1. Brazilian spatial disparities: inequality in municipal HDI
Distribution of Brazilian municipalities according to HDI, 2010
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
Brazil - 2010
HDI
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Percentage of municipalities
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
75
80
85
90
95
100
1. Brazilian spatial disparities: inequality in municipal HDI
Distribution of Brazilian municipalities and countries of the World according to
HDI, 2010
1.00
Netherlands
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
Brazil - 2010
HDI
0.70
0.65
World - 2010
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
Uganda
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
85%
0.20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Percentage of municipalities and countries
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
75
80
85
90
95
100
1. Brazilian spatial disparities: HDI bimodal distribution
HDI of Brazilian municipalities: frequency distribution, 2010
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
Percentage of municipalities
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
HDI
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
1. Brazilian spatial disparities: HDI bimodal distribution
Legend
2. Why spatial inequality is so important for development
Development as a result of local collective
action
Local protagonism
Advantages of local development
Common knowledge of local specificities
Mutual acquaintance promote trust and solidarity
Logistic lower cost
Spatial inequality: external solidarity
3. Brazilian progress: HDI by municipality - Brazil, 2000
Legend
3. Brazilian progress: HDI by municipality - Brazil, 2010
Legend
3. Reducing spatial inequality: HDI growth by percentile
HDI growth rate curve by percentile: Brazil, 2000 to 2010
80
75
Growth rate between 2000 and 2010 (%)
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Municipalities
with lower HDI
5
Municipalities
with higher HDI
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Percentage of municipalities
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
3. Reducing inequality: HDI frequency distribution
HDI of Brazilian municipalities: frequency distribution, 2000
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
Percentage of municipalities
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
HDI
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
3. Reducing inequality: HDI frequency distribution
HDI of Brazilian municipalities: frequency distribution, 2010
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
Percentage of municipalities
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
HDI
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
3. Reducing inequality: HDI frequency distribution
HDI of Brazilian municipalities: frequency distribution, 2000 - 2010
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
Percentage of municipalities
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
2010
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
2000
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
HDI
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
3. Reducing inequality: evolution of the HDI distribution around the median
Distribution of Brazilian municipalities with respect to the HDI median value,
2000 and 2010
Percentage of municipalities (%)
100
90
2000
80
2010
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Below 80% of the HDI median value
Between 80% and 120% of the HDI median value
Above 120% of the HDI median value
Municipalities according to its position with respect to the HDI median value
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
3. Differentials among municipalities with distinct population sizes
HDI according to municipality population , Brazil, 2010
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70
HDI
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.50
1
10
100
Population Size (in thousands of people)
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
1000
3. Equating differentials among municipalities with different population sizes
Growth rate in HDI by municipal population: Brazil, 2000-10
30.0
Growth rate between 2000 and 2010 (%)
29.5
29.0
28.5
28.0
27.5
Municipalities with
larger population size
Municipalities with
smaller population size
27.0
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Municipalities ordered by population size (deciles)
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 and HDI as calculated by the UNDP, Human Development Report
Ninth
Tenth
3. Differentials in informal labor relations among municipalities with
different population sizes
Degree of informality by population size of municipality, 2000 e 2010
30
Proportion ofthe labor force emploeyed wihtout a a
formal labor contract (%)
29
28
27
2000
26
25
24
23
22
2010
21
20
19
18
17
Municipalities with
larger population size
Municipalities with
smaller population size
16
15
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Population Deciles
Source: SAE/PR, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
3. Reducing inequality in rural areas
Average annual growth rate of income in Brazilian rural areas, 2001-2011
7.0
6.5
Bottom 10%
6.0
Annual growth rate (%)
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
Top
10%
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Source: SAE/PR, based on national Household Sample Survey 2001 e 2011
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
3. Reducing inequality in rural areas
Evolution of extreme poverty in Brazilian urban and rural areas, 2001-2011
Percentage of the total population in each area (%)
40
35
30
25
20
Rural
15
10
5
Urban
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Source: SAE/PR, based on National Household Sample Survey between 2001 and 2011
2007
2008
2009
2011
3. Reducing inequality in rural areas
Evolution of extreme poverty in Brazilian urban and rural areas, 2001-2011
105
Percentage of population in each area (2001=100)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
Rural
55
50
Urban
45
40
35
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Source: SAE/PR, based on National Household Sample Survey between 2001 and 2011
2007
2008
2009
2011
4. Programs to promote spatial integration: Federal programs
Brazilian 120 “TERRITÓRIOS DA CIDADANIA”
Municipalities covered by the Program
4. Programs to promote spatial integration: Provincial programs
ACRE
Legend
4. Provincial programs: ProAcre - Program for Social Inclusion and Sustainable
Economic Development in the State of Acre
Socioeconomic Relations between rural communities and EDZs
CAU
Communities with universal basic services
COP
Reference community
CAP
Communities with some non-basic services
ZED
SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONE
4. Programs to promote spatial integration: Local programs
Rio de Janeiro Social UPP Program
33 UPPs
already
implemented
1,5 million
beneficiaries
Goal:
40 UPPs
implemented
up to 2014.
4. Programs to promote spatial integration: Federal programs
Program
Objective
Ministério da Integração Nacional - MI
Programa de Desenvolvimento Regional, Territorial Sustentável e
Economia Solidária (antigo PROMESO)
Esse programa se subdivide nas seguintes ações:
Formular e implementar os marcos legais das Políticas Nacionais de
Desenvolvimento Regional e de Ordenamento Territorial, contribuindo
para a redução das desigualdades regionais e ocupação racional do
território.
PNDR - Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Regional
Reduzir as desigualdades entre as regiões brasileiras e a promover a
equidade no acesso a oportunidades de desenvolvimento, estimulando o
desenvolvimento regional em múltiplas escalas, com foco particular nos
territórios selecionados e de ação prioritária.
PAPL - Política Nacional para APLs
Estruturar e adensar arranjos produtivos locais e cadeias produtivas nos
territórios, por meio da dinamização econômica e da inclusão produtiva.
ZEE - Política de Implementação do Zoneamento Ecológico
Econômico
Elaborar e implementar o Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico para a
promoção do ordenamento e da gestão ambiental territorial.
RIDES - Regiões Integradas de Desenvolvimento
Articular e harmonizar as ações administrativas da União, dos Estados e
dos Municípios para a promoção de projetos que visem à dinamização
econômica de territórios de baixo desenvolvimento
Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário – MDA
PTC - Programa Territórios da Cidadania
Implementar ações de organização e gestão territorial; inclusão
produtiva; infraestrutura rural e gestão social.
PRONAT - Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de
Territórios
Rurais
Fonte: MI,
MDA
Acelerar processos de desenvolvimento locais e sub-regionais que
ampliem as oportunidades de geração de renda de forma
descentralizada e sustentável, articulados a redes de apoio e cooperação
solidária.
Annual Growth Rate (%)
5. Local and regional management matter
Average annual growth rate in per capita income by percentile for two
neighboring Brazilian states, 2001-2011
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Neighboring
State A
Neighboring
State B
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Income percentile
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100