POLÍTICA DE MOBILIDADE URBANA EM LISBOA:
FALHAS DAS ÚLTIMAS DÉCADAS E CRISE
ECONÔMICA DO PAÍS PRECIPITAM NECESSIDADE
DE MUDANÇA URGENTE
-RVp0DQXHO9LHJDV1
1 – A evolução das últimas décadas
Pesquisador do Departamento Engenharia Civil,
Arquitectura e Geo-recursos; Instituto Superior
Técnico da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
1
52
7DOFRPRDPDLRULDGDVFLGDGHVHPWRGRRPXQGR/LVERDIRLUHJLVWUDQGRDR
ORQJRGDV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVXPFUHVFLPHQWRIRUWHGDVXDGLPHQVmRJHRJUiÀFDH
GHPRJUiÀFDHDLQGDPDLVIRUWHGDSUHVHQoDGRDXWRPyYHOFRPRLQVWUXPHQWR
GDPRELOLGDGHGHVHXVFLGDGmRV
3RUpPHVVHSURFHVVRVHGHVHQYROYHXFRPHUURVJUDYHVQRVGRPtQLRVTXHUGD
HVWUXWXUDSROtWLFDTXHUGDVVROXo}HVGHÀQDQFLDPHQWR1RSULPHLURFRPGHFLV}HV
LQGHSHQGHQWHVGR*RYHUQRFHQWUDOJUDQGHVLQIUDHVWUXWXUDVHVXEÀQDQFLDPHQWR
GDVFRPSDQKLDVRSHUDGRUDVGHWUDQVSRUWHS~EOLFRHGHFDGDXPGRVPXQLFtSLRV
XUEDQL]DomRUHJLPHVGHHVWDFLRQDPHQWR1RVHJXQGRFRPUHFXUVRVLVWHPiWLFR
DHQGLYLGDPHQWRGHPXQLFtSLRVHHPSUHVDVS~EOLFDVHPSDUDOHORFRPDDGRomR
SHOR*RYHUQRGHFRQWUDWRVGHSDUFHULDS~EOLFRSULYDGD
$LQGDTXHHVWLYHVVHSUHYLVWDQDOHLGHVGHDFULDomRGHXPDHVWUXWXUDGH
FRRUGHQDomRGHWUDQVSRUWHVDQtYHOPHWURSROLWDQRHTXHXPD$XWRULGDGH0HWURSROLWDQDGH7UDQVSRUWHVGH/LVERD$07/WLYHVVHVLGRFULDGDSHOR3DUODPHQWRHP
Revista UFG / Julho 2012 / Ano XIII nº 12
POLÍTICA DE MOBILIDADE URBANA EM LISBOA
. dossiê MOBILIDADE
RHVWDWXWRGHVVD$XWRULGDGHIRLUHYLVWRHPHHOD
HOD
DWpKRMHFRQWLQXDIHULGDGHJUDYHVHUURVGHFRQÀJXUDomRQR
SODQRVRFLHWiULRSRUH[HPSORRVPXQLFtSLRVWrPXPDSDODYUD
IRUWHQDHVSHFLÀFDomRGHVHUYLoRVPDVQmRSDJDPQDGDQR
SODQRGDPLVVmRIXQFLRQDOFRPFODUDVDPELJXLGDGHVQRWH[WR
PDV QR HVVHQFLDO UHGX]LGD j FRQWUDWDomR GRV VHUYLoRV GH
WUDQVSRUWHFROHWLYRHDLQGDQRSODQRÀQDQFHLURFRPIRUWHV
LQVXÀFLrQFLDVGHGRWDomRSDUDRTXHHUDjpSRFDDSUHYLVmR
GHQHFHVVLGDGHVGHFRQWULEXLomRS~EOLFD SDUDDFREHUWXUD
GRVFXVWRVGHRSHUDomR$FRQVHTXrQFLDGLVVRWXGRpTXH
D$07/FRQWLQXDDQmRGHVHPSHQKDURSDSHOHVVHQFLDOGH
LQWHJUDGRU GH SROtWLFDV GH PRELOLGDGH H HVSHFLÀFDGRU GDV
FRPSRQHQWHV QXFOHDUHV GDV UHGHV GH WUDQVSRUWH S~EOLFR
FRPRGHYHULDID]HU7HPVLGRR*RYHUQRHIUHTXHQWHPHQWH
DVRSHUDGRUDVGHWUDQVSRUWHVFXMRFDSLWDODHOHSHUWHQFHTXH
WrPWRPDGRDVGHFLV}HVHVVHQFLDLVQHVVHVGRPtQLRV
(QWUHWDQWRRVPXQLFtSLRVVXEXUEDQRVIRUDPH[SDQGLQGR
WDQWR TXDQWR SXGHUDP D VXD XUEDQL]DomR Mi TXH DVVLP
JDQKDYDPQmRVyDVUHFHLWDVDVVRFLDGDVjVWD[DVFREUDGDV
QHVVHVSURFHVVRVFRPRDSRSXODomRHRSHVRHOHLWRUDOTXH
IDULDPDXPHQWDURVHXSHVRUHODWLYRQRVMRJRVGHSRGHUQD
iUHDPHWURSROLWDQD0DVRVLQYHVWLPHQWRVQDVUHGHVYLiULDV
DVVRFLDGDVDHVVDVXUEDQL]Do}HVSRXFRPDLVIRUDPTXHRV
FRUUHVSRQGHQWHVjVVXDVVHUYHQWLDVLQWHUQDVFREHUWRVSHORV
SURPRWRUHVDEGLFDQGRGHFRQFHEHUHFRQFUHWL]DUUHGHVGH
Revista UFG / Julho 2012 / Ano XIII nº 12
53
dossiê MOBILIDADE .
POLÍTICA DE MOBILIDADE URBANA EM LISBOA
OLJDomRURGRYLiULDHÀFD]HVHFRPDFDSDFLGDGHDGHTXDGD
HQWUHDVYiULDVSDUFHODVGRSUySULRPXQLFtSLRHPHQRV
DLQGDQDOLJDomRDRVPXQLFtSLRVYL]LQKRV'DTXLUHVXOWRX
XPSURFHVVRGHLQIUDHVWUXWXUDomRHPTXHPXLWDVYH]HV
IDOWDRQtYHOVHFXQGiULRGLVWULEXLGRUGDUHGHURGRYLiULD
DFDEDQGR DV DXWRHVWUDGDV SRU GHVHPSHQKDU HP WDLV
FDVRVHVVHSDSHOGLVWULEXLGRU1mRGHL[DGHVHUFXULRVR
H UHYHODGRU GD FRQIXVmR DGPLQLVWUDWLYD YLJHQWH TXH
WHQKDKDYLGRXPDDXWRHVWUDGDFRPSHGiJLRFXMRLQYHVWLPHQWRHFRQVWUXomRIRUDPODQoDGRVSRUXPPXQLFtSLR
0DIUDDFHUFDGHNPD1:GH/LVERDHPSDUFHULD
S~EOLFRSULYDGDDSHVDUGHDOHLVHUFODUDTXDQWRjUHVHUYD
GHVVDVFRPSHWrQFLDVSDUDR*RYHUQRQDFLRQDO2(VWDGR
DFDERXWHQGRTXHLQFRUSRUDUHVVDDXWRHVWUDGDQDUHGH
QDFLRQDOHFRPSUDUDSDUWHGHFDSLWDOGRPXQLFtSLRPDV
MiFRPDDXWRHVWUDGDHPIXQFLRQDPHQWRTXHHUDRTXH
RPXQLFtSLRSUHWHQGLD
1R SODQR ÀQDQFHLUR DV HPSUHVDV GH WUDQVSRUWHV
FROHWLYRVFRPFDSLWDLVS~EOLFRVIRUDPSUHVWDQGRVHUYLoRVJHUDOPHQWHGHERDTXDOLGDGHSURFHGHQGRDLQYHVWLPHQWRVYROXPRVRVPDVFRPFODUDGHJUDGDomRGDVXD
HÀFLrQFLDHFRQ{PLFD2UHODWyULRGDDXGLWRULDGR7ULEXQDO
GH&RQWDVVREUHRVLVWHPDGHWUDQVSRUWHVXUEDQRVGH
/LVERD H 3RUWR QR DQR GH p EHP HVFODUHFHGRU
7ULEXQDOGH&RQWDV
7RGDYLDRPDLVJUDYHpTXHDLQGDTXHSUHYLVWDVQD
OHJLVODomR TXHU QDFLRQDO TXHU GD 8QLmR (XURSHLD DV
LQGHQL]Do}HVFRPSHQVDWyULDVjVHPSUHVDVRSHUDGRUDV
DVVRFLDGDVjVFKDPDGDV´2EULJDo}HVGH6HUYLoR3~EOLFRµ
TXHFRUUHVSRQGHPjREULJDomRGHSUHVWDUVHUYLoRVHP
SHUFXUVRVHKRUiULRVGHPHQRUGHPDQGDHDSUDWLFDU
WDULIDVSROLWLFDPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGDVQXQFDIRUDPWUDWDGDV
VHULDPHQWHSHORVVXFHVVLYRV*RYHUQRV$SUiWLFDGRPLQDQWHpTXHRYDORUGHVVDVLQGHQL]Do}HVHUDDQXQFLDGR
54
SHOR0LQLVWpULRGDV)LQDQoDVHPFDGDDQRDSHQDVQRGLD
GHGH]HPEURHVHPTXDOTXHUMXVWLÀFDomRGHFRPRVH
WLQKDFKHJDGRDHVVHYDORU$SUySULDYDULDomRGDVRUGHQV
GHJUDQGH]DGHVVHVYDORUHVDWpKiSRXFRWHPSRDWUiVp
EHPLQGLFDWLYDGDIDOWDGHFULWpULR'LVVRWXGRGHFRUUHX
XP QtYHO DEVXUGR GH HQGLYLGDPHQWR GHVVDV HPSUHVDV
S~EOLFDVWRGDVMiEHPGHQWURGRGRPtQLRTXHQRUPDOPHQWHVHGHVLJQDFRPRGH´IDOrQFLDWpFQLFDµ
0DVGRODGRGDFRQVWUXomRGDVLQIUDHVWUXWXUDVSHOR
*RYHUQRQmRVHHVWHYHPXLWRPHOKRU2VOLPLWHVIRUPDLV
DR HQGLYLGDPHQWR S~EOLFR GHÀQLGRV GHVGH R7UDWDGR
GH0DDVWULFKWGHGR3,%OHYDUDPDTXHR
GHVHMRGHFRQVWUXLURXLQDXJXUDUPXLWDREUDS~EOLFD
HPSRXFRWHPSRVySXGHVVHVHUVDWLVIHLWRDWUDYpVGH
SDUFHULDVS~EOLFRSULYDGDV
&RPR HP PXLWDV GHVVDV DXWRHVWUDGDV VREUHWXGR
HPSDUWHVPHQRVGHQVDPHQWHSRYRDGDVGRWHUULWyULR
RVWUiIHJRVQmRHUDPVXÀFLHQWHVSDUDFREULURVFXVWRV
HUDQHFHVViULRXPFRQWULEXWRS~EOLFRDVDWLVID]HUDWUDYpV
GHXPDUHQGDDQXDOSDJDDRFRQFHVVLRQiULR$VVLPSDUD
FRQVHJXLUTXHHVVDVUHQGDVDSDJDUDRVSDUFHLURVSULYDGRVIRVVHPPDLVEDL[DVR*RYHUQRVLVWHPDWLFDPHQWH
DEVRUYLDDTXDVHWRWDOLGDGHGRVULVFRVGHL[DQGRGRODGR
GRVSULYDGRVDSHQDVRHVWULWDPHQWHQHFHVViULRSDUDTXH
R (XURVWDW FODVVLÀFDVVH D RSHUDomR FRPR VHQGR XPD
FRQFHVVmRFRPULVFR
$GHFLVmRWRPDGDDQtYHOHXURSHXHPGHSDVVDUD
WDPEpPFRQWDELOL]DUDV´UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVFRQWLQJHQWHVµ
DVVRFLDGDVDHVVHVFRQWUDWRVQRWRWDOGDGtYLGDS~EOLFD
GHL[RXEHPjYLVWDRTXHDQWHVHVWDYDHQFREHUWR(VVH
IDWREHPFRPRRPRPHQWRGHSOHQDFULVHLQWHUQDFLRQDO
HPTXHHOHRFRUUHXWHYHXPDSDUWHLPSRUWDQWHQDSHUFHSomRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGDVLWXDomRÀQDQFHLUDPHQWHIUiJLO
HPTXH3RUWXJDOVHHQFRQWUDYD
Revista UFG / Julho 2012 / Ano XIII nº 12
POLÍTICA DE MOBILIDADE URBANA EM LISBOA
. dossiê MOBILIDADE
2 – A situação atual de crise e as saídas possíveis
$FULVHHFRQ{PLFDHPTXH3RUWXJDOVHHQFRQWUDSRUFDXVDGRHQGLYLGDPHQWRH[FHVVLYRHTXHREULJRXRSDtVDSHGLUXPSURJUDPDGHDSRLRGD8QLmR
(XURSHLDH)XQGR0RQHWiULR,QWHUQDFLRQDOOHYRXMiDUHGXo}HVVLJQLÀFDWLYDV
GRSRGHUGHFRPSUDGDSRSXODomRDDXPHQWRVPXLWRSHVDGRVGRWDULIiULR
GRVWUDQVSRUWHVS~EOLFRVYH]HVQRV~OWLPRVPHVHVDUHGXo}HVGDRIHUWD
GHVVHVWUDQVSRUWHV(PSDUDOHORRVPHUFDGRVPXQGLDLVGRSHWUyOHRHDGHVYDORUL]DomRGRHXURIDFHDRGyODUOHYDUDPRVSUHoRVGRVFRPEXVWtYHLVSDUDRV
QtYHLVPDLVHOHYDGRVGHVHPSUH-XQWHVHDLVVRDIRUWHVXELGDGRGHVHPSUHJR
FRPDFRQVHTXHQWHTXHEUDGHGHPDQGDGRWUDQVSRUWHFROHWLYR
$QHFHVVLGDGHLPSHULRVDGHUHGXomRGRVGpÀFLWVRSHUDFLRQDLVGDVHPSUHVDV
S~EOLFDVGRVHWRUHVWiDFRQGX]LUDSURJUDPDVGHHPDJUHFLPHQWRGDUHVSHFWLYDHVWUXWXUDHDUHGXo}HVGHIUHTXrQFLDHPHVPRDRHQFXUWDPHQWRRXDR
FRUWHGHDOJXPDVOLQKDV2*RYHUQRDSURYRXQRLQtFLRGHPDUoRGH
DIXVmRGDVGXDVHPSUHVDVKLVWyULFDVGHWUDQVSRUWHVS~EOLFRVHP/LVERDD
&DUULVFRPRVVHUYLoRVGH{QLEXVERQGHHHOHYDGRUHVHR0HWURSROLWDQRQD
LQWHQomRGHREWHUJDQKRVQDYHUWHQWHDGPLQLVWUDWLYDHDQXQFLRXDLQWHQomR
GHSURFHGHUQXPIXWXURSUy[LPRjFRORFDomRHPPHUFDGRFRPSHWLWLYRGD
FRQFHVVmRFRUUHVSRQGHQWHQmRVHQGRDLQGDFODURVHDOLFLWDomRVHUiIHLWDQXP
SDFRWH~QLFRFRPWRGRVRVVHUYLoRVRXHPSDFRWHVGLIHUHQFLDGRVSRUPRGRV
HiUHDJHRJUiÀFD1DWXUDOPHQWHDH[SHFWDWLYDpTXHSRUHVVDYLDVHFRQVLJD
UHGX]LURVFXVWRVRSHUDFLRQDLVHSHUPLWLUTXHRVQtYHLVGHVXEYHQomRS~EOLFD
VHMDPUHGX]LGRVDWpQtYHLVVXSRUWiYHLVSHORRUoDPHQWRGR(VWDGR1XPDIDVH
VHJXLQWHKDYHUiTXHSURFHGHUjWUDQVIHUrQFLDGDIXQomRFRQFHGHQWHHÀQDQFLDGRUDGHVVHGpÀFLWSDUDD$XWRULGDGH0HWURSROLWDQDGH7UDQVSRUWHVPDVD
HPHUJrQFLDÀQDQFHLUDWHPVHVREUHSRVWRDWXGRRUHVWRQDVLWXDomRSUHVHQWH
$WLQJLXVHDVVLPXPDVLWXDomRPXLWRGLItFLOSDUDRVFLGDGmRVHSDUDRVUHVSRQViYHLVSHORVLVWHPDGHWUDQVSRUWHFROHWLYRSDUDRVSULPHLURVIRUWHTXHEUD
GRSRGHUGHFRPSUDRXPHVPRRGHVHPSUHJRMiDFLPDGHHDXPHQWR
PXLWRIRUWHGRSUHoRDSDJDUSHORWUDQVSRUWHLQGLYLGXDORXFROHWLYRDJUDYDGR
FRPFRUWHVGHVHUYLoRHSDUDRV~OWLPRVFRPXPDVLWXDomRGHQHFHVVLGDGH
IRUWHGHFRQWUDomRGHGpÀFLWVHPTXHRVFRUWHVGHFXVWRVSUHYLVWRVQmRYmR
VHU VXÀFLHQWHV SRUTXH HQWUHWDQWR DV TXHEUDV GH GHPDQGD YmR HP SDUWH
DQXODURVHIHLWRVGRVDXPHQWRVGHWDULIiULR
Revista UFG / Julho 2012 / Ano XIII nº 12
55
dossiê MOBILIDADE .
POLÍTICA DE MOBILIDADE URBANA EM LISBOA
1RTXHUHVSHLWDjSUHVHUYDomRGRGLUHLWRjPRELOLGDGHR*RYHUQRLQWURGX]LXKiXQVPHVHVXPDPRGDOLGDGH GH SDVVH PHQVDO FRP SUHoRV PXLWR UHGX]LGRV
DFHVVtYHOSDUDFLGDGmRVFRPQtYHLVGHUHQGDPDLVEDL[RV
SHUPLWLQGR TXH SDUD HVVH VHJPHQWR GD SRSXODomR R
SUHoRUHDOGRWUDQVSRUWHIRVVHPHVPRPDLVEDL[RTXH
DQWHVDRFRQWUiULRGDHYROXomRJHUDOQRVHQWLGRGXPD
VXELGDEHPIRUWH
0DVLVVRQmRYDLFKHJDUHVHUiSUHFLVRPDLVFULDWLYLGDGHTXHUQRSODQRSROtWLFRTXHUQRSODQRGDRUJDQL]DomRHJHVWmR7HUmRTXHVHUREWLGRVHFRQVROLGDGRVIRUWHV
JDQKRVGHHÀFLrQFLDRSHUDFLRQDOQRWUDQVSRUWHFROHWLYR
HHPSDUDOHORWHUiTXHVHUGHÀQLGDHDVVXPLGDXPDFODUD
RULHQWDomRHVWUDWpJLFDUHODWLYDDRDFHVVRGRDXWRPyYHO
jViUHDVXUEDQDVPDLVGHQVDVVHPRTXHDUHFXSHUDomR
GDHFRQRPLDSURYRTXHQRYDVSHUGDVGHYLDMDQWHVSDUD
RWUDQVSRUWHFROHWLYRHDJUDYDPHQWRGRVVHXVGpÀFLWV
$OpPGLVVRVHUiQHFHVViULRXPPDLRUHQYROYLPHQWRGRV
PXQLFtSLRV DWUDYpV GD$XWRULGDGH 0HWURSROLWDQD QD
GHÀQLomRGDVUHGHVGHWUDQVSRUWHFROHWLYRHQDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHSHORÀQDQFLDPHQWRGRVVHXVGpÀFLWVHDLQGD
D DEHUWXUD UHJXODPHQWDU SDUD D XWLOL]DomR GH PRGRV
LQWHUPpGLRVWD[LVSDUWLOKDGRVPLQL{QLEXVHWFQDRIHUWD
GLQkPLFDGHVROXo}HVSDUDRVYiULRVVHJPHQWRVGHPHUFDGRFRPFXVWRVPDLVUHGX]LGRVTXHDVVROXo}HVDWXDLV
56
HFRPPHOKRUDMXVWHHQWUHRVDWULEXWRVGHVVDRIHUWDH
RVUHTXLVLWRVGDGHPDQGD
9DPRVSDVVDUSRUXPSHUtRGRGLItFLOPDVGHYHPRV
DWUDYHVViORFRPDGHWHUPLQDomRHDHVSHUDQoDGHQR
ÀQDOWHUPRVXPVLVWHPDGHWUDQVSRUWHVPDLVHÀFLHQWH
VRFLDOPHQWHPDLVMXVWRHPDLVFRPSDWtYHOFRPDGHIHVD
GRPHLRDPELHQWH
Referências
Câmara Municipal de Lisboa (2005), Lisboa, o desafio da mobilidade. Disponível em: <ulisses.cm-lisboa.pt/
data/002/002/pdf/mobilidade.pdf>.
Tribunal de Contas, Portugal (2009), Auditoria aos
Transportes Públicos Urbanos nas cidades de Lisboa e
Porto – Segmentos Autocarro e Metro, Relatório Global
(Relatório n. 16/2010 – 2.ª Secção). Disponível em: <http://
www.tcontas.pt/pt/actos/rel_auditoria/2010/audit-dgtc-rel016-2010-2s.pdf>.
Assembleia da República, Portugal (2009), Lei n.
1/2009 de 5 de Janeiro, que estabelece o regime jurídico das Autoridades Metropolitanas de Transportes de
Lisboa e do Porto. Disponível em: <http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2009/01/00200/0001900024.pdf>.
Revista UFG / Julho 2012 / Ano XIII nº 12