking their 10 daily hours of operation into account, the accumulated volume of water amounts to 48 litres of water per day, multiplied by the number of project air‐conditioners in the building (137). This result in a daily accumulated volume of 4.29 litres, which represents a significant part of the amount needed to supply all the toilets in the building. A water capture system located at a strategic intermediate floor would be able to store this water and pump it into a special reservoir on the roof of the building, to be distributed into toilet flush pipes. In order for the system to be self‐sufficient, the water pumps should be supplied by solar energy generators installed on the roof of the building. By applying this technology, we seek to considerably reduce the expected treated water consumption and consequently decrease water bill costs. Since sewer rates are calculated based on water consumption, this fee will also be reduced. The analysis of the condensed water will prove its positive properties for the use proposed in this study, as well as the calculation logs of mechanical and hydro‐sanitary systems and solar generators. Keywords: Water reuse, air‐conditioner, toilet flush 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S INTEGRATION OF DISTRICT ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL BUILDING
ENERGY OPTIMIZATION
Presenting
pass photo
author
Lisa Bate, B.Arch., PP OAA,
Int’l Assoc. AIA, 1 FRAIC,
EDAC, LEED AP BD+C
Co-author
pass
photo [if more than
two, please add
only name and
affiliation of coauthors below the
pass photo of
Kevin Stelzer, B.E.S., B.Arch.,
OAA, 2MRAIC, LEED AP BD+C,
BSSO
1
Graduate of University of Toronto & University of Manitoba. Past President of the Ontario Association of
Architects, Fellow of the Royal Institute of Architects, Chairman of the Canadian Green Building Council, Principal
at B+H Architects. [email protected]
2
Graduate of University of Waterloo & Studied at University of Toronto (Certificate of Building Science, Faculty of
Civil Eng.). Full Member of the Ontario Association of Architects, Member of the Royal Institute of Architects,
Member of the Ontario Building Envelope Council, Principal at B+H Architects. [email protected]
Summary
A surge of newly built LEED Gold office space in downtown Toronto has put pressure on existing buildings to
improve their operations and performance. Projects that will be discussed and data provided include First
Canadian Place, currently under retrofit construction and benchmarking for LEED EB:O&M Gold certification; TD
Centre (the first Canadian LEED EB&OM Gold certified), RBC Centre office building (the first Canadian LEED Gold
2
NC greater than 1.0 million ft ); and ENWAVE Deep Water Cooling System, a district system that serves numerous
buildings in the downtown core.
The emphasis on increasing energy efficiency in building design and renovation has expanded to include the design
of energy efficient precincts. District energy management systems to support this effort need to be implemented.
The ENWAVE system is just such an installation; supplying carbon neutral cooling to an entire downtown district.
This effort, in conjunction with the revitalization of existing building stock, has pushed to the forefront the deep
importance of commercial building(s) energy management.
This paper will strive to describe the emergence of this mutually interdependent and positively reinforcing
phenomenon of building design and renovation coupled with district energy system design.
Keywords: District Energy Systems, Retrofit/Renewal, Energy and Design, Commercial Space and Energy, Deep
Water Cooling
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SUSTAINABLE, AFFORDABLE HOUSING USING LOCALLY‐GROWN BAMBOO Hollee H. Becker, Arch1 1
School of Architecture, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA, [email protected] Summary Climate change analysts predict more typhoons and hurricanes in future will cause damage to housing in areas not typically prone to severe weather. The devastation wrought by earthquakes around the globe has raised awareness of the vulnerability of housing to seismic forces. Sustainable goals for housing structures include using regional materials to reduce embodied energy and choosing rapidly renewable materials. The combination of recurrent disasters in many localities combined with a need for sustainable solutions, drives the research of lateral force resistant replacement structures. This paper posits that replacement housing structures must be lateral load resistant, built from regionally manufactured materials, durable, low‐maintenance and affordable. This paper will analyze the feasibility of using laminated bamboo in lateral‐force resistant framing for prefabricated single family residences. The creation of a unitized structural module for rapid transport and on‐site assembly is discussed. Module design for varied size and use is discussed to show implications of connected modules on structural stresses and deflection. The aggregation of modules into housing schemes varying from single level to four levels is demonstrated and tested for lateral and gravity loads. Lastly, modular bamboo housing as a means of generating local economy is discussed. Keywords: Sustainable, structure, bamboo, local economy, disaster replacement housing. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S CONTEXT AND DESIGN OPPORTUNISM; A CASE STUDY
Mark Berest
B.A., B.Arch., OAA, LEED
AP BD+C.
Summary
Chinese Urban planning conventions: A speculation on accommodating culture and other existing conditions
toward integrated water conservation and re-generation.
In 2008, B+H was invited to a participate in a master planning and design competition for the Baiziwan Residential
Area precinct requiring approximately 6,000,000 square feet of construction in Beijing on a 25 hectare site. The
design program included a high school, a library and a hospital as anchors to the proposed morphology with
sufficient parking and retail to service the neighborhood. This is a fairly conventional program for development in
much of urbanizing China.
Current Chinese urban design policy has been responding to rapid urbanization and modernization with a
momentum that is not easily or practically reversed.
This paper strives to illustrate two things in the context of simple scalable water treatment technologies:
First; that a creative design process can provide simple, practical ways to adjust to natural and cultural contexts
and… Second, that it can appropriate extant legislation, construction practices, development and marketing
conventions that are otherwise environmentally perilous toward a more sustainable path addressing and
improving identified targeted local and regional needs. Therefore, the objective is to work creatively with given
generalized physical and cultural conditions to manage limited resources, --in this instance, water.
Keywords: Water, Residential, Development, Planning, Small Engineering, Conservation, Reuse
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN THE
EVALUATION OF RETROFIT BUILDINGS
Mauro D. Berni,
Dr. Engineer
1
A.C.V. Delgado
Engineer
2
Odail Pagliardi
Dr. Economist
3
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Energy Planning, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil. [email protected]
2
IYO Sustainable Solutions Ltd. Campinas, SP, Brazil.
[email protected]
3
FMPFM – Professor Franco Montoro Municipal College, Mogi Guaçu, SP, Brazil.
[email protected]
Summary
This paper aims to establish a methodological framework and its validation as a response to the need of a demand
management tool in the face of recurring comparisons of building revitalization or retrofits. As the investment and
implementation actions improve and the social economic criteria are delimited by regulatory frameworks, it is
extremely necessary to monitor previous performances and further prospects; regarding projects, it is necessary to
measure the extent of which efforts have been meeting regulatory requirements and aiming to contribute with
sustainable development. In this context, the use of indicators has been a major management tool.
Keywords: retrofit, economic indicators, social indicators, building.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
MECHANISMS TO INCENTIVE ENERGY GENERATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BRAZILIAN BUILDINGS Ivo L. Dorileo, Mauro D. Berni, 1
Dr.Eng
Dr. Eng 2
Bruno W. F. Lima Eng.3
1
Interdisciplinary Centre of Energy Planning, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil; [email protected] 2
Department of electric engineering, Federal University of Mato Grosso – UFMT, Brazil; [email protected] 3 NIPE/UNICAMP/FEM, Campinas, Brazil; bruno@iei‐la.org Summary Many local governments are generating renewable energy at their own facilities and working with local businesses and residents to help them do the same at their offices and homes. By installing equipment that captures energy from sunlight, wind, water, and other renewable energy sources, local governments and communities can achieve substantial energy, environmental, and economic benefits. Installing on‐site renewable energy generation systems at municipal facilities and providing incentives to local businesses and residents to do the same can also be an effective way to demonstrate a local government’s commitment to meeting community greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals. Zero energy building is a terminology used to characterize the use of a building with zero energy consumption and zero carbon emissions, while a green building is one whose goal is to use resources more efficiently and concurrently reduces the socio and environmental. A zero energy building may or may not be considered green in all its phases. For example, the stage of construction of the building are not considered the possibilities for passive strategies, the use of new materials rather than recycled standardized and technologies. This study, analyzing onsite generation technologies that are capable of use in the search for green buildings, shows the opportunities available to abate greenhouse gas (GHG), with lower environmental and social impacts throughout the life cycle of buildings. The buildings require electricity imported and/or source of fossil energy to be habitable and to meet the needs of its occupants. In this context, the building with onsite generation becomes a choice of source of supply of electricity or not having additional supply of the basic distribution. It is at this juncture that the discussions are taking place to promote the generation onsite with tariff regulation. Keywords: Incentive mechanisms, onsite generation, green buildings, regulation, energy efficiency. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S CULTURAL AND HISTORIC VALUES IN SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT. COMPARISON OF RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS, AND RELEVANCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Rolf André Bohne, Associate professor PhD.1 Lizhen Huang, Post.doc.² Annemie Wyckmans, Associate professor PhD ³ 1
Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] 2
Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] 3
Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] Summary The results of the Brøset parallel commissioning process showed that through planning and design of traditional technological issues such as building standards, energy supply and motorised transport, it is possible to directly reduce the carbon footprint with 3 to 5 ton of CO2eq per capita from 12 to 7‐9 tons CO2eq (Norwegian conditions). A more disappointing result from the process is the acknowledgement of the fact that we cannot become a low‐
carbon society only with carefully designed neighbourhoods, although such neighbourhoods are an absolute necessity in making a sustainable future possible.If we are going to reach sustainability, and thus stay below 550 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007), we must also undertake far‐reaching changes in lifestyle, consumption and production patterns. Residential energy consumption is varying considerably worldwide. In order to understand these
variations, and thus design effective policies for energy reductions, one needs a better understanding of
the different drivers behind these variations. A comparison of geographical areas with similar climate and
socio-economic conditions has shown significant variations in residential energy consumption across
otherwise comparable case studies.
This research paper aims to identify cultural and historical parameters that contribute to these significant variations, including economic, environmental and social traditions related to local availability of natural resources. Furthermore, the transferability of these parameters is evaluated, taking into consideration local legislation and planning documents, and historic and socio‐economic accessibility of resources. It is evaluated to which degree these parameters can be transferred and included into building assessment tools and policy documents for planning and transformation of sustainable urban neighbourhoods. Keywords: Residential energy use, Income, Culture, Climate zones, Policy 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S SUSTAINABILITY AS A CATALYST OF SHORT-TERM SUCCESS AND LONG-TERM
VALUE FOR URBAN REGENERATION MASTERPLANS
Claire BonhamCarter, LEED AP
1
BD+C
Stephen Engblom,
LEED
AP, Associate
2
AIA
Dr. Miguel Luiz Bucalem, City of Sao Paulo Municipal Secretary of Urban Development, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
[email protected]
Deanna Weber, LEED AP BD+C, Vice President, Principal, AECOM, Irvine, California, USA,
[email protected]
1
Principal, Director of Sustainable Development, AECOM, San Francisco, California, USA,
[email protected]
2
Senior Vice President / Principal, AECOM, San Francisco, California, USA,
[email protected]
Summary
How can sustainability galvanize support and catalyze action for cities addressing the challenging issues of social
equity, economic instability and climate change? Drawing from high-profile urban revitalization projects in Sao
Paulo, Brazil; Ciudad Juarez, Mexico; and Jurong Lake District, Singapore; this paper reviews the value of using a
tailored sustainability framework as an organizing principle for masterplanning efforts. These frameworks drew
upon Sao Paulo’s climate change policy, Singapore’s national sustainable development strategies, Prudential Real
Estate Investors’ (PREI®) corporate sustainability guidelines, LEED-ND (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design-Neighborhood Development) criteria, and client guidelines on sustainable development to craft contextspecific approaches for neighborhoods and districts.
Nova Luz, Sao Paulo, Brazil: This landmark project signals Brazil’s re-commitment to sustainable cities as part of
Mayor Kassab’s “Compact City” campaign. This 50-hectare site is an economically and socially distressed area in
the heart of downtown Sao Paulo. A comprehensive sustainability framework and an economic pro-forma for the
neighborhood serve as a prototype for sustainable neighborhood revitalization in Sao Paulo and across Brazil.
Ciudad Juarez, Mexico: A visionary masterplan was created for this 980-hectare parcel of land adjacent to the
existing town of San Augustin, located between Ciudad Juarez and a new U.S.-Mexico border crossing. The plan
seeks to set a precedent for affordable housing development in Mexico by balancing employment with residential
development, creating livable urban neighborhoods where walking, cycling, and public transit are prioritized,
fostering community through high-quality open spaces, reviving cultural heritage and reducing environmental
impact though green building and alternative energy generation.
Jurong Lake District, Singapore: This 360-hectare lake district, slated to become one of the largest commercial
hubs outside of Singapore’s city center, is being designed to optimize sustainable development and provide
positive economic impact. The urban design and sustainability framework addresses issues related to urban design,
domestic water use, energy use, transportation, ecological conservation and carbon footprint. The urban design
framework and detailed cost-benefit analysis was used to determine optimal sustainable development as well as
enable this community to adapt to future environmental challenges.
Keywords: sustainability, framework, urban regeneration, climate change, Mexico, Singapore, Brazil
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
1
Loeiz BOURDIC
2
Meng, MSc
2
Serge SALAT
Dr.Econ, Dr.Arch.
1
Urban Morphology Laboratory, CSTB, Paris, France
[email protected]
2
Urban Morphology Laboratory, CSTB, Paris, France
[email protected]
Summary
Urban morphology is a very powerful lever to decrease cities’ energy consumption and environmental footprint.
The classical morphological approach focuses on local form factors – such as buildings compacity, sky view factors
or urban canyons’ form – and city-scale factors – such as density or sprawl. Authors’ approach relies on a more
systemic understanding of urban tissues: cities are highly complex systems. Many tools and assessment systems
have been developed improve cities’ energy and environmental footprint. Most of these tools though are base on
the building scale. But there is now an urgent need for multi-scale and cross-scale indicators able to encompass
the intrinsic complexity of the city, an innovative system of indicators is proposed. Based on a morphologic
approach, new mathematical formulas are proposed for urban sustainability indicators. These indicators allow
urban projects comparisons by assessing on a structural point of view the energy, social and environmental
consequences of choices of forms. A comprehensive table displays 60 indicators and the methods to quantify them.
Keywords: Urban Morphology, Energy Efficiency, Indicators, Urban Assessment
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY‐BASED SOCIAL MARKETING IN A TORONTO HIGH‐RISE RENTAL BUILDING Craig Brown, MES1 1
PhD candidate, Environmental Applied Science and Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Summary From an energy use perspective, Toronto’s apartment suites use as much as “25 per cent more energy per square metre compared to a single detached house” (Stewart et al., 2010, p. ii). It is widely believed that leveraging and optimizing household behaviours is an essential strategy in the effort to make high‐rise rental towers less energy intensive. The current research explores the question: is community‐based social marketing (CBSM) an appropriate behaviour change tool for the high‐rise rental setting? By using creative methods from social psychology (e.g., prompts, commitments, incentives, and social diffusion) CBSM can create lasting reductions in building energy use, which given Toronto’s increased interest in achieving low‐cost energy use reductions in its many towers, makes it a very appealing methodology (McKenzie‐Mohr, 2010). In order to test its applicability, questionnaires (n=35) were completed by rental tenants in a 278 unit building in the north of the city. It was found that the creation of online group and/or listserv, the involvement of building staff, and the social diffusion of information represent important potential CBSM strategies. Though the results point to a small number of targetable behaviours, they also indicate a favourable social climate for CBSM strategies. Keywords: energy efficient behaviours, rental tenants, occupant engagement, CBSM 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S MATERIALS / MATTER Aimee P. C. Buccellato1 Robert P. Duke 2 Kaitlyn Veenstra
3 1
Aimee P. C. Buccellato (lead author), Asst. Prof., School of Architecture, University of Notre Dame – Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, [email protected] 2
Robert P. Duke, School of Architecture, University of Notre Dame – Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, [email protected] 3
Kaitlyn Veenstra, School of Architecture, University of Notre Dame – Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, [email protected] Summary Inspired by rapid innovation in building technology and correlated advances in energy performance, architects are turning to emerging technologies with unparalleled enthusiasm to achieve buildings aimed at greater ecological sustainability. But what are the costs – the consequences, perhaps – of these novel and often experimental building materials and methods of assembly? And how effectively are they currently being measured and considered alongside calculated energy use? Are the prevailing systems of measurement adequate, the industry‐
leading tools comprehensive enough and readily accessible to students and practitioners of architecture to enable informed decision‐making, inspire knowledgeable adoption of nascent technologies, and ultimately influence the design and execution of truly sustainable buildings? The authors have begun to examine this question through the development of a more accessible, efficient method of quantitative analysis of construction methods, materials, and principles of design; research that is simultaneously supported by and motivating the development of a novel digital design and analysis tool which will enable students and design professionals to empirically evaluate and compare the broader impacts of their design decisions at every step of the building design process. Such a tool is necessary, not only to provide a more reliable and accessible quantitative methodology, but to inspire much needed critical examination of contemporary “green” building practices, many of which may be, in fact, completely at odds with long term sustainability. The methodology and prototype tool being developed by the authors is uniquely focused on generating specific, objective, quantifiable data capable of describing and comparing the broader implications of decisions made at the very earliest stages of the building design process – and throughout the design process – in order to positively influence the range of impact that those decisions may have on the environment. What current research – and the tools available to both research and practice – lacks is the ability to holistically measure and evaluate building practices, from the commencement of the design process, to the selection of materials, the methods of their assembly, and the long term implications of one’s design alongside building energy use. Data collected from case studies generated as part of this research reveal that there exist quantifiable differences between newness – in terms of advanced building technologies and design – and effectiveness, underscoring the need for more accessible and effective methods and tools for measuring, evaluating, and promoting the execution of truly sustainable building design. If verifiable claims of building impact and energy use are to be made about our buildings – and the myriad technologies employed to promote enhanced performance – energy use in all phases of a building’s life cycle must necessarily be included. Materials matter. Keywords: emerging technology, energy/carbon impact, life cycle assessment, net energy consumption, analysis tools 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S DESIGN METHODOLOGIES TO CONSTRUCT SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS, IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN AREA, BASED ON THE USE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES INTEGRATED WITH
THE USE OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
Mauro CAINI,
Dr. Eng.
1
Rossana PAPARELLA,
2
Prof. Dr. Eng
¹ Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural engineering, Padua University, Padua, Italy
[email protected]
² Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural engineering, Padua University, Padua, Italy
[email protected]
Summary
The energy issue has a leading position in the economy and development, both nationally and globally, and there
has been an increase in awareness that energy consumption must be gradually reduced. The European Union for
example, from 2020, with the 2010/31/CE Directive requires member countries to construct new buildings to nearzero energy consumption (Nearly Zero Energy Building). To achieve these objectives it is essential to implement
research methodologies for the development of scale construction and urban design which has, as its goal, the
creation of energy efficient buildings. This work, through the analysis of case studies and experiments in the
Mediterranean area, which put in place the bio-climatic design principles checked by means of computerized
modelling, aims to develop a methodology which can be an useful tool for architectural and urban design of new
settlements. These methodologies must be capable of achieving optimum use of the renewable resources in the
site, such as sun and wind, limiting the use of equipment included in the project already planned for the winter
heating and summer cooling. In any case, for this integrative function and subsidiary equipment, innovative
solutions integrated into buildings capable of using as a fuel, the natural resource of solar energy, are expected to
be used, so that the energy consumption of non renewable resources approaches zero. On the one hand, the
study identifies the steps needed to project design with iterative method, whereas on the other, it allows you to
derive general guidelines which apply to the design of buildings in the northern hemisphere, especially in the
temperate climate. Particular attention has been paid to the elaboration of the climatic data that must be
systematizes in order to build the record of the year climatic type.
The study also demonstrates how the use of mobile automated shielding and the contribution of natural
ventilation design elements are considered to be relevant and allow to achieve the strategic objectives.
Different software have been used: “Energy Plus” simulations of indoor microclimate conditions, “Radiance” for
simulations and control of indoor optimum brightness, and “Fire Dynamic Simulation” (used in this particular
application) to simulate outdoor wind speed and the determination of the coefficients of pressure in the building.
Using such software to complement the design phase, it was possible, through iteration, to get answers relative to
the orientation, shape and volume, and façade relationships between the transparent and opaque surface of the
single building, and in addition, for more buildings it shows their relative positioning. Not only does the study
contribute to the systematization of the stages of design, bioclimatic, or environmental, but it also shows that in
temperate climates characterized by alternation between warm and cold weather, to reach the objectives, it is
preferable to implement design strategies able to predict an interaction monitored by indoor and outdoor
automated systems.
Key words: Sustainability, Environmental Planning, Domotic, Natural Ventilation
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PROCESS OF URBAN PLANNING: CASE STUDY IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO Rogerio Goldfeld Cardeman, M.Sc.1
Mônica Santos Salgado, DSc Eng2
1
Architecture Graduate Program, Faculty of Architecture, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (PROARQ/FAU/UFRJ), Brazil, [email protected] 2
Department of Construction Technology, Architecture Graduate Program, Faculty of Architecture, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (PROARQ/FAU/UFRJ), Brazil, [email protected] Summary The discussion about green building construction (sustainability) started at the end of the 20th century with the emergence of the first methodologies to assist projects with environmental quality. Europe and the United States launched their proposals considering aspects such as site selection, resource conservation, choice of materials and construction systems, user needs, and indoor air quality. A new challenge emerged when environmental quality requirements were added to the act of designing, since in order to achieve environmentally appropriate building solutions a comprehensive discussion of aspects related to architecture, structure, and building systems, among others, would be necessary. That is, a design definition could not occur in the absence of another, because it could result in prioritizing a certain aspect of building performance over another. Hence, it is necessary to consider integrated design as a way of producing sustainable buildings. However, it is clear that it is useless to design buildings considering sustainability requirements if city land use and/or expansion projects still do poorly in areas such as waste management and public transportation management, among others. In Brazil, the disconnect between the city and its buildings is evident. This is, in part, the result of the planning process in our cities – particularly Rio de Janeiro. The urban policies adopted further fragmented the performance of the Government, by focusing on different areas of the city and only approaching issues such as land use and building parameters. Thus, topics such as connectivity, mobility and land use in downtown urban areas were no longer part of the plans. This paper presents a critical view of the urban planning adopted in Rio de Janeiro from the perspective of environmental management, with emphasis on the city’s current moment – the eve of two major international sporting events. There are presented a comparison among the urban plans adopted by Rio de Janeiro’s public administration and the plan proposed by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy for Colombian’s cities. Through this analysis it is possible to recognize the importance of integrated design for the creation of sustainable cities. It is understood that it is useless to produce green buildings in gray cities. Keywords: sustainability, urban planning, design management, green cities 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY AND THE BRAZILIAN HISTORICAL CITIES
Ana Carla Carvalho,
1
Arq.
José Alberto Barroso Castañon, Dr. Eng.
Rachel Filgueiras
2
Paschoalin, Arq.
3
1
Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Mestrado em Ambiente Construído, Universidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais –
MG, Brazil, [email protected]
2
Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Mestrado em Ambiente Construído, Universidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais –
MG, Brazil, [email protected]
3
Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Mestrado em Ambiente Construído, Universidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais –
MG, Brazil, [email protected]
Summary
Currently, urban mobility that emphasizes the car is not sustainable, since this mobility pattern uses large prime
areas of the city, becoming spatially and socially harmful to the environment. The Transportation Master Plan and
Mobility (PlanMob), aims to direct new mobility policies and new designs for Brazilian cities, aiming to build
sustainable cities and quality of life. Brazilian cities are living a crisis of urban mobility, requiring paradigm shifts,
perhaps more radical than other sectorial policies. Thus, there is a need to reverse the current mobility model,
integrating the instruments of urban management, submitting to the principles of environmental sustainability and
turning to social inclusion. This paper aims to illustrate some guidelines for sustainable mobility, based
on literature review specific to the subject through solutions designed to provide benefits for pedestrians.
However, the Brazilian historical cities sidewalks and roads, in large part, are narrow, irregular and steep slopes
unsuitable for pedestrians, since its structure was designed for the urban reality of centuries past, entirely
different from the current situation of cities, justifying the relevance of this study, because of its great complexity.
It is hoped that from this work, projects aimed the sustainable transport contribute to the economic well-being
and social development, without causing harm to human health and the environment. In addition, proposing to
the historic city a form of urban mobility that does not harm the cultural heritage protected.
Keywords: urban mobility, sustainability, historic city, pedestrian
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
A 'LEARNING FROM INFORMALITY' APPROACH
FOR SOCIO-ORIENTED AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVRONMENTS
Elena CATTANI,
1
Dr.Ing.
Annarita
FERRANTE,
2
Dr.Arch.
Luca BOIARDI,
3
Dr.Ing.
1
Junior researcher at the Department of Architecture and territorial planning, University of Bologna, Italy,
[email protected]
2
Senior Researcher at CIRI EDILIZIA E COSTRUZIONI, University of Bologna, Italy,
[email protected]
3
Senior researcher at CIRI EDILIZIA E COSTRUZIONI, University of Bologna, Italy,
[email protected]
Summary
From the modernist period until now, architects and planners have moved toward the design processes according
to functionally oriented superimposed approaches. The current failure in terms of urban and architectural
conditions, especially considering peripheries within EU and US contexts, is mainly due to the rigid and fixed
character of the “functional city” or “Ford Society” city of the 20th century. As an opposite, a ‘Learning from
informality’ approach is suggested in this paper. Starting from a research and analysis from the current of the state
of art on informal settings and developments, it is possible to drive conclusions upon instruments that can be used
and applied to rehabilitate our cities and suburbs. Flexible and adaptable systems can better transform and evolve
together with the changes of the society that lives the urban spaces everyday and “New forms of social awareness
that emerge from slum collectives will be the germs of the future and the best hope for a properly ‘free world’” [1].
Informal and formal should become a combined way of designing a sustainable vision for the future, where urban
dwellers can actively modify and transform their environment. Looking at the developing countries, we can find
many research fields and cases to study informality in architecture in its various forms of “self-expression”. The
contrast between these areas of the world and the over-planned environment of Europe or America is significant
to understand the current relationship between architects and users; it’s time for bridging the gaps between
architectural design and social studies. Informal architecture conceived as an “architecture without architects” [2]
should become the starting point to change our approach to the design process into a bottom-up model engaged
by many rather than an imposed series of esthetic and supposedly functional choices made by few. Moreover, it is
important to engage an increasing number of policies to support also informal economy initiatives that could lead
to a progressive and active participation of a broader group of actors in the building process. The so-called
participative approach has shown its limitation and restrictions when applied in real practice. Through an analysis
of different research case studies worldwide, the paper set a series of principles and tools to be used as guide-lines
in current development to help professionals, architects and planners in their role of helping inhabitants to
become architects themselves, in a socio-oriented approach for a sustainable future. In short, learning from
informality to achieve a formally sustainable built environment is the operative suggestion of this research work.
Keywords: Self-expression, Informal architecture, Bottom-up, Participative architecture, Sustainable Rehabilitation.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EVALUATION OF FEASIBILITY OF USING TROMBE WALLS TO INCREASE NATURAL VENTILATION
IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATES
Fernando Sá CAVALCANTI,
Arch, Msc. Eng.
1
Rosana Maria CARAM,
Fis, Dr. Eng
1
1
Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Saint Paul, São Carlos – SP, Brazil, [email protected] /
[email protected]
Summary
This paper intends to show an analysis of the potential use of Trombe walls to three Brazilian cities (Belém-PA,
Maceió-AL and Rio de Janeiro-RJ) with similar climates, investigating the possibility of including this component in
the repertoire of local architecture, promoting natural ventilation in interior spaces. In hot and humid climates the
natural ventilation is the main strategy to provide comfortable spaces and reduction of energy consumption in
buildings, since it is known that this is a subject little studied for the Brazilian climates. Between the tropics, it is
known that there is great potential for utilization of solar radiation. A low energy technique for heat removal from
the interior of a building under summer conditions is the employ of natural ventilation. There are several ways to
promote this ventilation; the use of this device to obtain this objective is studied in the present work. The Trombe
walls can be vented or un-vented. The vented wall allows heated air to circulate directly to the living area and
requires night time closing of wall vents, because if not closed the heated air would cycle back to the front of this
component from the living area, however, the performance of this device is poorly studied mainly for tropical
climates, case of the most of the Brazilian territory. This analysis was performed using computer simulations and
same parameters were varied to analyze the effect of the variables in the values of air velocity inside,
comparatively in a standard building with dimensions of 4,00x4,00m. The inlet and outlet openings were designed
so to optimize the air flow in the channel of the trombe wall. The thickness of wall assume values of 0.15, 0.30 and
0.45m to verify the influence of thermal mass in performance of this component and the glazed area be composed
for 3 kinds of materials: glass with 3,0mm, double glass and glass block. The results indicate a possibility of the use
of this architectonical component in hot and humid climates to natural ventilation induction and promotion of
thermal comfort, this device also promoted increased air flow inside the room at the work level. The computer
simulation gives possibility to analyze this passive cooling strategy in buildings located at regions with other typical
climates of Brazil.
Keywords: Trombe Wall, Hot and Humid Climates, Natural Ventilation, Brazil.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES INTO BUILDING SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY COURSES OF ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION
Ecem EDIS,
Ikbal CETINER,
Dr. M. Arch.
1
Dr. M. Arch.
2
1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey,
[email protected]
2
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey,
[email protected]
Summary
At Istanbul Technical University (ITU), the structure and content of the bachelor of architecture (B.Arch) and
master’s of architecture (M.Arch) degrees’ curricula were revised about a decade ago mainly in accordance with
the 1998 Guide of National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) of United States for being accredited as
“substantially equivalent”. Sustainability related issues, among other subjects, were within the student
performance criteria, and the structure and content of the building science and technology courses were revised
to cover sustainability related issues as well as other relevant subjects.
th
In the B.Arch curriculum of ITU, ‘construction project’ is a studio course of 4 grade, where NAAB’s sustainability
related criteria are fulfilled together with the other courses. ‘Construction design in architecture’ is a theoretical
and studio course of M.Arch curriculum, and mainly aims to teach how to deal with performance requirements
while designing, and thus sustainability related performance requirements may also be considered during the
course. In every academic year, ‘construction project’ course is given by various members of the faculty and each
of them defines their design priorities separately. On the other hand, ‘construction design in architecture’ course is
given by a single member of the faculty, whom may change in each academic year, but design priorities during the
studio work of the course similarly depend on the preferences of the faculty member.
In the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 academic years, in the ‘construction design in architecture’ course given by the
first author, and in the 2011-2012 academic year in the ‘construction project’ course given by the authors,
environmental sustainability was determined for the student projects as one of the design requirements that
buildings must satisfy. Depending on the objectives of the courses, teaching methods, total course hours,
background levels of the students, and types and sizes of the buildings, different levels of integration of
sustainable design principles and technologies could be achieved in the student projects of each course.
In the paper, in this context, the structure of ITU’s building science and technology curriculum is briefly explained
initially. The objectives, methods, expected and obtained outcomes of the aforementioned courses are then
explained, and finally reasons of the differences in the integration level of sustainability issues, together with the
possible ways to improve it, are discussed.
Keywords: Architecture education, building science and technology courses, environmental sustainability.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EMERGING MATERIALS RESEARCH - APPLICATION OF ORGANIC PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS
TO MEET THE LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE
Dale Clifford Arch
1
1
School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, [email protected]
2
Atelier Ten, New Haven CT, USA, [email protected]
2
Larry Jones Eng
Summary
This paper summarizes a collaborative effort between architect, consulting engineering firm and a newly formed
design research group, to meet the energy petal of the Living Building Challenge for the Frick Park Environmental
Center in Pittsburgh, PA. The team performed physical experiments and digital simulations to determine the ability
of an emerging class of organic change materials (PCMs) to contribute to temperature balance and lower reliance
on mechanical conditioning in a heating dominated climate. PCMs are classified as materials with high heat of
fusion as they release/absorb substantial amounts of energy as they undergo phase transition. Commercially
available products embed PCM within internal or external wall systems; we present the application of PCMs in
locations separated from the building envelop and more proximal to the building occupant. The latter is a less
examined area of inquiry and has potential to genrate local thermal zones within a building. Simulations are run in
Energy Plus to determine the optimal melting point temperature of the PCM and predict the life-cycle energy
benefits of PCM application. A parallel effort is described that advocates the visual potential of PCM building
technologies and the corresponding effect on behavioral change in regards to energy consumption.
Keywords: phase change material, energy modeling, architecture, thermal mass, sustainable technology
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
CAN TORONTO BE A SOLAR CITY: AN ANALYSIS ON SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL IN THE CITY OF TORONTO Andrew COLUCCI, M.A.Sc Candidate1 Dr. Miljana HORVAT, PhD Building Engineering2 1
Masters of Applied Science Candidate, Department of Architectural Science, Building Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; [email protected] 2
Associate Professor, Department of Architectural Science, Building Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; [email protected] Summary As highly dense urban areas are also the top energy consumers, the question arises how we can design our cities to be “solar ready”, i.e. suitable for successful integration of active and passive solar strategies in buildings. In addition, a comprehensive and precise definition of the term “solar city” still does not exist despite being used quite extensively. Through the series of insolation simulations of typical urban morphologies found in the city of Toronto, this study will attempt to (i) identify if Toronto is “solar ready”, and (ii) suggest strategies to overcome obstacles. Through this exercise, the authors will also endeavor to develop more accurate and adaptable definition of a “solar city”. Keywords: solar energy, right to light, Toronto, solar thermal, photovoltaic, energy simulation, urban‐
environments 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S PREDICTIVE PERFORMANCE SIMULATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE LECTURE BUILDING COMPLEX
1
Dirk CU CONRADIE, PhD
Tichaona KUMIRAI
MTech2
1
Building Science and Technology, Built Environment unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Pretoria, South Africa
[email protected]
2
Building Science and Technology, CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, South Africa, [email protected]
Sheldon BOLE, Building Science and Technology, CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, South Africa
[email protected]
Summary
During the course of 2009 and 2010 the building performance laboratory (BPL) of South Africa’s Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) undertook predictive simulations to quantifiy the expected performance of
an advanced new lecture and office building complex for the East London campus of the University of Fort Hare.
The design of the building is both unique and complex, combining wind-driven technologies (an aerofoil) and solardriven technologies (a Trombe wall) to drive a substantially passive ventilation process. The aim of this research
was to generate a useable and useful appraisal of the building’s likely performance, under various conditions, and
to provide an indication of the approximate frequency of those conditions during operational hours. The following
process was used to model the ventilation performance of this mixed-mode building.
1. An insolation analysis was undertaken to establish the effect of cumulative exposure of the Trombe wall surface
to solar radiation. Moment-in-time radiation reports were generated using EcotectTM software for the building.
The data were used as input for the internal analysis.
2. The available wind speed and direction data were verified and their prevalence estimated. Five representative
wind speeds and five directions were analysed and used as input data for an external wind study.
3. An external surrounding urban air movement study, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, was
undertaken to determine external boundary conditions from an extensive section of the urban landscape. This was
used as input data for a detailed interior combined thermal and air-movement analysis.
4. An internal combined thermal and wind analysis was undertaken to estimate the combined effect on ventilation
rates of combined wind-driven technologies and solar-driven technologies.
5. A study of an alternative aerofoil shape was undertaken to provide design decision-support.
6. After completion, the team undertook initial measurements to establish the accuracy of the predictive
simulations. This is an ongoing process and it will take a long time before the actual performance is fully quantified.
The turbulent airflow of the urban environment causes low air speeds reaching the building. This affects the
venturi negatively. Interior spaces are predicted to have variable air changes, which are condition dependent. The
aerofoil and Trombe operate well in combination for most combinations of direction and wind speed. Depending
on prevailing weather conditions, the venturi and Trombe contribute to ventilation in different proportions. In
certain conditions the two systems tend to undermine each other’s efficiency.
Keywords: predictive simulation, computational fluid dynamics, Trombe, aerofoil, venture
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
THE CREATION OF A SOUTH AFRICAN CLIMATE MAP FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE PASSIVE DESIGN RESPONSES Dirk CU CONRADIE, PhD1 Tichaona KUMIRAI, MTech2 1
Building Science and Technology, Built Environment unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, [email protected] 2
Building Science and Technology, Built Environment unit, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa, [email protected] Summary To design energy‐efficient buildings using an optimal combination of passive design strategies it is necessary to understand the particular climate one is designing for. Predictive computational building performance requires a detailed set of quantified climatic data. Bioclimatic charts, such as the Givoni‐Milne, have been used in the early design stages to define potential building design strategies. In South Africa there is a lack of detailed weather data to support design. Benefits of climatic classification include: 
identification of areas of influence of various climatic factors 
research stimulation to identify the controlling processes of climate 
informing land‐use decision‐support and appropriate scientific responses to building design. Recently the South African SANS 204‐2 (2008) standard introduced six main climatic regions in an attempt to introduce a quantified view of climate into the South African National Building Standards. The question is raised whether this granularity of refinement is adequate to optimally support design decisions within the built environment for passive design strategies such as passive solar heating, thermal mass and natural ventilation. The CSIR decided to map South Africa using 20 years of precipitation and temperature data employing a Köppen‐
Geiger climatic classification to refine the six‐zone model. The model was then extended to reflect expected South African climate changes over the next 100 years to synthetically create weather files for predicting building performance of existing and new buildings in the future. Using the new climatic map, several bioclimatic design tools were researched to address the question of climatic responsive design. Many pre‐design tools have been developed in order to help architects design buildings in the early design stages. These tools include a series of bioclimatic charts by Olgyay, Givoni and Givoni‐Milne. The team then proceeded to analyse the building performance for a typical masonry building and a recently introduced light‐weight steel frame building within each of the Köppen‐Geiger climatic regions in South Africa. From this a clear indicative pattern emerged as to the most appropriate passive construction response within a particular climatic region. This paper describes the process that was followed to accurately map the existing South African climate in pursuit of the quantification of appropriate passive design strategies within these climatic regions both at present and over a 100‐year horizon as a useful alternative to the six‐zone model currently in use. Keywords: climatic classification, passive design responses, Köppen‐Geiger map, bioclimatic chart 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S SUSTAINABILITY TEACHING STRATEGIES IN THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Silvia R. Morel CORREA,
1
Architect Dr.
Júlio Henrique P.CRUZ,
2
Architect Msc,
1
Department of Architecture, Architecture Faculty – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – RS, Brasil
[email protected]
2
Department of Architecture, Architecture Faculty – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – RS, Brasil
[email protected]
Summary
The disciplines of the Architectural Design which comprise the Architecture course at UFRGS are divided into
different studios, with different architectural themes and approaches. This diversity is seen as a positive feature of
the Course. This paper describes the practice of one of the studios of Project VII whose main goal is to address the
theme of sustainable construction. This issue is developed by delving into several themes ranging from form and
solar orientation of the building to material adequacy; from the quality of indoor environment to the current
entity of environmental impact; from natural and artificial lighting features to the characteristics of artificial and
hybrid air conditioning systems; from energy saving by rational use of energy to the use of renewable energy
sources; and from investment cost control to reduction of maintenance costs.
The course is organized as a Competition of Ideas in an actual design for a real client. The teaching strategies
pursue socialization among students, professors and the community, set up operating rules and foster the
students’ professional posture so as to prepare them to enter the labor market bearing sharper awareness of
environmental issues and a sturdy understanding of sustainable strategies in architecture and of architectural
processes so as to positively influence the surrounding constructions.
Keywords: architectural design, sustainable architecture, architectural design methodology.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
GREENING THE BUILDINGS. IMPROVING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN ROMANIA
Ana-Maria DABIJA
Prof. Dr.Arch.
1
1
Department of Technical Sciences, ‘Ion Mincu’ University of Architecture and Architecture Bucharest – Romania,
[email protected]
Summary
The intense building activity carried out throughout the world is a challenge to find building technologies and
systems that would affect the environment in a less aggressive manner.
The European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings resulted in the adoption of the Romanian Law
372/2005. As a consequence, the national thermal rehabilitation program for residential buildings was started a
few years ago. This program addressed the issues of building rehabilitation only partially.
Government Emergency Ordinances regarding the increase of energy efficiency of housing blocks and the thermal
rehabilitation of the building envelope and installations aimed at improving the thermal performances of the
envelope (thermal insulation of exterior walls, roof or terrace and the deck above the basement, and replacing
existing exterior windows and doors) while repairing or purchasing of heating systems and introducing of
alternative energy production systems.
Unfortunately, this program lead to wrapping most of the refurbished buildings with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
Insulation, a single solution rigidly applied all across the country.
Unlike technical regulations and certification systems adopted internationally in the field of environment and
energy performance of buildings, the Romanian methodology is mainly reduced to the problem of gross energy
consumptions in buildings. The practical results mostly consist of interventions on the building envelope. Other
means of improving comfort conditions are not yet considered and the behaviour of the generally applied solution
has not been assessed over time. As a consequence of the application of the program, the dust and debris
increased and therefore other leverages have to be considered in order to reduce the urban pollution and heat
islands.
The ‘Green House’ program, introduced by the Ministry of the Environment aims to integrate ‘clean’ energy
technological means in the building components, thus contributing to the energy saving objective by decreasing of
the use of traditional fuels. Greening the buildings is not yet an organized aim but the need for this is felt by
designers and users. Therefore in Romania technical regulations - norms and guides for the use of green roofs and
green facades - have been carried out in the past year, in order to give an impulse to use the building systems with
a lower negative impact on the environment.
The paper intends to present some of the initiatives and developments in the building legislation as well as in
construction that take into consideration the preservation and improvement of the environment, carried out in
Romania.
Keywords: sustainability, technical regulations, building materials, green systems
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
ENERGY LITERACY AND PERCEPTIONS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTion IN MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
1
Runa DAS
Russell RICHMAN, Ph.D.,
2
P.Eng.
1
PhD Candidate – Environmental Applied Science and Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
[email protected]
2
Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, [email protected]
Summary
A large portion of the Toronto housing stock includes multi-unit residential buildings. These buildings are very
energy intensive and often consume more energy than other dwellings such as single family homes. Previous
energy consumption research within the residential sector has primarily focused on non-apartment type dwellings.
Given the energy intensiveness of apartment dwellings more research needs to be continued, especially within a
social science framework.
The present study examined psychological aspects of energy consumption behaviour. Specifically, individuals in an
apartment building were surveyed on their general energy knowledge, energy perceptions of appliances and
devices, and frequency of energy related behaviours. It was found that participants scored relatively well on
general energy knowledge, however, many participants failed to correctly identify heating as more energy
intensive than using appliances, space cooling, or lights within the average Canadian home. Further, participants
were unable to accurately estimate the energy used by common household appliances and devices. Future
research needs to examine whether increases in ability to perceive household appliance and device consumption
could aid renters with conservation and efficiency behaviours pertaining to the use of appliances and devices.
Keywords: energy literacy, education, energy perceptions, multi-unit residential buildings
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
CONTINUING THE BUILDING’S MATERIAL CYCLE A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SYSTEMS THEORIES IN COMPARISON WITH THE THEORY OF CRADLE TO CRADLE Suzanne van Dijk, MSc Arch 1 Martin Tenpierik, PhD MSc Arch 2 Prof. Andy van den Dobbelsteen, PhD MSc 3 1
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, [email protected] 2
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, [email protected] 3
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, [email protected] Summary Recently, the Cradle to Cradle (C2C) theory set ground in the Netherlands, propounding that environmental impact reduction can provide a positive economical impulse to stakeholders. The building industry has warmly received this approach and considers it to be a solution to the above‐mentioned burden. However, if the building sector wants to implement C2C into their practice, a paradigm shift is required. Therefore, the sector must overcome the many difficulties it encounters while striving for an eco‐effective built environment. Current sustainability strategies focus on reducing the negative environmental impact of buildings. The systems theory of C2C however aims at a positive impact; this could suggest that the state‐of‐the‐art becomes inadequate when adopting C2C as a strategy for improvement. This paper reviews contemporary systems theories and analyses them in the light of C2C, focusing on closed or continuous materials cycles. The paper finalises by describing the hiatus in and correspondence between these current theories and C2C theory. From the study we found that C2C provides new features that help continue materials cycles, just as the contemporary theories provide potentially useful additional material for C2C. Moreover, it reveals a striking difference between the state‐of‐the‐art and C2C. For this paper, the Dutch building practice and industry were taken as case study. Approaches and results nevertheless are replicable to be used in other countries striving for optimised management of resources. Keywords: Cradle to Cradle, building, closed cycle, continuous cycles, materials, systems theory
4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S CITIES READY FOR ENERGY CRISES – BUILDING URBAN ENERGY-RESILIENCE
Prof.1 Andy van den Dobbelsteen, PhD
MSc
Prof. Greg Keeffe
2
3
Nico Tillie, MSc
1
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,
the Netherlands, [email protected]
2
Leeds School of Architecture, Leeds Metropolitan University, United Kingdom, [email protected]
3
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology /
Department of Spatial Planning, City of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, [email protected]
Summary
Various sources indicate that threats to modern cities lie in the availability of essential streams, among which
energy. Most cities are strongly reliant on fossil fuels; not one case of a fully self-sufficient city is known.
Engineering resilience is the rate at which a system returns to a single steady or cyclic state following a
perturbation. Certain resilience, for the duration of a crisis, would improve the urban capability to survive such a
period without drastic measures.
The capability of cities to prepare for and respond to energy crises in the near future is supported by greater or
temporary self-sufficiency. The objective of the underlying research is a model for a city – including its surrounding
rural area – that can sustain energy crises. Therefore, accurate monitoring of the current urban metabolism is
needed for the use of energy. This can be used to pinpoint problem areas. Furthermore, a sustainable energy
system is needed, in which the cycle is better closed. This will require a three-stepped approach of energy savings,
energy exchange and sustainable energy generation. Essential is the capacity to store energy surpluses for periods
of shortage (crises).
The paper discusses the need for resilient cities and the approach to make cities resilient to energy crises.
Keywords: engineering resilience, energy crisis, urban energy system, self-sufficiency, urban metabolism
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
REAP2 - NEW CONCEPTS FOR THE EXCHANGE OF HEAT IN CITIES
Prof. Andy van den Dobbelsteen, PhD
1
MSc
2
Kees Wisse, PhD MSc
3
Duzan Doepel, MA
4
Nico Tillie, MSc
1
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,
the Netherlands, [email protected]
2
DWA installation and energy consultants, Bodegraven, the Netherlands, [email protected]
3
Doepel Strijkers Architects, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, [email protected]
4
Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology /
Department of Spatial Planning, City of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, [email protected]
Summary
Cities need to become independent from finite resources, among which fossil fuels. There is great potential to save
energy is many cities, however the generation of power is insufficient due to the limited space as a result of urban
densities. An energy source less commonly explored is reuse of waste heat from various urban functions. In that
matter, central heat grids, powered by industrial waste heat at high temperatures, are well-known, but the lowercaloric heat from buildings as offices, supermarkets, swimming pools and also dwellings is abundant and seldom
utilised. This has a two-sided negative effect: energy is lost and the city is heated up, which in summer can
aggravate the urban heat island effect, which statistically leads to higher mortality rates.
The Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning (REAP) was developed to support energy-neutral urban planning in a
structured, incremental way. The approach was used in several studies and has received worldwide acclaim.
Especially the second step of the REAP method, regarding tuning, exchanging, cascading of energy at various scales,
is relatively new, offering new opportunities for cities. Nevertheless, REAP needed to be elaborated further, for
practical application in actual urban redevelopment. This was done for the transformation of the Rotterdam city
harbours, in a study called REAP2.
The research project, culminated in the proposition of five principles for a heat system in the urban district,
including the introduction of novel techniques for the exchange of different temperature levels of heat and
involving the spatial plan based on the energy system chosen.
The paper will discuss REAP, the REAP2 research project, the methodology involved, proposition of energy system
principles, novel concepts for heat exchange, and spatial consequences.
Keywords: REAP, energy-neutral cities, urban energy system, heat exchange, heat cascading, heat grid
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
USE OF RICE INDUSTRIALIZATION ASHES LIKE CONCRETE COMPONENT MATERIAL IN LOW
COST CONSTRUCTIONS
Marcelo Adriano Duart, Ms. Eng.
Mário Koji Taguchi, Ms.
2
Raquel Maldaner Paranhos Ms.
Marciana Alexandre.
Vinicios Bordim.
1
3
4
5
Eng. Karoline Richter.
6
1
Department of Civil Engineering, technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Toledo –PR, Brazil
[email protected]
2
Department of Civil Engineering, UFPR, Toledo –PR, Brazil
[email protected]
3
Department of building, Federal Education Institute, Santa Rosa, RS, Brazil
[email protected]
4
Environmental technician, Social Service Student, Paraná State University, Toledo –PR, Brazil
[email protected]
5
Civil Engineering Student, UTFPR, Toledo –PR, Brazil
[email protected]
6
Civil Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba –PR, Brazil
[email protected]
Summary
The process of industrialization of the rice uses the husk itself like material fuel for the generation of thermal
energy producing ashes what in most of the cases has no destination and they are dispensed in the environment.
This practice produces the contamination of the ground and of the river-bed through the transport of the rain. The
rice rusk ash is a rich material in carbon due to the process of not controlled burning. This material is considered as
one good addition to the Portland cement, however it needs control of burning and appropriate grinding. The
control of burning is impracticable into the small industries and the process of grinding makes the ash use least
attractive, since it demands investment in equipment of grinding, consumption of energy and also in the necessity
of a controlled process. In this study the use of the ash was valued at his natural form, in other words, without
grinding and without control of burning at the production of concrete ones and mortars for small constructions
near to the producing places of rice. The substitution from cement Portland was valued by ash at different
percentages. Different mixtures of concrete were produced with addition of ash and compared with concrete
without addition, through axial compression strength test. It happened what is possible to substitute 20, 25 and
30% of the cement for ash and still to obtain concrete more resistant than the concrete without use of the addition
of the ash. The use is possible due to presence of SiO2 in the composition of the ash, which reacts with the cement
hydration product the (CaHO)2. This process is known like pozolanic reaction, and also it happens in the pozolanic
cement that uses fly ash of the combustion of coal in thermoelectric power plants. The result demonstrated that is
possible to use the ash produced by rice industry, without additional costs and avoiding pollution. There
happened still the reduction of the consumption from cement that is a material of high cost and that demands
consumption of natural resources like limestone and clay in his production, besides his process of production to
give out great quantities of carbon gas in the atmosphere (CO2), around 1 ton of CO2 for each ton of produced
cement. The produced concretes with ash addition can be used in the constructions near to the industrialization of
the rice places reducing costs of construction and also contributing to the reduction of the environmental pollution
in a sustainable form.
Keywords: rice husk ash, concrete, sustainable, pozolanic, pollution, cement, rice, ash.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
HOUSE & CONTEXT:
THE INTEGRATION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSING PROJECTS
AT THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE TARGETS
Vivian D. ECKER
1
2
Miguel A. SATTLER
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação,Federal University of Rio
Grande do Sul (UFRGS) – Porto Alegre | RS, Brazil,
1
2
[email protected]; [email protected].
SUMMARY
Introduction: Departing from the current demand for more sustainable projects, the residential habitat is an
important focus of study, since it is one of the main spaces occupied by humans, and where them impresses their
identity and values. This article assumes that it’s possible to minimize the impacts of building beyond more
sustainable strategies to be implemented since the design stage, planning means to rationalize resources and
more sustainable building performance. The study for the building implantation to the context is also a key issue in
the concept of buildings sustainability; however, it is noted that still there are few residential architecture projects
that develop integrated building and landscaping.
Objective: In this research, we sought to identify and systematize design requirements, based on interviews about
the designers perception, identifying requirements that are considered by them, and associated with spatial
quality, during the development of more sustainable projects focused on the residential scale. Those requirements
were improved by a literature review that was summarized at this article.
Method: The research was conducted into five stages: STAGE 01: Pilot research throughout qualitative interviews
with the responsible designers of selected case studies, beyond direct personal interaction between researcher
and designers in a semi-structured open format. STAGE 02: Identification and analysis of collected data, resulting
in tables with the keywords systematization and constructing a project tool with the requirements to be
implemented in the landscape and architectural sustainable projects design. STAGE 03: Literature review
concerning the state-of-the-art on the theme of more sustainable residential housing and its projects key concepts.
STAGE 04: Crossing data between the information gathered in the interviews and the literature review.
Results: This research sought to identify the principles and strategies adopted by designers to develop more
sustainable residential house projects. The article aimed to present, with theoretical support, projects that are
being addressed with sustainable targets and their practical implications into constructive solutions. Also, the
research intended to find support at recognized literature to enlarge the repertoire focused on more sustainable
architectural aesthetic, identifying spatial quality aspects that represent the harmonious integration between
interior and exterior, built and natural. Essentially, this description intended to systematize an architectural
repertoire for house design and its surroundings, which can serve as a reference to development of future projects
and to academic teaching of sustainable best practices.
Keywords: design methodology, sustainable housing projects, residential environment.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EXPLORING THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN INTELLIGENT ENVIRONMENTS Tulika Gadakari1 Steve Fotios2 Sabah Mushatat3 Robert Newman4 1
Department of Architecture and Design, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, [email protected] 2
School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, [email protected] 3
Department of Architecture and Design, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, [email protected] 4
Department of Computer Science, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, [email protected] Summary Inquiry into how intelligent spaces are experienced by people is a growing area of study. The idea of this paper is to relate intelligent building projects to social sustainability in the built environment. The attributes of intelligent and sustainable buildings studied showed a considerable overlap and confirmed that intelligence can aid sustainability. Case studies and literature revealed that intelligent buildings are designed to address three major issues: to balance energy use (energy efficiency and environmental sustainability), optimise the costs involved (cost effectiveness) and be attentive to occupants’ preferences (comfort, productivity, safety and reliability). These concepts on further examination suggested that intelligent buildings were environmentally and economically sustainable though a few discrepancies were observed on the social front. Some studies implied that people perceived intelligent space as an uncomfortable domain. ‘Is there a relation between the level of building intelligence and the users’ level of satisfaction?’ was the question scrutinised. Two buildings belonging to the University of Sheffield, which were stark examples of high and low intelligence, were chosen. A survey was conducted among the overlapping users of both the buildings to gauge the general users’ perception of building intelligence. The systems, which are experienced by the users on a daily basis and affect their sense of wellbeing, productivity, comfort and safety, were selected as the basis of this survey. The statistical evidence collected through the study indicates that higher the level of building intelligence, the higher is the users’ level of satisfaction. The outputs from the study highlight the benefits of focusing on ‘people’ in promoting an intelligent and sustainable design. From a practical perspective, the views of the general user are very essential to perceive the comfort levels and expectations, which can better the knowledge of socio‐technical aspects of intelligent buildings and help develop future technologies. Social implications from the study suggest that the acceptance of intelligent technologies in an unintimidating way by the general public is the way forward to implementing new concepts. It could serve as a pilot study to evaluate the future of building intelligence as could be accepted by human beings, thus clarifying doubts and enhancing receptivity. Keywords: intelligent buildings, social sustainability, user perception, user satisfaction 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S 0.8 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, 1.8 GHA ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
Jeremy Gibberd,
1
Dr.
1
Built Environment Unit, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa,
[email protected]
Summary
Sustainability in human populations has been defined as the achievement of above 0.8 on the Human
Development Index (HDI) and the achievement of an Ecological Footprint (EF) below 1.8 global hectares per person.
This paper reviews this definition (HDI-EF definition) to understand how it relates to the built environment. It
analyses the two indices; the Ecological Footprint and the Human Development Index, that are used in this
definition and breaks them down into their constituent parts. The implications of the EF and HDI constituents for
the built environment then are ascertained through a process which translates these into minimum standards and
built environment characteristics. The built environment characteristics identified being aspects of the built
environment that enable occupants to achieve the ecological footprint and human development index targets
outlined in the HDI-EF definition. In order to understand these characteristics better, criteria are developed to
assess the existence, and nature, of these characteristics in a built environment. These criteria are applied to an
urban environment in South Africa and outline results presented.
The paper finds that the HDI-EF definition of sustainability is particularly applicable to developing country contexts
and provides useful guidance on how built environments, and proposed interventions to built environments, can
be evaluated. In particular, it suggests that built environments can have a strong role in supporting communities
move towards Ecological Footprint and Human Development Index targets by providing access to specific facilities.
This finding leads the paper to question whether conventional greening interventions such as solar water heater
and water efficiency programmes are the most effective way of improving sustainability in communities in
developing countries. Instead, it suggests that interventions aimed at improving health, education and access to
healthy food such as the development of urban agriculture, local multi-purpose learning resource centres and local
markets may be ‘smarter and more sustainable’ solutions, as they address pressing local needs and provide
communities with opportunities to improve both their Ecological Footprint and Human Development Index
performance simultaneously.
Keywords: Sustainability, Human Development Index, Ecological Footprint, Building Assessment, Developing
Countries
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SÃO PAULO: A DENSE CITY?
Carolina dos Santos GUSSON, Arch.¹
Ângela Helena Yamaguishi
MADEIRA,
2
undergraduate student
Denise Helena Silva DUARTE, Dr. Eng.
3
1
Laboratory of Environment and Energy Studies (LABAUT), Department of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and
Urbanism, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil, [email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]
Summary
Two major forces that are shaping our cities today are the population growth and the rising rates of urbanization.
For many reasons, one of the current needs of urban settlements is a higher urban density, giving priority to the
existing city, a topic that still causes some debate. Assuming that the densification is inevitable and desirable from
the point of view of urban sustainability, the subject of this research is the relationship between built density and
population density in São Paulo, Brazil, with a total city population of 11.253.503 inhabitants and a metropolitan
population of 19.502.940 inhabitants (IBGE, 2011), and their relationship with the land use and main buildings
typologies in some districts. The objective is to map quantitatively the built density and population density in all
Sao Paulo´s districts and cross these surveys with the main buildings typologies in some districts which are
interesting to the research. Existing data were compiled from the Municipal Secretariat of Urban Development
(SMDU, 2009) and the 2010 Census of IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and the primary data
were obtained from photographic records of the main typologies of different districts. After crossing these data,
the paper concluded that there is not a direct relationship between built density and population density in Sao
Paulo, confirming that the extensive verticalization is not always associated with a higher population density. In
some districts the divergence is quite significant, which is attributed to several factors, such as the pattern of land
use and occupation and the existence of numerous mono-functional areas in the city. Such divergence occurs, for
example, on the huge underutilized building stock in the central neighborhoods which supports during the day
around 1000 people/ha, with 700 jobs/ha and that are almost empty at night. While the average density in the city
of São Paulo is 74 hab/ha, and the densest district, Bela Vista, has 243 hab/ha, there are previous studies showing
that in the slums, density reaches 1000hab/ha, however, without livability conditions. The work also demonstrated
that there is not a direct relationship between the land use and occupation patterns, as well as between the
building typologies and a certain population density. On the contrary, it was found that a given typology can be
found in districts with very different densities, just because the same maximum plot ratio determined by the local
regulation has very different meanings depending on the average income of the population of that district, which
reflects in the housing unit’s area.
Keywords: urban density, built density, population density, land use, building typologies
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
TEACHING SUSTAINABILITY IN DESIGN WITHOUT GREEN WASHING
Ulrike Heine
1
1
School of Architecture, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA, [email protected]
Summary
Teaching architecture students to design in a sense of sustainability is a challenge today. There is a common
fashion of labeling every design that is made as ‘sustainable’ or so-called ‘green’ without any difference to
‘ordinary’ design. A result is a ‘green-washed’ education in architecture.
What is sustainable design and how can you define a sustainable design studio?
This paper describes a teaching structure for architectural design with a special focus on sustainability at the
Graduate School of Architecture in Clemson.
The method includes analysis of the location, the climate conditions, adequate materials and the construction
process. Knowing that sustainable design is generally considered as ‘expensive’, there is a special focus on
simplicity and affordability. Rather than relying on expensive technical solutions, students are encouraged to
design with the given environment and apply passive strategies. The design process is a number of logical scientific
decisions rather than an intuitive draft. The simulation and evaluation of the design decision’s impact is part of the
learning experience.
The goal is to raise awareness how to handle global resources carefully and to show the importance of later
performance of the project as a key to design. Students are requested to reconsider their way of life, their spatial
experiences and education so far and apply revised rules to the real needs of later users.
The teaching strategy is described along a very successful participation in a number of advised student
competitions.
Keywords: sustainability, teaching, passive design strategies, energy efficiency, affordability
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRO NMENTS
LINKS BETWEEN ADAPTABLE BUILDINGS AND ADAPTIVE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS:
A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Pieter HERTHOGS, ir. arch.
1,2
Niels DE TEMMERMAN, Prof. dr. ir. arch.
Yves DE WEERDT, dr.
1
2
Wim DEBACKER, dr. ir. arch.
2
1
Transformable Structures Research Group, Department of Architectural Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel,
Belgium, Pieter. [email protected], [email protected]
2
Unit Transition Energy and Environment, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Belgium,
[email protected], [email protected]
Summary
Cities are confronted with persistent sustainability problems and are in need of theories, approaches and
instruments that allow them to enter into a transition towards sustainable urban development. Because it is clear
that a sustainable built environment should be able to adapt to unknown future requirements efficiently, research
on the effects of change on urban systems and on methods to incorporate these changes in the built environment
is gaining momentum.
Change and adaptability are prolifically studied on urban levels (e.g. urban decline, urban regeneration and urban
resilience, amongst others) and on the building level (e.g. Habraken’s Supports, Open Building levels, pace-layering,
transformable kit-of-parts systems, as well as theories dealing with material/component/building re-use).
However, relationships between urban systems, emerging effects and the way urban areas are materialised have
not been studied to such an extent, even though it is clear that adaptable urban systems will have to be supported
by sustainable and adaptable materialisations. These relationships are located on the urban neighbourhood scale,
as neighbourhoods are seen as the most basic self-replicating entities in an urban system, and most closely linked
to the building level.
This paper is part of ongoing trans-disciplinary research that studies whether sustainability is influenced by
introducing adaptable buildings and infrastructure in existing urban neighbourhoods. The aim is to develop
theories and approaches that will help to determine to what extent redeveloping existing neighbourhoods in an
adaptable way can facilitate their future evolution. Because unambiguous nomenclature is crucial in transdisciplinary research, the term ‘urban fragment’ is introduced.
Building on literature from various fields of study on the urban and building scale, this paper presents a theoretical
framework to study the links between adaptable buildings and adaptive urban environments - this is done by
analysing concepts from complexity theories, linking them to sustainable urban development and comparing the
result to research on adaptable building approaches. The paper acknowledges that this research is at an early
stage; it is presented in order to invite broader discussion on the topic, including approaches and methods for the
ongoing research.
Keywords: adaptable building, complex adaptive systems, urban development, resilience, neighbourhood
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
BREAKING ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS FOR GREENING AUSTRALIAN CAMPUSES
Luo Huyuang
1
Jay Yang
2
1
PhD Candidate, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland
University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, [email protected]
2
Professor, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland
University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, [email protected]
3
Susan Loh, Lecturer, School of Design, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Australia, [email protected]
Summary
Sustainability is an issue for everyone. For instance, the higher education sector is being asked to take an active
part in creating a sustainable future, due to their moral responsibility, social obligation, and their own need to
adapt to the changing higher education environment. By either signing declarations or making public statements,
many universities are expressing their desire to become role models for enhancing sustainability. However, too
often they have not delivered as much as they had intended. This is particularly evident in the lack of physical
implementation of sustainable practices in the campus environment. Real projects such as green technologies on
campus have the potential to rectify the problem in addition to improving building performance.
Despite being relatively recent innovations, Green Roof and Living Wall have been widely recognized because of
their substantial benefits, such as runoff water reduction, noise insulation, and the promotion of biodiversity.
While they can be found in commercial and residential buildings, they only appear infrequently on campuses as
universities have been very slow to implement sustainability innovations. There has been very little research
examining the fundamental problems from the organizational perspective.
To address this deficiency, the researchers designed and carried out 24 semi-structured interviews to investigate
the general organizational environment of Australian universities with the intention to identify organizational
obstacles to the delivery of Green Roof and Living Wall projects. This research revealed that the organizational
environment of Australian universities still has a lot of room to be improved in order to accommodate
sustainability practices. Some of the main organizational barriers to the adoption of sustainable innovations were
identified including lack of awareness and knowledge, the absence of strong supportive leadership, a weak
sustainability-rooted culture and several management challenges. This led to the development of a set of
strategies to help optimize the organizational environment for the purpose of better decision making for Green
Roof and Living Wall implementation.
Keywords: sustainability, organizational environment, project delivery, Green Roof, Living Wall, decision making
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
ENCOURAGING INNOVATION IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BY EXPOSING PRE‐
GRADUATE STUDENTS TO DIFFERENT INNOVATIVE BUILDING SYSTEMS Riaan J.J.A. JANSEN, MSc Project Management. Department of Construction Economics, Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology Faculty, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, [email protected] Summary South Africa is faced with a serious shortage of housing. “The government inherited a critical housing shortage, with the 1996 Census reflecting a housing backlog of 2 202 519” (South Africa info: 2008). This shortage is amplified by the high cost, long time frame and inferior quality typically associated with conventional building systems. Entrepreneurs (product certificate holders) that implement innovative building systems promote their product as being cheaper with a shorter construction time, while quality of materials and workmanship are deemed to be better than that of traditional (conventional) building systems. When looking at industrialised systems registered on the Agrément Website (www.agrément.co.za), it is evident that a lot of energy was spent on developing alternative innovative systems. Innovation in construction should be well communicated to the built environment practitioners as they will need to market the use of innovation to the decision makers and end users. The purpose of this paper is to provide feedback of the pre‐graduate’s on‐site physical exposure to an innovative building system as well as presentations by product certificate holders on their innovations. The objective is to indicate how well these teaching methodologies worked in managing knowledge on innovation. From a teaching perspective, it is difficult to find appropriate material on innovative building systems for use as textbooks. Due to the fact that innovative building systems are per definition new, the body of academic written work is not as extensive as that of conventional building systems. Furthermore it is important to expose students not only to innovative systems, but also to innovative building systems which support green initiatives and comply with the new energy efficient building code, SANS 204. This paper includes a case study, focusing on a school built by the students as part of a community engagement project, constructed using an innovative building system. This intervention created opportunities for students to apply and relate their study themes to a live project in the real world environment. Keywords: innovative building systems, student exposure, entrepreneurs, green initiatives. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S DESIGN METHODS FOR YOUNG SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE PRACTICE Daniel Jauslin, Architect 1,3MSc ETHZ, Landscape Architect Prof. Hans Drexler, Architect MSc ETHZ , M.Arch (Dist.) 2, Freddy Curiel, Architect MSc and Landscape 3Architect Politécnico di Milano 1
Researcher/Lecturer at Chair of Landscape Architecture, TU Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands [email protected], [email protected] 2
Replacement Professor Sustainable Building at Münster School of Architecture, Germany drexler@fh‐muenster.de, [email protected] 3
Principals of DGJ Architects & Landscapes, Zürich, Frankfurt & Rotterdam, Hong‐Kong [email protected] Summary This paper introduces landscape aesthetics as an innovative design method for sustainable architecture. It is based on the framework of a recent paper where the young and unfamous authors criticized three of the most prominent
architects today in regard to sustainable architecture and its aesthetics. Leading architects expressed their skepticism as to whether there is such a thing as aesthetics in sustainable architecture, or for that matter, if architecture can indeed be sustainable at all. Against such a setting, DGJ will illustrate what we believe to be the landscape perspective’s inherent relationship to the natural environment, the principles behind it as well as the potentials that these landscape perspective holds for sustainable design. After first discussing the kind of professional and political impetuses that have made sustainability one of the most compelling changes to face the profession of architecture, we argue that the mandate for a sustainable environment did not come about by choice of the architects and planners, but rather, that sustainability is imposed on the profession by the necessary, external forces that influence it. To bridge the existing gaps between current practice and sustainability, we will trace some thoughts and principles of landscapes
and territories. Our approach views the landscape as a human interface with nature, as a basis for the design of sustainable architecture and a new context for sustainable aesthetics. It will be illustrated with practical work samples from a small but globally operating practice DGJ Architects & Landscapes. They will demonstrate how sustainable design happens in practice, throughout its evolutionary process, with some of our recent projects. Keywords: landscape, sustainable design, architecture, design methods, aesthetics, born globa 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S THE IMPACTS OF POWER OUTAGES ON THE RESIDENTS OF CONTEMPORARY MULTI-STOREY
APARTMENT BUILDINGS IN SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Rosemary Kennedy
2
1
James Lewis
1
Masters of Architecture Candidate, School of Design, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland,
Australia, [email protected]
2
Director, Centre for Subtropical Design, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,
[email protected]
Summary
With significant population growth experienced in South East Queensland over the past two decades and a high
rate of growth expected to continue in coming decades, the Queensland Government is promoting urban
consolidation planning policies to manage growth sustainably. Multi-residential buildings will play an important
role in facilitating the increased densities which urban consolidation policies imply. However, a major flood event
in January 2011 has brought to light the vulnerability of certain types of multi-residential typologies to power
outages. The crisis conditions exposed how contemporary building design and construction practices, coupled with
regulatory and planning issues, appear to have compromised the resilience and habitability of multi-storey
residential buildings. In the greater urban area of Brisbane, Queensland, the debilitating dependence that certain
types of apartment buildings have on mains electricity was highlighted by residents’ experiences of the Brisbane
River flood disaster, before, during and after the event. This research examined high density residential buildings
in West End, Brisbane, an inner city suburb which was severely affected by the flood and is earmarked for
significant urban densification under the Brisbane City Plan. Medium-to-high-density residential buildings in the
suburb were mapped in flooded and non-flooded locations and a database containing information about the
buildings was created. Parameters included date of construction, number of storeys, systems of access and
circulation, and potential for access to natural light and ventilation for habitable areas. A series of semi-structured
interviews were conducted with residents involved in the owners’ management committees of several buildings to
verify information the mapping could not provide. The interviews identified a number of critical systems failures
due to power outage which had a significant impact on residents’ wellbeing, comfort and safety. Building services
such as lifts, running water, fire alarms, security systems and air-conditioning ceased to operate when power was
disconnected to neighbourhoods and buildings in anticipation of rising flood waters. Lack of access to buildings
and dwellings, lack of safety, lack of building security, and lack of thermal comfort affected many residents
whether or not their buildings were actually subjected to inundation, with some buildings rendered uninhabitable
for a prolonged period. The extent of the impact on residents was dramatically influenced by the scale and type of
building inhabited, with those dwelling in buildings under a 25m height limit, with a single lift, found to be most
affected. The energy-dependency and strong trend of increasing power demands of high-rise buildings is welldocumented. Extended electricity outages such as the one brought about by the 2011 flood in Queensland are
likely to happen more frequently than the 50-year average of the flood event itself. Electricity blackouts can result
from a number of man-made or natural causes, including shortages caused by demand exceeding supply. This
paper highlights the vulnerability of energy-dependent buildings to power outages and investigates options for
energy security for occupants of multi-storey buildings and makes recommendations to increase resilience and
general liveability in multi-residential buildings in the subtropics through design modifications.
Keywords: multi-residential buildings, electrical systems, energy security, mobility, natural ventilation, subtropical,
thermal comfort.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
COUPLING CLIMATE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: ACHIEVING SYNERGIES IN A
NEIGHBOURHOOD IN AMSTERDAM-WEST
]
Laura KLEEREKOPER, ir.
PhD.1
Truus (G.J.) de BRUINHORDIJK, Dr.
Associate
2
Professor.
Associate Professor M.J. van Dorst, TU Delft, The Netherlands, [email protected]@tudelft.nl
Professor Andy van den Dobbelsteen, TU Delft, The Netherlands, [email protected]
1
Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands,
[email protected].
2
Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands,
[email protected].
Summary
Due to a predicted global temperature rise, the climate is likely to be more uncomfortable in the Netherlands,
especially in summer, when heat stress is expected to aggravate. Urban Heat Islands in cities in the Netherlands
are likely to increase due to the predicted climate change and the continuously increasing expansion and
densification of cities. Since the spatial characteristics of a city influence its climate, urban design can be deployed
to mitigate the combined effects of climate change and UHI’s. Although cities are already experiencing problems
during periods with warm weather, there are no clear spatial means or strategies available for urban designers to
guide them in how to act against heat stress. There is a lack of knowledge on cooling effects that can be achieved
through urban design in Dutch neighbourhoods. In this paper various design measures are compared in their
cooling effect on block and neighbourhood level for a specific neighbourhood in Amsterdam-West built in the
sixties. The cooling effect is simulated in air temperature by the microclimate model Envi-met. The cooling variants
green and a higher albedo of especially roofs seem to perform well as a cooling measure on both block and
neighbourhood level. However, cooling measures do not necessarily result in a better performance once applied
together and might even counteract each other’s cooling effect. In contrast with the cooling measures, the
combination of variants that lead to a hotter environment did show the largest up-heating.
Keywords: Climate adaptation, urban design, UHI, redevelopment
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
LIFE CYCLE-ORIENTED PERFORMANCE MODEL IN THE FIELD OF OPERATIONAL ROAD
MAINTENANCE
Gerhard GIRMSCHEID,
1
Lisa KOLLER, MSc.
Prof. Dr.-Ing.
2
1
Institute of Construction and Infrastructure Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich,
Switzerland, [email protected]
2
Institute of Construction and Infrastructure Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich,
Switzerland, [email protected]
Summary
The planning of a life cycle-oriented and sustainable road maintenance operation involves several decision-making
problems for public authorities. Especially in times of declining public income, Swiss communities are trying to
improve their efficiencies of operational street maintenance. In cooperation with the Swiss Federal Roads
Authority (ASTRA), the Chair of Construction Process and Enterprise Management at the Institute of Construction
and Infrastructure Management at ETH Zurich is developing a life cycle-oriented and sustainable performance
model in the field of operational road maintenance. It serves as a decision-making basis for street owners to
improve the efficiency of operational road maintenance processes.
Nowadays Swiss communities make great efforts to ensure a high level of inner-city street network quality over
the year. The basis of a life cycle-oriented and sustainable performance model is the implementation of a
performance measurement in the field of operational road maintenance to gain an understanding of the works
performed by the municipalities in terms of scope, costs, resources and labour. Therefore performance indicators
are used to measure the degree of target achievements and to define efficiency criteria. These performance
indicators follow economic, social and environmental dimensions. Environmental performance indicators in the
field of winter road operations for example consider the spreading of chemicals and abrasives. These indicators
can be used to optimize the winter road maintenance techniques to preserve the environment and to act in a
sustainable way regarding the maintenance strategies of road operations. Social performance indicators for
example take account of the road safety due to a high standard of road maintenance operations performed. The
economic dimension regards among other things the aspect the optimization of costs regarding an optimized
equipment inventory and the associated team size based on the economic minimum principle. With a holistic
performance model efficient cost and performance structures can be identified under consideration of
sustainability factors to ensure life cycle-oriented road operations. The constructivist research approach will be
applied to develop the performance management system of operational street maintenance operations. This
research approach aims to structure new socio-technical systems based on an intended input-output effect.
The process-oriented holistic performance model forms a basis for systematically developing operational road
maintenance strategies. The aim is to ensure human well-being on a long-term basis and to create a tool to
analyze the operational street maintenance processes performed in terms of cost, performance and life cycle
orientation to ensure a high standard of inner-city street network.
Keywords: operational road maintenance, performance management, process-oriented efficiency
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EVALUATION OF GREEN PUBLIC ROAD PROCUREMENT IN AUSTRALIA: CURRENT PRACTICES
AND GAPS TO FILL
Liisa M.
LEHTIRANTA,
1
MSc (Tech)
Keith D.
HAMPSON,
2
Professor
Russell
KENLEY,
3
Professor
1
Built Environment Services Research Group (BES), Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, School of
Engineering, Aalto University – Espoo, Finland, [email protected]
2
Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc) – Brisbane, Australia,
[email protected]
3
Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology - Melbourne, Australia,
[email protected]
Summary
Public road authorities have a key responsibility in driving initiatives for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
in the road construction project lifecycle. A coherent and efficient chain of procurement processes and methods is
needed to convert green policies into tangible actions that capture the potential for GHG reduction. Yet, many
infrastructure clients lack developed methodologies regarding green procurement practices. Designing more
efficient solutions for green procurement requires an evaluation of the current initiatives and stages of
development.
A mapping of the current GHG reduction initiatives in Australian public road procurement is presented in this
paper. The study includes the five largest Australian state road authorities, which cover 94% of the total 817,089
km of Australian main roads (not local) and account for 96% of the total A$13 billion annual major road
construction and maintenance expenditure. The state road authorities’ green procurement processes and tools
are evaluated based on interviews and a review of documents. Altogether 12 people, comprising 1-3 people of
each organisation, participated in the interviews and provided documents. An evaluation matrix was developed for
mapping the findings across the lifecycle of road construction project delivery.
The results show how Australian state road authorities drive decisions with an impact on GHG emissions on the
strategic planning phase, project development phase, and project implementation phase. The road authorities
demonstrate varying levels of advancement in their green procurement methodologies. Six major gaps in the
current green procurement processes are identified and, respectively, six recommendations for future research
and development are suggested. The greatest gaps remain in the project development phase, which has a critical
role in fixing the project (GHG reduction) goals, identifying risks and opportunities, and selecting the contractor to
deliver the project. Specifically, the role of mass-haul optimisation as a part of GHG minimisation was reviewed,
and mass-haul management was found to be an underutilised element with GHG reduction potential.
Keywords: green procurement, road construction, sustainable, infrastructure, mass-haul, Australia
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
NEW STRATEGIES OF MANAGING WASTE IN OFFICE BUILDING RETROFIT PROJECTS Mei Li, PhD Candidate1 Jay Yang, Professor2 1
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, [email protected] 2
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, [email protected] Summary Retrofit projects are different from newly‐built projects in many respects. A retrofit project involves an existing building, which imposes constraints on the owners, designers, operators and constructors throughout the project process. Retrofit projects are risky, complex, less predictable and difficult to be well planned, which need greater coordination. For office building retrofit project, further restrictions will apply as these buildings often locate in CBD areas and most have to remain operational during the progression of project work. Issues such as site space, material storage and handling, noise and dust, need to be considered and well addressed. In this context, waste management is even more challenging with small spaces for waste handling, uncertainties in waste control, and impact of waste management activities on project delivery and building occupants. Current literatures on waste management in office building retrofit projects focus on increasing waste recovery rate based on project planning, monitoring and stakeholders’ collaboration. However, previous research has not produced knowledge of understanding the particular retrofit processes and their impact on waste generation and management. This paper discusses the interim results of a continuing research on new strategies for waste management in office building retrofit projects. Firstly based on the literature review, it summarizes the unique characteristics of office building retrofit projects and their influence on waste management. An assumption on waste management strategies is formed. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted towards industry practitioners and findings are then presented in the paper. The assumption of the research was validated in the interviews from the opinions and experiences of the respondents. Finally the research develops a process model for waste management in office building retrofit projects. It introduces two different waste management strategies. For the dismantling phase, waste is generated fast along with the work progress, so integrated planning for project delivery and waste generation is needed in order to organize prompt handling and treatment. For the fit‐out phase, the work is similar as new construction. Factors which are particularly linked to generating waste on site need to be controlled and monitored. Continuing research in this space will help improve the practice of waste management in office building retrofit projects. The new strategies will help promote the practicality of project waste planning and management and stakeholders’ capability of coordinating waste management and project delivery. Keywords: waste management, office building retrofit, process mode 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A THEORETICAL BIPV SYSTEM INSTALLED INTO
BUILDING´S FAÇADES
Bruno Wilmer Fontes LIMA, Eng.1
Gilberto de Martino JANNUZZI, Dr.
2
Eng
3
Vanessa Gomes da SILVA, Dr. Eng
1
Department of Energy, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil [email protected]
2
Department of Energy, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil [email protected]
3
Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, University
of Campinas – SP, Brazil [email protected]
Summary
In 2010, the building sector was responsible for 46.9% of the total electricity consumption in Brazil. The majority of
this electricity was generated in large hydroelectric dams, which are located away from the major cities, leading to
great transmission and distribution losses. One way to reduce such losses is through distributed generation, where
the electricity is generated near or at the point of consumption, for example, integrated to buildings. This concept
has led to the development of the so-called Net Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB), which produce at least as much
energy from onsite renewable sources as they use in a year. From the available options to generate electricity
onsite, photovoltaic systems (PV) have been the most used worldwide. PV systems can be installed on the building
roof, windows and façades. This concept is called Building Integrated Photovoltaics, or BIPV. One of the
advantages of the BIPV is that the photovoltaic modules play a double role, being an integral part of the envelope
while generating electricity. However, façades seldom provide optimal orientation and angle for maximized energy
production. This paper will analyze the performance of a theoretical BIPV system, installed on the north, east and
west façades of a planned Living Lab, compared to a theoretical system installed in the optimal orientation and
inclination. The system performance was simulated using Homer Energy software. Also, a sensitivity analysis was
performed to evaluate the increase in the annual electricity generation according to different angles of the system
installed on the façades.
Keywords: BIPV, Photovoltaic Energy, Green buildings, Onsite Generation, Net Zero Energy Buildings
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
PROJECT VASARI USED TO EVALUATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF A LOWINCOME HOUSING PROJECT
Mariana M. X. LIMA,
1
PhD. Student
Regina C. RUSCHEL,
2
Dr. Eng
1
Graduate School of Civil Engineering, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil,
[email protected]
2
Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil engineering, Architecture and Urban Design,
University of Campinas – SP, Brazil
[email protected]
Summary
The search for an efficient built environment initiates at the design phase and performance simulation are
important architectural design tools in such context. The fundamental works on performance simulation
algorithms were developed a few decades ago. However, tools continue evolving and advancements in building
simulation environments have focused on the framework aggregating algorithms, data management, interfaces
(user and application) and activities they support. To increase the use of simulation in design, decision support
environments, interoperability, user-friendly interfaces and visualization techniques are being developed and
incorporated. It is possible to build a complete and accurate virtual model and perform multiple simulations. The
design environment of the architect is characterized by multiple computational tools, which are useful at different
stages of the design process. Therefore, there is the need to move the digital model quickly between different
software packages and to incorporate transformations from untyped holistic models to detailed typed models.
New developments on Building Information Modeling (BIM) aim for integrating analysis and modeling tools in
different design stages. To achieve such integration, tools have to be adapted for each design phase. Moreover,
they must be highly visual and interactive, allow easy import and export, and provide feedback on different levels
of details. To enable performance simulation at a very initial phase of the design process Autodesk is developing a
tool, named Project Vasari. This paper presents the results of an exploratory study developed with this tool.
Project Vasari was used to evaluate the environmental performance of a low-income housing project located at
the City of Campinas (SP/Brazil). The study also evaluated Vasari´s features, its potential and limitation for a
performance-based design process. The tool evaluation described the characteristics of interoperability, user
interface, input and output of simulations. The study results showed that, despite some limitations, the
simulations developed with Project Vasari, even though having low level of accuracy provide sufficiently clear
information to support decision making in the conceptual mass project stage. It was possible to conclude that for
environmental parameters, such as natural ventilation and solar radiation, the actual site orientation of the
studied housing project presents poor performance, which could have been improved back in design by simply
rotating building orientations in 90 degrees.
Keywords: Simulation tool – Performance-based Design – Conceptual Mass Studies – Project Vasari.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
PV TECHNOLOGY IN RETROFITTED BUILDINGS – ARCHITECTURAL OUTLOOK
1
Janusz MARCHWIŃSKI, Ph.D.Arch.
University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw. Faculty of Architecture
ul. Wawelska 14, 02-061 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
Summary
PV technology is a promising tool in creation of low-energy and environmentally conscious architecture. Having
been applied in buildings, particularly in their elevations, it must be perceived not only as a technical device but an
important element of buildings architecture, too.
This have a special meaning in retrofitted buildings in which PV technology application was not intended originally.
Many obstacles must be got over to reconcile technological and architectural requirements and finally to ensure
successful integration of PV technology with a building.
The paper concentrates on evaluation of problems and possibilities of PV modules application to be used in three
various ways in retroffited buildings elevations, i.e. as: -glazed wall elements, -shading systems and -cladding
panels. Technological requirements of the PV modules are confronted with five features of the buildings
architecture: micrurban matters, function, utility process, aesthetics, and structure.
Analysis is made on examples of three PV retrofitted buildings.
The paper is aimed at showing advantages and drawbacks connected with application of the three types of PV
modules according to the above mentioned architectural features of the buildings.
As the result, a systematic model showing relations between the PV modules and buildings architecture has been
created. The model proves that the interactions may refer to all the five features of architecture. It may be
helpful to estimate potential problems and possibilities connected with PV modules application in various types of
modernized buildings. It has been also proved that the above mentioned three types of PV modules exert different
impact on architecture and need to be evaluated separately. This means that, in certain conditions, some of them
are especcialy suitable for usage whereas the others may be not profitable.
Keywords: PV technology, BIPV, solar architecture, PV elevations, PV facades
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
THERMAL VOTES PREDICTION BASED ON AN ADAPTIVE THERMAL APPROACH Irene MARINCIC, Dr. Eng.1 José Manuel OCHOA, Dr. Arch. 2
J. Antonio del RÍO, Dr. Phys.3
1Department of Architecture and Design, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Son., Mexico, [email protected] 2Department of Architecture and Design, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Son., Mexico, [email protected] 3Energy Research Center and Complexity Sciences Center, U.N.A.M., Temixco, Mor., Mexico, [email protected] Summary Low‐cost dwellings are often designed and built without climate considerations, and similar tract housing developments can be seen in different climates: warm humid, temperate or even extreme climates such as the hot dry climate of the city of Hermosillo, in Northwest Mexico. This situation leads to high energy consumptions used for air conditioning or, for those who cannot afford the costs, a low quality of life. A building design without regional and climate considerations often has a high influence on low comfort levels for the occupants. For the adequate thermal design of buildings, besides the climate analysis for the corresponding design strategies, it is necessary to know the specific comfort conditions of the people habituated to the local climate. In some extreme climates, it has been observed that the comfort conditions are not necessarily the same as those reported by the international standards and in the classic literature. The comfort zone can be different for a large variety of climates around the globe. In warm climates the neutral temperature can be higher, and in climates with wide temperature oscillations, such as hot dry climates, the comfort range can be wider. For this reason, the specific comfort conditions for climates and people must be determined. It is important to know the optimal thermal conditions, and not to use (without adjustment) comfort standards obtained for other climates and situations. In this work, we present information obtained in low‐cost housing developments in the city of Hermosillo, which has a hot dry climate. Indoor thermal variables has been measured and field surveys to measure occupants’ thermal sensation has been applied. Here, we analyze the data to evaluate the habitability of the dwellings. Using the information obtained, we propose a model, which predicts the thermal sensations of people, acclimated to similar thermal conditions and situations, depending on temperature and relative humidity. The model has reliable statistical agreement with the surveys. The knowledge of the comfort thermal conditions for each climate and population allows architects to improve passive and active building design for more comfortable buildings. To express these conditions as a function of temperature and humidity helps architects to relate comfort conditions with passive thermal strategies for buildings. Keywords: adaptive thermal comfort, thermal votes, hot dry climate. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S A METHODOLOGY TO INTEGRATE URBAN MORPHOLOGY, URBAN MOBILITY, BUILDINGS AND
ENERGY IN THE PLANNING OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AREAS
Karin Regina de Casas
Castro MARINS, Dr. Arch.¹
Marcelo de Andrade
2
ROMÉRO, Dr. Arch
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil,
[email protected]
2
Department of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil,
[email protected]
Summary
The progressive urbanization worldwide and also in Brazil, the difficulties to increasingly supply energy to urban
centers, as well as the need to plan and manage cities to promote better quality of life, reinforces the planning of
the urban area as an opportunity to promote improved levels of integration in urban functions, flows and
infrastructure, involving the natural and the built environment, with efficient use of resources.
The objective of this paper is to present a methodology for integrated and systemic approach to the planning of
urban development areas, involving urban morphology, urban mobility, buildings and energy and the main results
from its application in Agua Branca case study. It is based on the integration of criteria and parameters related to
urban climatology, population and built density, transport demand, technology and mode share, traffic flow, block
geometry and sizing, building volume, devices and equipment.
The methodology has two main parts – 1) Energy Demand Management, including the integration of the
constraints related to urban morphology, urban mobility and buildings and 2) Energy Supply Management,
involving power supply to buildings and to urban transport according to different levels of efficiency achieved on
the demand side. It is a multicriteria bottom-up and quantitative method, starting from disaggregated data on a
micro scale to compose results and indicators to support the analysis of urban situations on the scale of districts
and neighborhoods, in the early stages of planning.
Agua Branca area, located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is currently under development and was selected as the case study
to verify the methodology, demonstrating the high potential for energy efficiency due to the integration of the
strategies under consideration. It was possible to identify not only the quantitative potential but also the relative
contribution of different factors for the overall result in terms of energy, urban and pollutant emissions issues.
Moreover, the results showed that the compatibility between the built density, the population and the area
occupied by buildings is a premise to provide sunlight and solar energy to buildings while adequate circulation and
urban transportation. In addition to the scenarios presented, the proposed model allows to configure several
others options for different urban areas to be developed, since variables and parameters are properly adapted to
each situation.
Keywords: urban morphology, urban mobility, buildings, energy efficiency, master planning
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR A UNIVERSAL RATING SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENT OF SMART
BUILDINGS
Nithish Joseph Monson,Arch.
Deepika Singhal, Arch.
Ashok Kumar, Arch.
1
1
2
3
Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-India
[email protected]
2
Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-India
[email protected]
3
Department of Architecture and Planning, CBRI, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-India
[email protected]
Sumary
This age has witnessed an increase in building rating systems and certification programs to support Green and
sustainable building design, construction and operations. These rating systems promote a whole building approach
to green building and sustainability by identifying performance in sustainable site development, water savings,
energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental quality. This paper will focus on the need for a
universal rating system to be developed for smart buildings and provide a tool for assessing building’s “smartness”.
Initially the design of a framework for a tool is discussed, based on which the challenges for a smart building rating
system are determined. The various worldwide attempts to lay down such a tool have been compared in terms of
the design of their framework based on concept, mechanism, advantages and shortcoming.
These researches have set the basis for the proposal for a universal framework for intelligence building evaluation.
As the name suggests, universal framework for intelligence building evaluation should be a combination of all
types of assessment tools valid in all scenarios. The evolution of the basic prototype in terms of versions and
expansions are considered. Multiple level evaluations and adaptability of the tool in all kinds of scenarios and
buildings are discussed in this paper. The paper is a proposal for an evaluation tool based on the qualitative
analysis of the various global researches.
Keywords: Smart building, Rating systems, Comparisons, Universal rating system
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SUSTAINABLE TRANSITIONAL SPACES: ADAPTIVE MODEL FOR THERMAL COMFORT
Leonardo M. MONTEIRO
1
1
Marcia P. ALUCCI
1
Department of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism,
University of São Paulo Rua do Lago, 876, zip 05508-080, São Paulo, Brazil
Summary
This paper presents a mathematical modeling and its empirical calibration for evaluation of the thermal comfort
conditions in transitional spaces. The computational simulations considered five different comfort indexes. Firstly,
the New Effective Temperature, an empirical index originally developed by Houghten et al. (1923) and that was
used by ASHRAE standards from 1963 to 1992. Then, Predicted Mean Vote, developed by Fanger (1970) based on
a steady state model which was adopted by ISO standards. In the sequence, the thermo-physiological model
Menex, developed by Blazejczyk (2001) is considered, since it focus on outdoor spaces, considering variables such
as solar radiation, greater wind speeds and more significant sweat rates. Finally, two adaptive models are taken
into account: the Aroztegui (1995) Outdoor Neutral Temperature, based on Humphreys (1975), and the ASHRAE
(2004) new standard index for not conditioned environments the Neutral Operative Temperature, based on the
works of De Dear et al. (1997). The indexes were empirically evaluated. The method adopted to do so was
experimental inductive, considering field research of microclimatic variables and subjective answers, and also
deductive, performing simulations of the mathematical predictive models. The field research consisted of twentyfour different micro-climatic scenarios and almost a thousand applied questionnaires. The mathematical predictive
models were computationally processed and the results of the simulations were compared to the results of the
empirical field research. Considering the results found, the Outdoor Neutral Temperature provided the best results,
thus it was proposed a new equation in order to correctly verify the thermal conditions of transitional spaces in
the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Keywords: sustainable transitional spaces, thermal comfort, subtropical climate
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
MAPPING AND DATA TRANSFER FROM GBXML TO A BUILDING
ENERGY ANALYSIS MODEL (ENERGYPLUS)
Hyeun Jun Moon
1
Min Seok Choi
1
Department of Architectural Engineering, Dankook University, Korea, [email protected]
2
Department of Architectural Engineering, Dankook University, Korea, [email protected]
2
Summary
This paper discusses data transformation issues that arise when transformation is necessary for “downstream”
applications that use data created from BIM authoring tools and other interoperable software. This paper
proposes the methodology of data transformation using gbXML model in order to improve the interoperability
between a BIM architecture model and an analysis model. Also, a user interface that implements the proposed
methodology is developed in this study. In addition, a transformation example for a simple building is provided to
demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology.
Keywords: BIM, Energy analysis model, gbXML, Interoperability, Data transfer, Building Simulation
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
DECENTRALIZED UTILITY PROVISION MANAGEMENT: MODELS FOR COMMUNITY‐LED INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES Nels O. NELSON, MSc.1 Eline R. S. BAKKER KRUIJNE, MSc.2 1
Horn of Africa Regional Environmental Centre and Network, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [email protected] 2
Research‐inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile Region (RiPPLE), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [email protected] Summary The primary problem of decentralized utility provision is not the availability of technology, but the lack of socio‐
economic models to deploy, regulate, and maintain the most sustainable solution in a given context. The drivers for decentralization of utility provision and the need for a community‐based approach are gaining recognition, but management models for community‐led infrastructure services are a bottleneck for widespread adoption. This study examines how management models address practical issues of financing, ownership, regulation, tariffs, maintenance, and social participation of decentralized utilities. The study identifies management models from two case studies: a Local Integrated Infrastructure Service Company in Germany and Community Development Unions in rural Nigeria. The management models are analyzed for their rate of success in achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability. The findings have implications for understanding the socio‐economic dynamics of decentralized utility provision in developed and developing countries. Socio‐economic organization for operating a decentralized utility provision prevents widespread application of infrastructure on the community level. The complexity of investment, maintenance, and regulation of utility management is a risk factor for community groups greater than the risk of technology failure. In the cases analyzed, decentralized management has provided much‐needed income and job creation on the community scale through the application of small‐scale technologies. The paper presents cases of community‐led infrastructure provision from two different geographic and economic contexts. Conditions considered for each case are financing, ownership, regulation, tariffs, maintenance, return on investment, employment, social participation, and environmental impact. Utility provisions considered are electricity, heat, seasonal heat storage, wastewater treatment, water provision, car sharing, recycling facility, educational facility, shared workshop, community garden, community center, child care, and security. The result is a review of management models’ performance and a pragmatic approach to community‐led infrastructure provision service. Keywords: infrastructure provision, urban metabolism, community‐based organizations, social actors. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S SUSTAINABLE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN OLD AND NEW PUBLIC CONSTRUCTIONS Mauricio NOYA, Arch1 Wagner Abreu, Arch Student2 Motta A.L.T.S, Ph.D Eng. Professor3 1Technology Center, Civil Engineering Post‐Graduate Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói ‐ RJ, Brasil; [email protected] 2Technology Center, Civil Engineering Post‐Graduate Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói ‐ RJ, Brasil; [email protected] 3Technology Center, Civil Engineering Post‐Graduate Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brasil; [email protected] Summary This article is about the methods and techniques used in the building “retrofit” in modernist style designed by the architect Affonso Reidy in the fifties, and also about the project of the new Rio de Janeiro Museum of Image and Sound (MIS), under construction, by The North‐American office Diller Scofidio + Renfro, both located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. These constructions present a wide view of the concept of sustainability, not commonly used in public buildings in Brazil. In the building designed by Reidy, which belongs to the State of Rio de Janeiro, the regeneration to host the new headquarters of The State Department of Taxation and Finance respected its original characteristics and used smart and sustainable design techniques, as well as recyclable materials. On the other hand, the project of the new museum at Copacabana Beach was entirely planned on sustainable bases and it includes the application of building techniques concerning that purpose. This article presents a study of these two cases and evaluates the techniques and materials used in one another. Observing the principles of sustainability in construction is a pioneering initiative of the State Government. This article aims at making the scientific community aware of the needs of immediate adoption of sustainability techniques in Civil Engineering, not only in the construction of new buildings, but also in the regeneration of the existing ones, as well as the need of imperious adoption of sustainable techniques when it comes to maintainability. Key words: Sustainability, BuildingTechniques, Retrofit, Public buildings 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SPECIALIST PROGRAM AN OPTION TO EDUCATE SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTS Irene MARINCIC, Dr. Eng.2 Jose M. OCHOA Dr. Arch.1 María G. ALPUCHE, Dr. Eng.3 1
Department of Architecture and Design, University of Sonora, Mexico [email protected], 2
Department of Architecture and Design, University of Sonora, Mexico [email protected] 3
Department of Architecture and Design, University of Sonora, Mexico [email protected] Summary The relationship between building and the environment is an issue that currently seems to be in the consciousness of ecologists, several specialties engineers, physicists and environmentalists in general, and increasingly in architects, who are ultimately the professionals who have a responsibility to make decisions about buildings and specify architectural projects. In this sense, there is a lot of issues that are linked intrinsically to architectural design, for example, orientation, layout and windows size, color and finishes of the facades and the arrangement of vegetation outside the buildings, among many others. Paradoxically in the curricula of schools of Architecture, in Mexico, there are no more than two or three subjects (some optional) that address the relationship between architecture and the environment, and often are not related to lectures in architectural and urban design. In the interest of collaborating with this situation, the Department of Architecture and Design at the University of Sonora, offers the Energy and Environment in Architecture Specialist Program, unique on this issue in the northwest of Mexico. The proposal is a professionalizing program with duration of one year, which is filed in two semesters culminating with a dissertation project. The Graduate Program in Energy and Environment in Architecture is aimed at advanced understanding of the theory and principles related to design, energy conservation, and research methods applicable in different climatic regions. The developed methodologies include climate responsive design, energy conservation, passive solar, natural ventilation, and renewal energy integration in buildings. The program emphasizes hands‐on learning experiences based on laboratory teaching and field investigation formats. Applied research is furthered by students mastering computer simulation of building performance in aspects like day lighting, thermal performance and comfort conditions. This paper describes the background, objectives, mission, scope and admission requirements and curriculum content of the program. Keywords: Graduate studies, energy efficiency, passive architecture, energy specislist. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S EVALUATING THERMAL COMFORT NEAR PERIMETER ZONE IN DOUBLE SKIN GLASS FACADES FOR MODERATE CLIMATES Ayse Selin Orkmez, Ikbal Cetiner, M. Arch, Dr.2 B. Arch.1 1
Environmental Control and Building Technology Graduate Program, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected] 2
Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected] Summary Today building skin must be designed in an energy efficient, intelligent and environmentally friendly way with the help of the progressions in the technology of materials and systems. In order to supply the requirements of this design approach, double skin facade (DSF) systems, which are generally consisted of two different skins with a single or multiple layered glazing separated with a buffer zone between indoor and outdoor environment, have been developed. According to some studies, the DSF systems are more efficient in maintaining thermal balance between user and indoor space than single skin facade (SSF) systems. In a SSF system, the extreme value of the air temperature near perimeter zone leads to reduction in user’s thermal comfort level in the indoor environment. This is caused by the relatively lower or higher temperature of the internal surfaces of the facade than the other internal surfaces belonging to indoor environment. The discomfort level can be reduced with the help of DSF systems. However, a study on the level of increase in thermal comfort as a result of adding a second skin has not been found in the literature review. This study aims to analyze the change in thermal comfort level near perimeter zone of SSF and DSF system alternatives. For this aim, a simulation study was performed for the glass facade of a hypothetical office building assumed to be in Istanbul. The alternatives were generated for extreme summer conditions and naturally ventilated indoor environments. ANSYS Fluent 13 program which is used for “computational fluid dynamics (CFD)” analysis was operated to calculate the internal surface temperatures of the facade alternatives. in operative temperatures than SSF According to the results, DSF alternatives provide 30C to 80C 0 decrease alternatives do. Active use of solar shading devices supplies 5 C to 80C fall in operative temperatures for SSF alternatives and approximately 30C fall for DSF alternatives. None of the facade alternatives provides the required operative temperature values defined in ASHRAE 55. All facade alternatives provide the required Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) values proposed for indoor thermal conditions by Center for Built Environment (CBE). None of the facade alternatives provides the required floor surface temperature values defined in ASHRAE 55. Three of DSF alternatives provide the required vertical temperature difference interval defined in ASHRAE 55. Keywords: Double skin facade, natural ventilation, thermal comfort, internal surface temperature, CFD. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S DENSITY AND SPATIAL QUALITY HIGH DENSITY AND PERCEIVED SPATIAL QUALITY ON THE
TRANSITION FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE SPACES
Fernanda A. Pacheco,
Arch, PhD candidate
1
1
Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, Trondheim, Norway, [email protected]
Summary
This paper proposes an unconventional approach to the concept of sustainability in the built environment. The
central argument is that spatial quality is a key aspect in the sustainability of urban environments. The main areas
for discussion regarding urban sustainability, however, are economic and technical matters, while the quality of
architectural and urban design solutions are frequently not taken into consideration in this debate. The survival of
a piece of architecture through time depends greatly on its added value to the context, and consequently the
longer it lasts, the more efficient the use of the resources. The integration of a building to its context, in other
words the way it relates to its environment, is strongly represented by the perceived spatial quality defined in this
paper, in which the transition between the public and private domains plays an important role. Perceptual spatial
quality is defined in this study as a conjunction of features that involve building typology, daylight incidence, mixed
usage, the relationship between a building’s street level and its direct surroundings, transitions between public,
collective and private spaces, and privacy levels. These aspects are analysed by using case studies in very different
high density urban contexts located in Sao Paulo (Brazil), Medellin (Colombia), Tokyo (Japan), Rotterdam and
Amsterdam (the Netherlands).
Keywords: density, building typology, daylight, low/ high-rise, models, public, collective, private spaces.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
EFFECTS OF THE DEMAND OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ON THE BUILDING DESIGN STAGE Silvio Burrattino MELHADO, Dr. Eng.2 Nathália de PAULA, MSc. Tecg.1 1
Civil Construction Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil, [email protected] 2
Civil Construction Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil, [email protected] Summary Civil Construction products, particularly buildings, have an impact on the environment, consuming resources and generating waste throughout their life cycle. The design stage has strong influence on the quality and performance of the products, and can thus be a strategic stage to adopt mitigating solutions for environmental impacts. There is a demand for more sustainable design solutions today, originated by processes of building environmental certification. This demand is growing, requiring changes in how the agents involved in the project perform their activities. This work aims to identify the effects of the environmental sustainability demand for building design as from an environmental certification process. For this purpose, a literature review was carried out of the environmental sustainability demand and the design stage of buildings. Furthermore, an exploratory research was carried out involving an environmental sustainability consulting firm and two design firms – an architectural firm and an MEP firm (Mechanical Electrical Plumbing) – in the city of São Paulo. These firms participated in a project comprising three commercial towers, certified in the program stage and in the conception stage by the AQUA Process. The AQUA Process is an evaluation and certification methodology of sustainable buildings of French origin utilized in Brazil. The techniques used to collect data were semi‐structured interview and questionnaire application. The questions were divided into two blocks: the first block with general questions about the demand of environmental sustainability and the second block with questions about the project and its design process. Thus, the effects of the demand were identified as: the participation of the consulting firm in the project team; the participation of new agents; changes in contractual requirements for design professionals; the inclusion of environmental requirements in the design stage of the AQUA Process; the use of new technologies incorporated in the building and design stage; and the appreciation of the design stage and integration among the several design disciplines. Keywords: design stage, environmental sustainability, building, sustainable requirements, market demand. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S STUDY AND CONTEMPLATION UPON PROJECT IMPORTANCE IN PUBLIC HOUSING
Rachel L.
C. PINTO,
1
Scholar
Lisiane Ilha LIBRELOTTO,
2
Dr. Eng
1
Architecture and Urbanism scholar, UNISUL, scholarship from FAPESC, Florianopolis – SC, [email protected]
2
Architecture and Urbanism Department, UFSC, Florianopolis – SC, [email protected]
Summary
Housing policy constantly seeks to supply the demand for habitation. To reach this goal, excessively standardized
projects, with rigid and repetitive forms, are often approved without taking into consideration the particularities
that regard such projects, such as topography, cultural aspects, etc. This fact worsens when the projects attend
areas of people reallocation due to natural disasters, which require faster and more efficient execution on the
deliverance of the habitations. This article pursues to enlighten the meaning of housing to its users, to identify
public housing projects throughout history and on areas of emergency, suggesting reflections about the typology
and forms used and to ponder about those states which occupation has already taken place.
Keywords: public housing, typology, project importance, project quality.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SM ART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
APPLYING THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE TO THE PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE URBAN SOCIAL‐ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM) Chrisna du Plessis, PhD.1 1
Department of Construction Economics, University of Pretoria, South Africa, [email protected] Summary The current polycrisis of climate change, peak oil and economic uncertainty, combined with a series of significant natural disasters that struck urban areas from the USA to Japan, prompted global interest in the resilience of cities as contributing factor to their sustainability. Resilience is a concept commonly found in psychology, engineering and ecology. Applying resilience thinking to urban systems is, however, a fairly new field of inquiry. Resilience is a concept commonly found in psychology, engineering and ecology. To date, most research on urban resilience is grounded in psychological and engineering interpretations of resilience. However, an increasing appreciation of the city as a social‐ecological system motivates for an ecological resilience approach to the development of sustainability strategies. This paper is a philosophical inquiry into the use of the theoretical framework that underpins ecological resilience in an urban context. As a starting point the current ecological resilience framework is discussed and three key aspects of resilience theory identified. These are the idea of multiple stability regimes, the adaptive cycle and the importance of diversity to adaptive capacity, and the notion of the multi‐scale system of interactions referred to as the panarchy. In applying the resilience framework to cities a number of questions arise. The paper conceptually explores two of these: what would be the different stability regimes and systems states within these regimes in a city, and how should one understand the concept of diversity. It is proposed that a typology of system regimes can be built around the form and structure of the city, the degrees of formality, or institutional factors such as political administration or ideology. Most likely a typology of system regimes would include a mixture of such variables to define the functional identity of each type of regime. Questions around the kinds of variables that would describe these regimes and their thresholds, as well as the disturbances that can push them closer to or further from a threshold are also discussed. In discussing diversity, six different urban functional categories were identified by looking at the users of space and resources. It is proposed that building up a range of responses in each of these functional groups at different scales of the city and distributing them evenly through the city, increases the resilience of the city. The paper tried to take the discussion outside of the purely ecosystem services focus, to look at the city as a social‐
ecological system with disturbances, functions and sources of diversity that sits in the social aspects of the city, whether these are in terms of the functional requirements or the ideological pressures brought to bear on the system. The exploration presented is at this moment purely speculative, but will be used to guide further empirical research under a project funded by the National Research Foundation. However, there is no doubt about the need for conceptual clarification of resilience thinking if it is to be a useful method for engaging with change and sustainability within cities. Simply stating principles of resilience derived from an ecosystems perspective without such critical engagement about what these principles mean for the urban social‐ecological system as a whole would ultimately result in another meaningless and over‐exploited framework that do not bring us closer to creating and managing cities that can cope with the challenges of the future. Keywords: resilience, adaptive capacity, cities, urban sustainability, complexity 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S COMPARISON OF MULTI CRITERIA OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS ENERGY RETROFIT Olivier BAVEREL, Dr. Eng.2 BrunoPEUPORTIE, Pr.3 Mathieu RIVALLAIN, 1
PhD Student 1
Université Paris‐Est, Laboratoire Navier, École des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, CNRS, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455 Marne‐
la‐Vallée, France; [email protected] 2
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Grenoble, 60, Avenue de Constantine BP 2636, Grenoble Cedex 2, France; [email protected] 3
Centre Énergétique et Procédés, MINES ParisTech, 5 rue Léon Blum, 91120 Palaiseau, France; bruno.peuportier@mines‐
paristech.fr Summary Existing buildings energy consumptions – heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water production, and lighting – are responsible for significant environmental impacts. Since buildings annual replacement rate is inferior to 1% in most European countries, existing stocks retrofit represents a major lever to reach national and international commitments on climate change and non‐renewable energy consumptions mitigation. Yet, the identification of optimal retrofit programs, including actions planning, remains a difficult task for professionals. Most operational approaches are based on experience or simple calculations. The present paper is a contribution to decision support for optimal sustainable energy retrofit programs identification, through the comparison of two multi‐criteria optimization techniques. The solutions – building energy retrofit programs – are optimized, on both their content and planning. The content is defined by the combination of retrofit measures considered. These address building envelopes (thermal insulation, windows replacement, windows to wall ratios), and the replacement of equipment for ventilation, heating and DHW production. For each of these, various options are considered. The planning corresponds to the permutation of these measures, defining a time sequence for implementation. The solutions are evaluated on a multi‐criteria and life cycle basis. The objective functions considered target environmental impacts, financial indicators and occupants’ well‐being (thermal comfort indicator). Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost models, using building dynamic thermal simulation for heating load and thermal comfort evaluation, are implemented to assess performances of various retrofit solutions. Considering the mathematical nature of the solutions (combinations of discrete variables) and the objective functions (implicit non linear), several multi criteria optimization techniques can be considered. Dynamic programming is an exact optimization technique. The representation of solutions on a sequential graph allows using the Bellman principle to identify Pareto non‐dominated retrofit programs, on the entire search space. At each decision step, the current system states refer to the combination of retrofit measures previously implemented. The potential decisions vectors represent the retrofit measures that can still be implemented. The main limitation lies in the dimension of search space that can be addressed. Stochastic optimization and multi criteria genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) are better candidates to optimize solutions on large search spaces. Each solution is represented by 2 chromosomes; one coding the retrofit measures, the other standing for the planning. The evolution of a population of solutions over generations leads to the identification of good solutions on the search space. However, the stochastic search computed through genetic algorithms remains intrinsically an approximate optimization method. Energy retrofit case studies contributed to validate the NSGA‐II approach, on limited search spaces. This method is able to identify solutions close by performance and spread on the compromise surface to the set of the global non‐dominated retrofit programs identified through exact optimization. These optimization methods contribute to decision support; identifying Pareto non‐dominated energy retrofit programs, at building scale, on a multi criteria basis, over life cycle. Keywords: multi criteria, optimization, building retrofit, building types, sustainability 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S DEVELOPING A PLANNING THEORY FOR WICKED PROBLEMS: SWARM PLANNING Rob ROGGEMA1, 2, 3 ¹Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft, The Netherlands, [email protected] ²RMIT University, Centre for Design, Melbourne, Australia ³Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Summary In this paper the contours of a new planning theory are developed. The rationale for needing this new theory lies in the fact that current spatial planning paradigms both seen from an academic as practice perspective, lack the possibility to deal with problems that are not straightforward, clearly defined and predictable: wicked problems. The majority of planning literature is still focusing on well‐known problems and is operational within a governmental context. Despite the fact that a debate is emerging about the need for planning approaches to incorporate dynamic environments, look at the future from a change perspective and focus on the emergence of spatial order initiated by key actors outside government, recent publications show that 94 per cent of the articles discuss mainly traditional topics and approaches. If planning needs to incorporate wicked problems it is attractive to use complexity theory, which deals with complex adaptive systems. However, the majority of research in complexity theory in relation to planning and cities focuses on the understanding of emergence and self‐organisation by developing ever more advanced computational models. This mathematicalisation of the city distracts the attention from intervening in these systems to improve preparedness in dealing with wicked problems. This gap can be filled through the launch of a planning theory that deals with unpredictability of the future and incorporates complex systems behaviour. The theory is called Swarm Planning, because it emphasises swarm behaviour of the system to be beneficial for the overall resilience and lessen the impact of uncertainties, complexity and change. Swarm Planning introduces two planning strategies: intervention in the system as a whole and free emergence through the attribution of individual components with Complex Adaptive System (CAS) ‐properties in order to perform self‐organisation. These principles are illustrated using a pilot design for Bendigo, Australia. Keywords: planning theory, Swarm Planning, complexity, climate change, wicked problem 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S PROPOSITION AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A CORE SET OF INDICATORS TO DESCRIBE
MATERIAL ECO-EFFICIENCY OF BRAZILIAN BUILDINGS
Marcella R.M.SAADE, Env. Eng1
Maristela G. SILVA2;
Vanessa GOMES3;
Hawllynsgton G. FRANCO4;
Dimaghi SCHWAMBACK4;
Blandina LAVOR4
1
MsC candidate, University of Campinas, Brazil, [email protected]
2
Dr. Eng., Associate Professor, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil, [email protected]
3
Arch, Dr. Eng., Associate Professor, University of Campinas, Brazil, [email protected]
4
Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil, [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]
SUMMARY
Indicators such as water and energy consumption and CO2 emissions are used across various industry sectors. A
global standard for water footprint accounting has been recently published. Interpretations of embodied energy
are quite unclear and vary greatly, and embodied energy databases are often incomparable. There is no general
agreement on a definition or quantification method for carbon footprint either. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can
scientifically support calculations of all of these indicators but is still clearly embryonic in Brazil. Despite
the comparability convenience that helps to establish performance goals and benchmarks and to guide policy
decisions, disclosure of embodied energy and other environmental performance data at whole-building level (i.e.,
per unit of built area) is scarce. This paper aims at proposing the use of a minimal core
set of LCA-based indicators
2
to describe material eco-efficiency of buildings normalized per unit of built area (m ), and at verifying feasibility of
their calculation for the building materials and components, based upon three case studies. Data for
materials/components production cycle modeling were collected from national literature or adapted from
SimaPro 7.3 built-in Ecoinvent database. Obtained results suggest that, for the studied building typology, cement,
steel rebar, ceramic block, sawn timber and plywood respond for over 80% of the total embodied energy, and that
a core database for ten materials or so provides a very reasonable description of the building embodied energy
profile. For both cement and concrete mixes, partial replacement of clinker by ground granulated blast furnace
slag (ggbs) brought substantial reductions of all proposed indicators, and reaffirmed the environmental advantages
of such procedure, which complement improvement of some technical properties. Next steps include sensitivity
analysis, investigation of additional indicator and increasing databases for other building typologies. It is expected
that, following a coordinated methodological outline, future works gradually evolve to constitute an LCI database
that enables the use of the proposed metrics and of LCA as decision-making tools.
Keywords: material, eco-efficiency, indicators, embodied energy, water, carbon, footprint, non-renewable
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
GLAZING FAÇADE MODULES: DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION FOR BRAGANÇA,
COIMBRA, ÉVORA AND FARO
Helenice SACHT,
1
Arch. MSc.
Luis BRAGANÇA, Eng, PhD, Prof²
Manuela AMEIDA,
Eng, PhD, Prof³
Rosana CARAM,4
Phys, PhD, Prof
1
PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction(C-TAC),
University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal, [email protected]
2
Coordinator of the Sustainable Building Group, Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (C-TAC),
Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal,
[email protected]
3
Deputy Director of the Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (C-TAC), Professor at the Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal, [email protected]
4
Coordinator of the Architecture, Technology and Materials Group (Arqtema), Institute of Architecture and
Urbanism, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil, [email protected]
Summary
The daylighting performance improvement is one better strategy to reduce the artificial lighting consumption in
buildings and obviously requires solar radiation from the exterior. Daylighting comes not only from direct sunlight
but also from illumination provided by the sky on overcast days. Particular attention must be given to daylighting
while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy consumption. Visual
comfort of glazing façades is a fundamental characteristic to the global comfort. Additionally, this work reports a
part of the results of an ongoing investigation about a new façade system concept: "Façade Modules for EcoEfficient Refurbishment of Buildings", especially on the daylighting performance of double glazing modules.
Ecotect 5.6 software was used to obtain the daylight factor and illuminance level for four Portugal cities and two
double glazing façade modules, composed by green solar control glass and low-e glass; self-cleaning glass and float
clear glass. A typical dwelling room (25m²) was simulated. Daylight factor and illuminance level were obtained by
means of computational simulations. These results were compared to daylighting standards and recommendations.
Results showed a better daylight performance for double self-cleaning glazing for all cities. A lower performance
was observed when using green solar control glass and low-e glass.
Keywords: Façade; Glazing; Daylighting Performance; Ecotect.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
URBAN NETWORK’S STRUCTURE: THE TREE OR THE LEAF? Serge SALAT Loeiz BOURDIC Dr.Econ, Dr.Arch.1 2
Meng, MSc 1
Urban Morphology Laboratory, CSTB, Paris, France, [email protected] 2
Urban Morphology Laboratory, CSTB, Paris, France, [email protected] Summary Building on the metaphor of the tree and the leaf, this paper aims at looking at cities from a certain distance. Scrutinizing these two very common structures provides very beneficial insights in the compelling context of resource scarcity and climate change. Since Edison and the development of the electricity network, the omnipresent paradigm has been the one of the tree: one big remote power plant injecting electricity in high voltage overhead power lines, then distributed into lower voltage lines to eventually reach every household, fabric and company. The switch toward renewable energy and local production forces us to entirely rethink this tree‐
based structure. Building on Alexander’s seminal paper “a city is not a tree”, authors investigate the implications of this paradigm switch on the structure of urban networks in the future: electricity, heat, transport, water… They put them into perspective and present their consequences on two fundamental pillars of urban sustainability: urban efficiency and urban resilience. Keywords: Urban Efficiency, Urban resilience, Sustainable cities, Urban networks 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S RECYCLING AND REUSE OF BUILDINGS AND COMPONENTS CONSIDERED IN CONCEPTUAL
DESIGN STAGE
1
Tatiana S. SARAIVA, Arquiteta
2
Marcos M. BORGES, Dr., Arquiteto
Antonio COLCHETE Filho, Pos Dr Arquiteto
Aline B. PIMENTA, Arquiteta
3
4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Architecture and Urban, University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
[email protected]
2
Department of Production Engineering University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
[email protected]
3
Department of Architecture and Urban, University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
[email protected]
4
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Architecture and Urban, University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
[email protected]
Summary
This paper discusses the importance of the early conception phase in the architectural design process because this
is where the mainly decisions are taken and are established the guidelines for the construction optimization. Those
early ideas and decisions at this step have a great impact on many aspects of the final building; mainly the ones
related to environmental and costs issues along with others such as social, cultural, historical, technical, and
aesthetic, among others. This study indicates that waste reduction, reuse of materials, recycling and maintenance
of the buildings are some of the factors that affect environmental impacts and must be thought from the first
phase of the project. The concepts of simultaneous engineering, design for manufacturing, design for assembly
and design for disassembly, among others are being studied and explored in the context of the research. The
ongoing research will make a comparison among design manuals for disassembly existing in various countries and
establish some criteria to help in the guidelines for a manual according to the Brazilian reality.
Keywords: reuse, recycling, design for disassembly, conception phase.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SMART & SIMPLE DEMO‐PROJECT IN A HIGHLY SENSITIVE NATURAL HERITAGE SITE Silvia de SCHILLER1 John Martin EVANS2 Javier SARTORIO3 1
Research Centre Habitat and Energy, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] 2
Research Centre Habitat and Energy, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] 3
Research Centre Habitat and Energy, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Alvarado–Font–Sartorio, Architects, French 2699, 2p, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] Summary The paper presents the studies carried out to provide guidelines and technical support on sustainable building issues at the different design stages of Baltra Airport Passenger Terminal, the main access to Galapagos Islands. The overall aim the project is to achieve a low environmental impact building through energy and water efficiency measures, solar energy and comfort conditions for passengers with natural conditioning, solar protection, cross ventilation and daylight. Without electricity and drinking water network in the Baltra Island, onsite generation includes renewable energy and a desalinization plant. The design also aims to respond to international criteria on sustainable building criteria, with the US LEED Rating System for New Construction and the requirements of the International Airport Council, ACI‐2006. The site plan locates the new building orientated to catch breezes and avoid direct sun, following airport regulations, international safety requirements and the National Park Authority controls to maintain open naturally conditioned spaces, with views to open landscape and patios. Airports, a major effect on green‐house gas emissions, a sensitive issue in tourism impact on local population and eco‐systems, and a major concern for the project, limits passenger capacity while opens the unique National Park and World Natural Heritage Site to visitors. As the archipelago depends on international tourism, the high vulnerability of site and environment make the case of the Galapagos Airport an important test‐bed of sustainable building. To achieve friendly and appropriate conditions for visitors and local residents, the terminal is designed to limit environmental impacts, incorporating passive design and low energy strategies, such as avoidance of mechanical cooling in a site at sea level on the equator, reflected and diffuse natural lighting in all spaces, total protection from direct solar radiation indoors, thermal mass with local materials, cross ventilation and additional buried air ducts for cooling in critical spaces. The project aims to achieve a high quality environment, applying adaptable comfort concepts on the comfort zone for natural conditioned buildings of ASHRAE standards. As the building is only used in the morning till 2pm, the selected strategies mitigate high temperature and relative humidity, designed to reflect local climate and avoid artificially controlled environment, found in conventional airports. The paper presents the design approach with detailed studies including laboratory tests and simulations and the results obtained to fit the certification criteria. The design also shows the highly demanding natural heritage requirements, to demonstrate how technical studies guided the design integrating specific issues at each stage to promote sustainable development in this extremely sensitive heritage site, through smart and simple design decisions in a sustainable demo‐project. Keywords: airport design, natural conditioning, daylight, cross ventilation, energy, thermal comfort 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S WHICH ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA SHOULD BE ADDRESSED IN PUBLIC
PROCUREMENT STRATEGIES?
1
Amr Sourani, Dr.
1
2
Muhammad Sohail, Prof.
2
School of the Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK, [email protected]
Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, [email protected]
Summary
Public clients in the UK are under even more demands to adopt procurement practices that are oriented towards
sustainability. Despite the production of many publications addressing sustainable construction, there is a lack of
agreed and comprehensive sets of social, economic and environmental sustainability criteria that should be
addressed by UK public clients in developing a procurement strategy. This paper presents part of the results of a
research project that aimed at developing agreed sets of the major sustainability criteria that should be addressed
by UK public clients in developing a procurement strategy. In particular, the paper reports the findings in relation
to the economic sustainability criteria. The investigation draws mainly on a Delphi method which involved a panel
of experts representing a wide range of views and sectors. The panel involved experts from the public sector,
professional/consultancy organisations, major contracting organisations and academics. The Delphi method was
employed to achieve a reliable consensus of opinion among experts and to maximise the advantages and minimise
the disadvantages associated with using committees. The method’s “hybrid” position within the
qualitative/quantitative debate places it in an ideal situation for use; Delphi is primarily a qualitative tool that
provides a rich context-based knowledge but has the potential to provide quantitative results. The results have
been further validated through semi-structured interviews and discussions conducted with sustainability experts
and professionals working in a variety of professional and public sector organisations in the UK. The analysis of the
results obtained in this investigation led ultimately to the development of an agreed set of twelve economic
sustainability criteria. These include: clear establishment of need and evaluation of alternative options, whole life
value for money, consideration of whole life costing, fitness for purpose (including consideration of long term
flexibility), waste minimisation and management, supporting the regional/local economy (including stimulating
demand for local labour, businesses, materials and services), financial affordability for intended beneficiaries,
creating employment opportunities, competitiveness, consideration of effective logistics strategies, Economic Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) and improving the efficiency of the supply side. The results of the investigation
provide public clients with evidence based, comprehensive and agreed set of economic sustainability criteria
which need to be addressed in their construction procurement strategies.
Keywords: sustainable, construction, economic, procurement, strategies, public, client, Delphi
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
DO ENGINEERS NEED TO LEARN ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DESIGN?
HISTORICALLY, CHANGE WAS ANTICIPATED BY EXPLORING NEW TECHNIQUES WHICH THEN
WENT ON TO DEFINE THEIR AGE
Sally
STARBUCK
BArch MRIAI RIBA¹
BA
Paul LEECH BE BArch MIEI
2
RIBA
Patrick Geoghegan BE & Sinead Sterling BSc.Chem, HDip SHWW ³
Pauline GALLAGHER BSc HDip in Applied Science (Occupational Health & Safety & Hygiene)
1&2
4
Gaïa ecotecture, <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>
³ Environmental Project Management, E.P.M. Ltd., [email protected]
4
health friendly air™ programme, Airmid healthgroup Ltd., [email protected]
Summary
Evaluating a case study of a recently completed new family home and workplace situated close to an airport,
beside high-tension power lines, a motorway and a busy road:
Our design includes natural ventilation strategies and acoustic insulation using an earth roof and earth berms to
minimise energy, both in used and3 embodied
in the construction. The performance of these innovative design
&4
assumptions has now been tested [
above]: Monitoring included electromagnetic field (EMF) reductions from
exterior to interior, noise/ vibration as attenuated internally from external environment, internal air quality in
relation to hydrocarbon-rich toxic fumes externally and primary energy (embodied and in use). How much the
timber building actually protects the interior; from EMF, aircraft and traffic noise/ vibration while maintaining
good indoor air quality, ventilation, daylight and energy performance in use, has enabled us to better understand
how to improve this, future designs including retrofit existing buildings. The skills and expertise required also
involve building physics, a good working knowledge of acoustics, the calculation of embodied energy and life cycle
assessment in addition to post occupancy evaluation (POE) - how buildings perform in use with respect to energy
consumption targets and potential reductions through communication of the strategy to, management by, or
training for, building users. Environmental impact was further reduced also by the beautiful, bio-diverse, living roof.
Engineers, working with ecological architects, are in an important position to address the social imperative to
respond to a new economic framework, increasing urbanisation, population growth and demographic change:
Indeed, to continue to be relevant retaining employment opportunities & reduce costs, engineers will need to
hone their professional skills, expertise and methods to balance the conservation of natural resources and
reduction of waste (including energy), minimising ecological impact. The engineering discipline is particularly
pertinent as it simultaneously takes an overview of a system (often working on its limits and its interactions), while
retaining an awareness of crucial details, and the impact of scale on practicality. The choice of terms in which a
problem is stated includes its solution. Ecological engineering makes the distinction between durability and
sustainability [van Bohemen 2010]. Whereas, engineers have traditionally specified robust materials for longevity
and high margins of safety, these are often have a high energy profile; both embedded, in the production process
and, consumed over entire lifecycle. Roman infrastructure, built on monumental scale and standing for aeons, it all
but symbolises the traditional engineer’s ability to harness and master the powerful forces of nature: Historically,
the environmental impact was largely externalised, if costed at all; whereas life cycle assessment now allows all
factors to be accounted for over time. We contrast this with the Gaia hypothesis which takes the name of the
Greek goddess of mother earth to suggest a respect for the environment, in recognition of the interconnected
cycles within ecosystems, being often very finely balanced. [Lovelock 2000]. Ecology shows, it is healthy for any
system to foster diversity: So, we need to recognise there is an imperative to develop a resilient, cross- disciplinary
approach and broad vocabulary with which to explore many different solutions: These will be necessary to address
appropriately, by avoidance, mitigation or adaptation, each future challenge and opportunity.
Keywords: timber building, indoor air quality, acoustic ventilation, POE
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
IMPACTS OF GREEN DESIGN ON HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE IN THE UNITED STATES
Cassandra L Thiel
1
Melissa M. Bilec, Ph.D.
Kim LaScola Needy
2
3
1
Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,
[email protected]
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA, [email protected]
3
Associate Professor, Twenty First Century Professorship in Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering,
University of Arkansas, [email protected]
Summary
As institutions that epitomize health and healing environments serving vulnerable people, hospitals should be the
most rigorous in implementing environmentally sustainable design practices. But what effect do building design
and sustainability practices have on hospital performance and patient care? Studies in the field of Evidence-Based
Design (EBD) measure the effects of sustainable medical facility design using hospital performance metrics such as
employee and nursing turnover, medication dispensing errors, and hospital acquired infection rates. Since such
metrics are typically recorded by hospitals, hospitals represent a unique environment for monitoring the impacts
of sustainable design decisions.
This study compares hospital performance metrics from a hospital’s new, LEED-certified facility with metrics from
its recently demolished facility. Paired T-tests reveal that, despite a 27% rise in patients’ average length of stay
and a 10% rise in the number of hours hospital staff spends directly caring for patients, the hospital’s total
operating costs per patient in bed have remained stable. That this metric did not reveal a similar increase,
suggests that improvements related to hospital staffing, performance initiatives, or design flow within the facility
enable staff to spend more time directly with patients while maintaining costs.
Further analysis of all collected performance metrics will reveal a more complete picture of these impacts, and
through EBD, encourage improved design in future hospital facilities. Preliminary results of this study add to the
growing body of EBD literature and can inform future sustainable healthcare design. Additionally, this analysis
may help the hospital’s green team specialists and administration revise current policies and staff behaviors to
further improve the environmental sustainability of the hospital as a whole.
Keywords: Evidence-Based Design, hospital, United States, green, sustainability, healthcare
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
CITY RANKINGS AND URBAN ASSESSMENT TOOLS TO HELP ACCELERATING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CITIES
1
Nico Tillie, Msc.
Ilektra Kouloumpi, Msc.
2
Van den Dobbelsteen, PhD Msc.
3
1
Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, and City of
Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]
2
Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Email: [email protected]
3
Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
Email: [email protected]
Summary
There are many different ideas and values about what is good practice and bad practice in sustainable
developments in Cities. Quantifying sustainable progress is crucial to make real steps forward in sustainable
development. Tools can help, but what do these tools really tell us and what do they measure? Can City rankings
help to assess our cities and accelerate the sustainable development by giving policymakers, and politicians,
feedback so that local policies can be changed? In two different studies two mixed teams examined 22 different
rankings and used 10 of these for in depth study to answer the question if city rankings can be used to help
sustainable development in cities. The results of this study shows that the differences between rankings are very
big, indicators vary a lot and feedback to practitioner are often weak or absent at this moment. However there are
opportunities for rankings to be of more value to cities if data are easier available, their assessing methods are
transparent, indicators are more standardized and links to local policymakers, politicians and media are
established.
Keywords: city ranking, sustainable development, sustainable cities, urban policy, assessment tool
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
SUSTAINABLE HOMELAB: AUTOMATION, DATA MONITORING, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND
EDUCATION ON EFFICIENT SUSTAINABLE LIVING ENVIRONMENTS
Hugo B. VALENTE, electrical engineering student
Francisco J. GOMES DSc.Eng.
1
2
Gustavo F. OLIVEIRA, electrical engineering student
3
Lucas R. CONCEICAO, electrical engineering student
Maria TEIXEIRA, electrical engineering student
4
5
Yasmin M. CYRILLO, electrical engineering student
6
1
Department of Energy, Engineering College, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,
[email protected]
2
Department of Energy, Engineering College, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,
[email protected]
3
Department of Energy, Engineering College, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,
[email protected]
4
Department of Energy, Engineering College, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,
[email protected]
5
Department of Energy, Engineering College, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,
[email protected]
6
Department of Energy, Engineering College, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,
yasmin.cyrillo @engenharia.ufjf.br
Summary
The project “Sustainable Homelab: exhibition space and experimental space and experimental lab for education
and research on sustainable living environments” is designed to raise public awareness about the adoption of
sustainable principles in civil construction. The creation of an exhibition sensory laboratory was proposed at the
Botanic Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, so the public could analyze the positive and negative
impacts of the construction on the environment and on their welfare, through strategies that promote to the
visitors the space perception. The ludic activity implies on the participation and opinion of the users, whose
opinions can be collected and used for research later on. The Sustainable Home Lab is designed in different
modules, making references to different places of a basic house. They are placed throughout the exhibition, where
the space can be analyzed by the visitors individually, reacting positively or negatively according to their sensations
and perceptions.
The present study came up with the necessity to attend the requirements of the project mentioned above. For
such, techniques were implemented in areas of generation of alternative energy, monitoring comfort variables,
control and automation systems, for the sustainability and energy efficiency, in order to provide a research,
education and extension environment in the electrical engineering field.
The project is divided into two aspects: the environmentally friendly electric generation, through the use of
alternative sources, which includes photovoltaic panels and wind generators that will initially supply the energy
demand of the electronics and automation devices, considering been extended to supply the whole house. The
automation system will receive parameters such as temperature, noise level, lightness, humidity and room
ventilation, as well as data from meteorological station, acting in the control of frontage with brise soleils, doors
and photovoltaic panels. Those information are linked by a wireless data transmission system and stored
simultaneously on a server to form the database of future statistical studies of advantages and disadvantages of
green building in our lives. These are accessible via a friendly interface configured on the server, based on PHP
programming language. Tablet devices, located in each of the five rooms, will be used for sensations and
perceptions data acquisitions of the visitors.
Keywords: automation, data monitoring, alternative energy, education, sustainable living environments
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
CROSS‐SCALE INDICATORS FOR THE INDIRECT IMPACT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES. THE CASE OF BRØSET, TRONDHEIM, NORWAY Annemie WYCKMANS, Arch, Dr.Eng1 Rolf 2André Dr. Eng BOHNE, 1
Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] 2
Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] Summary The results of the Brøset parallel commissioning process showed that through planning and design of traditional technological issues such as building standards, energy supply and motorised transport, it is possible to directly reduce the carbon footprint with 3 to 5 ton of CO2eq per capita from 12 to 7‐9 tons CO2eq (Norwegian conditions). A more disappointing result from the process is the acknowledgement of the fact that carefully designed neighborhoods alone will not lead to an energy efficient, low‐emission society, although such neighborhoods are an absolute necessity in order to facilitate transition to a more sustainable future. Staying below 550 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere (IPCCs 2 degree limit) requires far‐reaching changes in built environment, energy systems, and people’s lifestyles, and particularly in the interfaces between them. This research paper gathers and analyses cross‐scale indicators that can contribute to envisioning how the physical environment can support environment‐friendly lifestyles in urban neighborhoods, using the Brøset development in Trondheim, Norway as a case. In order to examine the nature of the cross‐scale measures proposed for the Brøset site, we have clustered information from the wide range of public documents that were generated before, during and after the parallel commissioning process (NAL Ecobox 2012, in Norwegian). We analyzed in particular the quality program developed by Trondheim municipality in co‐operation with researchers from the NTNU and SINTEF, the brief delivered to the four teams participating in the parallel commissioning process, and their resulting master plans. In particular, it examines how user and architectural quality can be tightly linked to energy efficiency and low emission goals on building and district level. The aim of this link is two‐fold. Firstly, it may increase acceptability of energy‐efficiency and low‐emission measures among users, building owners and other stakeholders. In addition, the added value of high architectural and user quality to promote regional development, job creation and social coherence can make investment costs in energy efficiency and low emissions more acceptable to decision‐makers in policy, industry, insurance and other relevant sectors. Keywords: energy, quality, architecture, user, building, district, Norway 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE HOUSING THROUGH MUTUAL BENEFITS TO KEY STAKEHOLDERS ZHENGYU YANG, JAY YANG, 1
Dr.Eng2 M.Eng. 1
Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, School of Urban Development, Queensland, University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia zhengyu.yang@student .qut.edu.au 2
Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, School of Urban Development, Queensland, University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia [email protected] Summary Among the Australia general public, there are increasing concerns about environmental issues. Accordingly, sustainability in the housing industry is also becoming a priority on the development agenda. However, putting the principles of ecological sustainability into practice within social and economic development requires intensive involvement of major stakeholders such as governments, developers, builders, consumers and a range of other professionals. Establishing a sustainable value entails asymmetric life‐cycle returns, making it important for major stakeholders to appreciate the benefits of this new agenda not only for the individual businesses but also for other supply chain partners. This context warrants the study to promote collective benefits for key stakeholders by establishing a mutual‐benefit framework for sustainable housing implementation. A research was carried out in the hope to establish a mutual‐benefit framework by investigating challenges of achieving benefits (CABs) from sustainable housing development in a multi‐stakeholder context. In the research work reported in this article, a comparative questionnaire study was first conducted among seven stakeholder groups in the Australian housing industry, to examine the importance and inter‐relationships of CABs. In‐depth interviews then furthered the survey findings with a focus on stakeholder diversity. The synthesized findings of the survey and interview study lead to the identification of 12 critical mutual‐benefit factors and their mutual influence. Based on such a platform, a systematic framework is developed with the aid of Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM), to identify the patterns of stakeholder benefit materialisation, suggest the priority of critical factors and provide related stakeholder‐specific action guide for sustainable housing implementation. Keywords: sustainable housing, stakeholder, mutual benefits, framework, market scale, collaboration 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S ASSESSING METRICS FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN CANADIAN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
1
Amanda YIP, MASc Candidate.
2
Russell RICHMAN,P.Eng., PhD.
1
Master of Applied Science Candidate, Department of Architectural Science, Building Science, Ryerson University –
Toronto, Canada, [email protected]
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Science, Building Science, Ryerson University – Toronto, Canada
[email protected]
Summary
In Canada, the design and construction of residential buildings is governed by national and provincial building
codes that are primarily focused on minimum prescribed fire and safety requirements, with little emphasis on
thermal requirements and energy performance. While the province of Ontario has already included energy
efficiency requirements in their building code, changes to the National Building Code (NBC) to include energy
efficiency requirements for new residential buildings are in development for the Fall 2012 revision of the code.
Though a step in the right direction, the performance metrics used to assess residential buildings are merely
minimum requirements and may not be the most appropriate indicators of, or are set at acceptable levels to
achieve optimal energy performance in residential buildings. Voluntary building performance standards, such
Passive House, emphasize energy efficiency by prescribing aggressive performance metrics that exceed those in
current Canadian building codes. Adoption of more aggressive requirements into Canadian regulations would
provide a means to achieve greater energy performance in the country’s residential building stock. To determine
the energy performance of new Canadian residential constructions, the NBC and Ontario Building Code (OBC) were
examined and compared to Passive House standards. Target areas were selected for energy modeling, including
heat transmission of opaque and transparent surfaces and whole building air leakage. Metrics for each target area
were identified in the NBC, OBC and Passive House standard and assessed. Energy modeling of a reference house
was then performed with EnergyPlus simulation software using the metrics and levels specified in the NBC, OBC,
and the Passive House standard. Significant differences were found in the energy consumption of the reference
house between the two building codes and Passive House standards. The performance metrics were then assessed
for their appropriateness in evaluating energy performance of the target areas. Based on the analysis and results
of the energy modeling, recommendations were made for changes to Canadian building codes to achieve greater
energy performance in Canada’s residential building stock. Implementing aggressive energy performance
requirements into building codes will result in greater reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions, encourage ingenuity in design and construction, and promote and encourage the adoption of more
aggressive performance requirements in other countries.
Keywords: buildings, building policy, energy performance, energy policy, sustainability, Canada.
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
‘ SUSTAINABLE HOME LABORATORY: EXHIBITION AND EXPERIMENTAL SPACE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ON SUSTAINABLE LIVING ENVIRONMENTS Letícia M. A. ZAMBRANO, DSc.Arq.¹ Aline C. MARQUES, MSc. Arq.² Eduardo B. P. CASTRO, DSc. Eng.³ Ana Paula F. LUZ, architecture student, in scientific initiation⁴ Liziê F. NEVES, architecture student, in scientific initiation⁴ Mariana M.ALMEIDA, architecture student, in scientific initiation⁴ Nádia de PAULA RIBEIRO, architecture student, in scientific initiation⁴ 1
Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil, [email protected] 2
Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil,[email protected] 3
Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil, [email protected] 4
Course of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora – MG. Summary The “Sustainable Home Laboratory” project for the Botanic Garden of Juiz de Fora has as its main goal the education of the general public in issues related to the adoption of sustainability principles in buildings. The proposal comes from the recognition of both the positive and negative potential impacts of construction on the environment and quality of life of urban dwellers, and the necessity of showing the population how to plan and build their homes, considering sustainability, comfort, eco‐efficient techniques and bioclimatic architecture. The design of the laboratory was based on similar facilities developed at other educational institutions in Brazil, by studying their choices of building characteristics and adopted techniques, like construction materials, space configurations, natural energy sources use and optimized artificial systems. The aim of this paper is to present some of the work performed in laboratory´s design stage, in which experiments were applied to assist in the choice of architectural solutions. Methodologically, this study was based on a comparison between results obtained for two modules with different architectural configurations but similar use, through computational simulation. The hypothesis is that if you can get good levels of thermal comfort through the use of passive devices to take advantage of natural sources such as wind and solar radiation. In the text, a description of the “Sustainable Home Laboratory” project is made. Then we present the characteristics of the simulated modules and parameters used in the simulations. Finally, the obtained results and a brief analysis of the impact of the two architectural designs in the temperature evolution of the indoor environments are shown. Keywords: sustainable architecture, eco‐efficient techniques, education for sustainable living environments. 4 T H C I B I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S M A R T A N D S U S T A I N A B L E B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T S A PRACTICE OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA
Hongru Zhang
Chief Architect¹
Benson Lau²
¹ Shanghai Jianke Architectural Design Institute, Shanghai, China
² Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
Summary
The idea of “green architecture” is advocated by introducing the design and performance of a new finished
Chinese 3-star green building mainly with passive strategies and normal cost.
Shanghai Jianke Architectural Design Institute Co., Ltd. (JKAD) designed the first green building in China in 2003, as
a member of the project “Key Technologies and Systemic Integration of Eco-building”, which was presided by
Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences (SRIBS) and supported by Shanghai government. From then JKAD
finished a lot of green buildings in different areas in China, one of which, SRIBS Xinzhuang Complex building could
be a sample of new version of green building in China that is realized mainly based on passive strategies and with
normal cost, which has the key importance in the generalization of sustainable construction in developing
countries.
By integrating green-design with architecture, “green building” can be upgraded to “green architecture”: As a
“working club”, Xinzhuang Complex is a new version of Chinese 3-star green building which is aimed to high
efficiency in building volume, material, water and energy consumption, which was designed according to the
climate of east China that is hot-wet in summer and cold-wet in winter. The architectural concept of the building
was generated from the mental needs of the users, functions and responding to the climate. All possible passive
strategies are applied to the project to reach high environmental performance and to reduce consumption of
resource and energy as well. Typical storey height is 0.6m~0.9m lower than normal. Natural ventilation and
daylight are applied to all daily used rooms, including the basement. Ground source energy, solar-heating water
and grey water are utilized. Plants are root-watering to save water. Strategies were under computer analysis to
ensure the performance, and the energy consumption was pre-evaluated.
The energy consumption for each square meter is 30% of common level in the area, and the cost is only about
110%.
Chinese traditional garden and balconies are inserted into the modern office building in creative ways, supplying
grey-spaces for the occupants to have rest and communication. Lattice from vernacular architecture is grafted in
the steel frame for defoliate vine which can shade the solar radiation only in summer, forming a dynamic facade
and natural scenes changed with seasons. Roof gardens are disposed in different levels, with functions of roof
shading, reducing reflection and landscape, as extra spaces for rest. Energy saving behaviors such as using ceiling
fans in middle seasons and taking stairs are encouraged by design.
Users joined the process of design from the concept stage to details of interior decoration. They are satisfied with
the finished building in space forms, function, environmental performance and visual image which indicates the
variety of the new age.
Keywords: Chinese, green building, architecture, design for users, per caput low cost of resource
4TH CIB INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS