1
1
A Rede de Ciudades C40
Addis Ababa
Amsterdam
Athens
Austin
Bangkok
Barcelona
Basel
Beijing
Berlin
Bogota
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Caracas
Changwon
Chicago
Copenhagen
Curitiba
Delhi
Dhaka
Hanoi
Heidelberg
Ho Chi Minh City
Hong Kong
Houston
Istanbul
Jakarta
Johannesburg
Karachi
Lagos
Lima
London
Los Angeles
Madrid
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
A importancia de la C40
Equivalente
8%
da população
USA
5%
da emissão
global GEE
21%
do PIB global
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
CO2e
$$$$$
Brasil
Japón
China
Estudios Pioneros y Monitoreo
De las acciones de las ciudades
Climate Action in Megacities (2011)
• Benchmarking das acciones de
las ciudades da C40.
• Inventario dos poderes e
capacidades disponibles en las
ciudades.
• Evaluación de las oportunidades
en las ciudades
Algunas informaciones.
• 75% dos Alcades de la C40 tem
controle directo sobre o viario
urbano, que representa cerca
de 35% das emisores.
• Mas de 80% das ações das
cidades foram feitas depois da
criação da C40
CDP Cities (2011)
• 42 ciudades da C40 divulgaran
resultados sobre riscos
climáticos, emisores de GEE en
plataforma consistente e
comparable.
Algunas informaciones:
• 57% das ciudades ten metas
mensuraréis de reducción de
GEE; e 62% ya aprobaran
planos de acciones para de las
cuestiones climáticas.
• Mas de 90% das ciudades da
C40 identificaran-se en riscos
con relación a calentamiento
global.
As ciudades controlan y deciden sobre
City streets & parking
87%
Outdoor lighting
80%
Transit
63%
Residential waste
66%
Landfills
60%
Building Regulation
Water supply
City planning
57%
60%
50%
As ciudades lideran acciones 2011 2013
194
873
Outdoor lighting
121
114
Transit
417
661
Residential
waste
188
1039
City streets &
parking
8068
climate actions
Landfills
1343 1668
Building
regulation
192
590
Water supply
388
1038
City planning
TOTAL
1024
4,734 8,068
Ciudades ya están haciendo
su parte, pero podemos mucho mas
Numero de cidades já executando projetos
Escala
• 4,734 acciones estaban
siendo hechas en las
ciudades da C40
(2011)
Estratégias para cidade compacta
11
Transit oriented development
Transporte
e
uso do solo
(densidade)
Corredores exclusivos de ônibus
(BRT)
Ciclovias
Energia
(geração e
consumo)
Agua
3
4
9
3
12
8
5
12
15
Códigos de obras
7
3 3
6
Globalmente, mais de 75% das emissões vem das edificações,
geração de energia, transporte, resíduos e industrias.
Fonte: WRI, UNEP GEO.
5
4
10
4
4 3
11
3
5
10
9
Eficiencia Energetica
Esgoto gerando energia
5
7
13
9
7
7
Captura de metano
Reuso e reciclagem de água
18
6
12
Manejo integrado de resíduos
Geração de energia do lixo
5
7
Drenagem Urbana sustentavel
Resíduos
Sob consideracao
15
Programas de bicicletas públicas
• Otras 1,465 iniciadas
en 2012
• 75% das acciones
están siendo
propuestas después de
la creación de la C40
Piloto
8
8
Number of Cities
Reporting
C40 CDP Report 2013
150
100
50
0
110
73
48 42
45
53
2011
2012
2013
Responding Cities
C40 Cities
2013
Climate Action
in Megacities
CAM 2.0.
SOUTH
NORTH0.
Following the lead of cities like
Curitiba and Bogota, 35 cities (66%)
now have BRT systems and
57% of these are now in the more
developed northern hemisphere
150% increase in Actions
In 2011: 6 cities reported cycle share schemes. In 2013: 36 cities have now followed the
example of Paris and others. In 2013, 80% C40 cities have now introduced cycle lanes
In 2011 20 cities (50%) were introducing LED streetlighting. In 2013, more than 90% of
responding cities report taking action to reduce emissions from outdoor lighting
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Movilidad Urbana:
Las ciudades están haciendo
Buses son 2/3 de las acciones reportadas por las ciudades
BRT y BRS (carriles exclusivos)
Bogotá
São Paulo
Fonte: C40 e SPTRANS
Rio de Janeiro
Bogotá
Copenhague
Oslo
Fonte: C40
PROGRAMA DE TESTES COM ONIBUS
ELÉTRICOS E HIBRÍDOS NA AMÉRICA LATINA
Bogotá, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago e São Paulo
PROGRAMA DE TESTES:
• Emisión
de poluentes locales (HC, CO, NOx, PM);
• Teste piloto con diesel de cana.
• Eficiencia Energética das diferentes tecnologías
(motores combustión y eléctricos – batería e trolebús).
• Medición de ruidos e polución interna ómnibus.
• Viabilidades económica de las tecnologías e ciclo de
vida total en cada ciudades.
Tecnologías testadas? Total de 16 buses
(diesel, híbridos, trolebús e eléctrico con baterías)
Como são feitos os testes?
Exemplo de medição das emissões segundo a segundo em ônibus
rodando por linha comercial com carga máxima.
18
Buses testados
Trolebuses y híbridos serie (Eletra)
Híbrido paralelo Volvo
Diesel (Mercedez)
Eficiência energética em São Paulo
1° e 2° Campanha com híbridos serie e trólebus.
4.0
3,47
3.5
2,81
Average FE [km/lt]
3.0
2.5
2.0
1,57
2,3
5
1,98
1,37
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
DB1
DB2
HB1
HB2
TB1-1
TB1-2
Diesel (DB1 e DB2) Hibrido Paralelo (HB1) e Hibrido serie (HB2)
Trólebus (TB1-1-Energia; TB2-Custos),
São Paulo: Eficiencia energética mensurada
por la capacidad de pasajeros máxima.
2794
Measured FE [km/L]
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4.00
3.50
2215
3.00
Articulado
1165
1,893
1352
1445
2.50
2.00
1.5
1.50
1.0
1.00
0.5
0.50
0.0
DB1
DB2
HB1
HB2
TB1-1
TB1-2
FE [km/L]
1.57
1.37
2.81
1.98
3.47
2.35
FE*pax
1.165
1.445
2.215
1.352
2.794
1.893
Diesel 13,2m: 76 passageiros - Diesel 18m: 109 passageiros
Hibrido1: 84 passageiros - Hibrido2:69 passageiros - Trolebus: 81 passageiros
0.00
Normalized FE*pax
4.0
Sao Paulo com emissões padronizadas.
Comparação Híbridos x Diesel
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.00
Normalized Emissions
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.86
0.80
0.69
0.55 0.53
0.60
0.40
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.12
0.00
CO
NOx
DB1
NO2
HB1
HB2
CO2
Consumo de combustível padronizado dos Híbridos e
Trólebus em relação ao ônibus diesel base
0%
HB1
HB2
TB1-1
TB1-2
Fuel Consump on
Reference DB1=0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
Custo:
-50%
-60%
-70%
FC
FC/pax
Energia
Bogotá: Tecnologías testadas?
Diesel Transmilenio
Volvo
Bus Eléctrico
BYD
YoungMan
Bogotá: emisiones normalizadas
1,20
Normalized Emissions
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,95
0,89
1,00
0,80
0,65
0,60
0,47
0,53
0,38
0,32
0,40
0,16
0,20
0,050,07
0,00
THC
CO
NOx
DB1
HB2
CO2
HB1
PM2.5
Reducción de las emisiones de los contaminantes
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Bogotá e Santiago.
Emission Reduc on parallel-hybrid versus diesel
100%
90%
Rio de Janeiro
Sao Paulo
80%
80%
Average
70%
Bogota
60%
San ago
72%
73%
PM1.5
THC
62%
50%
40%
30%
26%
20%
10%
0%
CO2
NOx
CO
26
Bogotá: Consumo
Eletrico (Iron-Phosphate Battery)
Custo
Energia
EB1-1
EB1-2
0%
-10%
HB1
Fuel Consump on
Reference DB1 = 0%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-34%
-31%
-50%
-60%
-57%
-70%
-80%
-90%
-71%
-72%
FC
FC/pax
-81%
Bogotá: Eficiência & Consumo
Eficiência
(km/gl)
Diesel
Híbrido
Ônibus
Eficiência %
Consumo.
(gl/ 100km)
Consumo. %
7,80
0%
13,3
0%
11,58
49% /die.
8,9
-34% vs eléc.
-72% vs Diesel
254% / die.
Elétrico
27,63
3,8
139% / hb 1
- 57% vs hb 1
Bogotá: Economizado
Ônibus
US$ pax
/ 100 km
Diesel
$ 0,8
Híbrido 1
Elétrico
a bateria
Gallon: $8000
$ 0,5
$ 0,3
US$ consum. Economizado em
/ 100 km
100 km, %
59
0
39
-34%
17
-72% / Die.
-57% / hb.1
Conclusão geral sobre consumo energético
Trólebus
Redução
de 56%
Elétrico
Elétrico
Bateria Ferro
Bateria Lítio
Redução de 81% Redução 73%
Nov/Dez 2012: Visita técnica
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ciudad do México;
Gotemburgo;
Estocolmo;
Londres
Xangai;
Shenzhen,
Changsa;
Hong Kong
HYBRID ELECTRIC BUS TEST
PROGRAM IN LATIN AMERICA:
Economic Analysis of the Program
Prepared by:
Lower energy and maintenance costs reduce lifecycle costs
for hybrid and electric buses compared to diesel buses
Bogota
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 USD, 10-Year Net Present Value)
43
30
213
256
30
192
62
10-year
total
171
406
170
40
Diesel
872
313
313
321
200
200
81
71
Hybrid High Case
Hybrid Low Case
880
98
806
93
Taxes
Maintenance
Fuel/Energy
Financing
Capital investment
and salvage value
Electric
744
Financing
10% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
6% interest
10 year term
Maintenance
costs
(baseline)
+20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-20% lower
than diesel
Salvage Value
Zero
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
• Hybrid and electric buses
have lower lifecycle costs
as scale and learning
effects drive down
maintenance costs
• Preferential financing can
speed adoption, scale,
and learning
Notes: Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel ($180K/$29K), Hybrid ($290K/$5K), Electric ($450K/$23K). Battery total
value for hybrids are $100K. Battery total value for electrics is $203K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to yea
zero.
Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include initial taxes and annual taxes related to bus ownership
Electrics achieve savings of ~20% compared to diesel
assuming partially local production and
Rio de
Janeiro
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value)
113
217
29
260
29
195
441
340
340
54
108
127
10-year
total
Taxes
Maintenance
313
507
161
Diesel
1,246
507
717
Fuel/Energy
Financing
57
44
48
Hybrid High
Case
Hybrid Low Case
Electric
1,194
1,115
1,054
Financing
10% interest
5 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
Maintenance
costs
(baseline)
+20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-50% lower
than diesel
Salvage Value
30% of bus value
(BRL 123,280)
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Capital investment
and salvage value
• Electric buses achieve
significant savings in
lifecycle costs
compared to diesel
• Hybrids are less costly
than diesel even
accounting for higher
maintenance costs
Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally, bypassing most import taxes. 10-year diesel costs
includes purchase/resale of new bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value;
Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership. Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 329K/ BRL 140K),
Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 151K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K). Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics
value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero.
Lifecycle costs of hybrid and electric buses are lower than
costs for diesel buses due to preferential financing options
São Paulo
Lifecycle Costs (‘000 BRL, 10-Year Net Present Value)
100
217
29
260
472
613
29
195
472
61
108
85
10-year
total
Taxes
Maintenance
717
280
503
503
158
57
43
48
Hybrid High Case
Hybrid Low Case
Electric
1,321
1,242
1,018
Diese
l
1,367
Financing
10% interest
5 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
5% interest
10 year term
Maintenance
costs
(baseline)
+20% higher
than diesel
-10% lower
than diesel
-50% lower
than diesel
Salvage Value
20% of bus value
(BRL 98,600)
10% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
30% of
battery value
Fuel/Energy
Financing
Capital investment
and salvage value
• Electric buses achieve
~30% lower lifecycle
costs than diesel
• Even with 20% higher
maintenance costs,
hybrids are more
attractive than diesel
Assumes electric buses are partially produced/assembled locally. 10-year diesel costs includes purchase/resale of new
bus after 5 years of operation. Capital investment includes deduction for salvage value; Taxes include annual taxes related to bus ownership.
Bus costs/initial taxes are as follows: Diesel (BRL 296K/ BRL 123K), Hybrid (BRL 493K/BRL 146K), Electric (BRL 735K/BRL 175K).
Battery total value for hybrids are BRL 163K; For electrics value is BRL 340K. Salvage value represents % of total value discounted to year zero.
MUITO OBRIGADO!
@C40cities
C40 Cities
Adalberto Maluf
City Director Sao Paulo
[email protected]
Regional Director
Manuel Olivera
[email protected]