Aula 1
The concept of genre, verb to be,
there to be, pronoun it
The concept of genre
The word genre means "kind of" or "sort of" and comes from
the same Latin root as the word genus. Discussions of genre
probably began in ancient Greece with Aristotle, and the
practice of distinguishing kinds of texts from each other on
the basis of genres and their characteristics has continued
uninterrupted since then. Many specific text genres have been
recognized since Aristotle's day – fiction, essays, biography,
newspaper stories, academic writing and advertising, among
others. The concept of genre has also been extended beyond
language-based texts, so that we customarily speak of genres
in relation to art, music, dance and other non-verbal methods
of human communication. For example, in art we are familiar
with the genres of painting, drawing, sculpture and engraving.
In addition, within each genre, sub-genres have developed.
For painting, sub-genres might include landscape, portraiture,
still life and non-representational works. Some of the
recognized sub-genres of fiction include novels, short stories
and novellas. Presumably, any number of sub-levels can exist
for any one genre, and new sub-genres may be invented at
any time. Recently, genre theories have been promulgated for
texts about every kind of human activity (e.g., business,
politics, medicine, religion and sport, among others). In each,
genres and sub-genres can be identified. This proliferation of
genre analysis for various purposes means that we cannot
exclude any kind of text (or other kind of document that can
be mounted on the Web) from an investigation of the
usefulness of genre.
Verb to be
• Equivale aos verbos SER e ESTAR.
I am Igor -> Eu sou o Igor
I am busy -> Eu estou ocupado
• É utilizado para descrever o estado e/ou
característica de algo.
Verb to be (present forms)
Singular:
I -> Am
He, She, It -> Is
You -> Are
Plural:
We, You, They -> Are
Verb to be (past forms)
Singular
I, He, She, It -> Was
You -> Were
Plural
We, You, They -> Were
Contractions
• São as formas fechadas (abreviadas) do verbo
to be.
Present forms:
Am -> ‘m -> ain’t (informal, genérico)
Are -> ‘re -> aren’t
Is -> ‘s -> isn’t
Past forms:
• Não existem contrações para formas
afirmativas no passado
Was -> wasn’t
Were -> weren’t
Other forms of to be
Pode ser usado em conjunto com:
• Os modal verbs: Can be, should be, would be,
must be, will be, etc.
• Nas forma do participle para as formas
perfeitas: Been
I have been angry – She has been weak.
There to be
* Expressa a existência de algo. Equivale aos
verbos EXISTIR e HAVER (além de TER no
informal).
There are many books here – Há/Existem muitos
livros aqui.
There to be (forms)
Singular:
There is (present form)
There is a man outside – Há um homem lá fora
There was (past form)
There was a man outside – Havia um homem lá
fora
There to be (forms)
Plural:
There are (present form)
There are men outside – Há homens lá fora
There were (past form)
There were men outside – Havia homens lá fora
Pronoun it
• É utilizado para se referir a coisas, objetos,
animais e fen6omenos da natureza
It is just a dog – É apenas um cachorro
• É utilizado onde não caberia sujeito no Português
It is raining – Está chovendo
Genre: Lyrics
Attributes:
•
•
•
•
Organized in title, verses and stanzas
Possesses a kind of rhythm
Can rhyme or not
Has no apparent difference from poetry
Sun In Her Eyes
Singer: Tom Helsen
Let it go stop
I don't know stop
(verses)
Is it right to let you be the other girl and
1st stanza
Sun In Her Eyes
Singer: Tom Helsen
Do you mind stop
We're doing fine stop
(verses)
And I won't stop
I never take it all for granted
2nd stanza
Sun In Her Eyes
Singer: Tom Helsen
[Chorus]
The sun in her eyes will do
(verses)
You and the sun in her eyes will do
3rd stanza
Sun In Her Eyes
Singer: Tom Helsen
Let it go stop
I should have known stop (verses)
I gotta warn you
It will not change the morning after
4th stanza
Sun In Her Eyes
Singer: Tom Helsen
It ain't no crime stop
To take your time stop
(verses)
Like I told you
I never take it all for granted
5th stanza
Sun In Her Eyes
Singer: Tom Helsen
[Chorus]
You you
I found myself because of you
I never saw it coming and
Sad but true
(verses)
You you
And I found myself because of you
I never saw it coming and I know it's true
6th stanza
[Chorus]