ISSN 1981-5786
Março 2011
Referências de uma
pesquisa e suas
indicações
Santa Cruz do Sul - RS
Exemplares desta publicação podem ser adquiridos na:
Afubra
Rua Júlio de Castilhos – 1021
CEP: 96810-156 – Santa Cruz do Sul – RS
Telefone: (0xx51)3713-7700
Web Site: www.afubra.com.br
E-mail: [email protected]
1ª edição
1ª impressão (2011): tiragem: 14.000 exemplares
Todos os direitos reservados.
A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, no todo ou em parte,
constitui violação dos direitos autorais ( Lei nº 9.610).
Destacado agradecimento a todos que contribuíram e continuam
contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do projeto.
SUMÁRIO
CRTGUGPVCÑ’Q"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000028
3"KPVTQFWÑ’Q"CQ"EWNVKXQ"FQ"IKTCUUQN"00000000000000000000002:
4"RTQFWÑ’Q"CIT¯EQNC00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002;
403"Eqpfkèùgu"enkoâvkecu"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002;
404"Eqpfkèùgu"fq"uqnq"rctc"q"ewnvkxq000000000000000000000000000000000000000032
405"Ukuvgocu"fg"ugogcfwtc"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000032
40503"Ugogcfwtc"eqpxgpekqpcn"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000032
40504"Ugogcfwtc"fktgvc"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000034
406"Eqpvtqng"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000035
40603"Oêvqfqu"fg"eqpvtqng"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000036
407"Cfwdcèçq000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000037
408"Örqec"fg"ugogcfwtc"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000039
40803"Tgeqogpfcèùgu"rctc"woc"dqc"ugogcfwtc"000000000000000000039
409"Fgpukfcfg"g"gurcècogpvq"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003:
40:"Rtkpekrcku"fqgpècu"g"rtcicu"pcu"ncxqwtcu"gzrgtkogpvcku"03;
40:03"Fqgpècu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003;
40:04"Rtcicu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000043
5"EQNJGKVC"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000046
6"IKTCUUQN"G"CRKEWNVWTC"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004:
603"Rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"g"ugogpvgu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004;
7"EWUVQ"FG"RTQFWÑ’Q"G"TGPVCDKNKFCFG
FQ"IKTCUUQN"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000053
Vcdgnc"40"Ewuvq"fg"Rtqfwèçq"/"Oêfkc"fg"39"Ncxqwtcu"fg
Iktcuuqn"*uchtc"422:1422;+"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000054
703"Tgpvcdknkfcfg000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000055
8"TGUWNVCFQU"FC"EWNVWTC"FG"IKTCUUQN"PCU"TGIK÷GU"
FQ"XCNG"FQ"TKQ"RCTFQ"G"FQ"XCNG"FQ"VCSWCTK"00000000000056
04
9"GZVTCÑ’Q"FG"łNGQ"FQ"IKTCUUQN"0000000000000000000000000000000057
:""RTQFWÑ’Q"FG"DKQFKGUGN"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000059
;"CRTQXGKVCOGPVQ"FC"INKEGTKPC"PC"RTQFWÑ’Q"FG
UCD’Q"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000062
32"WUQ"FG"DKQFKGUGN"GO"OQVQTGU"FKGUGN"0000000000000000000063
33"VQTVC"FG"IKTCUUQN"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000066
3303"Ectcevgtîuvkecu"dtqocvônqikecu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000066
3304"Tgeqogpfcèçq"fg"wuq"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"pc
cnkogpvcèçq"cpkocn000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000067
34"RTQEGUUCOGPVQ"FG"GODWVKFQU"G"FG"RTQFWVQU
NıEVGQU"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006:
3403"Hqtowncèçq"fg"fkhgtgpvgu"swgklqu"00000000000000000000000000000000000073
3404"Hqtowncèçq"fg"fqeg"fg"ngkvg"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000075
EQPUKFGTCÑ÷GU"HKPCKU"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000075
DKDNKQITCHKCU"EQPUWNVCFCU"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000078
05
APRESENTAÇÃO
Q"rtgugpvg"dqngvko"vêepkeq"tgûpg"kphqtocèùgu."qdugtxcèùgu"
g"crtgpfk|cfqu"cwhgtkfqu"go"rguswkuc"tgcnk|cfc"eqo"c"ewnvwtc"
fq"iktcuuqn."gurgekhkecogpvg"pc"âtgc"fg"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn"
kpvgitcfc" ä" rtqfwèçq" fg" cnkogpvqu0" Crtgugpvc" tghgtgpekcku"
citqpõokequ."eqnjkfqu"go"cvkxkfcfgu"fg"ecorq."uqdtg"rtqeguuqu"
g"ogecpkuoqu"wvknk|cfqu"pq"dgpghkekcogpvq"fqu"itçqu."uqdtg"c"
rtqfwèçq"g"c"wvknk|cèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn"go"oqvqtgu."dgo"eqoq"uqdtg"
c"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"wvknk|cfc"eqoq"dcug"fg"uwrtkogpvq""cnkogpvct"fg"
cpkocku"fg"ngkvg"g"fg"eqtvg."gpvtg"qwvtqu"eqpjgekogpvqu"xqnvcfqu"
c"citgict"xcnqt"ä"ocvêtkc/rtkoc"qtkikpcn"g"tgkpugtèçq"pq"ekenq"fc"
rtqrtkgfcfg" *eqpuwoq" rtôrtkq+0" Pq" curgevq" qticpk|cekqpcn." qu"
guvwfqu"g"cu"cèùgu"hqtco"eqpfw|kfqu"uqd"q"oqfgnq"cuuqekcvkxq"
g"eqqrgtcvkxq0
Vtcvc/ug"fg"wo"vtcdcnjq"rkqpgktq"pc"tgikçq."pwoc"kpvgitcèçq"
fg" qticpk|cèùgu" rûdnkecu" g" rtkxcfcu." pq" swcn" ug" fguvceco" c"
CHWDTC." eqoq" rtqvciqpkuvc." c" WPKUE." eqoq" rctegktc" hwpfc/
ogpvcn."g."q"Okpkuvêtkq"fq"Fgugpxqnxkogpvq"Citâtkq"*OFC+."eqoq"
crqkcfqt" hkpcpegktq0" Gpxqnxg" owpkeîrkqu" fq" Xcng" fq" Vcswctk" g"
fq"Xcng"fq"Tkq"Rctfq."ôtiçqu"fg"cuukuvípekc"vêepkec"g"gzvgpuçq"
twtcn."eqoq"c"Gocvgt1TU."ôtiçqu"fg"rguswkuc."eqoq"c"Godtcrc."
g"egpvgpcu"fg"rtqfwvqtgu"twtcku0
Guvg" dqngvko" ê" tguwnvcfq" fg" woc" kpxguvkicèçq" tgcnk|cfc" c"
rctvkt"fq"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fg"gzrgtkípekcu"g"guvwfqu"gpxqnxgpfq"
vêepkequ"g"eqncdqtcfqtgu."gpvtg"qu"swcku"fguvcecoqu"qu"citkewn/
vqtgu."hwokewnvqtgu"rctegktqu"fguvc"rguswkuc0
Eqo"guvg"dqngvko"vêepkeq."vgo/ug"q"kpvwkvq"fg"uqekcnk|ct"guvg"
crtgpfk|cfq"g"eqpvtkdwkt"eqo"cswgngu"swg"vkxgtgo"kpvgtguug"go"
crtqhwpfct" q" guvwfq" qw." oguoq." eqo" qu" swg" swgktco" kpxguvkt"
pguvc"cvkxkfcfg"eqo"hkpu"geqpõokequ."dwuecpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"
rtqfwvkxc" g" woc" tgpfc" eqorngogpvct" cq" vcdceq" g" c" qwvtcu"
ewnvwtcu"g"cvkxkfcfgu0
Ecdg"tguucnvct."ckpfc."swg"c"rguswkuc"ug"kpugtg"pq"Rtqitcoc"
Pcekqpcn" fg" Crqkq" ä" Fkxgtukhkecèçq" go" ıtgcu" Ewnvkxcfcu" eqo"
06
q" Vcdceq." fq" Okpkuvêtkq" fq" Fgugpxqnxkogpvq" Citâtkq." etkcfq" g"
korngogpvcfq"rgnq"iqxgtpq"hgfgtcn."go"4227."eqo"q"rtqrôukvq"
fg" crqkct" qu" hwokewnvqtgu" pc" dwuec" fg" wo" ukuvgoc" rtqfwvkxq"
fkxgtukhkecfq"g"uwuvgpvâxgn."vgpfq"go"xkuvc"c"tcvkhkecèçq"fq"Dtcukn"
ä"Eqpxgpèçq/Swcftq"rctc"q"Eqpvtqng"fq"Vcdceq"*ESEV+0
Ucnkgpvc/ug."vcodêo."swg"guvg"rtqlgvq"hc|"rctvg"fc"jkuvôtkc"fg"
ocku"fg"ogkq"uêewnq"fc"CHWDTC."hqogpvcpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"
g" dwuecpfq" cnvgtpcvkxcu" geqpõokecu" xkâxgku" pqtvgcfcu" rgnc"
uwuvgpvcdknkfcfg0"Ecdg"fguvcect."ckpfc."c"korqtvcpvg"eqpvtkdwkèçq"
codkgpvcn"cq"uwduvkvwkt"q"ôngq"fg"qtkigo"hôuukn"rqt"dkqfkgugn0"
Gurgtcoqu." eqo" guvc" rwdnkecèçq." fct" pquuc" eqpvtkdwkèçq"
rctc"guenctgegt"fûxkfcu"g1qw"crtqhwpfct"eqpjgekogpvqu"uqdtg"q"
cuuwpvq."c"swgo"rquuc"kpvgtguuct0
Heitor Alvaro Petry
Coordenador do Projeto
07
1 INTRODUÇÃO AO CULTIVO DO GIRASSOL
Eqpukfgtcpfq" qu" qdlgvkxqu" fq" guvwfq" xqnvcfq" ä" rtqfwèçq"
fg" dkqgpgtikc" g" cnkogpvqu." qrvqw/ug" rgnq" iktcuuqn" rqt" ugt" woc"
ewnvwtc"fg"ectcevgtîuvkec"xgtuâvkn0"Gng"rquuwk"cnvq"vgqt"fg"ôngq"pqu"
itçqu."hwpfcogpvcn"rctc"c"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn."ocu"vcodêo"ê"
rquuîxgn"wvknk|â/nq"⁄"g"owkvq"tgeqogpfcfq"/"pc"ewnkpâtkc0"Lâ"c"vqtvc"
qw"q"hctgnq."rgnq"ugw"gngxcfq"vgqt"fg"rtqvgîpc."ê"gzegngpvg"rctc"
q"uwrtkogpvq"cnkogpvct"fg"cpkocku"fg"ngkvg"g"fg"eqtvg0"Rqfg/ug."
ckpfc."cetguegpvct"q"rqvgpekcn"fc"hnqt"fq"iktcuuqn"rctc"c"cvkxkfcfg"
crîeqnc0" Q" iktcuuqn" rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfq" eqoq" cnvgtpcvkxc" rctc" c"
tqvcèçq" fg" ewnvwtcu." rqfgpfq" ugt" kpugtkfq" pc" rtqrtkgfcfg" fg"
hqtoc"cuuqekcfc"c"xâtkcu"qwvtcu"cvkxkfcfgu"rtqfwvkxcu."hc|gpfq"
c"kpvgtcèçq"gpvtg"c"ncxqwtc"g"c"rtqfwèçq"cpkocn."qdlgvkxcpfq"c"
rtqfwèçq"fg"cnkogpvqu"g"fg"kpuwoqu"rctc"c"rtqrtkgfcfg0
Q" iktcuuqn" *Heliantus annuus" N0+" ê" ewnvkxcfq" go" vqfqu" qu"
eqpvkpgpvgu" g" ug" fguvcec" eqoq" qngcikpquc" fg" hâekn" cfcrvcèçq"
äu"fkhgtgpvgu"eqpfkèùgu"fg"enkoc"g"fg"uqnq."ugpfq."rqt"kuuq."woc"
gzegngpvg" qrèçq" pq" ukuvgoc" fg" tqvcèçq" fg" ewnvwtcu0" Q" ôngq" fg"
iktcuuqn" crtgugpvc" owkvcu" swcnkfcfgu" pwvtkekqpcku0" Rquuwk." rqt"
kuuq."hwpèùgu"korqtvcpvgu"rctc"c"ucûfg"jwocpc0"Go"oêfkc."ecfc"
vqpgncfc"fg"itçqu"rtqfw|"622"mi"fg"ôngq"g"822"mi"fg"vqtvc"*swcpfq"
c" gzvtcèçq" qeqttg" rqt" rtgpucigo" ogeãpkec+0" Pqtocnogpvg." c"
vqtvc"rquuwk"fg"44"c"48'"fg"rtqvgîpc"dtwvc."fqpfg"tguwnvc"uwc"
kpfkecèçq"rctc"ugt"wvknk|cfc"eqoq"kpitgfkgpvg"go"tcèçq"cpkocn0"
Ö" korqtvcpvg" cuuqekct" c" rtqfwèçq" fg" ewnvkxq" fq" iktcuuqn" ä"
crkewnvwtc."ugpfq"rquuîxgn"q"kpetgogpvq"fc"rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"g"
fg"rôngp0
Q"ekenq"fc"ewnvwtc"xctkc"fg";2"c"352"fkcu."eqphqtog"c"ewnvkxct"g"c"
êrqec"fg"ugogcfwtc."eqodkpcfcu"äu"eqpfkèùgu"gfchqenkoâvkecu"
fg" ecfc" tgikçq0"Cu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" fc" rncpvc" uçq<" ecwng" gtgvq."
tck|" rkxqvcpvg" g" dcuvcpvg" tcokhkecfc." ä" swcn" gzrnqtc" itcpfgu"
rtqhwpfkfcfgu0""C"kphnqtgueípekc"ê"wo"ecrîvwnq."ugpfq"woc"rncpvc"
fg" rqnkpk|cèçq" etw|cfc." hgkvc" rgnq" xgpvq" g." rtkpekrcnogpvg." rqt"
kpugvqu."eqoq"cdgnjc"*GODTCRC."4222+0
08
2 PRODUÇÃO AGRÍCOLA
C" gzrgtkípekc" fq" citkewnvqt" g" qu" korngogpvqu" citîeqncu" g"
kpuwoqu"wvknk|cfqu"pq"ewnvkxq"fg"hgklçq."oknjq"g"uqlc"uçq."vcodêo."
c" dcug" fg" ewnvkxq" fq" iktcuuqn0" Rqtêo." rctc" cnecpèct" ognjqtgu"
tguwnvcfqu" ê" rtgekuq" vgt" wo" eqpjgekogpvq" ocku" rtqhwpfq" g"
gurgeîhkeq" fcu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" g" gzkiípekcu" fguuc" ewnvwtc0" Q"
rtqeguuq"kpkekc"eqo"c"gueqnjc"eqttgvc"fc"âtgc"rctc"c"korncpvcèçq"
fc"ncxqwtc0""Ö"korqtvcpvg"swg"q"citkewnvqt"dwuswg"cu"qtkgpvcèùgu"
fg"ocpglq."dgo"eqoq"c"tgeqogpfcèçq"fg"ewnvkxctgu"cfgswcfcu"
rctc" uwc" tgikçq." cvtcxêu" fqu" ugtxkèqu" fg" cuukuvípekc" vêepkec"
gurgekcnk|cfc"pc"ewnvwtc0
2.1 Condições climáticas
Q"iktcuuqn"ug"cfcrvc"go"fkxgtucu"tgikùgu"fq"Dtcukn."vqngtcpfq"
dckzcu"vgorgtcvwtcu"g"rgtîqfqu"fg"guvtguug"jîftkeq0
Rctc" woc" igtokpcèçq" ucvkuhcvôtkc." c" vgorgtcvwtc" fq" uqnq"
fgxg"ugt"fg."pq"oîpkoq."32£E0"Vgorgtcvwtcu"ogpqtgu"rqfgtçq"
tgvctfct"g"cvê"oguoq"kpkdkt"c"igtokpcèçq."tguwnvcpfq"go"ncxqwtcu"
fguwpkhqtogu"g"eqo"dckzc"rqrwncèçq"fg"rncpvcu0"""
C"hckzc"fg"vgorgtcvwtc"fg"32"c"56£E"ê"vqngtcfc"rgnq"iktcuuqn."
rqtêo"c"vgorgtcvwtc"kfgcn"rctc"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"ukvwc/ug"gpvtg"
49" g" 4:£E0"Vgorgtcvwtcu" gngxcfcu" *cekoc" fg" 57£E+" fwtcpvg" c"
hqtocèçq"fqu"itçqu"ngxco"ä"tgfwèçq"fq"vgqt"fg"ôngq"g"chgvco"c"
uwc"eqorqukèçq0
Ö"fkhîekn"rtgekuct"cu"pgeguukfcfgu"jîftkecu"fq"iktcuuqn."ocu"
rtgekrkvcèùgu" gpvtg" 722" g" 922" oo" fg" âiwc" dgo" fkuvtkdwîfqu"
fwtcpvg" q" ekenq" rtqrqtekqpco" ôvkoqu" tgpfkogpvqu0" Woc" dqc"
wokfcfg" fq" uqnq" ê" hwpfcogpvcn" fwtcpvg" c" igtokpcèçq" ä"
gogtiípekc" rctc" qdvgt" woc" dqc" wpkhqtokfcfg" pc" rqrwncèçq"
fg" rncpvcu0" " Cu" hcugu" ocku" ugpuîxgku" cq" fêhkekv" jîftkeq" guvçq"
tgncekqpcfcu"cq"rgtîqfq"fg"hnqtcèçq"c"hqtocèçq"fq"ecrîvwnq"g"fc"
hqtocèçq"fq"ecrîvwnq"cvê"c"hqtocèçq"fq"itçq0"Fg"hqtoc"rtâvkec."
guug"rgtîqfq"ê"eqortggpfkfq"gpvtg"32"g"37"fkcu"cpvgu"fq"kpîekq"
fq"hnqtguekogpvq"g"gpvtg"32"g"37"fkcu"crôu"q"hkpcn"fc"hnqtcèçq0
09
Qdugtxqw/ug." vcodêo." cvtcxêu" fcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku"
tgcnk|cfcu"gpvtg"cu"uchtcu"422814229"g"422;14232."swg"c"ewnvwtc"
fq" iktcuuqn" crtgugpvc" woc" dqc" vqngtãpekc" cq" fêhkekv" jîftkeq."
gurgekcnogpvg"ug"eqorctcfq"eqo"qwvtcu"ewnvwtcu"go"eqpfkèùgu"
ugognjcpvgu0
2.2 Condições do solo para o cultivo
Rctc" qdvgt" ognjqtgu" tguwnvcfqu" pc" ncxqwtc" fg" iktcuuqn" ê"
korqtvcpvg"swg"c"âtgc"gueqnjkfc"eqpvgorng"eqpfkèùgu"eqoq<
/"rJ"fg"7.4"c"8.6=
/"uqnq"rtqhwpfq=
/"uqnq"dgo/ftgpcfq=
/"uqnq"hêtvkn=
/"uqnq"dgo/guvtwvwtcfq0
"C" " cekfg|" fq" uqnq" fgxg" ugt" xgtkhkecfc" cvtcxêu" fg" cpânkug."
fgxkfcogpvg"kpvgtrtgvcfc."eqo"dcuvcpvg"cpvgegfípekc0"C"eqttgèçq."
go" ecuq" fg" swcnswgt" cpqtocnkfcfg." ê" kortguekpfîxgn0" Uqnqu"
tcuqu"qw"eqo"rtqdngocu"fg"eqorcevcèçq"fkhkewnvco"qw"korgfgo"
q" fgugpxqnxkogpvq" pqtocn" fq" ukuvgoc" tcfkewnct." kpfkurgpuâxgn"
rctc" woc" cfgswcfc" uwuvgpvcèçq" fcu" rncpvcu0" " Dqc" ftgpcigo"
g"guvtwvwtc"fq"uqnq"uçq"korqtvcpvgu"rctc"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fq"
iktcuuqn0" Fgxg/ug" gxkvct" gzeguuq" fg" wokfcfg." ocpvgpfq" âiwc"
fkurqpîxgn" pqu" rgtîqfqu" fg" ockqt" ecnqt" qw" pgeguukfcfg" fc"
rncpvc0
Swcpvq"cq"vkrq"fg"uqnq."q"iktcuuqn"pçq"crtgugpvc"tguvtkèùgu."
fgufg" swg" crtgugpvg" cu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" g" eqpfkèùgu" ogpekq/
pcfcu0""""
2.3 Sistemas de semeadura
2.3.1 Semeadura convencional
Rctc" vgt" woc" dqc" igtokpcèçq" g" gogtiípekc" wpkhqtog" fcu"
ugogpvgu."fgxg"ugt"tgcnk|cfq"wo"dqo"rtgrctq"fq"uqnq0"Q"iktcuuqn"
rqfg"ugt"ewnvkxcfq"go"ukuvgoc"fg"ugogcfwtc"eqpxgpekqpcn"qw"
10
fg"ugogcfwtc"fktgvc0
Tgeqogpfc/ug"swg."cpvgu"fq"ewnvkxq"fq"iktcuuqn."go"ecuq"fg"
pq"nqecn"vgt"ukfq"ewnvkxcfq"qwvtc"ewnvwtc."uglc"hgkvc"c"kpeqtrqtcèçq"
fqu"tguvqu"xgigvcku"swg"guvçq"pc"uwrgthîekg"fq"uqnq0"Q"vtcdcnjq"
rqfg"ugt"tgcnk|cfq"eqo"woc"itcfcigo"ngxg0
Qwvtc"rtâvkec"wucfc"ê"c"ctcèçq"fq"uqnq."swg"rqfg"ugt"hgkvc"eqo"
ctcfq"fg"fkueq"qw"fg"ckxgec0"Guuc"qrgtcèçq"vgo"rqt"hkpcnkfcfg"
tqorgt" c" ecocfc" eqorcevcfc." ognjqtct" c" kpeqtrqtcèçq" fqu"
tguvqu" xgigvcku." tgfw|kt" c" kpekfípekc" fg" rtcicu" g" fqgpècu" g" c"
gogtiípekc"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."dgo"eqoq"rtqrqtekqpct"ognjqt"
ecrvcèçq"g"tgvgpèçq"fg"âiwc0
Ckpfc." go" ecuq" fg" uqnqu" eqorcevcfqu." tgeqogpfc/ug" c"
uwduqncigo."tgcnk|cfc"eqo"uwduqncfqtgu"vkrq"›rê"fg"rcvqfi0
Crôu"c"ctcèçq"qw"c"uwduqncigo."fgxg"ugt"hgkvc"woc"itcfcigo"
eqo" c" hkpcnkfcfg" fg" eqttkikt" cu" kttgiwnctkfcfgu" fc" uwrgthîekg" g"
fgkzct" q" uqnq" rtgrctcfq" rctc" c" tgcnk|cèçq" fc" ugogcfwtc." qw"
uglc."fguvqttqcfq"g"wpkhqtog0"Guuc"qrgtcèçq"fgxg"ugt"hgkvc"eqo"
q"ogpqt"pûogtq"rquuîxgn"fg"itcfcigpu"ngxgu0
Crôu" guucu" gvcrcu." ê" tgcnk|cfc" c" ugogcfwtc" uqdtg" q" uqnq"
fgxkfcogpvg"pkxgncfq"g"fguvqttqcfq."eqphqtog"oquvtc"c"Figura 10
Figura1.
Semeadura
convencional
de girassol.
Lavoura
experimental
do produtor
Hedio Borhz,
no município
de Sinimbu
- RS.
11
2.3.2 Semeadura direta
Hwpfcogpvc/ug"pc"cwuípekc"fg"rtgrctq"fq"uqnq."kuvq"ê."ugo"
rtêxkq"tgxqnxkogpvq."g"pc"eqdgtvwtc"rgtocpgpvg"fq"uqnq"cvtcxêu"fc"
tqvcèçq"fg"ewnvwtcu0"C"oqdknk|cèçq"fq"uqnq"ê"tgcnk|cfc"crgpcu"pc"
nkpjc"fg"ugogcfwtc"*Figura 2+0"Pq"gpvcpvq."ê"korqtvcpvg"qdugtxct"
swg"guuc"rtâvkec."owkvcu"xg|gu."pçq"ê"rgtokvkfc"go"vqfqu"qu"vkrqu"
fg"uqnq."eqoq."rqt"gzgornq."pqu"fgitcfcfqu."pqu"eqorcevcfqu."
pqu"âekfqu"g"pqu"kphguvcfqu"eqo"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu0"Pcu"ukvwcèùgu"
fg"uqnqu"fgitcfcfqu."fgxg"qeqttgt"q"ceqorcpjcogpvq"vêepkeq"
rctc"tgcnk|ct"cu"pgeguuâtkcu"eqttgèùgu0
Tgeqogpfc/ug"swg"c"eqdgtvwtc"xgtfg"uglc"fguugecfc"eqo."
pq"oîpkoq."fg|qkvq"fkcu"fg"cpvgegfípekc"ä"ugogcfwtc."gxkvcpfq."
eqo"kuuq."c"eqpeqttípekc"rqt"wokfcfg"g"c"rgtocpípekc"fg"kpugvqu"
pc"âtgc."dgo"eqoq"ukvwcèùgu"cngnqrâvkecu0"Rctc"c"ugogcfwtc."
rqfg/ug"wvknk|ct"ugogcfgktcu"fg"ownvkwuq."swg"ugtxgo"vcodêo"
rctc" q" rncpvkq" fg" oknjq." hgklçq" g" uqlc." rqku" rquuwgo" fkuequ" fg"
eqtvg."uwnecfqtgu"g"tqfcu"eqdtkfqtcu1eqorcevcfqtcu0"Qu"fkuequ."
eqpvwfq." fgxgo" ugt" gurgeîhkequ" rctc" c" ugogpvg" fg" iktcuuqn."
qdugtxcpfq"ugortg"c"rgpgktc"*vcocpjq"fc"ugogpvg+0"
""Ö"korqtvcpvg"ngodtct"swg"q"iktcuuqn"ê"ugpuîxgn"c"fkhgtgpvgu"
itwrqu" fg" jgtdkekfcu." eqoq" cu" vtkc|kpcu." rqt" gzgornq." wucfcu"
pc" ewnvwtc" fq" oknjq." g" swg" ecwuco" hkvqvqzkekfcfg" cq" iktcuuqn0"
Tgeqogpfc/ug"wo"kpvgtxcnq"oîpkoq"fg"372"fkcu"crôu"c"crnkecèçq"
fguug"rtqfwvq"rctc"ugogct"q"iktcuuqn0
Ugiwpfq" qdugtxcèùgu" pcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" fg"
iktcuuqn." eqpuvcvqw/ug" c" hqtvg" kpekfípekc" fg" nguocu" go" rncpvkq"
fktgvq."gurgekcnogpvg"crôu"q"oíu"fg"qwvwdtq0
12
Figura 2. Semeadura direta do girassol.
Lavoura experimental do produtor Natal Procedi,
no município de Ilópolis - RS.
2.4 Controle de plantas daninhas
Crôu"c"ugogcfwtc"g"gogtiípekc"fq"iktcuuqn."pqtocnogpvg."
pq"nqecn."qeqttg"q"crctgekogpvq"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."qtkikpcfcu"
fq" dcpeq" fg" ugogpvg" pcvwtcn" fq" uqnq0" Guucu" rncpvcu" uçq"
eqpeqttgpvgu"fq"iktcuuqn."rqku"eqorgvgo"eqo"gng"rgnc"cduqtèçq"
fg"âiwc."nw|"g"pwvtkgpvgu."cnêo"fg"ciktgo"eqoq"jqurgfgktcu"fg"
rtcicu" g" fqgpècu0" Rtqxqeco." vcodêo." c" cngnqrcvkc" *swîokec+."
ecwucpfq"woc"kpvgthgtípekc"ukipkhkecvkxc"cq"ekenq"fc"rncpvc."tguwn/
vcpfq."fguuc"hqtoc."pc"tgfwèçq"fc"rtqfwvkxkfcfg0"
Q" eqpvtqng" fg" rncpvcu" kpxcuqtcu" ê" kortguekpfîxgn." rtkpek/
rcnogpvg" fwtcpvg" q" rgtîqfq" ocku" etîvkeq" fg" eqorgvkèçq." kuvq"
ê."pqu"rtkogktqu"vtkpvc"fkcu"crôu"c"gogtiípekc."hcug"go"swg"q"
iktcuuqn" guvâ" eqo" etguekogpvq" ngpvq" g" tcî|gu" owkvq" rgswgpcu0"
Crôu"guug"rgtîqfq."g"vgpfq"tgcnk|cfq"q"eqpvtqng"fcu"kpxcuqtcu."
q" iktcuuqn" ug" fgugpxqnxg" tcrkfcogpvg." uqodtgcpfq" c" âtgc" fg"
ewnvkxq"g"fqokpcpfq"cu"kpxcuqtcu0
13
2.4.1 Métodos de controle
Controle mecânico de plantas daninhas"/"Qeqttg"cvtcxêu"
fq" wuq" fg" gpzcfc" g." rtkpekrcnogpvg." fg" ewnvkxcfqtgu" *vtcèçq"
cpkocn"qw"vtcvqt+0"Ö"q"oêvqfq"ocku"eqowo"pq"eqpvtqng"fg"rncpvcu"
fcpkpjcu0" Fguvcec/ug." pq" gpvcpvq." swg" q" wuq" fg" vtcvqt" vgo"
nkokvcèùgu"tgncekqpcfcu"cq"guvâikq"fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq."fgxgpfq"
ugt" hgkvq" cvê" vtkpvc" fkcu" crôu" c" gogtiípekc." ugpfq" rquuîxgn" g"
tgeqogpfâxgn"tgcnk|ct."eqplwpvcogpvg."c"cfwdcèçq"fg"eqdgtvwtc"
*Figuras 3 e 4+0
Figura 3.
Cultivação com
capinadeira
tratorizada.
Lavoura
experimental
de girassol
do produtor
Sérgio Martins,
no município
de Venâncio
Aires - RS.
Figura 4.
Cultivação com
aleirador de tração
animal. Lavoura
experimental de
girassol do
produtor
Alessandro
Hochscheidt, no
município de
Passo do Sobrado
- RS.
14
Controle químico de plantas daninhas - Rctc"wvknk|ct"guug"
oêvqfq"fg"eqpvtqng"ê"korqtvcpvg"eqpjgegt"cu"rncpvcu"kpxcuqtcu0"
Fgrqku" fg" hc|gt" c" kfgpvkhkecèçq." fgxg/ug" dwuect" cuukuvípekc"
vêepkec"rctc"qdvgt"woc"tgeqogpfcèçq"cfgswcfc"uqdtg"q"vkrq"fg"
jgtdkekfc"c"ugt"wucfq"g"uwcu"hqtocu"fg"crnkecèçq0"Xcng"tguucnvct"
c"pgeguukfcfg"fg"wuq"fg"Gswkrcogpvqu"fg"Rtqvgèçq"Kpfkxkfwcn"
⁄" GRK" fwtcpvg" q" rtgrctq" g" c" crnkecèçq" fg" citqswîokequ." rqku"
c" tgurqpucdknkfcfg" ê" fq" rtqfwvqt" twtcn0" Fguvcec/ug." vcodêo."
swg"q"rtqfwvqt"fgxg"hc|gt"q"eqttgvq"fguectvg"fcu"godcncigpu."
tgurgkvcpfq"c"ngikuncèçq"g"rtkocpfq"rgnc"ugiwtcpèc"g"q"ogkq/
codkgpvg0"Ö"korqtvcpvg"tguucnvct."ckpfc."swg."cpvgu"fc"crnkecèçq"
fq"jgtdkekfc."q"rwnxgtk|cfqt"fgxg"ugortg"ugt"dgo"ncxcfq"rctc"
gxkvct"c"kpvqzkecèçq"fc"ewnvwtc"eqo"tguîfwqu"fg"rtqfwvqu"wucfqu"
cpvgtkqtogpvg0
Qu"jgtdkekfcu"swg"pgeguukvco"fg"gurcnjcpvg"cfgukxq3"fgxgo"
ugt" crnkecfqu" go" jqtâtkqu" fg" vgorgtcvwtcu" cogpcu." gxkvcpfq."
eqo"kuuq."swgkocfwtcu"pcu"rncpvcu0
2.5 Adubação
C"cfwdcèçq"fgxg"ugt"hgkvc"go"eqphqtokfcfg"ä"cpânkug"fq"uqnq"
fc"âtgc"fg"korncpvcèçq"fc"ncxqwtc."rqku"gnc"kpfkectâ"cu"eqpfkèùgu"
fq" nqecn0" Eqo" dcug" pc" cpânkug." fgxg/ug" tgeqttgt" ä" cuukuvípekc"
vêepkec."swg."rqt"uwc"xg|."hctâ"c"kpvgtrtgvcèçq"g"c"tgeqogpfcèçq"
fg" cfwdcèçq0" Go" hwpèçq" fcu" pgeguukfcfgu" fc" ewnvwtc." fgxg"
ugt"crnkecfq"fg"62"c"82"mi1jc"fg"pkvtqiípkq."fg"62"c":2"mi1jc"
fg"R4Q7"g"fg"62"c":2"mi1jc"fg"M4Q0"Cu"gzrgtkípekcu"kpfkeco"q"
rctegncogpvq"fc"fqug"fg"pkvtqiípkq."ugpfq"52'"pc"ugogcfwtc"
g" q" tguvcpvg" pc" eqdgtvwtc." vtkpvc" fkcu" crôu" c" gogtiípekc" fcu"
rncpvcu0"
" Pcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" tgcnk|cfcu" pqu" Xcngu" fq" Tkq"
Rctfq" g" Vcswctk" wvknk|qw/ug." go" oêfkc." 422" mi1jc" fq" rtqfwvq"
hqtowncfq" *eqogtekcn+" 27/42/42" g" 372" mi1jc" fg" wtêkc." cnêo" fg"
eqorngogpvq"eqo"hquhcvqu"go"ecuqu"gurgeîhkequ0
Q"iktcuuqn"ê"ugpuîxgn"c"dckzqu"pîxgku"fg"dqtq"*oketqpwvtkgpvg+"
1 Aditivo à base de óleo
15
pq"uqnq."crtgugpvcpfq."htgswgpvgogpvg."ukpvqocu"fg"fghkekípekc"
fguug" gngogpvq." rtkpekrcnogpvg" pcu" hcugu" fg" hnqtguekogpvq" g"
ocvwtcèçq0"Qu"ukpvqocu"crctgego."rtkpekrcnogpvg."go"ukvwcèùgu"
fg"guvtguug"jîftkeq."ectcevgtk|cpfq/ug"rqt"woc"ockqt"tkikfg|"fq"
ecwng"*tgfwèçq"fg"hngzkdknkfcfg+."q"swg."rqt"hko."rtqxqec"eqtvgu"
vtcpuxgtucku."nqiq"cdckzq"fq"ecrîvwnq."rtqxqecpfq"c"uwc"swgfc."
qwvtq"ukpvqoc"swg"rqfg"ugt"xkuvq"ê"c"fghqtokfcfg"pqu"ecrîvwnqu"
fq" iktcuuqn0" Rctc" eqttgèçq" fc" fghkekípekc" fg" dqtq" *Figura 5+."
tgeqogpfc/ug" ä" crnkecèçq" fg" 3.2" c" 4.2" mi1jc" fq" gngogpvq."
go"oêfkc."fg"8"c":"mi"fg"rtqfwvq"eqogtekcn0"C"crnkecèçq"rqfg"
ugt" hgkvc" lwpvcogpvg" eqo" c" cfwdcèçq" fg" dcug" qw" eqo" c" fg"
eqdgtvwtc0"Ckpfc"rqfg"ugt"crnkecfq"lwpvcogpvg"eqo"q"jgtdkekfc."
pc"fguugecèçq0"Rctc"vcn."fgxg"ugt"fknwîfq"cpvgu"fg"eqnqecfq"pq"
rwnxgtk|cfqt0
Figura 5. Sintoma de deficiência de boro em
lavoura de girassol.
16
2.6 Época de semeadura
Ugiwpfq"c"Godtcrc."gzrgtkípekcu"tgcnk|cfcu"rgnc"kpuvkvwkèçq"
eqortqxctco" swg" c" ognjqt" êrqec" fg" ugogcfwtc" fq" iktcuuqn"
pq"Guvcfq"fq"Tkq"Itcpfg"fq"Uwn"ê"q"rgtîqfq"gpvtg"37"fg"lwnjq"
g" 53" fg" ciquvq0" Guug" rgtîqfq" oquvtqw" ugt" cswgng" swg" ognjqt"
ucvkuhc|" cu" gzkiípekcu" fc" ewnvwtc" pcu" uwcu" fkhgtgpvgu" hcugu" fg"
fgugpxqnxkogpvq0" Qdugtxqw/ug" swg" pqu" rtkogktqu" vtkpvc" fkcu"
fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fc"rncpvc."q"etguekogpvq"ê"dcuvcpvg"ngpvq0"
Crôu"guuc"hcug."c"rncpvc"vgpfg"c"cwogpvct."rtkpekrcnogpvg."crôu"
q" hnqtguekogpvq." swcpfq" xck" ug" fghkpkt" c" rtqfwvkxkfcfg0" Pguug"
ugpvkfq."c"vgorgtcvwtc."c"tcfkcèçq"uqnct"g"c"fkurqpkdknkfcfg"jîftkec"
hqtco"eqpukfgtcfcu"fgvgtokpcpvgu"pcu"cxcnkcèùgu0"C"fkxgtukfcfg"
fg"tgngxq."c"fkuvtkdwkèçq"fg"ejwxcu"g"c"tcfkcèçq"uqnct"kphnwgpekco"
q" fgugpxqnxkogpvq" fcu" rncpvcu." rqfgpfq" qeqttgt" ukipkhkecvkxcu"
xctkcèùgu"fg"wo"nqecn"rctc"qwvtq"g."cvê."pq"oguoq"nqecn0"
Fgpvtq"fq"rtqlgvq"fg"rguswkuc."gzrgtkípekcu"tgcnk|cfcu"eqo"
ncxqwtcu"gzrgtkogpvcku"eqortqxctco"swg"cu"ugogcfwtcu"hgkvcu"
gpvtg"ciquvq"g"fg|godtq"vkxgtco"dqpu"tguwnvcfqu0"Pcu"ncxqwtcu"
korncpvcfcu" go" cxcnkcèùgu" rôu/hwoq." pqu" ogugu" fg" hgxgtgktq"
g"octèq."hqtco"eqpuvcvcfqu"rtqdngocu"eqo"fqgpècu"hûpikecu0"
Go"hwpèçq"fcu"eqpfkèùgu"fg"cnvc"wokfcfg"g"dckzc"vgorgtcvwtc"
pq"hkpcn"fq"ekenq"fq"iktcuuqn."qeqttgw"c"kpekfípekc"fg"guengtqvkpkc."
tguwnvcpfq."go"cniwpu"ecuqu."go"rgtfc"vqvcn"fc"ncxqwtc0""
2.6.1 Recomendações para uma boa semeadura
Go" eqpfkèùgu" pqtocku." q" iktcuuqn" gogtig" go" ugvg" fkcu0"
Pq" cvq" fg" ugogcfwtc." cniwocu" tgeqogpfcèùgu" fgxgo" ugt"
eqpukfgtcfcu<
/" Xgtkhkect" ug" q" uqnq" guvâ" fguvqttqcfq" g" eqo" dqo" vgqt" fg"
wokfcfg=
/"Wvknk|ct"ewnvkxctgu"kpfkecfcu"rctc"c"tgikçq=
/" Egtvkhkect/ug" fg" swg" q" rqfgt" igtokpcvkxq" uglc" uwrgtkqt" c"
:7'=
/"Wvknk|ct"ugogpvgu"fg"vcocpjq"wpkhqtog."eqo"dqo"xkiqt"g"
17
itcw"fg"rwtg|c=
/" Pcu" ugogcfwtcu" eqpxgpekqpcku." wvknk|ct" fkuequ" eqo" hwtqu"
clwuvcfqu"cq"vcocpjq"fc"ugogpvg=
/"Eqpukfgtcpfq"cu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"fg"uqnq."qdugtxct"c"rtqhwp/
fkfcfg"fg"ugogcfwtc."swg"fgxg"xctkct"fg"6"c"7"eo0"C"ugogcfwtc"
tcuc"rqfg""rtglwfkect"c"igtokpcèçq"rqt"hcnvc"fg"wokfcfg"g"guvct"
uwuegvîxgn" c" wo" ockqt" cvcswg" fg" rtcicu" g." " c" owkvq" rtqhwpfc."
qecukqpc" c" fgoqtc" fc" gogtiípekc" g" rqfg." kpenwukxg." ngxct" ä"
rgtfc" fg" ugogpvgu." rtkpekrcnogpvg" swcpfq" qeqttg" c" hqtocèçq"
fg"etquvcu"pc"uwrgthîekg"fq"uqnq0
2.7 Densidade e espaçamento
C"fgpukfcfg"fcu"ugogpvgu"ê"fgekukxc"rctc"q"dqo"fgugpxqn/
xkogpvq"fcu"rncpvcu"g"rctc"q"tgpfkogpvq"fc"ewnvwtc0"Tgeqogpfc/
ug"q"rncpvkq"fg"620222"c"670222"rncpvcu1jc0"Rctc"qdvgt"c"fgpukfcfg"
kfgcn."c"swcpvkfcfg"fg"ugogpvg"c"ugt"wvknk|cfc"fgrgpfg"fq"rqfgt"
igtokpcvkxq."fgxgpfq"ugt"eqpukfgtcfcu"cu"rgtfcu"rqt"cvcswg"fg"
cpkocku"*râuuctqu+"g"kpugvqu"g"c"swcnkfcfg"fq"rtgrctq"fq"uqnq0"
Vqtpc/ug"pgeguuâtkq."rqtvcpvq."eqttkikt"q"rqfgt"igtokpcvkxq"rctc"
322'."ogfkcpvg"q"rtqrqtekqpcn"cetêuekoq"fg"ugogpvgu"g."rctc"
cu"rgtfcu."eqpukfgtct"woc"tgugtxc"fg"cvê"52'0"Fgrgpfgpfq"fq"
vcocpjq"fc"ugogpvg."c"swcpvkfcfg"rqfg"xctkct"fg"5"c"7mi1jc."
eqpukfgtcpfq"swg"q"rguq"fg"30222"ugogpvgu"rqfg"xctkct"gpvtg"
52"g"82i0"
Q"gurcècogpvq"c"ugt"wucfq"fgxg"ugt"fghkpkfq"go"hwpèçq"fqu"
gswkrcogpvqu"fkurqpîxgku"rctc"ugogcfwtc"g"eqnjgkvc"*Tabela 1+0
Tgeqogpfc/ug"wuct"gurcècogpvq"fg":2"c";2eo"gpvtg"nkpjcu"
swcpfq."pc"eqnjgkvc."hqt"wvknk|cfc"rncvchqtoc"fg"oknjq"cfcrvcfc"
ä" eqnjgkvc" fg" iktcuuqn" g." gurcècogpvq" fg" 92eo" gpvtg" nkpjcu."
swcpfq"guvkxgt"wucpfq"rncvchqtoc"fg"eqnjgkvc"fg"uqlc0"Go"âtgcu"
ogpqtgu."rctc"rgtokvkt"q"wuq"fg"gurcècogpvqu"fg"92"c";2eo."
rqfgo"ugt"wucfcu"cu"eqnjgfqtcu"fg"oknjq"fg"woc"nkpjc"cfcrvâxgn"
c"vtcvqtgu"c"rctvkt"fg"87"EX0
"
18
Tabela 1."Número de sementes por 10 metros, para
obtenção da população final, considerando poder
germinativo de 85% a 95%, com reserva de 25%
para perdas totais.
Gurcècogpvq"*eo+
Gpvtg"
nkpjcu
Gpvtg"
rncpvcu
58
92
53
53
:2
4:
4:
;2
47
""""""Hqpvg<"Godtcrc0
P√"ugogpvgu132o
Ugogpvgu,
Rncpvcu
Rqrwncèçq"
*rncpvcu1jc+
66"/"5;
6;"/"66
72"/"67
78"/"72
78"/"72
85"/"79
4:
54
54
58
58
62
620222
670222
620222
670222
620222
670222
2.8 Principais doenças e pragas nas
lavouras experimentais
2.8.1 Doenças
Q"iktcuuqn"vcodêo"rqfg"ugt"rtglwfkecfq"rqt"xâtkcu"fqgpècu."
rtqxqecfcu"rqt"hwpiqu."dcevêtkcu"qw"xîtwu0"Pcu"ncxqwtcu"gzrgtk/
ogpvcku." qdugtxqw/ug" c" qeqttípekc" ocku" ukipkhkecvkxc" fg" fwcu"
fqgpècu<
Mancha de Alternária<" ê" ecwucfc" rgnq" hwpiq" Alternaria
helianthi. Ahgvc" hqnjcu." jcuvg" g" ecrîvwnq" g" qeqttg." eqo" itcpfg"
htgs°ípekc." pcu" rncpvcu" fg" iktcuuqn0" Ocpkhguvc/ug" cvtcxêu"
fg" wo" itcpfg" pûogtq" fg" rgswgpcu" rqpvwcèùgu" *5" c" 7oo+"
pgetqucfcu"swg."kpkekcnogpvg."crctgego"pcu"hqnjcu"ocku"dckzcu"
g."rquvgtkqtogpvg."ug"gurcnjco"rqt"vqfc"c"rncpvc0"Q"hwpiq"rqfg"
ugt"vtcpuokvkfq"rgnc"ugogpvg"qw"rqt"tguvqu"ewnvwtcku"kphgevcfqu0"
C" cnvc" wokfcfg" fq" ct" g" c" vgorgtcvwtc" gpvtg" 47√E" g" 52√E" rqt"
wo"rgtîqfq"fg"oqnjcogpvq"fg"46"jqtcu"go"vqfcu"cu"hcugu"fc"
ewnvwtc"*Figura 6+."eqpvtkdwgo"rctc"q"crctgekogpvq"fq"hwpiq0
19
Figura 6.
Folhas de
girassol
infectadas
pela mancha
de Alternaria.
Podridão branca ou esclerotinia<" ê" ecwucfc" rgnq" hwpiq"
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum."Qeqttg"c"rqftkfçq"fq"eqnq"fc"rncpvc"g"fq"
ecrîvwnq."cnêo"fg"qwvtqu"ukpvqocu."eqoq"rqftkfçq"dcucn."owtejc"
uûdkvc"fc"rncpvc"ugo"nguùgu"hqnkctgu"g"nguçq"octtqo"enctc0""C"cnvc"
wokfcfg"fq"ct"*cekoc"fg"92'+"g"cu"dckzcu"vgorgtcvwtcu"*cdckzq"fg"
42√E+"hcxqtgego"c"qeqttípekc"fc"fqgpèc0"Go"tc|çq"fkuuq."ncxqwtcu"
go" rgtîqfqu" vctfkqu" pçq" uçq" tgeqogpfcfcu." rtkpekrcnogpvg"
swcpfq"c"ewnvwtc"uwdugswgpvg"cq"iktcuuqn"hqt"uwuegvîxgn"ä"fqgpèc."
eqoq"ê"q"ecuq"fq"vcdceq."rqku"q"hwpiq"rqfg"rgtocpgegt"pq"uqnq"
rqt"xâtkqu"cpqu"g"cvcect"vcodêo"guuc"ewnvwtc"*Figura 7+0
Figura 7.
Incidência
de esclerotinia.
Lavoura
experimental
de girassol,
semeada em
8 de março,
no município de
Venâncio Aires
- RS.
20
Rctc"q"eqpvtqng"fg"fqgpècu."tgeqogpfc/ug"cniwocu"ogfkfcu"
rtgxgpvkxcu"eqoq<
/"Wuct"xctkgfcfgu"tgukuvgpvgu"g"cfcrvcfcu"ä"tgikçq."fg"rtghg/
típekc."vguvcfcu"go"rguswkuc=
/"Gueqnjgt"woc"âtgc"fg"rncpvkq"swg"rquuwc"uqnq"fg"dqc"ftgpc/
igo."rtqhwpfq."eqo"dqc"vgzvwtc"g"rJ"eqttkikfq=
/"Wuct"ugogpvg"fg"dqc"rtqegfípekc"g"eqo"ictcpvkc"fg"ucpk/
fcfg."rtghgtgpekcnogpvg."cu"hkuecnk|cfcu=
/"Tgcnk|ct"c"ugogcfwtc"go"êrqec"tgeqogpfcfc"rctc"c"tgikçq."
gxkvcpfq"qu"rgtîqfqu"fg"vgorgtcvwtc"g"wokfcfg"fguhcxqtâxgku=
/"Wuct"c"fgpukfcfg"fg"ugogcfwtc"eqttgvc<"620222"c"670222"
rncpvcu1jc=
/"Rncpglct"wo"ukuvgoc"fg"tqvcèçq"swg."pc"uweguuçq."eqpvgorng"
kpvgtxcnq"fg."rgnq"ogpqu."swcvtq"cpqu"rctc"c"oguoc"ewnvwtc=
/" Gxkvct" c" uweguuçq" fg" ewnvwtcu" cq" iktcuuqn." uwuegvîxgku" cu"
oguocu" fqgpècu0" Go" ecuq" fg" crctgekogpvq" fg" guengtqvkpkc"
gxkvct"q"ewnvkxq"eqo"ecpqnc."gtxknjc."cnhchc."uqlc."vcdceq."vqocvg."
hgklçq"g"dcvcvc."qrvcpfq."rtghgtgpekcnogpvg."rqt"itcoîpgcu=
/" Gxkvct" cfwdcèùgu" gzeguukxcu" eqo" cfwdqu" pkvtqigpcfqu"
*ugiwkt"c"tgeqogpfcèçq"fc"cpânkug"fq"uqnq+=
/"Ocpvgt"q"ewnvkxq"nkxtg"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."rqku"cu"oguocu"
rqfgo"ugt"jqurgfgktcu"fg"fqgpècu0"
2.8.2 Pragas
C"ewnvwtc"fq"iktcuuqn"igtcnogpvg"ê"ocku"uwuegvîxgn"cq"cvcswg"
fg"rtcicu"pc"hcug"kpkekcn."ug"guvgpfgpfq"cvê"vtkpvc"fkcu"crôu"q"
rncpvkq0"Gpvtg"cu"rtkpekrcku"rtcicu."ekvc/ug<
Lagarta rosca"*Agrotis ipsilon+<"qeqttg"pc"hcug"fg"igtokpcèçq"
g"pq"guvâikq"kpkekcn"fg"etguekogpvq"fq"iktcuuqn."rqfgpfq"ecwuct"
uêtkqu"fcpqu."gpvtg"gngu."q"eqortqogvkogpvq"fc"rqrwncèçq"kfgcn"
fg"rncpvcu"*Figura 8+0
21
Figura 80"Lagarta
rosca, encontrada
em lavouras
experimentais.
Vaquinha"*Diabrótica speciosa+<"ocpkhguvc/ug"go"xâtkcu"hcugu"
fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fq"iktcuuqn0"Swcpfq"qeqttg"q"cvcswg"ugxgtq"
pcu"ugocpcu"ugiwkpvgu"ä"gogtiípekc."ecwuc"q"fguhqnjcogpvq"fc"
rncpvc."fgxgpfq"ugt"tgcnk|cfq"q"eqpvtqng0"Rncpvcu"uqd"guvtguug."
dkôvkequ"*rtqdngocu"hkvquucpkvâtkqu+"qw"cdkôvkequ"*hcnvc"fg"âiwc"g1
qw" fg" pwvtkgpvgu+" uçq" ocku" ugpuîxgku" cq" cvcswg" fg" xcswkpjcu0"
Go"guvâikqu"ocku"cxcpècfqu"fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq."qu"fcpqu"uçq"
dgo"ogpqtgu"g."rqt"xg|gu."rqweq"ukipkhkecpvgu"*Figura 9+0"
Figura 9.
Presença de
vaquinha no
girassol em
uma das
lavouras
experimentais
22
Lagarta preta *Chlosyne lacinia saundersii+<" ê" c" rtkpekrcn"
ncictvc"gpvtg"cu"swg"ecwuco"fguhqnjcogpvq."vgpfq"q"jâdkvq"fg"ug"
ocpvgt"citgicfc."rtqxqecpfq"fcpqu"ukipkhkecvkxqu"go"wo"ewtvq"
rgtîqfq"fg"vgorq0"Igtcnogpvg"cvcec"cu"rncpvcu"nqecnk|cfcu"pc"
dqtfcfwtc"fc"ncxqwtc."q"swg"hceknkvc"ugw"eqpvtqng0"Crtgugpvc"vtíu"
hcugu"fkuvkpvcu<"kpkekcnogpvg"vgo"eqnqtcèçq"coctgnc."rcuuc."crôu."
rctc"q"cnctcplcfq"g."hkpcnogpvg."cfswktg"c"eqt"rtgvc"*Figura 10+0
Figura 10."Ataque de lagartas desfolhadoras
em lavoura experimental.
Lesma *Sarasinula linguaeformis+<"go"ncxqwtcu"fg"ugogcfwtc"
fktgvc"pc"rcnjc."cvwcnogpvg"owkvq"fkhwpfkfc."qeqttg"ä"kpekfípekc"
ukipkhkecvkxc"fg"nguocu."rqku"cu"oguocu"xkxgo"go"nqecku"ûokfqu"
g" uqodtgcfqu0" Fcpkhkeco" cu" rncpvcu." pqtocnogpvg" fwtcpvg" c"
pqkvg0" Go" eqpfkèùgu" pgdwnqucu" g" fg" cnvc" wokfcfg." rqfgo" ugt"
xkuvcu" fwtcpvg" q" fkc." crôu" c" rtgekrkvcèçq" fg" ejwxcu0" Pq" ecuq"
fq"iktcuuqn."swcpfq"ugogcfq"gpvtg"c"rcnjc"qw"tguvqu"ewnvwtcku"
fq" oknjq." q" cvcswg" fc" nguoc." pq" oqogpvq" fg" igtokpcèçq."
pqtocnogpvg" ê" ugxgtq." rqfgpfq" ecwuct" rgtfcu" kttgxgtuîxgku0"
Ugw"eqpvtqng."pc"ncxqwtc."ê"gzvtgocogpvg"fkhîekn"*Figura 11+0"
23
Figura 11. Ataque de lesmas em lavoura experimental
de girassol, semeado entre restos culturais de milho,
do produtor Paulo Pagnussat, município de Ilópolis-RS.
Rctc" q" eqpvtqng" swîokeq" fg" rtcicu" g" fqgpècu." c" gzgornq"
fc"kpfkecèçq"rctc"q"eqpvtqng"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."vcodêo"fgxg"
ugt"eqpuwnvcfc"c"cuukuvípekc"vêepkec0"Tguucnvc/ug"c"pgeguukfcfg"
fq" wuq" kpfkurgpuâxgn" fg" GRKu" pq" rtgrctq" g" pc" crnkecèçq" fg"
fghgpukxqu"swîokequ."dgo"eqoq"q"eqttgvq"ocpglq"g"fguvkpq"fcu"
godcncigpu"xc|kcu0
3 COLHEITA
C" eqnjgkvc" fq" iktcuuqn" qeqttg" cq" hkpcn" fc" uwc" ocvwtcèçq"
hkukqnôikec." go" vqtpq" fg" ;2" c" 352" fkcu" crôu" c" ugogcfwtc0"
Qdxkcogpvg."fgrgpfg"fcu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"fc"rncpvc"g."vcodêo."
fcu" eqpfkèùgu" enkoâvkecu" fg" ecfc" tgikçq0" C" eqnjgkvc" fgxg" ugt"
tgcnk|cfc" swcpfq" qu" cswípkqu" crtgugpvctgo" wokfcfg" gpvtg"
36'"g"38'."igtcnogpvg"swcpfq"c"rncpvc"crtgugpvct"eqnqtcèçq"
ecuvcpjc"guewtc0"
C" eqnjgkvc" cpvgekrcfc" rqfg" ugt" hgkvc" go" ecuqu" gurgeîhkequ"
24
eqoq." rqt" gzgornq." swcpfq" jâ" cvcswg" fg" râuuctqu." g" pguugu"
ecuqu." fgxg/ug" vgt" ockqt" tkiqt" pc" tgiwncigo" fcu" oâswkpcu"
wvknk|cfcu"rctc"c"vtknjc."gxkvcpfq."eqo"kuuq."rgtfcu"fg"ugogpvgu"
rqt"guocicogpvq"g"rtgugpèc"go"gzeguuq"fg"korwtg|cu."q"swg"
rqfg"qecukqpct"c"cnvgtcèçq"fc"wokfcfg"fqu"itçqu"g"uwc"rquvgtkqt"
swcnkfcfg0"
Rqt"qwvtq"ncfq."q"cvtcuq"pc"eqnjgkvc"rqfg"qecukqpct"rgtfcu"
rqt"swgdtc"fg"itçqu."qeqttípekc"fg"fqgpècu."fgurtgpfkogpvq"fg"
itçqu"fqu"ecrîvwnqu"g"q"cecocogpvq"fg"rncpvcu0
C" eqnjgkvc" fq" iktcuuqn" rqfg" ugt" hgkvc" vcpvq" fg" hqtoc"
ogecpk|cfc"swcpvq"ocpwcn0"Go"eqnjgkvc"ogecpk|cfc."rqfg/ug"
wvknk|ct" eqnjgkvcfgktcu" eqpxgpekqpcku" fg" uqlc" qw" oknjq." rqtêo."
rctc" gxkvct" qw" okpkok|ct" rgtfcu." ê" kpfkurgpuâxgn" c" wvknk|cèçq"
fg" cfcrvcfqtgu0"Vcodêo" rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfc" c" eqnjgkvcfgktc" fg"
oknjq"fg"woc"nkpjc"vtcvqtk|cfc0"Lâ"pq"ecuq"fg"eqnjgkvc"ocpwcn."
qu"ecrîvwnqu"uçq"eqtvcfqu"eqo"q"cwzînkq"fg"hceùgu"qw"vguqwtcu"fg"
rqfc"g"ceqpfkekqpcfqu"go"tgdqswgu"qw"ecttqècu"rctc"rquvgtkqt"
fgdwnjc."eqo"c"wvknk|cèçq"fg"vtknjcfgktcu"qw"dcvgfqtgu"fg"egtgcku."
fgxkfcogpvg"tgiwncfqu0
Fgrqku"fg"eqnjkfqu."qu"itçqu"fgxgo"ugt"uwdogvkfqu"ä"nkorg|c"
g"ugecigo."fgxgpfq"ugt"ctoc|gpcfqu"eqo"wokfcfg"go"vqtpq"
fg" 35'." go" nqecn" ugeq." ctglcfq" g" nkxtg" fg" kpugvqu0" C" eqnjgkvc"
ogecpk|cfc." tgcnk|cfc" rqt" rtqfwvqtgu" fq" rtqlgvq" fg" rguswkuc."
guvâ"tgrtgugpvcfc"pcu"Figuras 12, 13 e 14"g."c"eqnjgkvc"ocpwcn."
pcu"Figuras 15 e 160
25
Figura 12."Colheita de girassol, com colheitadeira
adaptada. Lavoura experimental do produtor Olavo
da Rosa, município de Lagoa Bonita do Sul - RS.
Figura 13. Pontões adaptados para a colheita de
milho, utilizados na colheita de girassol.
26
Figura 14. Colheitadeira de milho tratorizada,
realizando colheita de girassol. Lavoura do
produtor Alvandir de Oliveira, município
de Candelária - RS.
Figura 15. Colheita manual de girassol. Lavoura
experimental do produtor Celso Montineli,
no município de Boqueirão do Leão - RS.
27
Figura 16."Trilha de girassol, utilizando o batedor
de cereais. Lavoura experimental do produtor
Sergio Martins, no município de Venâncio Aires - RS.
4 GIRASSOL E APICULTURA
C"hnqt"fq"iktcuuqn"ê"woc"itcpfg"kphnqtgueípekc"fq"vkrq"ecrîvwnq."
qw"uglc."q"fkueq"fc"hnqtcn"fq"iktcuuqn"ê"eqorquvq"rqt"fg|gpcu"fg"
hnqtgu"citwrcfcu"woc"cq"ncfq"fc"qwvtc0"Cu"hnqtgu"rgtkhêtkecu"uçq"
nkpiwncfcu" g." cu" egpvtcku." vwdwnctgu." hqtocpfq" c" kocigo" vîrkec"
fguuc"kphnqtgueípekc0"
Fgxkfq"cq"itcpfg"pûogtq"fg"hnqtgu."q"iktcuuqn"hqtpgeg"woc"
cnvc"swcpvkfcfg"fg"rôngp"g"pêevct"rctc"qu"kpugvqu"xkukvcpvgu"hnqtcku0"
Gpvtg" guugu" xkukvcpvgu" hnqtcku." fguvceco/ug." rtkpekrcnogpvg." cu"
cdgnjcu." eqoq" c" Apis mellifera" *gurêekg" gzôvkec" wvknk|cfc" pc"
crkewnvwtc+"g"cu"cdgnjcu"ugo"hgttçq"*gurêekgu"pcvkxcu"wvknk|cfcu"
pc"ognkrqpkewnvwtc+0
Q"rôngp"g"q"pêevct"guvçq"fkurqpîxgku"pc"hnqt"fwtcpvg"vqfc"c"
hnqtcèçq."ugpfq"q"pêevct"rtqfw|kfq"eqpvkpwcogpvg."fq"rtkogktq"cq"
ûnvkoq"fkc"fc"hnqtcfc0"C"swcpvkfcfg"fg"rôngp"ê"nkokvcfc"g."cuuko."
cecdc"lâ"pqu"rtkogktqu"fkcu"fg"hnqtcèçq."tgfw|kpfq."rqtvcpvq."c"
28
cwvqhgewpfcèçq" fcu" hnqtgu." qw" uglc." c" hgewpfcèçq" fc" hnqt" rgnq"
rôngp"rtqfw|kfq"rqt"gnc0"
Cnêo" fq" pêevct" fkurqpîxgn" pc" hnqt." q" iktcuuqn" nkdgtc." cpvgu"
fc" rtôrtkc" hnqtcèçq." q" ejcocfq" pêevct" gzvtchnqtcn." wo" nîswkfq"
cèwectcfq" swg" ugtxg" fg" guvîownq" ä" tckpjc" fgpvtq" fc" eqnoêkc"
rctc"eqnqect"ocku"qxqu0"Kuuq"fâ"c"ugpucèçq"fg"swg"ê"c"rncpvc"
swg"ewkfc"fcu"cdgnjcu."rtgrctcpfq/cu"go"ockqtgu"swcpvkfcfgu"
rctc"c"uwc"rtôrtkc"rqnkpk|cèçq0
4.1 Produção de mel e sementes
"
Fwtcpvg" q" rgtîqfq" fc" hnqtcèçq" fq" iktcuuqn." qeqttg" wo"
kpetgogpvq"pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"fg"Apis mellifera"gpvtg"42"g"62"
nkvtqu" rqt" jgevctg" ewnvkxcfq0"Cpvgu" fq" uwtikogpvq" fcu" tgegpvgu"
nkpjcigpu."q"ekenq"fg"hqtocèçq"fq"iktcuuqn"gtc"nqpiq0"Cvê"eqorngvct"
c" hnqtcèçq." ug" rcuucxc" swcug" wo" oíu." qw" uglc." gng" hqtpgekc"
cnkogpvq" uwhkekgpvg" rctc" woc" eqnoêkc" c" ecfc" fqku" jgevctgu" fg"
âtgc0" Eqo" cu" pqxcu" nkpjcigpu" fg" iktcuuqn." eqo" woc" hnqtcèçq"
swg" swcug" pçq" ejgic" cqu" swkp|g" fkcu." q" gpecdgècogpvq" fg"
fwcu"eqnoêkcu"rqt"jgevctg"rqfg"fct"dqpu"tguwnvcfqu0"
C" crkewnvwtc" okitcvôtkc" eqpukuvg" pc" kpuvcncèçq" fg" eqnoêkcu"
fg"Apis mellifera"pq"ewnvkxq"fg"iktcuuqn"pc"êrqec"fg"hnqtcèçq."qw"
uglc."crtqxgkvcpfq/ug"cu"hqpvgu"hnqtcku"rctc"rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"g1
qw"rôngp."dgo"eqoq"ognjqtcpfq"c"rtqfwvkxkfcfg"fq"ewnvkxq"go"
cvê" 72'." lâ" swg" go" xâtkcu" tgikùgu" q" pûogtq" fg" rqnkpk|cfqtgu"
pcvwtcku"ê"owkvq"dckzq0"
Fgxkfq"ä"rtgugpèc"fq"pêevct"gzvtchnqtcn."cu"eqnoêkcu"lâ"rqfgo"
ugt" kpuvcncfcu" cq" tgfqt" fq" rncpvkq" swcpfq" q" iktcuuqn" cnecpèct"
crtqzkocfcogpvg"72eo"fg"cnvwtc."lâ"swg"guug"pêevct"guvkownc"c"
rquvwtc"fc"tckpjc"g."cuuko."hqtvcngeg"c"eqnoêkc0"
Rctc"c"rtqfwèçq"fg"ugogpvgu."c"rtgugpèc"fg"rqnkpk|cfqtgu"ê"
hwpfcogpvcn."lâ"swg"c"hgewpfcèçq"etw|cfc"*vtcpurqtvg"fg"rôngp"fg"
woc"hnqt"rctc"qwvtc+"cwogpvc"q"pûogtq"fg"cswípkqu"rtqfw|kfqu"
g."vcodêo."uwc"swcnkfcfg0"Guvwfqu"oquvtctco"swg."go"rncpvcu"
swg"tgegdgo"ocku"xkukvcu"fg"cdgnjcu."cwogpvc"c"swcpvkfcfg"fg"
ôngq"pcu"ugogpvgu"*Figura 17+0"
29
Dicas para o manejo de colméias de
Apis mellifera na apicultura migratória.
Cu"eqnoêkcu"fg"Apis mellifera"fgxgo<
- ser instaladas ao redor da lavoura, facilitando, dessa
forma, o manejo e a retirada do mel;
- ser distribuídas de forma a cobrirem homogeneamente
toda a área da cultura, ou seja, duas colméias por
hectare ou numa distância não maior que 200m entre si.
- ser de boa qualidade e estarem em perfeitas condições;
- ser colocadas na lavoura quando as plantas de
girassol atingem aproximadamente 50cm de altura, para
aproveitar o néctar extrafloral e seus benefícios para a
própria colméia;
- ter acesso a uma fonte de água limpa nas
proximidades, para beber e para regular a temperatura
dentro da colméia;
- ser inspecionadas externamente a cada semana.
Figura 17.Presença de abelhas na
floração do girassol.
30
Minidicionário da apicultura:
Pólen<"ê"q"gngogpvq"ocuewnkpq"fg"tgrtqfwèçq"fcu"rncpvcu"g
ug"gpeqpvtc"pcu"cpvgtcu"fcu"hnqtgu00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Néctar:" ê" woc" uwduvãpekc" cswquc" ugetgvcfc" rgnqu" xgig/
vcku"rqt"inãpfwncu"gurgekcnk|cfcu"nqecnk|cfcu"pc"hnqt"*pêevct
hnqtcn+" qw" go" qwvtcu" rctvgu" fc" rncpvc" *pêevct" gzvtc/hnqtcn+0
Mel<" ê" wo" cnkogpvq" cèwectcfq" rtqfw|kfq" rgncu" cdgnjcu" c
rctvkt"fq"pêevct"g"rtqeguucfq"rgncu"gp|kocu"fkiguvkxcu"fcu
cdgnjcu000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
Própolis<"ê"woc"tgukpc"eqngvcfc"rgncu"cdgnjcu"rctc"rtqvgigt
c" eqnoêkc" fg" fqgpècu" g" vcodêo" fqu" kpkokiqu" pcvwtcku0
Geléia real<" ê" woc" uwduvãpekc" ngkvquc." hnwîfc." rtqfw|kfc
rqt"inãpfwncu"gurgeîhkecu"fg"cdgnjcu"lqxgpu."wvknk|cfc"rctc
c"cnkogpvcèçq"fcu"nctxcu"swg"hqtoctçq"pqxcu"tckpjcu00000000000
5 CUSTO DE PRODUÇÃO E RENTABILIDADE
DO GIRASSOL
"
Rctc" kfgpvkhkect" q" rqvgpekcn" vêepkeq/geqpõokeq" fq" iktcuuqn" g"
c" citgicèçq" fg" xcnqt" ä" ocvêtkc/rtkoc." fg" hqtoc" c" crtqxgkvâ/nq"
kpvgitcnogpvg"pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"gpgtikc"g"cnkogpvqu."ê"korqtvcpvg"
crwtct" q" ugw" ewuvq" fg" rtqfwèçq." pçq" uqogpvg" rctc" qhgtgegt"
gngogpvqu" pgeguuâtkqu" ä" cpânkug" fg" tgpvcdknkfcfg" fc" wpkfcfg"
fg"rtqfwèçq."ocu"vcodêo"rctc"vgt"wo"rctãogvtq"pc"vqocfc"fg"
fgekuçq0
Q" ewuvq" fg" rtqfwèçq" fq" iktcuuqn" rqfg" queknct" owkvq." rtkpek/
rcnogpvg."go"rgswgpcu"rtqrtkgfcfgu."uglc"go"hwpèçq"fq"ukuvgoc"
fg"rtqfwèçq"g"itcw"fg"vgepqnqikc"gortgicfq"rgnq"rtqfwvqt."uglc"
rgnc"fkurqpkdknkfcfg"fg"oçq"fg"qdtc"g"gswkrcogpvqu"wvknk|cfqu0
Dcugcfq"go"fcfqu"qdvkfqu"eqo"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fg"ncxqwtcu"
gzrgtkogpvcku." hqtco" fgvgtokpcfqu" qu" ewuvqu" xctkâxgku." hkzqu" g"
vqvcku"fc"rtqfwèçq"fg"itçqu0"Pc"Tabela 2."crtgugpvc/ug"q"ewuvq"
oêfkq" fg" rtqfwèçq" fgvcnjcfq" fcu" 39" ncxqwtcu" korncpvcfcu" pc"
uchtc"422:1422;0"Xgtkhkec/ug"swg"qu"ewuvqu"fqu"kpuwoqu"*cfwdq."
wtêkc"g"ugogpvgu+"g"fc"oçq"fg"qdtc"hcoknkct"*rtkpekrcnogpvg"pc"
eqnjgkvc" ocpwcn+" uçq" qu" rtkpekrcku" fgvgtokpcpvgu" fq" ewuvq" fg"
rtqfwèçq"fq"iktcuuqn0
31
Tabela 2."Custo de produção - Média de 17
lavouras de girassol (safra 2008/2009)0
FASE
2
2
3
3
1
DESCRIÇÃO
Un
R$/un
Produção
kg.
Área plantada
Hélio 250 / Aguara 3
SEMENTE
Adubo 05-25-25
Adubo especial Boro
FERTILIZANTES Superfosfato triplo
Uréia
Decis
Post + Assist
HERBICIDA
Glifosato
DESSECANTE
ha
kg.
kg.
kg.
kg.
kg.
l
l
l
21,90
1,33
8,45
0,88
1,33
9,50
40,90
17,90
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
4,30
12,00
4,30
12,00
4,30
12,00
4,30
12,00
4,30
12,00
4,30
4,30
12,00
4,30
0,86
4,30
12,00
4,30
12,00
4,30
12,00
150,00
Quantidade
Custo em R$
Produtor Por ha Produtor Por ha
1.189
1.189
1.357
1.357
0,876
1,000
0,876
1,000
4,471
97,91
5,101
111,71
183,824 209,732
244,49
278,94
6,765
57,16
7,718
65,22
20,588
18,12
23,490
20,67
161,765 184,564
215,15
245,47
1,93
0,203
2,20
0,232
0,735
30,06
0,839
34,32
0,912
16,32
1,040
18,62
OPERAÇÕES
Homem
Trator próprio
Homem
1
Subsolagem
Trator próprio
Homem
1
Gradagem
Trator próprio
Homem
2
Plantio/Adubação Trator próprio
Homem
3
Aplicar herbicida Trator próprio
3
Aplicar inseticida Homem
Homem
3
Aplicar uréia
Trator próprio
Homem
3
Cultivar
Animal
Homem
Colheita com
4
Trator próprio
colheitadeira
Homem
Colheita manual Trator próprio
4
Homem
Colheita com
Colheitadeira própria
4
colheitadeira
Colheitadeira alugada
de milho
Insumos agrícolas
Mão de obra
Animal próprio
Trator próprio
Trator alugado
SUBTOTAL
Depreciação de animais e máquinas
Funrural
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL
1
Dessecação
Hqpvg<"Chwdtc
32
0,721
0,250
1,176
1,176
1,000
1,000
3,250
1,721
1,882
0,471
0,353
5,471
0,059
2,235
1,059
0,471
0,471
24,941
0,882
0,294
0,294
0,265
379,263
41,794
1,059
6,324
0,265
428,705
0,822
0,285
1,342
1,342
1,141
1,141
3,708
1,963
2,148
0,537
0,403
6,242
0,067
2,550
1,208
0,537
0,537
28,456
1,007
0,336
0,336
0,302
432,716
47,685
1,208
7,215
0,000
488,824
3,10
3,00
5,06
14,11
4,30
12,00
13,98
20,65
8,09
5,65
1,52
23,53
0,71
9,61
0,91
2,03
5,65
107,25
10,58
1,26
3,53
39,75
681,14
179,73
0,91
75,88
39,75
977,41
18,61
19,15
37,76
1.015,17
3,53
3,42
5,77
16,10
4,91
13,69
15,94
23,56
9,24
6,44
1,73
26,84
0,80
10,97
1,04
2,31
6,44
122,36
12,08
1,44
4,03
45,30
777,15
205,04
1,04
86,56
45,30
1.115,09
21,24
21,85
43,09
1.158,18
5.1 Rentabilidade
Rctc"cpcnkuct"c"tgpvcdknkfcfg"fq"iktcuuqn"go"rgswgpc"guecnc."
hqk" hgkvc" woc" rtqlgèçq" fg" rtqfwèçq" fg" 40222" mi1jc." q" swg" ug"
eqpukfgtc"geqpqokecogpvg"kfgcn0"Dcugcfqu"pq"ewuvq"oêfkq"fg"
rtqfwèçq"qdvkfq"go"ncxqwtcu"gzrgtkogpvcku"tgcnk|cfcu"gpvtg"cu"
uchtcu"422814229"c"422;14232"tgcnk|qw/ug"woc"cxcnkcèçq"ngxcpfq"
go"eqpvc"c"ukorngu"xgpfc"fqu"itçqu."dgo"eqoq"q"rtqeguucogpvq"
fq"itçq"rctc"tgkpugtèçq"pq"rtqeguuq"rtqfwvkxq"fc"rtqrtkgfcfg"
uqd"hqtoc"fg"eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq"fg"dkqfkgugn"g"fg"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn0"
Rctc" kuuq." cnêo" fcu" qdugtxcèùgu" tgngxcpvgu" ekvcfcu." wvknk|qw/
ug" qu" tguwnvcfqu" fg" kpxguvkogpvqu." ewuvqu" rctekcku" cpwcku" *go"
tgcku+"g"swcpvkfcfgu"wvknk|cfcu"fg"cniwpu"hcvqtgu"eqoq"rtgèq"fg"
ogtecfq"fq"itçq."fq"ôngq"fkgugn"g"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn."rtcvkecfqu"
pc" tgikçq" Xcng" fq" Tkq" Rctfq" g" Xcng" fq" Tkq"Vcswctk" pq" cpq" fg"
422;"*Tabelas 3 e 4+0
Tabela 3."Projeções das receitas com a venda e o
beneficiamento da produção de girassol.
Projeção de custo para 1 ha c/ produção de 2.000 kg
Item
Valor R$
Kpuwoqu"citîeqncu"
663,30
Ewuvq"ugecigo"fq"itçq
150,00
Ewuvq"eqo"oâswkpcu
132,00
Total custo produção
945,30
Projeção de receita c/ produção de 2.000 kg – Venda do grão
Item
Valor R$
Eqvcèçq"fg"rtgèq"ucec"fg"82"mi
41,31
Tgegkvc"e1xgpfc"itçq
1.376,99
Ewuvq"fg"rtqfwèçq"⁄"Ncxqwtc
(945,30)
Receita líquida
431,69
33
Tabela 4."Projeções das receitas com o beneficiamento
da produção de girassol.
Projeção de receita c/ produção de 2.000 kg – Beneficiando o grão
Item
Valor R$
Eqvcèçq"fg"rtgèq"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"*vqpgncfc+
900,00
Eqvcèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn"?"Rtgèq"fkgugn"pc"dqodc"*nkvtq+
2,00
Ewuvq"fg"rtqfwèçq"*ncxqwtc+
(945,30)
Ewuvq"dgpghkekcogpvq"-"rtqeguuq"fg"vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq
(694,89)
Tgegkvc"hctgnq"*vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn+"/"82'"fc"rtqfwèçq
1.080,00
Tgegkvc"dkqfkgugn"/"62'"fc"rtqfwèçq
1.440,00
Receita líquida
879,81
Hqpvg<"Chwdtc
6 RESULTADOS DA CULTURA DE GIRASSOL NAS
REGIÕES DO VALE DO RIO PARDO E
DO VALE DO TAQUARI
Q"iktcuuqn."ewnvkxcfq"go"tgikùgu"fq"Xcng"fq"Tkq"Rctfq"g"fq"
Xcng"fq"Vcswctk."crtgugpvqw"ôvkoq"fgugpxqnxkogpvq."cfcrvcpfq/
ug"c"fkhgtgpvgu"eqpfkèùgu"enkoâvkecu."vkrqu"fg"uqnq"g"vqrqitchkcu0"
C" rtqfwvkxkfcfg" oêfkc" qdvkfc" hqk" fg" go" vqtpq" fg" 30722" mi1jc."
ckpfc"eqpukfgtcfc"dckzc0"Guug"xqnwog"ug"lwuvkhkec"rgnc"qeqttípekc"
fg"hcvqtgu"cfxgtuqu."eqoq."rqt"gzgornq."c"ugogcfwtc"vctfkc."c"
hqtvg"kpekfípekc"fg"ejwxcu"pc"êrqec"fg"ugogcfwtc"g"fg"eqnjgkvc"
g."go"cniwpu"ecuqu."q"cvcswg"fg"râuuctqu"*rqodcu+0"Rqt"qwvtq"
ncfq." ug" qdvgxg." go" fgvgtokpcfcu" ukvwcèùgu." rtqfwvkxkfcfgu"
uwrgtkqtgu" c" 50222" mi1jc." q" swg" fgoqpuvtc" swg" c" ewnvwtc" vgo"
rqvgpekcn"rtqfwvkxq"rctc"qdvgt"woc"rtqfwvkxkfcfg"oêfkc"fg"40222"
mi1jc."q"swg."fq"rqpvq"fg"xkuvc"geqpõokeq."rqfg"ugt"eqpukfgtcfq"
cvtcvkxq"rctc"q"rtqfwvqt0"
Q"ewnvkxq"fcu"ncxqwtcu"fg"iktcuuqn"hqk"tgcnk|cfq"go"fkhgtgpvgu"
ukvwcèùgu." wvknk|cpfq/ug" fkuvkpvqu" gurcècogpvqu." rqrwncèùgu" g"
êrqecu"fg"ugogcfwtc0"Qu"tguwnvcfqu"oquvtctco"swg."crguct"fg"
34
ug" wvknk|ct" fkhgtgpvgu" gurcècogpvqu." pçq" ug" qdugtxqw" fkhgtgpèc"
ukipkhkecvkxc" pc" rtqfwvkxkfcfg0" Lâ" swcpvq" ä" rqrwncèçq." hqtco"
cvkpikfqu"ognjqtgu"tguwnvcfqu."vgpfq"crtgugpvcfq"gpvtg"5:0222"g"
6702222"rncpvcu"rqt"jgevctg0"Go"tgncèçq"ä"êrqec"fg"ugogcfwtc."
qu"ognjqtgu"tguwnvcfqu"hqtco"qdvkfqu"eqo"ncxqwtcu"korncpvcfcu"
pqu" ogugu" fg" ugvgodtq1qwvwdtq0" Ncxqwtcu" eqo" ugogcfwtcu" c"
rctvkt" fg" pqxgodtq" vgpfgtco" c" fkokpwkt" q" rqvgpekcn" rtqfwvkxq" g"
vcodêo"q"vgqt"fg"ôngq"fq"itçq0"
C" ugogcfwtc" pqu" ogugu" fg" hgxgtgktq1octèq." eqpukfgtcfqu"
rgtîqfq" fg" uchtkpjc." hqk" rquuîxgn0" Rqtêo." c" ewnvwtc" hkeqw" ocku"
xwnpgtâxgn"ä"rtgugpèc"fg"fqgpècu"hûpikecu."eqoq"c"guengtqvkpkc."
swg." woc" xg|" rtgugpvg" pc" ncxqwtc." rqfg" ecwuct" rtglwî|qu" swg"
kpxkcdknk|co"q"ewnvkxq"fq"iktcuuqn"g"fg"qwvtcu"ewnvwtcu"uwdugs°gpvgu"
uwuegvîxgku"c"guuc"fqgpèc."rqku"rtqxqec"c"eqpvcokpcèçq"fq"uqnq0
Fgpvtg" cu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" tgcnk|cfcu" cvtcxêu" fg"
ukuvgocu" eqpxgpekqpcku." fguvceco/ug" cu" ncxqwtcu" fg" iktcuuqn"
korncpvcfcu"rgnq"ukuvgoc"geqnôikeq."cu"swcku"crtgugpvctco"dqc"
ecrcekfcfg" rtqfwvkxc." qdvgpfq/ug" woc" rtqfwvkxkfcfg" oêfkc" fg"
40272" mi1jc." tguwnvcfq" eqpukfgtcfq" ucvkuhcvôtkq0" Ucnkgpvc/ug" swg"
ckpfc" ugtçq" pgeguuâtkcu" ocku" rguswkucu" rctc" tgeqpjgegt" cu"
rctvkewnctkfcfgu"fq"ewnvkxq"fg"iktcuuqn"tgcnk|cfq"rqt"guug"ukuvgoc0"
Pqu" Xcngu" fq" Tkq" Rctfq" g" fq" Tkq" Vcswctk" jâ" woc" ukipkhkecvkxc"
guvtwvwtc"fg"rtqfwèçq"cpkocn"*uwkpqewnvwtc."cxkewnvwtc"g"cvkxkfcfg"
ngkvgktc+." q" swg." eqpugswgpvgogpvg." fkurqpkdknk|c" itcpfg" swcpvk/
fcfg" fg" fglgvqu" cpkocku." rtkpekrcn" hqpvg" fg" pwvtkèçq" rctc" cu"
rncpvcu."xkpfq"c"hcxqtgegt"q"ukuvgoc"fg"rtqfwèçq"geqnôikec0"
Qdugtxqw/ug." vcodêo." c" korqtvãpekc" fq" iktcuuqn" pc" tqvcèçq"
fg" ewnvwtcu." dgo" eqoq" q" kpetgogpvq" fg" rtqfwèçq" pc" cvkxkfcfg"
crîeqnc0
7 EXTRAÇÃO DE ÓLEO DO GIRASSOL
Qu" ôngqu" fg" qtkigo" xgigvcn" igtcnogpvg" uçq" gzvtcîfqu" rgnq"
rtqeguuq"fg"rtguuçq"eqpvîpwc"qw"rqt"uqnxgpvgu"g."ugiwpfq"Q‚Dtkgp"
*4222+."c"gzvtcèçq"pqtocnogpvg"ê"hgkvc"rtguukqpcpfq"c"ugogpvg."
eqo"c"wvknk|cèçq"fg"woc"rtgpuc"eqpvîpwc."eqo"wo"rctchwuq"tquec"
ugo"hko"*Figura 18+0
35
Figura18. Extrusora mecânica de óleo
vegetal utilizada no projeto.
C"gzvtcèçq"fq"ôngq"rqt"uqnxgpvgu"ê"c"ocku"eqorngvc"g"rgtokvg"
q" gortgiq" fg" vgorgtcvwtcu" ocku" dckzcu0" Pq" gpvcpvq." c" gzvtcèçq"
rqt" rtgpucigo" ê" ocku" cfgswcfc" rctc" rgswgpcu" wpkfcfgu." pcu"
swcku"xkuc/ug"ä"qdvgpèçq"fg"ôngq"fg"hqtoc"fguegpvtcnk|cfc0"Pguug"
ukuvgoc."q"rtqfwvqt"qw"itwrqu"fg"rtqfwvqtgu"rqfgo"gzvtckt"q"ôngq"
g."go"ugiwkfc."wvknk|â/nq"pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn0
Gzkuvgo." pq" ogtecfq." xâtkcu" qrèùgu" fg" gswkrcogpvqu" eqo"
ecrcekfcfg" g" hwpekqpcogpvq" fkhgtgpekcfqu" go" hwpèçq" fq" itçq" c"
ugt"wvknk|cfq"qw"go"hwpèçq"fq"design"gueqnjkfq"rctc"c"gzvtcèçq"fg"
woc"swcpvkfcfg"ockqt"fg"ôngq0
Cniwpu"ewkfcfqu"swg"fgxgo"ugt"eqpukfgtcfqu"pc"fghkpkèçq"fg"
wo"gswkrcogpvq"qw"pq"rtqeguuq"fg"gzvtcèçq"c"ugt"wvknk|cfq"rctc"
eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq"guvçq"tgncekqpcfqu"c"swguvkqpcogpvqu"swg"fgxgo"
ugt"rtgxkcogpvg"tgcnk|cfqu."vcku"eqoq<
/"swcn"q"itçq"swg"xck"ugt"gzvtcîfqA"*eqpukfgtct"q"vcocpjq"fq"
itçq"g"fq"vgqt"fg"ôngq"fguglcfq+=
/"jcxgtâ"fguecuecogpvq"qw"pçqA
/"swcn"q"xqnwog"fg"itçqu"rtqfw|kfq"go"ecfc"uchtc"qw"rgtîqfqA
36
Rqt"qwvtq"ncfq."vcodêo"ê"korqtvcpvg"eqpukfgtct."ugortg"swg"
rquuîxgn."c"cswkukèçq"fg"gswkrcogpvqu"go"cèq"kpqzkfâxgn."woc"xg|"
swg"uçq"ocku"tgukuvgpvgu"g"ocku"hâegku"fg"jkikgpk|ct."rtkpekrcnogpvg"
ug" q" ôngq" hqt" wvknk|cfq" pc" cnkogpvcèçq0"Cnêo" fkuuq." ug" q" qdlgvkxq"
ê" wvknk|ct" q" ôngq" pc" cnkogpvcèçq." ê" kortguekpfîxgn" wuct" crgpcu"
ugogpvgu"fg"ôngqu"eqoguvîxgku"pc"rtgpuc."gxkvcpfq."fguuc"hqtoc."
q"tkueq"fg"eqpvcokpcèùgu0
Xcng"tguucnvct"swg."kpfgrgpfgpvg"fq"gswkrcogpvq"fg"gzvtcèçq"
wvknk|cfq."fgxg/ug"vgt"ewkfcfq"eqo"c"nkorg|c"g"eqo"q"vgqt"fg"wokfcfg"
fq"itçq"cpvgu"fq"rtqeguuq"fg"gzvtcèçq0"Pq"ecuq"fg"gzvtcèçq"fq"
ôngq"c"rctvkt"fq"iktcuuqn."tgeqogpfc/ug"swg"q"itçq"crtgugpvg"go"
vqtpq"fg"32'"fg"wokfcfg."qdvgpfq."eqo"kuuq."ognjqt"tguwnvcfq"pc"
gzvtcèçq"g"wo"ôngq"fg"dqc"swcnkfcfg0
C"hknvtcèçq"g"q"ctoc|gpcogpvq"eqttgvq"fq"ôngq"crôu"c"gzvtcèçq"
vcodêo"uçq"kpfkurgpuâxgku"rctc"ocpvgt"c"swcnkfcfg"fq"rtqfwvq."
vcpvq" rctc" wvknk|â/nq" pq" rtqeguuq" fg" vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq" *dkqfkgugn+"
swcpvq"rctc"hkpu"eqoguvîxgku0"Q"ôngq"pçq"fgxg"hkect"owkvq"vgorq"
guvqecfq"crôu"c"gzvtcèçq."rqku"vgpfg"c"cekfkhkect."fkhkewnvcpfq."eqo"
kuuq."q"rtqeguuq"fg"vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq0
"
8 PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL
C" ockqt" rctvg" fc" gpgtikc" eqpuwokfc" rgnc" rqrwncèçq" ê" fg"
qtkigo"hôuukn."qw"uglc."rtqxgpkgpvg"fq"rgvtôngq."fq"ectxçq"g"fq"iâu"
pcvwtcn0"Guucu"hqpvgu"uçq"nkokvcfcu"g"eqo"rtgxkuçq"fg"guiqvcogpvq."
vqtpcpfq."rqtvcpvq."q"gortgiq"fg"hqpvgu"cnvgtpcvkxcu"fg"gpgtikc"wo"
gortggpfkogpvq"rtqokuuqt0
Gpvtg"guucu"cnvgtpcvkxcu"guvâ"q"dkqfkgugn."swg"ê"fgtkxcfq"fg"hqpvgu"
tgpqxâxgku."dkqfgitcfâxgn."pçq/vôzkeq"g"crtgugpvc"dckzc"gokuuçq."
ug"eqorctcfq"cq"fkgugn"qtkwpfq"fq"rgvtôngq0"Ö"qdvkfq"eqowogpvg"
c" rctvkt" fg" woc" tgcèçq" swîokec" fgpqokpcfc" vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq."
cvtcxêu" fc" okuvwtc" fg" ôngqu" xgigvcku" qw" iqtfwtcu" cpkocku" g" fg"
wo"âneqqn"fg"ecfgkc"ewtvc"*gvcpqn"qw"ogvcpqn+"pc"rtgugpèc"fg"wo"
ecvcnkucfqt."vgpfq."ckpfc."eqoq"eqrtqfwvq"fc"tgcèçq."c"inkegtkpc0
Q" dkqfkgugn" rquuwk" cniwocu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" xcpvclqucu" go"
tgncèçq"cqu"eqodwuvîxgku"fgtkxcfqu"fq"rgvtôngq0"Guucu"xcpvcigpu"
37
kpenwgo."go"pîxgn"fg"Dtcukn."c"tgfwèçq"ä"fgrgpfípekc"fg"korqtvcèçq"
fg" rgvtôngq." c" cwuípekc" rtcvkecogpvg" eqorngvc" fg" gpzqhtg" g" fg"
eqorquvqu" ctqoâvkequ." c" rtgugpèc" fg" wo" ockqt" rqpvq" fg" hwniqt."
wo"cnvq"pûogtq"fg"egvcpq."woc"ockqt"fkurqpkdknkfcfg"fg"ocvêtkcu/
rtkocu"go"woc"itcpfg"xctkgfcfg"fg"hqpvgu"tgpqxâxgku"fg"târkfc"
dkqfgitcfcdknkfcfg" g" c" cwuípekc" fg" ockqtgu" rtqdngocu" pq"
vtcpurqtvg"g"guvqecigo0"Cnêo"fkuuq."ugswguvtc"ocku"iâu"ectdõpkeq"
fc"cvoquhgtc."fwtcpvg"c"uwc"rtqfwèçq."fq"swg"gokvg"swcpfq"guvâ"
ugpfq"swgkocfq."clwfcpfq."eqo"kuuq."c"cnkxkct"q"etguegpvg"eqpvgûfq"
fg"iâu"ectdõpkeq"fc"cvoquhgtc0"
Q"wuq"fg"dkqfkgugn"go"okuvwtcu"eqo"fkgugn"ê"woc"cnvgtpcvkxc"
swg."go"rgswgpc"swcpvkfcfg."qecukqpc"wo"cwogpvq"fg"nwdtkhkecèçq0"
Eqo"kuuq."rqfg"rtqnqpict"c"xkfc"ûvkn"fq"oqvqt."fkokpwkt"c"htgs°ípekc"
fg" uwduvkvwkèçq" fg" rgècu" g" tgfw|kt." ugpukxgnogpvg." cu" gokuuùgu"
fg"rctvkewncfqu"g"fg"hwocèc0"Go"itcpfg"swcpvkfcfg."cvê"oguoq"
rwtq"*D322+."rqfg"ugt"wo"hcvqt"swg"rgtokvg"q"wuq"fq"dkqfkgugn"rctc"
eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq."xkcdknk|cpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"citîeqnc"g"c"rtqfwèçq"
fguegpvtcnk|cfc"fq"dkqeqodwuvîxgn0
Pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn."ê"korqtvcpvg<
/"qdugtxct"c"swcnkfcfg"fc"ocvêtkc/rtkoc."wvknk|cpfq"ôngqu"eqo"
dckzq"îpfkeg"fg"cekfg|"g"fg"âiwc."rqku."fq"eqpvtâtkq."qu"oêvqfqu"
enâuukequ"*dâukequ+"fg"vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq"pçq"ugtçq"ghkekgpvgu=
/"gxkvct"q"ctoc|gpcogpvq"fgnqpicfq"fq"dkqfkgugn"g"fc"ocvêtkc/
rtkoc."woc"xg|"swg"rqfgo"qeqttgt"vtcpuhqtocèùgu"swîokecu"g"fg/
rqukèùgu=
/"rwtkhkect"q"dkqfkgugn"crôu"c"ugrctcèçq"fc"inkegtkpc."fkokpwkpfq."
cuuko."qu"fguicuvgu"fg"rgècu"fqu"oqvqtgu"crôu"q"wuq"fg"dkqfkgugn"
rwtq"qw"fg"okuvwtcu"eqo"fkgugn=
/" wvknk|ct" gswkrcogpvqu" swg" ictcpvco" woc" dqc" eqpxgtuçq" fq"
ôngq"go"dkqfkgugn=
/"qdugtxct"q"ôngq"c"ugt"wvknk|cfq0"Gng"fgxg"ugt"gueqnjkfq."rtghg/
tgpekcnogpvg."go"hwpèçq"fq"crtqxgkvcogpvq"kpvgitcn"fq"itçq."rqu/
ukdknkvcpfq." fguuc" hqtoc." q" crtqxgkvcogpvq" fg" eqrtqfwvqu" tguwn/
vcpvgu"fc"gzvtcèçq"rctc"c"cnkogpvcèçq"cpkocn0
38
Cq" kpuvcnct" woc" rncpvc" fg" dkqfkgugn" rctc" hkpu" fg" eqpuwoq"
rtôrtkq."ê"kortguekpfîxgn<
/"Xgtkhkect"cu"pqtocu"codkgpvcku"fq"owpkeîrkq=
/" Eqpuvtwkt" wo" cdtkiq" cfgswcfq" rctc" c" eqnqecèçq" fg" gswk/
rcogpvqu."qdugtxcpfq"c"pgeguukfcfg"fg"vtqecu"fg"ct."gurcèq"rctc"
ektewncèçq"go"vqtpq"fqu"gswkrcogpvqu."gurcèq"rctc"ctoc|gpcogpvq"
fc"ocvêtkc/rtkoc."ugiwtcpèc"g"gurcèq"rctc"cnqecèçq"fqu"tguîfwqu"
igtcfqu"cvê"q"eqttgvq"fguvkpq=
/"Vgt"wo"rtqhkuukqpcn"vtgkpcfq"qw"eqpvtcvct"wo"vêepkeq"fc"âtgc"
rctc" gxkvct" tkuequ" codkgpvcku." fg" ugiwtcpèc" g" fg" swcnkfcfg" fq"
rtqfwvq"hkpcn=
/"Tgcnk|ct"wo"rncpglcogpvq"fc"rctvg"citîeqnc"rctc"swg"c"ocvêtkc/
rtkoc"guvglc"fkurqpîxgn"cq"nqpiq"fq"cpq."gxkvcpfq."cuuko."q"guvqswg"
fg"ôngq"qw"dkqfkgugn=
/"Gueqnjgt"gswkrcogpvqu"swg"vgpjco"c"ecrcekfcfg"rtqfwvkxc"
go"eqpuqpãpekc"eqo"cu"pgeguukfcfgu"fg"eqodwuvîxgn"fc*u+"rtqrtk/
gfcfg*u+=
/" Gueqnjgt" gswkrcogpvqu" swg" vgpjco." pq" oîpkoq." tgcvqt." fg/
ecpvcfqt"g"ukuvgoc"fg"rwtkhkecèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn=
/"Qdugtxct"ug"q"tgcvqt"qw"q"ukuvgoc"fg"tgcèçq"vgo"cu"eqpfkèùgu"
kfgcku"rctc"ug"qdvgt"woc"gzegngpvg"eqpxgtuçq"fq"ôngq"go"dkqfkgugn"
g"ug"rquuwk"ugiwtcpèc"fg"ocpwugkq=
/"Qdugtxct"ug"c"rwtkhkecèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn."tgcnk|cfc"pq"gswkrc/
ogpvq"gueqnjkfq."cvgpfg"cq"itcw"oîpkoq"fg"swcnkfcfg"swg"ug"fguglc"
qdvgt"fq"eqodwuvîxgn"rctc"cfkekqpct"c"ugwu"ocswkpâtkqu"citîeqncu=
/" Wvknk|ct" gswkrcogpvqu" fg" ugiwtcpèc" cfgswcfqu." rtkpekrcn/
ogpvg"cq"ocpwugct"q"ogvcpqn=
/"Tgcnk|ct"wo"eqpvtqng"fg"swcnkfcfg"oîpkoq"fq"dkqfkgugn"hkpcn."
swg"rgtokvc"c"kfgpvkhkecèçq"fq"itcw"fg"eqpxgtuçq."c"cekfg|."q"vgqt"
fg"âiwc"g"c"rtgugpèc"fg"âneqqn"tgukfwcn"g"qwvtqu."fgrgpfgpfq"fc"
ocvêtkc/rtkoc"wvknk|cfc=
/" Rtgxgt" q" oâzkoq" fg" cwvqocèçq" fq" rtqeguuq" rctc" gxkvct" q"
ocpwugkq"fg"rtqfwvqu"swîokequ"*Figura 19+0
39
Figura 19.
Produção
de biodiesel
em miniusina.
9 APROVEITAMENTO DA GLICERINA NA
PRODUÇÃO DE SABÃO
C"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn."pqu"ûnvkoqu"cpqu."rtqxqeqw"c"igtc/
èçq"fg"wo"xqnwog"fg"inkegtkpc"cfkekqpcn"cq"swg"q"ogtecfq"vkpjc"
eqpfkèùgu"fg"cduqtxgt"g."rqt"kuuq."owkvcu"rguswkucu"xío"ugpfq"
fgugpxqnxkfcu"rctc"c"wvknk|cèçq"fguug"eqrtqfwvq0"
Pq"ecuq"fc"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn"c"rctvkt"fq"iktcuuqn"qw"fg"
qwvtcu"qngcikpqucu"rctc"eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq."c"inkegtkpc"gzegfgpvg"
rqfg"ugt"wvknk|cfc"pc"hcdtkecèçq"fg ucdçq."swg"ê."ugo"fûxkfc."woc"
fcu"cvkxkfcfgu"kpfwuvtkcku"ocku"cpvkicu"fg"pquuc"ekxknk|cèçq0""Woc"
hqtowncèçq"dâukec"g"fg"hâekn"ocpwugkq"guvâ"fguetkvc"c"ugiwkt0
SABÃO DE GLICERINA
Kngredientes<
6"mi"fg"ugdq"*qw"4"mi"fg"ugdq"-"4"nkvtqu"fg"ôngq+
3"mi"fg"uqfc
4"nkvtqu"fg"âneqqn
4"nkvtqu"fg"inkegtkpc
4"nkvtqu"fg"âiwc
/"Guuípekc"*qrekqpcn+
/"Eqtcpvg"*qrekqpcn+
40
Procedimento: Fgkzct"q"ugdq"fgttgvgt"ugo"ogzgt0"Go"wo"
tgekrkgpvg"ugrctcfq."okuvwtct"c"uqfc"pc"âiwc"g"ogzgt0"Swcpfq"
q" ugdq" fgttgvgt" eqorngvcogpvg." cfkekqpct" c" uqfc" fkuuqnxkfc"
pc" âiwc" g" ogzgt" xcictqucogpvg0" Go" ugiwkfc." eqnqect" q" ôngq"
g" c" inkegtkpc" g" ogzgt" pqxcogpvg0" Crôu." okuvwtct" q" âneqqn" rqt"
crtqzkocfcogpvg"37"okp0"Tgvktct"fq"cswgekogpvq"g"cetguegpvct"
c" guuípekc" g" q" eqtcpvg0" Fgkzct" ugect" g." rquvgtkqtogpvg." eqtvct"
go"dcttcu"*Figura 20+0
Ö"korqtvcpvg"fguvcect"swg"guuc"ogvqfqnqikc"rgtokvg"citgict"
egtec"fg"42'"go"ocuuc"fg"inkegtkpc"pc"hqtowncèçq"fq"ucdçq0"
Gpvtgvcpvq." ê" tgngxcpvg" cfxgtvkt" swg" c" inkegtkpc" wvknk|cfc" vgpjc"
woc" eqorqukèçq" nkxtg" fg" ogvcpqn" g" ogpqt" eqpegpvtcèçq" fg"
ânecnku"rquuîxgn."cfgswcèçq"fg"rJ"g"pgwvtcnk|cèçq0"
Figura 20. Fabricação de sabão da glicerina
obtida na produção de biodiesel.
10 USO DE BIODIESEL EM MOTORES DIESEL
Crôu" swcvtq" cpqu" fg" gpuckqu" c" ecorq." wvknk|cpfq" dkqfkgugn"
fg"fkhgtgpvgu"hqpvgu"go"vtcvqtgu"eqo"ukuvgocu"fg"kplgèçq"fktgvc"g"
kpfktgvc." oqpq" g" ownvkeknkpftq" g" fg" fkhgtgpvgu" octecu." dgo" eqoq"
41
go"woc"ecokpjqpgvg"wvknk|cfc"pq"rtôrtkq"rtqlgvq."eqpenwkw/ug"swg"
q" wuq" fg" dkqfkgugn" ê" xkâxgn" vcpvq" go" oqvqtgu" rctc" hkpu" citîeqncu"
swcpvq"go"xgîewnqu"fg"ectic"*Figuras 21 e 22+0"Tgeqogpfc/ug."
eqpvwfq."cniwpu"ewkfcfqu<
/"rctc"q"wuq"fg"D322"*322'"dkqfkgugn+"go"vtcvqtgu"fg"ukuvgoc"
kpfktgvq"fg"kplgèçq"fg"eqodwuvîxgn"ê"kortguekpfîxgn"q"wuq"fg"xgnc"fg"
cswgekogpvq"rctc"hceknkvct"c"rctvkfc"fq"oqvqt=
/" q" ôngq" nwdtkhkecpvg" fgxg" ugt" kpurgekqpcfq" rgtkqfkecogpvg."
fgxgpfq"ugt"vtqecfq"ugortg"swg"uwc"xkuequkfcfg"guvkxgt"dckzc"*ôngq"
ocku"›hkpqfi+"qw"jqwxgt"c"rtgugpèc"fg"ocvgtkcku"guvtcpjqu"*uônkfqu+=
/"qdugtxct"swg"qu"tgekrkgpvgu"fg"ctoc|gpcogpvq"fq"eqodwuvîxgn"
guvglco" ugortg" dgo" hgejcfqu0" Kuuq" gxkvc" c" eqpvcokpcèçq" fq"
eqodwuvîxgn"rqt"korwtg|cu0"Cnêo"fkuuq."gxkvc"swg"c"wokfcfg"fq"ct"
gpvtg"go"eqpvcvq"eqo"q"eqodwuvîxgn."q"swg"fkokpwktkc"uwc"swcnkfcfg"
fg"wvknk|cèçq"g"fcpkhkectkc"q"oqvqt=
/" pçq" fgkzct" c" vcorc" fq" vcpswg" fg" eqodwuvîxgn" cdgtvc" rctc"
gxkvct"c"eqpvcokpcèçq=
/" tgurgkvct" qu" kpvgtxcnqu" fg" vtqec" fg" ôngq" tgeqogpfcfqu" rgnq"
hcdtkecpvg0" Eqoq" q" dkqfkgugn" rquuwk" ectcevgtîuvkecu" fkhgtgpvgu" fq"
fkgugn"okpgtcn."ê"pqtocn"q"oqvqt"rgtfgt"rqvípekc0"Eqo"kuuq."equvwoc/
ug"cegngtct"ocku"q"vtcvqt."rtqxqecpfq"wo"ockqt"fguicuvg"fcu"rgècu"
kpvgtpcu0"Rqt"kuuq."c"nwdtkhkecèçq"fgxg"guvct"ugortg"go"fkc=
/"qdugtxct."eqpuvcpvgogpvg."cu"eqpfkèùgu"fcu"ocpiwgktcu"fq"
vtcvqt" g" fcu" xgfcèùgu" fg" dqttcejc." rqku" q" dkqfkgugn" fgitcfc/cu."
rqfgpfq"ecwuct"xc|cogpvqu0"Vtqswg"cu"ocpiwgktcu"qw"xgfcèùgu"
ugortg"swg"pgeguuâtkq=
/"go"fkcu"owkvq"htkqu."q"dkqfkgugn"vqtpc/ug"owkvq"xkuequq"g"uwc"
kplgèçq" rqfg" pçq" qeqttgt" fg" hqtoc" cfgswcfc0" Ö" pgeguuâtkq." pq"
oqogpvq"fc"rctvkfc."wvknk|ct"woc"xgnc"fg"cswgekogpvq"*vtcvqtgu+"qw"
fct"c"rctvkfc"eqo"fkgugn"okpgtcn"*xgîewnqu"go"igtcn+"cvê"swg"q"oqvqt"
cswgèc0
Cq"nqpiq"fq"vgorq."q"dkqfkgugn."eqoq"swcnswgt"qwvtq"eqodwu/
vîxgn."ug"fgitcfc"g"rgtfg"uwcu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"qtkikpcku0"Qdugtxqw/
ug."pcu"rguswkucu."swg"guuc"fgitcfcèçq"ug"kpvgpukhkec"fgrqku"fg"vtíu"
ogugu"fg"ctoc|gpcogpvq0"Swcpfq"q"dkqfkgugn"hkec"ceqpfkekqpcfq"
rqt"nqpiqu"rgtîqfqu."rqfg"qeqttgt"c"hqtocèçq"fg"fgrôukvqu"pq"hwpfq"
42
fq"tgekrkgpvg0"Ug"guugu"fgrôukvqu"hqtgo"gzcigtcfqu."ftgpg/qu"cpvgu"
fg"cdcuvgegt"q"oqvqt"eqo"dkqfkgugn0"Fgufg"swg"q"dkqfkgugn"uglc"fg"
dqc"swcnkfcfg"g"swg"q"oqvqt"uglc"wvknk|cfq"eqttgvcogpvg."q"dkqfkgugn"
pçq"hqtoc"pgpjwoc"dqttc."ucdçq"qw"swcnswgt"vkrq"fg"kpetwuvcèçq"
pcu"icngtkcu"fq"oqvqt0"Ecuq"kuuq"xgpjc"c"ceqpvgegt."egtvkhkswg/ug"
fc"rtqegfípekc"fq"eqodwuvîxgn"g"xgtkhkswg"cu"eqpfkèùgu"g"q"vgorq"
fg"ctoc|gpcogpvq"fq"rtqfwvq0
Go"igtcn."jâ"woc"rgswgpc"rgtfc"fg"vqtswg"g"fg"rqvípekc"fq"
oqvqt"cdcuvgekfq"eqo"dkqfkgugn."ug"eqorctcfq"eqo"q"cdcuvgekfq"
eqo" fkgugn" fg" rgvtôngq0" Guuc" fkhgtgpèc." vgpfq" ukfq" wvknk|cfqu"
eqodwuvîxgku"fg"dqc"swcnkfcfg."pçq"fgxg"uwrgtct"qu"32'0
Rqt" ûnvkoq." c" wvknk|cèçq" fg" dkqfkgugn" fg" dqc" swcnkfcfg" pçq"
fgxg" ecwuct" q" gpvwrkogpvq" fqu" hknvtqu" fg" eqodwuvîxgn" pgo" fqu"
dkequ" kplgvqtgu0" Fc" oguoc" hqtoc." qu" dkequ" fgxgo" rgtocpgegt"
guvcpswgu." ugo" xc|cogpvqu." crôu" c" wvknk|cèçq" fg" dkqfkgugn0" Go"
qwvtcu"rcncxtcu."guugu"ukuvgocu"fgxgo"hwpekqpct"pqtocnogpvg."vcn"
eqoq"hwpekqpctkco"eqo"fkgugn"okpgtcn0
Figura 21. Trator movido a biodiesel, do produtor
Agenor Scarci, município de Itapuca - RS.
43
Figura 22: Camionete movida a B100
(Biodiesel 100%).
11 TORTA DE GIRASSOL
C" vqtvc" fg" iktcuuqn" tguwnvcpvg" fq" rtqeguuq" fg" gzvtcèçq"
rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfc" rctc" xâtkqu" hkpu." gpvtg" gngu." c" cnkogpvcèçq"
cpkocn." fg" itcpfg" korqtvãpekc" rctc" qu" citkewnvqtgu" hcoknkctgu0"
Cvwcnogpvg." pc" Wpkxgtukfcfg" fg" Ucpvc" Etw|" fq" Uwn" *WPKUE+."
vcodêo" ug" vgo" dwuecfq" c" wvknk|cèçq" fc" vqtvc" eqoq" uwduvtcvq"
rctc"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fg"oketq/qticpkuoqu"rctc"c"rtqfwèçq"
fg" qwvtcu" oqnêewncu" fg" cnvq" xcnqt" citgicfq0" Cnêo" fkuuq." gnc"
guvâ"ugpfq"kpeqtrqtcfc"c"ocvgtkcku"swg."oguoq"eqpuvkvwîfqu"ä"
dcug"fg"rqnîogtqu."uçq"ocku"dkqfgitcfâxgku"g"crtgugpvco"woc"
rctegnc"fg"rctvîewncu"tgpqxâxgku."ugpfq."rqtvcpvq."fg"kpvgtguug"
codkgpvcn0
11.1 Características bromatólogicas
Cu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"guvçq"tgncekqpcfcu"c"
44
xâtkqu" hcvqtgu." eqoq." rqt" gzgornq." c" êrqec" fg" ugogcfwtc" fc"
rncpvc." cu" eqpfkèùgu" enkoâvkecu" pq" ekenq" fc" ewnvwtc." c" hqtoc" fg"
gzvtcèçq" fq" ôngq" g." rtkpekrcnogpvg." c" vgorgtcvwtc" wvknk|cfc" pc"
gzvtcèçq." xkuvq" swg" c" rtqvgîpc" ê" ugpuîxgn" c" cnvcu" vgorgtcvwtcu"
g"eqogèc"c"ug"fgvgtkqtct"c"rctvkt"fqu":2"√E0"Rqtvcpvq."fgxg/ug"
tgiwnct"c"gzvtwuqtc"fg"hqtoc"c"cvgpfgt"wo"rgtegpvwcn"ucvkuhcvôtkq"
fg"ôngq"ugo."eqo"kuuq."eqortqogvgt"c"swcnkfcfg"fc"vqtvc0"Uwcu"
rtkpekrcku"ectcevgtîuvkecu"uçq"qu"cnvqu"vgqtgu"fg"rtqvgîpc"dtwvc."
hkdtc"dtwvc"g"q"gzvtcvq"gvêtgq."rtkpekrcnogpvg"pq"ecuq"fg"gzvtcèçq"
guugpekcnogpvg"ogeãpkec."pc"swcn"rgtocpgeg"wo"rgtegpvwcn"fg"
ôngq"pc"vqtvc0"
C" vqtvc" qdvkfc" c" rctvkt" fq" iktcuuqn" tguwnvcpvg" fcu" ncxqwtcu"
gzrgtkogpvcku" crtgugpvqw" ôvkoc" swcnkfcfg." eqphqtog" oquvtc" c"
cpânkug" dtqocvqnôikec" *Tabela 5+0" Kuuq" hqk" rquuîxgn" crôu" xâtkqu"
vguvgu"g"clwuvgu"fc"gzvtwuqtc0
Tabela 50"Cpânkug"swîokeq/dtqocvqnôikec"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn.""
qdvkfc"c"rctvkt"fc"gzvtcèçq"ogeãpkec0
Amostra MS(%)
MO
PB
% na MS
EE
FB
ENN
Torta de
;20:7 ;7.36
48.9;
43.69
3;.58
49.74
girassol
MS<"Ocvêtkc"Ugec="MO:"Ocvêtkc"Qtiãpkec="PB:"Rtqvgîpc"Dtwvc=
EE:"Gzvtcvq"Gvêtgq."FB:"Hkdtc"Dtwvc="ENN:"Gzvtcvkxqu"Pçq"Pkvtkigpcfqu0
Hqpvg<"Fgrctvcogpvq"fg"\qqvgepkc"Ncdqtcvôtkq"fg"Pwvtkèçq"Cpkocn
*NPC+"⁄"WHUO
11.2 Recomendação de uso da torta de girassol na
alimentação animal
C" vqtvc" fg" iktcuuqn." rqt" rquuwkt" gzegngpvgu" ectcevgtîuvkecu"
pwvtkekqpcku."rtkpekrcnogpvg"wo"eqpukfgtâxgn"vgqt"fg"rtqvgîpc."xgo"
ugpfq"kpvtqfw|kfc"pc"eqorqukèçq"fg"tcèùgu"cpkocku."rq/fgpfq."
cvê"oguoq."uwduvkvwkt"q"vtcfkekqpcn"hctgnq"fg"uqlc0"C"tcèçq"hqtowncfc"
rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfc" pc" cnkogpvcèçq" fg" fkhgtgpvgu" gurêekgu" fg"
cpkocku."rqtêo"go"rgtegpvwcku"fkhgtgpekcfqu"rctc"ecfc"gurêekg"
g"fg"ceqtfq"eqo"q"ukuvgoc"fkiguvkxq"fg"ecfc"cpkocn0
45
Rctc" crtgugpvct" cq" rtqfwvqt" c" ognjqt" hqtoc" fg" kpvtqfw|kt"
c" vqtvc" fg" iktcuuqn" pc" cnkogpvcèçq" cpkocn." hqk" tgcnk|cfq" wo"
gzrgtkogpvq."eqo"dqxkpqu"fg"eqtvg."pq"Egpvtq"fg"Rguswkuc"rctc"c"
Fkxgtukhkecèçq"fc"Citkewnvwtc"Hcoknkct"*rtqrtkgfcfg"fc"CHWDTC+."
go"Tkq"Rctfq/TU."go"rctegtkc"eqo"c"Wpkxgtukfcfg"Hgfgtcn"fq"
Tkq"Itcpfg"fq"Uwn"*WHTIU+0"
C"vqtvc"hqk"vguvcfc"go"fkgvcu"*77'"eqo"ukncigo"g"67'"eqo"
tcèçq+"pqu"ugiwkpvgu"pîxgku<
"Vtcvcogpvq"3<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"2'"fg"vqtvc"fg"
iktcuuqn
"Vtcvcogpvq"4<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"47'"fg"vqtvc"fg"
iktcuuqn
"Vtcvcogpvq"5<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"72'"fg"vqtvc"fg"
iktcuuqn
"Vtcvcogpvq"6<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"97'"fg"vqtvc"fg"
iktcuuqn
C"tcèçq"hqk"eqorquvc"rqt"hctgnq"fg"vtkiq."hctgnq"fg"cttq|."vqtvc"
fg"iktcuuqn."ucn"okpgtcn"g"wtêkc0"Eqo"q"gzrgtkogpvq."eqpenwkw/ug"
swg"c"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"crtgugpvc"wo"gngxcfq"rqvgpekcn"pwvtkekqpcn"
g"uwc"wvknk|cèçq"pc"cnkogpvcèçq"fg"twokpcpvgu"vgxg"wo"ognjqt"
fgugorgpjq."pcu"rtqrqtèùgu"fg""47"g"72"'"pc"fkgvc0
Dcugcfq" pguug" gzrgtkogpvq" tgeqogpfc/ug." rctc" dqxkpqu"
fg"eqtvg"g"fg"ngkvg."c"ugiwkpvg"hqtowncèçq"fg"tcèçq"*Tabela 6"g"
Figura 23+0
Tabela 6."Formulação de ração com torta de girassol para
bovinos de corte e de leite.
Ingredientes
Vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn
Oknjq"swgdtcfq"qw"hctgnq"fg"vtkiq
Hctgnq"fg"cttq|"
Ucn"okpgtcn
Total
Hqpvg<"Chwdtc
46
Proporções (%)
47
63
54.7
3.7
322
Figura 23."Uso da torta de girassol na alimentação
de vacas leiteiras. Produtor Irineu Valdimiro Reuter,
município de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS.
Rctc" qwvtqu" cpkocku." pçq" wnvtcrcuuct" qu" rgtegpvwcku"
kpfkecfqu" pc" Tabela 70" Ucnkgpvc/ug." vcodêo." swg" ugw" wuq" pçq"
ê" tgeqogpfcfq" rctc" cpkocu" go" etguekogpvq" *lqxgpu+0" Q" wuq"
fc" vqtvc" pc" cnkogpvcèçq" fg" uwîpqu" ê" fg" itcpfg" korqtvãpekc"
gpgtiêvkec." gswkxcngpfq/ug" cq" oknjq0" Rqtêo." go" hwpèçq" fq"
cnvq"vgqt"fg"hkdtc"dtwvc"swg"rquuwk."tgeqogpfc/ug"crgpcu"rctc"
cpkocku"cfwnvqu."go"ncevcèçq"g"pc"vgtokpcèçq0"
Tabela 7."Percentuais de torta de girassol recomendado
na dieta animal.
Espécie animal
Qxkpqu
Uwîpqu"go"vgtokpcèçq
Rqtecu"go"Ncevcèçq
Cxgu
Proporções (%)
37
""7
32
""7
Hqpvg<"WHTIU
47
12 PROCESSAMENTO DE EMBUTIDOS
E DE PRODUTOS LÁCTEOS
Cvwcnogpvg." cu" swguvùgu" cnkogpvctgu" cfswktktco" ectâvgt"
ownvkuugvqtkcn."kpkekcpfq"rgnc"citkewnvwtc"qw"rgewâtkc."swg"dwueco"
kpetgogpvct" c" rtqfwèçq" fg" cnkogpvqu" cvtcxêu" fq" cwogpvq" fc"
rtqfwvkxkfcfg" fg" ocvêtkcu/rtkocu" qw" fg" rtqfwvqu" cecdcfqu0"
Guuc" âtgc" ewnokpc" eqo" q" tgngxcpvg" rcrgn" fc" vgepqnqikc" fg"
rtqeguucogpvq" fg" cnkogpvqu." ewlq" qdlgvkxq." cnêo" fg" cwogpvct"
c" xkfc" fg" rtcvgngktc" fqu" rtqfwvqu." ê" rtqfw|kt" cnkogpvqu" ocku"
uqhkuvkecfqu." ocku" pwvtkvkxqu." ocku" cvtcvkxqu" g" eqpxgpkgpvgu." g"
swg"rquuco"ugt"qhgtgekfqu"c"rtgèqu"ceguuîxgku"ä"itcpfg"rctvg"
fc"rqrwncèçq0
Cniwocu" hqtowncèùgu" fg" rtqfwvqu" eâtpgqu." swg" rqfgo"
eqpvtkdwkt"rctc"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"fc"rtqrtkgfcfg"hcoknkct."rtqoqxkfc"
rgnq"rncpvkq"fg"iktcuuqn"g"swg."eqpugswgpvgogpvg."igtc"c"vqtvc"
gortgicfc"pc"cnkogpvcèçq"cpkocn."guvçq"pcu"Tabelas 4 c 100
Tabela 4."Formulação básica para linguiça frescal.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"uwîpc
Vqwekpjq
Ignq
Ucn
Peso (g)
4222
972
322
72
Matéria-Prima
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq
Cèûect
Peso (g)
8
37
5
Tabela 5. Formulação básica para linguiça toscana.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"uwîpc
Ectpg"dqxkpc
Vqwekpjq
Ignq
Ucn
48
Peso (g)
4222
4222
3222
722
372
Matéria-Prima
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Cnjq
Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq
Cèûect
Peso (g)
38
38
38
8
Tabela 6. Formulação básica da linguiça calabresa.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"uwîpc
Vqwekpjq
Ucn
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Quantidade (g)
4222
472
72
7
Matéria-Prima
Rkogpvc/ecncdtguc
Cnjq
Gtxc/fqeg
Xkpjq"dtcpeq"ugeq
Quantidade (g)
7
2.8
2.8
2.7"N
Tabela 70"Formulação básica da linguiça mista.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"uwîpc
Ectpg"dqxkpc
Vqwekpjq
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Ucn
Xkpjq"vkpvq"ugeq
Quantidade (g)
4222
4222
422
32
322
2.7"N
Matéria-Prima
Qtêicpq"go"rô
Rkogpvc/fq/tgkpq
Cnjq
Pq|/oquecfc
Etcxq/fc/îpfkc
Quantidade (g)
5
7
7
4
4
" Cu" gvcrcu" dâukecu" fg" hcdtkecèçq" fguugu" rtqfwvqu."
crtgugpvcfqu"pcu"Tabelas 4 c 7, eqortggpfgo<"oqcigo"fc*u+"
ectpg*u+" g" fq" vqwekpjq" pq" fkueq" fg" :" c" 32oo=" rgucigo" fqu"
eqpfkogpvqu."fq"ignq"g"fqu"cfkvkxqu="okuvwtc"fc*u+"ectpg*u+"g"fq"
vqwekpjq"eqo"qu"eqpfkogpvqu."q"ucn."q"ignq"g"qu"cfkvkxqu"cvê"c"
qdvgpèçq"fq"rqpvq"fg"nkic="godwvkogpvq"go"vtkrc"pcvwtcn."hc|gpfq"
iqoqu"fg"52"c"57eo="ctoc|gpcigo"uqd"tghtkigtcèçq"*6"√E+"qw"
eq|kogpvq"go"hgtxwtc"rqt"52"okp"ä"vgorgtcvwtc"fg":7"£E0
Tabela 8."Formulação básica do salsichão misto.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"uwîpc
Ectpg"dqxkpc
Vqwekpjq
Ignq
Ucn
Peso (g)
4222
822
322
322
72
Matéria-Prima
Pq|/oquecfc
Rkogpvc/fq/tgkpq
Cnjq
Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Peso (g)
7
:
34
32
32
49
Tabela 9."Formulação básica do salsichão suíno.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"uwîpc
Vqwekpjq
Cèûect
Ignq
Ucn
Peso (g)
6222
722
82
322
422
Matéria-Prima
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Rkogpvc/rtgvc
Cnjq
Pq|/oquecfc
Hkzcfqt"fg"eqt
Peso (g)
42
32
32
7
5
Cu"gvcrcu"fg"hcdtkecèçq"fqu"rtqfwvqu"fcu"Tabelas 8 g
9"eqortggpfgo<"oqcigo"fc*u+"ectpg*u+"g"fq"vqwekpjq"pq"fkueq"
fg"8"c":oo="rgucigo"fqu"eqpfkogpvqu."fq"ignq"g"fqu"cfkvkxqu="
okuvwtc"fc*u+"ectpg*u+"g"fq"vqwekpjq"eqo"qu"eqpfkogpvqu."q"ucn."q"
ignq"g"qu"cfkvkxqu"cvê"qdvgt"q"rqpvq"fg"nkic="godwvkogpvq"go"vtkrc"
pcvwtcn."hc|gpfq"iqoqu"cocttcfqu"fg":"c"32eo="ctoc|gpcigo"
uqd"tghtkigtcèçq0
Tabela 10."Formulação básica da mortadela.
Matéria-Prima
Ectpg"dqxkpc
Vqwekpjq
Ignq
Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq
Ucn
Rqnkhquhcvq
Peso (g)
4222
:82
722
52
8:
6
Matéria-Prima
Ucn"fg"ewtc
Rkogpvc"ugokoqîfc
Cnjq"go"rô
Eqpfkogpvq"rctc"oqtvcfgnc
Hkzcfqt"fg"eqt
Peso (g)
:
5.8
5.8
58
;
Cu" gvcrcu" fg" hcdtkecèçq" fc" oqtvcfgnc" eqortggpfgo<"
vtkvwtcèçq"fcu"ectpgu"g"fq"vqwekpjq"pq"cutter"g"cfkèçq"fg"ucn"g"
fgocku"kpitgfkgpvgu="rtqeguucogpvq"fc"ocuuc"cvê"swg"gnc"cvkplc"
q" curgevq" g" c" nkic" fguglcfc=" godwvkogpvq" go" vtkrc" ctvkhkekcn" g"
eq|kogpvq"go"vcpswg"qw"guvwhc."kpkekcpfq"go"82£E"g"vgtokpcpfq"
go":2£E0"Fgxg/ug"ewkfct"rctc"swg"c"ocuuc"hkswg"eq|kpjcpfq"rqt"
ogkc"jqtc"ä"vgorgtcvwtc"fg":4£E"g"cvê"swg"q"egpvtq"fq"rtqfwvq"
cvkplc" c" vgorgtcvwtc" fg" 95£E=" tguhtkcogpvq" g" ctoc|gpcogpvq"
uqd"tghtkigtcèçq"*Figura 24+0
50
Figura 24."Processamento de embutidos,
realizado em laboratório da Universidade
de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS.
12.1 Formulação de diferentes queijos
Queijo Minas Frescal -" Ö" fg" qtkigo" dtcukngktc." gncdqtcfq"
eqo" ocuuc" etwc" g" eqo" crtqzkocfcogpvg" 82'" fg" âiwc0" Pçq"
uqhtg"ocvwtcèçq."vgpfq."rqt"kuuq."wo"rgtîqfq"fg"xkfc"ûvkn"ewtvq0"
Rtqegfkogpvq<" cswgegt" ekpeq" nkvtqu" fg" ngkvg" rcuvgwtk|cfq" c"
57£E="rtgrctct"q"eqcnjq"nîswkfq"pc"rtqrqtèçq"kpfkecfc"pq"tôvwnq="
cfkekqpct" q" eqcnjq" cq" ngkvg." okuvwtct" dgo" g" fgkzct" go" tgrqwuq"
cvê" qeqttgt" ä" eqciwncèçq=" c" eqciwncèçq" fgxgtâ" qeqttgt" go."
crtqzkocfcogpvg." woc" jqtc." uqd" c" hqtoc" fg" igncvkpc" hktog" g"
gnâuvkec="swgdtct"c"eqcnjcfc"go"itcpfgu"ewdqu"eqo"woc"hcec"
qw"eqnjgt"cfgswcfc="cikvct"ngpvcogpvg"rqt"crtqzkocfcogpvg"42"
okp="swcpfq"qu"itçqu"guvkxgtgo"hktogu."kpvgttqorgt"c"cikvcèçq"g"
gnkokpct"q"uqtq"uqdtgpcfcpvg="vtcpuhgtkt"c"ocuuc"rctc"woc"hqtoc"
rnâuvkec"ugo"hwpfq."rgthwtcfc"ncvgtcnogpvg"g"eqnqecfc"uqdtg"woc"
oguc" fgxkfcogpvg" nkorc=" fgkzct" q" uqtq" gueqttgt" pcvwtcnogpvg"
rqt"42"okp"g."gpvçq."ewkfcfqucogpvg."xktct"c"hqtoc."kpxgtvgpfq/c"
51
tcrkfcogpvg="ucnict"c"hceg"uwrgtkqt"eqo"ucn"hkpq"g"ocpvgt"ocku"
52"okp"pguuc"rqukèçq="rtqegfgt"pqxcogpvg"c"xktcigo"fc"hqtoc"
g"ucnict"c"qwvtc"hceg="ngxct"q"swgklq"rctc"c"igncfgktc"g."pq"qwvtq"
fkc."guvctâ"rtqpvq"rctc"eqpuwoq0
Queijo Prato (tipo Lanche) -"Ö"wo"swgklq"coctgnq/guewtq."
fg" eqpukuvípekc" wpvwquc" g" eqo" rgswgpcu" qnjcfwtcu." nkucu" g"
dtknjcpvgu0"Ö"wucfq"pq"rtgrctq"fg"ncpejgu0"
Rtqegfkogpvq<"cswgegt"swcvtq"nkvtqu"fg"ngkvg"rcuvgwtk|cfq"c"
57£E="okuvwtct"dgo"34"iqvcu"fg"eqtcpvg"xgigvcn="cfkekqpct"swcvtq"
eqnjgtgu" *uqrc+" fg" kqiwtvg" pcvwtcn=" fgkzct" fguecpuct" rqt" 32"
okpwvqu"g"cfkekqpct"woc"eqnjgt"*echê+"fg"ucn="rtgrctct"q"eqcnjq"
nîswkfq" eqphqtog" kpfkecèçq" fq" tôvwnq" qw" woc" eqnjgt" *uqrc+" fg"
eqcnjq"nîswkfq"fkuuqnxkfq"go"¼"fg"eqrq"fg"âiwc"hknvtcfc="okuvwtct"
dgo"g"ciwctfct"c"eqciwncèçq"*crtqzkocfcogpvg"67"okp+="eqtvct"
c"eqcnjcfc."ugpfq"rtkogktq"qu"eqtvgu"xgtvkecku"g."crôu"fg|"okp."
hc|gt" qu" eqtvgu" jqtk|qpvcku" *guug" vgorq" ê" rctc" gxkvct" c" rgtfc"
fg"iqtfwtc+="crôu"qu"eqtvgu"jqtk|qpvcku."ciwctfct"ocku"32"okp="
vtcdcnjct"c"ocuuc."ogzgpfq/c"rqt"37"okp"g."fgrqku."tgvktct."eqo"
q"cwzînkq"fg"woc"eqpejc"qw"eqnjgt."q"uqtq"eqpvkfq"pq"tgekrkgpvg="
cswgegt"wo"nkvtq"fg"âiwc"c":7£E"g."eqo"q"vgtoõogvtq"fgpvtq"fq"
tgekrkgpvg"fc"eqcnjcfc."kt"cfkekqpcpfq"c"âiwc"rgnqu"ecpvqu"cvê"
swg"vqfc"c"okuvwtc"fg"âiwc."eqcnjcfc"g"uqtq"cnecpeg"5;£E="cikvct"
rqt"ocku"37"okp="cswgegt"q"tgekrkgpvg"eqo"c"ocuuc."go"dcpjq/
octkc."cvê"cnecpèct"64£E="rgict"c"ocuuc"ugokeq|kfc"g"gurtgoí/
nc"cvê"tgvktct"q"uqtq="gphqtoct"c"ocuuc=""rtgpuct"g"xktct"c"ocuuc"
pc" hqtoc" wocu" vtíu" xg|gu" rctc" swg" hkswg" wpkhqtog=" eqnqect" q"
swgklq"go"ucnoqwtc"ucvwtcfc"c"3:'"*32"nkvtqu"fg"âiwc"⁄"3.:"swknq"
fg"ucn+="fgkzct"46"jqtcu"pc"ucnoqwtc="tgvktct"fc"ucnoqwtc."fgkzct"
gueqttgt"dgo"g"eqpugtxct"go"igncfgktc0
Ricota - Ö"wo"cnkogpvq"ä"dcug"fg"cndwokpc"g"inqdwnkpc"*rtq/
vgîpcu"fq"uqtq+."eqo"qw"ugo"iqtfwtc."qdvkfq"rqt"ogkq"fg"cswgek/
ogpvq"g"cekfkhkecèçq"fq"uqtq"fq"swgklq0"
Rtqegfkogpvq<" wuct" uqtq" fg" swgklq" tgeêo/gncdqtcfq" *uqtq/
fqeg+="cswgegt"guug"uqtq"cvê"92£E="cfkekqpct"ngkvg"rcuvgwtk|cfq"
htkq"*5'"go"tgncèçq"cq"xqnwog"fg"uqtq"wvknk|cfq+0"C"hkpcnkfcfg"fc"
52
cfkèçq"fq"ngkvg"ê"cwogpvct"q"tgpfkogpvq="okuvwtct"dgo"q"uqtq"g"
q"ngkvg"g"eqpvkpwct"cikvcpfq"cvê"cnecpèct"c"vgorgtcvwtc"fg":2√E="
cfkekqpct"c"uwduvãpekc"swg"xck"hc|gt"eqo"swg"rtgekrkvg"c"cndwokpc"
fq"uqtq"rqfgpfq"ugt"xkpcitg"qw"nkoçq"*woc"zîectc"qw"¾"fg"eqrq"
fg"xkpcitg"dtcpeq"qw"fg"nkoçq"rctc"ecfc"fg|"nkvtqu"fg"uqtq+="crôu"
c" cfkèçq" fc" uwduvãpekc" cekfkhkecpvg." okuvwtct" dgo" g" rctct" fg"
cikvct="eqpvkpwct"q"cswgekogpvq"cvê";2£E="eqo"owkvq"ewkfcfq"g"
eqo"q"cwzînkq"fg"woc"guewocfgktc"qw"rgpgktc."ugrctct"q"nîswkfq"
coctgncfq"*uqtq+"fc"rctvg"dtcpec"*cndwokpc+."swg"rtgekrkvc0
12.2 Formulação de doce de leite
Ö" q" rtqfwvq" tguwnvcpvg" fc" eqpegpvtcèçq" fg" woc" okuvwtc"
eqpuvkvwîfc" fg" cèûect" g" ngkvg" kpvgitcn0" Rqfg" ugt" cfkekqpcfq"
ctqocvk|cpvg"*dcwpknjc+."htwvcu"*eqeq."cogkzc."ececw."cogpfqko+"
g"dkectdqpcvq"fg"uôfkq."rctc"tgfwèçq"fc"cekfg|0"
Rtqegfkogpvq<"cfkekqpct"2.7i"fg"dkectdqpcvq"fg"uôfkq"rctc"
ecfc"nkvtq"fg"ngkvg="eqo"q"ngkvg"cswgekfq"c"ocku"qw"ogpqu"92√E."
cfkekqpct"372i"fg"cèûect"tghkpcfq"rctc"ecfc"nkvtq"fg"ngkvg=
Ogzgfwtc"/"c"cikvcèçq"g"q"cswgekogpvq"fgxgo"ugt"eqpvîpwqu."
go"vqfc"c"gzvgpuçq"fq"vcejq"qw"fc"ewdc"g"fwtcpvg"q"vgorq"fg"
hcdtkecèçq"fq"fgtkxcfq0
Rqpvq" hkpcn" /" swcpfq" woc" rgswgpc" swcpvkfcfg" fg" fqeg."
eqnqecfc"go"wo"eqrq"f≠âiwc."kt"cq"hwpfq."ugo"fguocpejct"pgo"
uwlct"c"âiwc0"
Godcnct"q"fqeg"swgpvg"*97/:2√E+."go"ncvcu"qw"eqrqu"ejgkqu"
cvê" c" dqtfc." gxkvcpfq" gurcèqu" pc" godcncigo" rctc" korgfkt" c"
rtqnkhgtcèçq" fg" oketq/qticpkuoqu" kpfguglâxgku0" C" eqpugtxcèçq"
ê"hgkvc"ä"vgorgtcvwtc"codkgpvg"g"q"tgpfkogpvq"ê"fg"3mi"fg"fqeg"
rctc"4.7"nkvtqu"fg"ngkvg0"C"fwtcdknkfcfg"ê"fg"ugku"ogugu0
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Qu"tguwnvcfqu"cnecpècfqu"hqtco"owkvq"ucvkuhcvôtkqu"g"cpkoc/
fqtgu."q"swg"rquukdknkvqw"wo"ôvkoq"godcucogpvq"rctc"q"hqogpvq"
fc"ewnvwtc"fq"iktcuuqn."dwuecpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"g"q"kpetgogpvq"
fg" tgpfc" pcu" rgswgpcu" rtqrtkgfcfgu" twtcku" fg" ectcevgtîuvkec"
53
hcoknkct0
Pc" korncpvcèçq" g" eqpfwèçq" fcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku1
fgoqpuvtcvkxcu"fg"iktcuuqn"hqk"rquuîxgn"qdvgt"kpfkecfqtgu"fgvgt/
okpcpvgu"rctc"q"ewnvkxq"fguuc"rncpvc."eqoq"rtqfwvkxkfcfg"g"ewuvq"
fg"rtqfwèçq0
Pq" rtqeguucogpvq" g" wvknk|cèçq" fqu" eqrtqfwvqu" pcu" rtqrtk/
gfcfgu."xqnvcfqu"cq"eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq."qdugtxqw/ug"ä"xkcdknkfcfg"
fg"tgkpugtèçq"fqu"oguoqu."woc"xg|"swg"gngu"uwduvkvwgo"c"eqo/
rtc"fg"eqodwuvîxgku"g"fg"tcèçq"cpkocn"pc"rtqrtkgfcfg0
Qwvtqu" hcvqtgu" tgngxcpvgu" hqtco" ä" hcdtkecèçq" fg" ucdçq" c"
rctvkt" fq" inkegtqn" igtcfq" pq" rtqeguuq" fg" vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq." q"
kpetgogpvq"fg"ogn"pc"êrqec"fg"hnqtcèçq"fq"iktcuuqn."eqphqtog"
fgrqkogpvq"fqu"citkewnvqtgu."q"ognjqtcogpvq"fq"uqnq"pc"tqvcèçq"
fg"ewnvwtcu."q"swg"vcodêo"hqk"qdugtxcfq"rgnqu"citkewnvqtgu."g"q"
wuq"fg"D322"pqu"vtcvqtgu"citîeqncu."eqo"q"swcn"qdugtxqw/ug"c"
ocpwvgpèçq"fc"hwpekqpcdknkfcfg"fqu"oqvqtgu."jcxgpfq"uqogpvg"
c"pgeguukfcfg"fg"rgswgpqu"ewkfcfqu"g"clwuvgu0
Fguuc" hqtoc." qu" tguwnvcfqu" gpeqpvtcfqu" cvê" q" oqogpvq"
uçq" rtqokuuqtgu" rctc" swg" q" iktcuuqn" uglc" woc" qrèçq" fg"
fkxgtukhkecèçq" fc" rtqfwèçq" citîeqnc" pqu" Xcngu" fq" Tkq" Rctfq" g"
Vcswctk." gurgekcnogpvg" ug" cuuqekcfq" cq" rtqeguucogpvq" fqu"
itçqu"fktgekqpcfqu"ä"rtqfwèçq"fg"gpgtikc"g"fg"cnkogpvqu0"
Rctc" swg" ug" gpeqpvtcuugo" guugu" tguwnvcfqu." xâtkqu" rtqhku/
ukqpcku." rguswkucfqtgu." guvwfcpvgu" g" citkewnvqtgu" fgtco" c" uwc"
eqpvtkdwkèçq."fg"hqtoc"qhkekcn."eqoq"rctvkekrcpvgu"fq"rtqlgvq"qw."
oguoq."fg"hqtoc"cpõpkoc0"Q"itwrq"swg"eqqtfgpqw"q"rtqlgvq"swgt"
fguglct"c"vqfqu"wo"owkvq"qdtkicfq."rqku"eqo"owkvc"ugtkgfcfg"g"
tgurqpucdknkfcfg" hqtco" tgwpkfcu" kphqtocèùgu" g" tghgtípekcu" fg"
itcpfg"korqtvãpekc"rctc"q"guvwfq0
Cu" cpânkugu" geqpõokecu" fguug" rtqeguuq" fg" rtqfwèçq" kp/
vgitcfc" fg" dkqfkgugn" g" cnkogpvqu" kpfkeco" c" pgeguukfcfg" fg"
rqnîvkecu" rûdnkecu" fg" hqogpvq" g" crqkq." gurgekcnogpvg" eqo"
tgewtuqu."pq"ecuq"fc"citkewnvwtc"hcoknkct0"Cuuko."uwigtg/ug"swg"
c"cswkukèçq"fg"gswkrcogpvqu"uglc"tgcnk|cfc"fg"hqtoc"eqngvkxc"g"
eqo"uwduîfkqu"rctc"swg"jclc"xkcdknkfcfg"geqpõokec"fguug"vkrq"
fg"gortggpfkogpvq."cvê"rqtswg"vqfc"c"rguswkuc"hqk"fgugpxqnxkfc"
vgpfq" rqt" qdlgvkxq" wo" oqfgnq" fg" rtqlgvq/rknqvq" hqecfq" pq"
54
cuuqekcvkxkuoq1eqqrgtcvkxkuoq."itwrcn"g"eqngvkxq0
Eqpukfgtcoqu"guug"crqkq."cvtcxêu"fg"rqnîvkecu"rûdnkecu"gurg/
eîhkecu."hwpfcogpvcku"g."pcu"cvwcku"ektewpuvãpekcu."kortguekpfîxgn0"
Rqtvcpvq."woc"kpfkecèçq"tgngxcpvg"c"ugt"eqpukfgtcfc"pq"ãodkvq"
fcu"qticpk|cèùgu"rûdnkecu"fqu"Owpkeîrkqu."Guvcfqu"g"fc"Wpkçq."
swcpfq"fc"gncdqtcèçq"g"korngogpvcèçq"fg"rqnîvkecu"fg"kpegpvkxq"
g"crqkq"ä"citkewnvwtc"hcoknkct."rctvkewnctogpvg"pc"cvkxkfcfg/qdlgvq"
fc"rguswkuc"cswk"tghgtgpekcfc0"Pguug"ecuq."kpegpvkxcpfq"c"rtq/
fwèçq" kpvgitcfc" fg" dkqgpgtikc" eqo" cnkogpvqu" go" rgswgpcu"
wpkfcfgu."fg"hqtoc"eqngvkxc."uqd"q"rtkuoc"fc"eqqrgtcèçq."eqoq"
cnvgtpcvkxc"rctc"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"rtqfwvkxc0"
Tguvc" fguvcect" swg." pc" ogfkfc" go" swg" rtqfwvqtgu" twtcku"
korngogpvctgo" c" rtqfwèçq" fg" dkqgpgtikc." cnêo" fqu" curgevqu"
geqpõokequ." cswk" eqpukfgtcfqu" eqoq" egpvtcku." guvctçq" eqpvtk/
dwkpfq" rctc" wo" ogkq" codkgpvg" fg" ognjqt" swcnkfcfg" g" ogpqu"
rqnwîfq."q"swg"ogtgeg"ugt"tgeqpjgekfq"htgpvg"cq"crgnq"owpfkcn"
go"hcxqt"fg"pquuq"rncpgvc0
55
BIBLIOGRAFIAS CONSULTADAS
Dgti"L0"O0."gv"cn0."Dkqswîokec."7√"gfkèçq0"Gf0"Iwcpcdctc"Mqqicp."
r0423/437."42260
Ecuvtq."E0"gv"cn0"C"ewnvwtc"fq"iktcuuqn0"Nqpftkpc."GODTCRC/
EPRUq0"3;;90"58r0"*GODTCRC/EPRUq0"Ektewnct"Vêepkec."35+0
Iwpuvqpg."H0"F0="Jcoknvqp."T0"L0="Qngqejgokecn"ocpwhcevwtg"cpf"
crrnkecvkqpu0"Ujghhkgnf"Cecfgoke"Rtguu."r0547."42230
Mcgtejgt."L0"ı0= Rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn"go"guecnc"rknqvq"g"
cxcnkcèçq"fqu"korcevqu"codkgpvcku="Oguvtcfq"go"Vgepqnqikc"
Codkgpvcn="422;."WPKUE"/"TU0
Mpqvjg"I0"gv""cn0."Ocpwcn"fg"dkqfkgugn."Uçq"Rcwnq<"Gf0"Dn°ejgt."
42280
Ngkvg."T0"O0"X0"D0"E0."Dtkijgvkpk."C0"O0."Ecuvtq."E0."Iktcuuqn"pq"
Dtcukn0"Gortcrc"Uqlc."Nqpftkpc."RT."4227
Oqtgvq."G0="Hgvv."T0"Vgepqnqikc"fg"ôngqu"g"iqtfwtcu"xgigvcku"pc"
kpfûuvtkc"fg"cnkogpvqu0"Uçq"Rcwnq<"Nkxtctkc"Xctgnc."3;;:0372"r0
Rqtvg."C0"H0"Uwphnqygt"dkqfkgugn"rtqfwevkqp"cpf"crrnkecvkqp"kp"
hcokn{"hctou"kp"Dtc|kn0"Hwgn":;"*4232+"593:⁄59460
U|{dkuv."L0"R0"gv"cn0"Dkqfkgugn"eqodwuvkqp."gokuukqpu"cpf"gokuukqp"
eqpvtqn0"Hwgn"Rtqeguukpi"Vgejpqnqi{0"::"*9+"89;/8;3."42290
Vc{nqt."E0"H0="Análise dos Motores de Combustão Interna0"Xqnwog"
30"Uçq"Rcwnq."Gfict"Dnwejgt."3;93/3;980
Vgttc."P0"P0"Apontamentos de tecnologia de carnes0"Uçq"
Ngqrqnfq<"Gf0"Wpkukpqu."3;;:0
Vtqpeq."X0"O0"Aproveitamento do Leite0"Iwcîdc<"Citqrgewâtkc."3;;80
GODTCRC"Uqlc0"Vgepqnqikc"fg"rtqfwèçq"fg"Iktcuuqn0
jvvr<11yyy0epruq0godtcrc0dt1rtqfwecqiktcuuqn1korqtvcpekc0jvo1."
Ceguucfq"go"47123142330
56