LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA: TERRITORY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
ISABEL GUERRA, DINÂMIA’CET-IUL
SANDRA MARQUES PEREIRA, DINÂMIA’CET-IUL/ISCTE-IUL
LISBOA, ISCTE, IUL: 18 ABRIL 2013
LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA: TERRITORY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
1. THE CONSTITUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LISBON METROPOLITAN
AREA
2. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE
A. Lisbon: a “sociological enclave” in the metropolitan area
B. LMA: The diversity of the peripheries
3. FINAL REMARKS
1. THE CONSTITUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LISBON METROPOLITAN
AREA
Traces of Portuguese urban growth in the
second half of the twentieth century:
• Polarization by two metropolises Lisbon and
Porto meaning that today they represent
30% and 19% respectively of the population
(2011)
• Growing litoralisation growing of the
population that is now more than 80%
(2011)
• Incipient network of medium-sized cities in
the interior of which some stand out with
positive growth. Keys, Lamego, Abrantes,
Portalegre and Beja
Fonte: Nuno Pires Soares in Atlas de Portugal ,
http://www.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html
1. A territory marked by the geographic barrier of the Tejo
REGION OF LISBON AND TAGUS VALLEY
3,5 millions inhabitants
LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA
2,8 millions inhabitants
Variation of the resident population
DENSITY OF LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA BY PARISH AND FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF
MUNICIPALITIES, 2011
Density of lisbon metropolitan area by parish
(railway and acessibilities)
Odivelas
Functional dependence of municipalities, 2011
(ratio between employees ans population that
works in the municipality)
Population evolution of Lisbon, Northern LMA and
Southern LMA
1.
Since late 19th century to the sixties: continuous and
intense growth of the city's population which
represents more than half of the population of the
territory corresponding to the current metropolitan
area
2.
•
Beginning 60 years until today:
progressive decrease of the population of the city in
the context of the metropolitan area that passes
from 60% in 1950 to 19% in 2011
•
Exponential population increase of LMA areas thanks
to its North and South subareas
3.
Logic of growth:
•
Geographical continuity with regard to capital –
more intense and precocious growth at Northern
LMA
•
The importance of accessibility:
 Initially the collective transport
 Subsequently the Individual transport
3000000
2500000
2000000
Lisboa
AML
1500000
Margem Sul
1000000
Margem norte (s/lx)
500000
0
1950 1960 1970 1981 1991 2001 2011
Relative weight of Lisbon , Northern LMA (wth/lx),
Southern LMA (%)
90
80
70
Lisboa
60
50
AML Norte (s/lx)
40
Margem Sul
30
20
AMNorte (s/Lx) +
Margem Sul
10
0
1950 1960 1970 1981 1991 2001 2011
7º
População Áreas Metropolitanas/ Ranking Mundial
13º
23º
32º
34º
62º
95º
Fonte: Metropolitan Explorer, OCDE
LMA: 27% population of Portugal/ 34º Metropolitan area (near to Barcelona, Lyon)
Porto: 16% population of Portugal, 95º Metropolitan Area
Paris: Bigest European Metropolan area
Maiores Metrópoles Mundiais: Tóquio, Seul, Cidade do México
LISBON: A SEPARATE REALITY, much more modernized
….. ... at the level of the class structure, a structure clearly marked by the top social
groups and a less weight of the working class
Socio professional class indicator Portugal, LMA, Lisboa, Northern LMA
(without Lisbon) and Southern LMA
45%
40%
35%
30%
Empresários,
e Profissionais Liberais
Director anddirigentes
Managers
25%
Profissionais,
Técnicos
e de Enquadramento
Technical and
professionals
20%
Trabalhadores
Independentes
Self employees
15%
Operários
Workers
Empregados
EmployeesExecutantes
10%
5%
0%
Portugal
AML
Lisboa
AMNorte (sem lx)
AM Sul
LISBON: A divison in the ocidental/oriental path
Ameixoeira, Charneca
1. A first group composed by the Centre and the NorthWest (almost 30% of the resident population) with
overwhelming predominance of higher class places (EDL
and PTE): 60% (except the parishes more eastern
Ameixoeira e Charneca)
Marvila, Olivais
Lumiar, Carnide
Benfica,
2 The historical West Lisbon and Southwest of Lisbon:
two continuous territories marked by the predominance
of the top social groups but lesser than the first group
(over 50%) that concentrate strong disparities which
translates in an apparent balance between PTE and EE;
and a more equitable distribution between the EDL and
the PTE, especially in West historic district
Martim Moniz, Anjos ao
Beato
Restelo,
Lapa,
Chiado,
Estrela
3 The historical east area and the northeast, the highest
weight of the lower classes associating social and
neighborhoods and "enclaves of immigrants”
50
45
40
35
30
Directors, Managers
EDL
25
Technical and professionals
PTE
20
TISelf employees
15
EEEmployees
10
O Workers
5
0
Centro
Noroeste
Zona
Histórica
Ocidental
Sudoeste
Zona
Histórica
Oriental
Nordeste
Lisboa
Family Type
Tipo de família: Portugal, AML, LX, AMNorte sem LX e AMSul (Censos 2011)
40%
35%
Pessoas
Sós households
One person
30%
Coupe
without
Casal
s/filhos
25%
children
20%
Casal c/ filhos
Couple with children
15%
Monoparental
Single parent
10%
Complexa
Complex families
5%
0%
Portugal
AML
Lisboa
AMLNorte sem
Lisboa
AMLSul
• Close proximity of the type of families in the area north and South with "familisme" and great specificity f
face to Lisbon;
•Families composed by one person are concentrated in Lisbon (35% of families), single parent (), (all
together 24% of the one-person households are between 25 and 40 years old)
LISBOA: Family structure:
division between the old center and the recent
urbanisations within the confines of the city
1.
The historic area (West and East): structure very
"individualistic"-prevalence of individuals alone, over
40%, following couples without children and after the
couples with children, with a distance between those
two most types of family being more evident in
historical eastern zone.
2. Central and Southwest Lisbon: family structure similar
to those of previous groups, but slightly less
individualized and with a better balance between
couples (with and without children) and singles. In the
Southwest-greater balance of those family groups but
still very far from the “family predominance logic” ,
with the prevalence of childless couples.
3. North: more “familialist” territory,
Pessoas
Sós families
One person
consisting of the North-East and Northwest Lisbon, more evident in the first
Several persons
Vários s/ estr. conj. ou
without link
case, with great expression of complex
parental
families
45
40
35
30
25
Coupe
without
Casal
s/filhos
children
20
15
Casal
c/ filhos
Couple
with children
10
Single parent
Monoparental
5
0
Zona
Zona
Histórica Histórica
Oriental Oriental
Centro
Sudoeste Noroeste Nordeste
Lisboa
Complexa
Complex families
Tenure in Lisbon municipality (censos 2011)
70%
60%
Relations between family structure and housing
tenure
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
LISBOA
CENTRO
LISBOA
LISBOA
LISBOA
LISBOA
LISBOA
ZONA
ZONA
NORDESTE NOROESTE SUDOESTE
HISTÓRICA HISTÓRICA
OCIDENTAL ORIENTAL
LISBOA
Owner
Proprietário/coproprietário
Renter
Arrendatário/
subarrendatário
Outras
Othersituações
Time of construction of buildings in Lisbon municipality (
censos 2011)
70%
60%
50%
anterior a 1945
40%
1946 - 1960
30%
20%
1961-1980
10%
1981-2000
0%
LISBOA
CENTRO
LISBOA ZONA LISBOA ZONA LISBOA
HISTÓRICA HISTÓRICA NORDESTE
OCIDENTAL ORIENTAL
LISBOA
NOROESTE
LISBOA
SUDOESTE
depois de 2001
1. In Lisbon municipality the housing tenure is
divided between owners and tenants: the older
and central, the higher proportion of renting and
vice-versa
2. The historic Lisbon (west ans east): the tenants are
dominant /larger concentration of vacant homes/
the majority of buildings were built before 1945
3. In more recente areas of Northeast and Northwest
the predominance of owners – more than 25%
were built after 1980.
4. In the center and southest , even if owners are
dominant we have a better equilibrium between
both, and a more mix of construction epoch
THE LISBON “PERIPHERIES”: the logic diversity
Directors, Managers
Employees
Technical and
professionals
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE IN
METROPOLITAN
AREA OF LISBON
Workers
Classe structure in Lisbon Metropolitan area
ISPC dos concelhos da AML Norte (%): Censos 2011
50
40
EDL
Dir, Managers
30
Techn.;professionals
PTE
20
TISelf employees
10
Employees
EE
Workers
O
0
Amadora
Cascais
Loures
Mafra
Odivelas
Oeiras
Sintra
Vila Franca
Xira
Lisboa
ISPC dos concelhos da AMSul (%): Censos 2011
50
40
EDL
30
PTE
20
TI
EE
10
O
0
Alcochete
Almada
Barreiro
Moita
Montijo
Palmela
Seixal
Sesimbra
Setúbal
HOUSELHOLD STRUCTURE: NORTHERN LMA WITH LISBON (CENSUS 2011)
45
40
35
30
25
One person
Pessoas
Sós households
20
Coupe
without
Casal
s/filhos
children
15
Casal
c/ filhos
Couple
with children
10
5
Single parent
Monoparental
0
Amadora
Cascais
Loures
Mafra
Odivelas
Oeiras
Sintra
Vila Franca
Xira
Lisboa
Complex families
Complexa
HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE SOUTHERN LMA (CENSUS 2011)
45
40
35
30
Pessoas
Sós households
One person
25
Coupe
without
Casal
s/filhos
children
20
15
Casal
c/ filhos
Couple
with children
10
Single parent
Monoparental
5
Complex families
Complexa
0
Alcochete
Almada
Barreiro
Moita
Montijo
Palmela
Seixal
Sesimbra
Setúbal
MOBILITY PATTERNS OF THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS:
Lisbon
2 Logics:
A. Dynamism of historical areas, "rent" and "individualistm": attracting individuals from abroad and of previous residents in the city
B. The biggest new areas immobility, property and "familialism", pronounced in the cases social fragility: attracting individuals from
other municipalities and importance of proximity mobility .
Lisboa Intensity and sense of trajectories of the population that moved house since 2005 (Censos 2011)
45,0%
40,0%
35,0%
30,0%
25,0%
Sentido: Intra-Freguesia
20,0%
Sentido: Intra-Concelho
15,0%
10,0%
Sentido: Inter-Concelho
5,0%
Sentido: Estrangeiro
0,0%
LISBOA CENTRO
LISBOA ZONA
HISTÓRICA
OCIDENTAL
LISBOA ZONA
HISTÓRICA
ORIENTAL
LISBOA NORDESTE LISBOA NOROESTE LISBOA SUDOESTE
LISBOA
Intensidade Mobilidade
MOBILITY PATTERNS OF THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS
Intensity and sense of the trajectories of population that moved house since 2005: LMA North
(Census 2011)
50,0%
40,0%
Sentido: Intra-Freguesia
30,0%
Sentido: Intra-Concelho
20,0%
Sentido: Inter-Concelho
10,0%
Sentido: Estrangeiro
Intensidade Mobilidade
0,0%
Cascais
Lisboa
Loures
Mafra
Oeiras
Sintra
Vila Franca Amadora
de Xira
Odivelas
Intensity and sense of population that moved house since 2005: LMA South (Census 2011)
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
Sentido: Intra-Freguesia
30,0%
Sentido: Intra-Concelho
20,0%
Sentido: Inter-Concelho
10,0%
Sentido: Estrangeiro
0,0%
Alcochete
Almada
Barreiro
Moita
Montijo
Palmela
Seixal
Sesimbra
Setúbal
Intensidade Mobilidade
Syntesis
• 60 years for the Constitution of the region which is a short temporality
• The great diversity in the history of the Constitution of the territories of the
metropolitan area where the main framing dimensions stands out: its physical
structure (River) and the mobility system: railway and highways; bridges
• Loss of demographic importance of Lisbon but also a great specificity of their
social structure and family type: a municipality with modern features
• Functional specificity of the North Bank, urban structure more dense
successively occupied in its coastal zone, more occupation in the tertiary sector
, but strong social heterogeneity of intra and inter counties
• A south area less dense and more industrialized