Computação Pervasiva
IFSC, 03 de Julho 2005
Prof. Dr. Sergio Takeo Kofuji, EPUSP
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Admirável Mundo Novo
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Evolução da Computação
• Mainframe (60’s-70’s)
• Desktop (80’s-90’s)
• Ubiquitous (00’s-?)
– Redes WANs, LANs, PANs
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Tendências da Tecnologia de
Computação
1970s
1990s
amanhã
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Visão de Mark Weiser
• Xerox Palo Alto
• “Ubiquitous computing is the method of enhancing
computer use by making many computers available
throughout the physical environment, but making them
effectively invisible to the user”
– UbiComp
– Acesso à computação a qualquer instante, em qualquer lugar
• “Invisible Computing”, “Calm Technology”
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LiveBoard, Xerox PARC
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Source: Elrod et al., 1992
Mark Weiser
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Pervasive Computing
• Pervasive Computing:
– Computadores e Serviços disponíveis e distribuídos em escala
ampla, interconectados com pouca mobilidade
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Ontem
•
Cool
toys…
Too bad they
can’t talk to
each other…
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Hoje
•
Sync.
Download
. Done.
Configuration?
Too much work…
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Amanhã?
•
Thank God!
Everything is
done for me!
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Computação Ubíqua vs
Pervasiva
•
Desafio principal em computação ubíqua: integrar mobilidade em larga escala
com funcionalidade de computação pervasiva
– Construir modelos dinamicos de ambiente
– Configurar serviços de acordo
• Desafios técnicos, sociais e organizacionais
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Tópicos
•
Informação nos lugares
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–
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Sentient Things
–
•
Sensing, computing, and communicating gear worn as clothing
Cyborg communities
• Control their presence in the technological worldComputer chips infiltrating buildings, furniture,
and even clothing
RFIDs como sucessores do Barcode
Leads to pervasive surveillance questions
Dispositivos de Localização Geográfico - Geographic Location Devices
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–
•
Manipulating the virtual world by manipulating physical objects
Computadores Vestíveis - Wearable computers
–
–
•
•
•
Adding information capabilities to urban places
HP’s Cooltown
Bits Tangíveis - Tangible bits
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•
Adding information and communication to physical objects
Cidades Digitais - Digital Cities
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–
•
Media linked to places
Smart rooms
WorldBoard – proposed global infrastructure to associate information with places
GPS
E-squirting
–
–
Using radio frequencies to transmit information between devices
Bluetooth
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Computação Pervasiva
Context Aware
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Context Aware Computing
• Serviços de Computação sentem aspectos do ambiente
(locação, emoção do usuário,…) e adequa os serviços
• Ex. Se eu andar até uma sala de conferência, meu email é
projetado na tela maior da sala
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Contexto
Aplicações com o comportamento determinado pelo estado de
contexto (Context-Aware Computing)
• Diversas definições para a palavra “contexto”
• Consideraremos:
– “all relevant information to an application that this one can obtain”.
– “all element which, after a change on its states, triggers an addaptation
process on the application”.
– Example: user activity, localization, number of appliances, kind of
appliances, computional power needs, resources that can be used...
• Visão particular de cada aplicação
– Different interests in different momments
– Different interpretation of some given information
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Definições de Contexto
• Contexto Computacional: conectividade de rede, custo de
comunicação, largura de banda de comunicação, recursos
das proximidades
• Contexto de Usuário: perfil do usuário, localização,
situação social
• Contexto Físico: iluminação, ruído, condição de tráfego,
temperatura
• Contexto de Tempo: hora do dia, semana, mês, estação
do ano
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“Context Awareness”
• “Active context awareness”: uma aplicação
automaticamente adapta-se para o contexto descoberto,
mudando o comportamento da aplicação
• “Passive context awareness”: uma aplicação apresenta
o contexto novo ou atualizado para um usuário
interessado ou faz o contexto persistente para o usuário
recuperar mais tarde
• >>“Active context awareness”: é mais interessante
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Exemplos
• Call Forwarding
– Olivetti, active, user location, based on active Badge
– Location of the user is presented to the receptionist and the call will be
forwarded
– Recently, automatically forward
• Teleporting
– Olivetti/AT&T, active, user location, workstation location, based on active
Badge
– Application follows the user while he moves around
– Augment resource-poor PDA with surrounding computing resources
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Exemplos
• Active Map
– XEROX PARCTab, passive, user’s location
– Every room has a wireless station and room number of the
user is collected and updated on a map
• Mobisaic Web Browser
– U of Washington, active, location and time
– Hypertext links contain environment variables, extending
standard browser
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Exemplos
• Shopping Assistant
– AT&T Bell Lab, active, locaiton
– Guide shoppers throughout the store and provide information
• Cyberguide
– Georgia IT, passive/active, location and time
– Outdoor/GPS, indoor/TV Remote based IR
– Travel diary is compiled and recommendation
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Exemplos
• Conference Assistant
– Georgia IT, passive/active, location, time and schedule of
presentations
– Recommend presentations to attendees based on schedule,
topic, location and research interest
• People and Object Pager, U of Kent
• Fieldwork, U of Kent
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Exemplos - Sumário
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•
•
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Active Badge & PARCTab
Assistente de Compras (Shopping)
Cyberguide
Sistema capaz de perceber o humor do usuário com
base na expressão facial
• Casa onde a posição é sentida e a temperatura
ajustada automaticamente
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Questão Fundamental
• Como detectar o contexto?
• Como Localizar a Posição?
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–
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GPS
Triangulação rádio-bases celulares
Triangulação APs Wi-Fi
Triangulação Ultrassom
Localizadores espalhados ao longo do ambiente
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Pervasive Computing
Wearable Computing
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Steve Mann - 1981
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Wearable Computing
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MIT
Steve Mann @ U of T ECE
Sandy Pentland @ MIT Media Lab
Wearable Research @ CMU HCI Institute
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Aplicações de WearComp
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Wearable Computing
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Protótipo, Indústria, Business
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Produtos Comerciais
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Produtos Comerciais
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Produtos Comerciais
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Aplicação de WearComp para VAT
• VAT - “Visual Assistive Technologies”
• Enhanced Access of Information
• ALVA Inc.’s Mobile Phone/Organizer For The Visually Impaired
•
(Haklander, Tom, 2003)
• Greater Freedom of Movement
• The Voice
•
(Meijer, Peter, 2003)
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…
– Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
– Chord Based Braille Gloves for Blind
• (Cho, M.et al, 2003)
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…
– University of Florida, USA
– The Drishti
• (Helal, A.et al, 2003)
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Computação Pervasiva
Realidade Aumentada
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O que é?
Uma
combinação de uma cena
REAL vista por um usuário e uma
cena VIRTUAL gerada por um
computador
Objetivo – aumentar a cena com
informações adicionais
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Realidade Aumentada
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Como funciona?
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Computação Pervasiva
Smart Spaces
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Smart Spaces
• Pervasive
• Global Connectivity
Smart School
Smart Classroom
Smart City
Smart Factory
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Computação Pervasiva
Robots…
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Robots
– Dan Kara, presidente da “Robotics Trends” estima que 4
milhões de robôs pessoais devam ser vendidos em 2006
– A “United Nations Economic Commission for Europe” prediz
que mais que 2.1 milhões de robots para uso pessoal devam ser
vendidos entre 2003 a 2006.
– Crescimento Estimado de vendas: de 545,000 em 2002 a 1.5
milhões em 2006.
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Roomba
•
•
Robotic vacuum cleaner made by
IRobot
What does it do?
– Clean about three average size rooms on a single battery charge, which lasts about
120 minutes
– Detect the best cleaning pattern for a given room
– Seek out dirt particles the size of finely ground pepper.
– Tiny microphones can detect a high concentration of dust particles, for extra
cleaning
– Charge itself at a docking station
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Roomba
• Vendas
– Total em 2003: 470,000 unidades
– Primeiros 3 meses 2004:
Mais que 500.000
• Preço
– Versão Básica: $150
– Versão Topo de Linha: $250
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Robosapien
• Robosapien
– Marketing
• “Fluid motions and gestures: fast dynamic 2-speed walking and
turning; full-function arms with two types of grippers.”
• “67 pre-programmed functions:
pick-up, throw, kick, dance, kung-fu, belch, rap and more;”
• “Fluent international ‘caveman’ speech”
– Cost: Just $99
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Aibo & QRIO
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Aibo (Sony)
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Understands and responds to 100+ words and phrases
Built-in wireless LAN connectivity
Raise from a puppy or an adult
A multitude of facial expressions
Cost: $1800
QRIO
– "SONY decided to create a 'partner' that talks to you, plays with you, encourages you"
– Child-sized
– Can walk on uneven surfaces, dance, have conversations, recognise faces, body language
–
Would cost $65,000 if released now
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Computação Pervasiva
Tecnologia
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Tecnologias
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•
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Comunicação Sem Fio
Indentificadores RFIDs
Rede de Sensores
Segurança da Informação
Computação Móvel
Técnicas de Localização
WEB/GRID e WEB/GRID Services
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Quadro das Tecnologias Sem Fio
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WLAN
• WLAN – requer lidar com o problema das paredes
– Uso preferencial de frquencias abaixo de 5 .. 10 GHz
• Conectividade abaixo de 10 GHz torna-se limitada devido a
interferências
– Usuários devem identificar produtos robustos
– Soluções proprietarias podem fazer diferença
– A camada MAC precisa ser melhorada para explorar melhor o canal físico e
dar suporte ao reuso denso de frequências
• Otimizar para bit/s/Hz/m3 em vez de bit/s/Hz
– Agregar throughput para multiplos usuários é o fator chave abaixo de 10 GHz
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WPAN
• Para uma WPAN é vantajoso se o sinal não atravesse as paredes
– Limite natural de uma célula; limita a região de interferência
– Eficiência espectral não é um aspecto chave de projeto
– Bandwidth pode crescer mais rápido em padrões WPAN do que em
WLAN (vide UWB- 400 Mbits/s)
• Conectividade acima de 10 GHz é limitada pelas barreiras físicas
(paredes)
– Um backbone é necessário para interconectar salas, com base numa
tecnologia diferente
• Optimizar para eficiência de energia e custo
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Rede Hierárquica
1.
Broadband Internet Access (e.g. ADSL, WIMAX)
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2.
spectrum efficiency as critical factor
O Inhome backbone (e.g. WLAN or Ethernet)
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3.
differentiate on reliability, robustness to interference
O Personal Area Network (e.g USB, Bluetooth, UWB)
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4.
differentiate on throughput, latency
confined within a room by using high carrier frequencies
A Sensor network (e.g. zigbee, RFID, )
–
differentiate on power
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Rede Doméstica
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Wireless
Base Station
Home PC
USB adapter
Kids’ Room
Bedroom
SL300i
MC-i250
Living Room
Study
iPronto
MX6000i (built-in
module)
DesXcape
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Rede Doméstica
AP
•
WLAN
TV
WPAN
.11n <100 Mbit/s
PC
WPAN
UWB e.g. 500 Mbit/s
RefHome 2006: Hierarchical Wireless Network, growth of the WPAN
Several devices (PC, TV, IntRadio) have WLAN connection and serve as gateway
towards PAN
Quasi instantaneous exchange within (UWB) PAN
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Computação Pervasiva
RFID
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RFID Across All Sectors
Setores da Indústria
Industrial
Healthcar
e
Retail/CPG
Governme
nt
Logistics
Field
Service
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Transponder (Tag, Label) RFID
RFID Antenna
RFID Chip
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Memória do Tag
• Read Only Memory (ROM):
– Data is burned into IC at manufacture
– Can never be changed
– Virtually no control or alignment of data content with
respect to enterprise
• Write Once, Read Many (WORM)
– Data generally written into the IC at factory and locked
– When locked can not be reprogrammed
• Read/Write
– Some data may be programmed at the factory and locked
– Other data may be written, erased and rewritten into
memory in the field
• By customer individually
• During operation
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Alimentação do Tag
Passive RFID Tag
• PASSIVE - Beam Powered
– Converts RF energy into DC power
– Very Long Life products
– Range is dependent on several factors:
•
•
•
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Reader Transmit Power
Reader Sensitivity
Integrated circuit efficiency
Environmental conditions
Active RFID Tag
• ACTIVE - Battery Powered
– Generally operate asynchronously
– Battery boosts range and tag sensitivity
– Battery powers onboard functions when
away from reader
Photo Source: PSG Electronics
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Frequências
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Low Frequency - 125 KHz to 134 KHz. Worldwide
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High Frequency - 13.56 MHz. Worldwide
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Good for liquids, poor near metal.
Inexpensive tags, very wide variety of shapes, good Standards.
Generally up to 3 feet of range.
UHF - 902-928MHz, 868MHz, 862-869MHz.
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Good for liquids, good near metal.
Relatively expensive tags, very wide variety of shapes.
Can have large antennae with 4 to 5 feet of range.
Poor near liquids or metals.
Very inexpensive tags, restrictions on shape.
Ranges of over 10 feet.
uW - 2.45GHz. Worldwide
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Very poor near liquids or metals.
Very small tags, potentially very low cost.
Ranges around 3 feet.
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Funcionamento
RF Field
Antenna /
Portal
Tag
Reader/
Encoder
Host
Computer








Tag enters RF field
RF signal powers tag
Tag transmits ID, plus data
Reader captures data
Reader sends data to computer
Computer determines action
Computer instructs reader
Reader sends data to tag
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ICT Implantes no Corpo Humano
• ICT = Information and Communication Technologies
• Dispositivos Implantáveis que podem ser categorizados como:
– médico
– não-médico
• Ambos podem ser:
– passivos
– ativos
• Reversíveis ou não reversíveis
• Stand-alone ou online
• ICT implantes e tags
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Dispositivos ICT Médicos
Passivos Implantáveis
• Most passive implants are structural devices such as
– artificial joints
– vascular implants
– artificial valves
• Active medical implantable devices Directive
90/385/EEC
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Inplantes médicos ICT ativos
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•
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Cardiovascular pacers for patients with conduction disorders or heart failure
Cochlear and brainstem implants for patients with hearing disorders
Deep brain stimulation
– for tremor control in patients with Parkinson's disease
– for essential tremor
– for obsessive-compulsive disorders
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Implantable Neurostimulation Devices
– Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain management
– Sacral nerve stimulation for control of urinary incontinence
– Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for seizure control in epilepsy and mood control in severe
depression cases
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•
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Implantable programmable drug delivery pumps
Intrathecal administration of Baclofen for patients with Multiple Sclerosis with
severe spasticity
Insulin pump for Diabetes
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Implantes médicos ICT futuros
• Artificial vision:
– Cortical implant for the blind: bypassing the non-working retina or optic nerve
• BioMEMS: Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems / Biosensors on the order of
size of a human red blood cell
– collect data about the physiological parameters, communicate with an external
diagnostic computer system (drug release, blood analysis, recovering cancer
patients…)
• Direct Brain Control: BCI (Brain Computer Interfaces): BrainGate™:
www.cyberkineticsinc.com
• Memory BrainChip (artificial hippocambus) an implantable brain chip could
restore or enhance memory
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Codificação de ´barras´ para
Seres Humanos
The VeriChip™
What?
RFID=Radio Frequency Identification
Device
Passive ID tag
Contains an unique ID number
How does it work?
Energized by a scanner (RF)
Emits a radio signal
Transmits ID number to a Database via
phone or Internet
Current applications (FDA approval in 2004)
Medical records (blood type, potencial
allergies, medical history)
Personal information
Financial information
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Verichip
• VeriChip™ is a subdermal, radio frequency identification (RFID) device, about
the size of a grain of rice. This technology, developed by Applied Digital
Solutions (ADS), one US-based company, has been used in animals for years
and seems fairly harmless.
• Extending the use to the human population is the next step.
• The idea for employing the tags to identify humans came after the horror of
the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon.
• The chip is an ID tag which is passive (not independently powered). When
radio-frequency energy passes from a scanner, it energizes the chip, and which
then emits a radio-frequency signal transmitting the chip's information to the
reader, which in turn links with a database.
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Dispositivos de Rastreamento
Pessoal Futuros
• Integration and miniaturization of three technologies: www.digitalangel.com
– Biosensor: read a person‘s vital signs by touching the skin (implanted into a
wristwatch)
– Pager device: takes the data from the biosensor by using a cellular packet
module
– Position location technology: using radio signal to stay in contact with a
person‘s pager device
-> this information is sent through cellular data packets to a data centre (Digital
Angel™)
-> The first Digital Angel was launched in November 2001
-> Medical emergency purposes
-> Identification/Location purposes
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Perguntas?
• Mais informações
• Prof. Dr. Sergio Takeo Kofuji
• [email protected]
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