Heat requirements and length of phenological
stages. Effects of rootstock on red grape
varieties at Douro Region
Fernando ALVES1*, Miles Edlmann2, Jorge COSTA1, Paulo COSTA1, Paulo Macedo2, Pedro Leal da Costa2, Charles Symington2
1ADVID, Associação
para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense (Douro Wine Region Cluster), Quinta St. Maria, APT 137, 5050-106 Godim, Portugal. 2Symington Family Estates, Quinta do Bomfim, Portugal. . *Corresp. author: [email protected]
Douro Region
!
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Vineyard spot*
!
!
!
0
!
Main rivers
Locations
C. Ansiães
S. M. Penaguião
!
P. Régua
!
Lamego
Armamar
!
!
Tabuaço
T. Moncorvo
S. J. Pesqueira
!
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• In average the number of days to reach phonological stages are 82 (7.5% cv) (1st jan-bud break);
61 (11% cv) (bud break-flowering); and 54 (6% cv) (flowering-veraison).
• Coefficients of variation of the period Flowering-Veraison are the lowest for all varieties studied.
• Touriga Nacional has higher inter-annual variability of chronological durations and also exhibits a
longer phase (bud break – veraison).
• R110 induce a shorter cycle mainly when compared with Rupestris du Lot (R.Lot).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors would like acknowledge all the support given in field work activities to the colleagues from colleagues
from ADVID,, Symington and intern students. * Grapevine pictures from Wines of Portugal http://www.winesofportugal.info/
30
!
V. N. Foz-Côa
!
F. E. Cinta
Mêda
(Touriga Franca)
Table I. Annual precipitation, dryness index (DI), average growing season temperature
(GST), growing degree-days (GDD), number of days with temperature > 30ºC and >35ºC,
and % of the days with temperature >35 ºC from June to August (2002-2011).
Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall
Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Avg.
(Touriga Nacional)
(Nov-Out)
(Mar-Sep)
(Jul-Sep)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
578
1115
513
276
697
580
496
527
964
533
628
319
284
136
118
279
201
254
102
252
125
207
178
18
54
28
123
47
34
7
11
37
54
DI
GST
GDD
(Apr-Sep)
(Mar-Sep)
(Mar-Sep)
(Mar-Sep)
(Mar-Sep)
(J-J-A)
(ºC)
(Cº units)
T>30 (ºC)
T>35 (ºC)
T> 35 (ºC)
20,4
21,5
19,7
20,5
20,8
19,2
19,0
21,1
20,1
20,3
20,3
2224
2456
2087
2287
2328
1996
1925
2166
2194
2222
2189
99
101
86
91
92
72
56
80
96
85
86
32
39
21
46
43
12
21
33
45
24
32
27%
30%
18%
38%
33%
10%
18%
25%
37%
20%
26%
58,9
-54,5
-37,9
-64,8
6,8
22,3
-21,4
-38,7
-31,8
-35,3
-19,6
nº days nº days % days
(Tinta Roriz)
4th week Aug
ºBrix
2nd week Sep
4th week Sep
28
26
24
22
20
R110
R.Lot
Tinta Roriz
196-17
R110
Tinta Nacional
R.Lot
Tinta Franca
196-17
Tinta Barroca
R110
18
R.Lot
Bud breakVeraison
CD
CV
1163 10,0%
1153
8,1%
1123
7,5%
1242 11,7%
1135
8,1%
1162 10,4%
1152
9,3%
1175 10,1%
1142
8,0%
1126
7,3%
1270 11,5%
1109
6,9%
1151
7,5%
1112
7,1%
1195 11,4%
1151
8,7%
1165
8,7%
1131
7,8%
1262 11,1%
1144
8,1%
20
196-17
FloweringVeraison
CD
CV
793
9,8%
772
8,4%
763
7,5%
875 11,1%
760
8,3%
796 10,1%
779
9,2%
803
9,9%
771
8,2%
766
7,5%
906 11,0%
739
7,2%
768
7,8%
751
7,3%
826 10,8%
773
8,7%
779
9,0%
772
7,7%
893 10,7%
769
8,3%
10
Km
R110
R.Lot
Bud breakFlowering
CD
CV
370
8,1%
381
8,2%
360
8,0%
367
7,4%
375
8,0%
366
7,9%
373
8,6%
372
7,7%
371
8,7%
359
7,4%
363
7,1%
370
8,0%
384
7,2%
362
8,7%
369
8,5%
379
8,7%
387
8,4%
359
7,8%
368
6,5%
375
7,0%
5
R.Lot
R110
M. Frio
!
196-17
196-17
!
!
Alijó
!
Table III . Thermical duration (TD) of each phase of development of grapevine cultivars Tinta Barroca, Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca e
Tinta Roriz, and effect of the rootstocks 196-17, R110, Rupestris du Lot: means (TD, days) and coefficients of variation (CV, %).
Rootstocks
Sabrosa
Vila Flor
(Tinta Barroca)*
Table II . Chronological durations (DC) of each phase of development of grapevine cultivars Tinta Barroca, Touriga Nacional, Touriga
Franca e Tinta Roriz, and effect of the rootstocks 196-17, R110, Rupestris du Lot: means (DC, days) and coefficients of variation (CV, %).
1st Jan - Bud
Bud breakFloweringBud breakbreak
Flowering
Veraison
Veraison
CD
CV
CD
CV
CD
CV
CD
CV
General Average
83
7,5%
60
11,1%
59
8,3%
119
6,0%
Tinta Barroca
82
8,1%
61
10,8%
58
5,2%
119
5,4%
Touriga Franca
82
7,6%
59
11,0%
58
6,1%
117
5,8%
Varieties
Touriga Nacional
83
6,9%
60
11,3%
65
7,8%
125
4,8%
Tinta Roriz
84
7,1%
60
10,9%
57
5,1%
117
5,6%
196-17
83
7,4%
60
10,9%
60
9,7%
119
6,5%
Rootstocks
R110
83
7,3%
60
11,1%
58
6,4%
118
5,4%
Rlot
82
7,6%
61
11,2%
60
8,2%
121
5,9%
Tinta Barroca
83
8,2%
60
10,9%
58
6,6%
118
5,6%
Touriga Franca
82
7,7%
59
11,3%
58
6,8%
117
5,7%
196-17
Touriga Nacional
83
6,2%
59
10,6%
67
6,8%
126
3,8%
Tinta Roriz
84
7,3%
60
10,6%
56
4,4%
115
6,3%
Tinta Barroca
83
7,5%
62
10,6%
57
4,2%
119
5,4%
Touriga Franca
82
7,5%
59
11,2%
57
6,0%
116
6,1%
R110
Touriga Nacional
83
7,1%
60
11,6%
62
6,3%
122
4,5%
Tinta Roriz
84
6,8%
60
10,5%
57
5,2%
117
4,5%
Tinta Barroca
82
8,5%
63
10,6%
58
4,6%
120
5,0%
Touriga Franca
82
7,4%
60
10,4%
58
5,1%
118
5,6%
R.Lot
Touriga Nacional
83
7,4%
60
11,5%
66
7,5%
126
5,2%
Tinta Roriz
83
7,1%
61
11,5%
57
5,0%
118
5,5%
1st Jan - Bud
break
CD
CV
538
8,5%
534
8,7%
532
8,8%
539
7,3%
547
9,0%
538
9,2%
543
8,4%
533
7,9%
536
9,5%
530
9,7%
539
7,5%
545
9,5%
540
8,8%
536
8,3%
541
7,6%
555
8,6%
527
7,4%
530
8,2%
537
6,7%
540
8,7%
!
Vila Real
!
• The field experiment was located at Quinta da Cavadinha (Symington Family Estates).
• Altitude of 205m and it was planted in 1997.with moderate slope (26%) facing northeast.
• Varieties Touriga Nacional (TN), Tinta Barroca (TB), Touriga Franca (TF) and Tinta Roriz (TR) was
examined in the blocs grafted on the rootstocks R110, 196-17 and Rupestris du Lot (R. Lot).
• During 10 years (2002-2011) dates of the main phenological stages (bud break, flowering and
veraison) were recorded, on average at 50% of their occurrence.
• Climate data its from a weather station located at 3,2 km from the parcel and within 100m in
altitude. GDD was calculated between each phenological stage.
• During ripening, samplings was taken on average at the 4th week of August, 2nd and 4th weeks of
September
Varieties
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior
• Knowledge of the phenological stages development is crucial for the planning of the vineyard
operations, and optimal timing of the ripening assumes its very important annual quality.
• Temperature is the major climate element for grapevine, several phenological stages.
• In the Douro, vines grow in climate conditions with important inter-annual and spatial variability.
• Rootstock is among the most important decisions to adapt varieties to a specific terroir.
• This work it’s an attempt to define chronological and thermic durations for some local red grape
varieties and examine the potential contribution of different rootstocks on the phenological stages
evolution growing in Douro Region.
General Average
Tinta Barroca
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
196-17
R110
Rlot
Tinta Barroca
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Barroca
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Barroca
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Baixo Corgo
Murça
Figure 1 - Effect of the rootstock in the timing of ripening - accumulation of soluble solids (ºBrix) for the varieties studied at three average dates of sampling (4th week of August, 2 nd week of
September and 4th week of September). Values represent the average 2002-2011 ± S.E.
• R110 induce a reducing in the cycle of the Touriga Nacional variety till the veraison.
• 196-17 exhibiting capacity to speed and shorter the ripening.
• Growing Degrees Days (GDD) and new models as proposed by Parker et al., 2011
are simple to estimate phenology, but further work is need to develop an model to
estimation of maturation.