doi:10.3900/fpj.2.3.167.e
EISSN 1676-5133
Maximum aerobic potency, heart rate,
vital capacity in normal and hyperbaric
environments
Original Article
Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas
Professor titular do Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciência da Motricidade Humana UCB-RJ
Laboratório de Biociências da Motricidade Humana – LABIMH
esté[email protected]
Alexandre Sobral Lobo Rodrigues
Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciência da Motricidade Humana da
UCB-RJ
[email protected]
Alexander Machado da Silva
Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciência da Motricidade Humana da
UCB-RJ
[email protected]
Márcia Albergária
Universidade Estácio de Sá – RJ
[email protected]
Carlo Alberto Moreira
[email protected]
MOREIRA, C.A.; ALBERGARIA, M.B.; RODRIGUES, A.S.L.; SILVA, A.M.; DANTAS, E.H.M. Maximum aerobic potency, heart rate, vital
capacity in normal and hyperbaric environments. Fitness & Performance Journal, v.2, n.3, p. 167-177, 2003.
ABSTRACT: The submarine atmosphere, from the antiquity, exercise on the man an attraction feeling making him venture trying to unmask it.
Leaving of this verification, she intends in this research to verify physiologic variables. Revising to the literature on present study, they proposed
several treatises specifying the reactions and adaptations so much physiologic as behaviors happened in the organism during immersion. The
model of the descriptive research of the type was followed Survey, where they participated divers of the Navy of Brazil, of the masculine sex, apprentices of physical activities, in a total of 9, among 20 and 40 years (x=28 +/- 4.3). They executed test effort at the level of the sea and the
18 depth meters (pressurized in hiperbaric chamber), being verified the variables proposals in exercise. The sample was homogenized through
the calculation of percentile of fat, of the perimetria and test chosen neuromotores of performance. The results were analyzed in the significance level p < 0.05, established as parameter in this study. The heart rate p=0.1468 > 0.05, it denotes not to exist significant difference
among the verified atmospheres. The maximum consumption of oxygen p=0.00013 < 0.05, and the vital capacity p=0.0126 < 0.05, they
denote to exist significant differences among the atmospheres. Finally, through the obtained data, was ended that the environment influence
directly the consumption of oxygen and the vital capacity. As the heart rate, direct influence was verified provoked by intensity and duration of
the independent exercise of the atmosphere. This checks the importance of knowing the appraised physiologic reactions and revised in the
literature, as essential components of the performance, confirming the need to create programs of physical training adapted to the divers.
Keywords: heart rate, maximum consumption of oxygen, vital capacity, divers, hiperbaric chamber
Correspondence to:
Avenida Dezoito do Forte, 776 casa 3 – Centro – São Gonçalo – Rio de Janeiro – CEP 24460-000
Submitted: March / 2003
Accepted: April / 2003
Copyright© 2003 por Colégio Brasileiro de Atividade Física, Saúde e Esporte
Fit Perf J
Rio de Janeiro
2
3
167-177
May/Jun 2003
RESUMO
RESUMEN
Potência aeróbica, frequência cardíaca e capacidade vital em ambientes
normo e hiperbárico
Potencia aeróbica máxima, frecuencia cardiaca y capacidad vital en
ambientes normo e hiperbárico
O ambiente submarino, desde a antiguidade, exerce sobre o homem um
sentimento de atração, fazendo-o aventurar-se na tentativa de desvendá-lo.
Partindo desta constatação, esta pesquisa propõe-se a verificar variáveis fisiológicas. Revisando a literatura sobre o presente estudo, levantaram-se vários
tratados especificando as reações e adaptações tanto fisiológicas quanto comportamentais ocorridas no organismo durante a imersão. Seguiu-se o modelo
da pesquisa descritiva do tipo Survey, onde participaram mergulhadores da
Marinha do Brasil, do sexo masculino, praticantes de atividades físicas, num
total de 9, entre 20 a 40 anos (x=28 +/- 4,3). Executaram um teste de esforço
ao nível do mar e aos 18 metros de profundidade (pressurizados em câmara
hiperbárica), sendo verificadas as variáveis propostas em exercício. A amostra
foi homogeneizada através do cálculo de percentual de gordura, da perimetria,
e testes neuromotores escolhidos de performance. Os resultados são analizados no nível de significância p<0,05, estabelecido como parâmetro neste
estudo. A freqüência cardíaca p=0,1468 > 0,05, denota não existir diferença
significativa entre os ambientes verificados. O consumo máximo de oxigênio
p=0,00013 < 0,05, e a capacidade vital p=0,00126 < 0,05, denotam existir
diferenças significativas entre os ambientes. Finalmente, através dos dados obtidos, conclui-se que o ambiente influencia diretamente o consumo de oxigênio
e a capacidade vital. Quanto à freqüência cardíaca, constatou-se influência
direta provocada pela intensidade e duração do exercício independente do
ambiente. Isto comprova a importância de conhecer as reações fisiológicas
avaliadas e revisadas na literatura, como componentes essenciais da performance, confirmando a necessidade de criar programas de treinamento físico
adequados aos mergulhadores.
El ambiente submarino, desde la antigüedad, ejerce sobre el hombre, un sentimiento de atracción, haciéndolo aventurarse en la tentativa de descubrirlo.
Partiendo de esta afirmación, esta investigación se propone a verificar variables
fisiológicas. Revisando la literatura sobre el presente estudio, se levantaron varios
tesis especificando las reacciones y adaptaciones, tanto fisiológicas como de
conducta, ocurridas en el organismo durante la inmersión. Se siguió el modelo
de la investigación descripta del tipo Survey, donde participaron buceadores
de la Marina de Brasil, de sexo masculino, que practicaban actividades físicas
totalizando 9, entre 20 a 40 años (x = 28 +/- 4,3). Hicieron una prueba de
esfuerzo al nivel del mar y a los 18 metros de profundidad (colocados en cámara
hiperbárica), siendo controladas las variables propuestas en ejercicio. La muestra
fue homogénea através del cálculo del porcentual de gordura, del perímetro, y
exámenes neuromotores elegidos de performance. Los resultados analizados en el
nivel de significancia p < 0,05, estableciendo como parámetro en ese estudio. La
frecuencia cardíaca p = 0,1468 > 0,05, nos demuestra que no existe diferencia
significativa entre los ambientes estudiados. El consumo de máximo de oxígeno
p = 0,00013 < 0,05, y la capacidad vital p = 0,00126 < 0,05, demuestran
que existen diferencias significativas entre los ambientes. Finalmente, através
de los datos obtenidos, se concluyó que el ambiente influye directamente en el
consumo de oxígeno y la capacidad vital. En cuanto a la frecuencia cardíaca, se
verificó la influencia directa provocada por la intensidad y duración del ejercicio
independiente del ambiente. Esto comprueba la importancia de conocer las
reacciones fisiológicas evaluadas y revisadas en la literatura como componentes
esenciales de la performance, confirmando la necesidad de crear programas de
entrenamiento físico adecuados a los buzos.
Palavras-chave: freqüência cardíaca, consumo máximo de oxigênio, capacidade vital, mergulhadores, câmara hiperbárica.
Palabras clave: frecuencia cardíaca, consumo máximo de oxígeno, capacidad
vital, buzos, cámara hiperbárica.
INTRODUCTION
The genesis of hyperbaric activities is associated to the necessities
and desires of human beings in conducting military or rescue
operations, in finding means to feed themselves and in expanding their knowledge through the exploration of the environment
and of the research. The hyperbaric activities are an interesting
hobby in the nowadays society and SCUBA diving is considered
an important way of having fun among these activities. On the
other hand, as it is explained by DOUBT (1996), this underwater
activity exposes a person to an environment that is not compatible
to human conditions. Studies done by DENILSON; WAGNER;
KINGAGY & WEST (1972) and AVELLINE; SHAPIRO & PANDOLF
(1983) revealed that, during the diving, human body is exposed to
a new kind of hydrostatic pressure, to another environment density,
and to new caloric conditions, such as its capacity of intensify the
heat loss in comparison to the air, and, sometimes, to circulatory
reflexive stimulus that can modify the cardiocirculatory answers.
With the intention of confirming the affirmative above, more and
more relevant adaptable answers are required to recognize the
physical and physiological demands that are added and related
to the diving. Special knowledge is required in order to achieve a
safe practice. FOX and col. (1992) call our attention to the comprehension of these demands, remembering that the volume of
gases is influenced by the pressure and by temperature, the water
is uncompressible and the body contains pneumatic cavities. Ac168
cording to ASTRAND & RODAHL (1980, p. 583), “human beings
can adapt themselves to low atmospheric pressures, but they are
not able to adapt to high atmospheric pressures”. HIZALAN I and
col. (2002) say that SCUBA diving activities can be practiced safely
if some proceedings are applied, such as clinical exams according to specific medical rules, and necessary care and attention
to the risks of the diving practice. The practice of any diving style
requires from men an intentional movement in order to achieve
their goals. The expression of this movement puts the focus on the
releasing of a Human Mobility Science, which may include in its
context some variety of contents that can be explored, no matter
the conditions of the environment. The content can be explored
by the sea level (normobaric), in high altitudes (hypobaric), or
during the diving in cameras or oceans and lakes (hyperbaric).
Based on scientific researches, the conditioning, the training and
the repercussion to divers have relevant roles, which reinforce
the certain of good results and “the importance of these issues to
the conservation, restitution and increase of health and vitality of
men” (MELLEROWICS & MELLER, 1987. p. 6). During many years,
the physical training applied to divers in general came from other
sports, and there was not a characteristic profile to the activity.
The variety of distinctions among the commercial, military and
sportive applications was transforming the absence of specification
for the divers’ physical training in an even more serious issue.
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 168, May/Jun 2003
Nowadays, the emphasis is on the investigation of factors that
interfere in the performance of the divers. With this alteration, the
function of the hyperbaric medicine changed also, now it is not
aware only to the physiological issues anymore. The knowledge
of the hyperbaric medicine specialists had also to improve and
now it includes factors such as cold water, lack of compression,
aspiration of mixed gases, and emotional issues (panic, anxiety)
that can interfere in the performance of the divers. VAN WIJK C
H (2002) shows that, in a research conducted by a group of 45
divers from the South African Navy, it was observed that the anxiety
levels of experienced divers were higher than the levels presented
by the group of control (usual divers), according to an Anxiety
Scale and a Questionnaire of Hostility. However, the physiological
orientation must include the psychophysiological field and the
functions of treatment and framing in new dimensions. PEDRO
C D (1999) says that, in researches done in order to verify the
quality of the underwater work and the human behavior during the
diving, it was proved that the diving stress exists and the special
conditions of the hyperbaric environment interfere directly and
negatively in the quality of the work. These conditions interfere in
the intellectual process firstly, and later in the capacity of perception
and in the psychomotor process. The researches concluded also
that qualities such as the person’s personality, temperament and
diving experience have a crucial role in the quality of the work, and
that many of the work accidents are related to the psychological
nature of the person. Nowadays, researchers look for the unification of the “Army Physiology” and the “Hyperbaric Medicine”
with the intention of obtaining new knowledge and applying it in
order to attain divers’ better performances. During the methodological planning of the physical training, divers’ characteristics
and particularities, their technical graduation, their previous
knowledge and their motivation must be considered. But how to
describe a program of physical preparation if the physiological
and psychophysiological patterns are not adequately exposed
in academic and scientific national databases? In the last years,
influenced by the attraction of the underwater world, through a
coast with the Atlantic Ocean which size is 7408 km, submarine
hunt, sportive diving and commercial exploration had a boom,
which explains the development of this study. The development of
the ‘’military divers’’, the group that is the focus of this study, faced
to the particularities they have such as: (a) these professionals are
ruled by fixed relations and so it is possible to follow them in an
organized and continuous way; (b) they present characteristics and
procedures that get together because of institutional reasons; (c)
the professionals have to do constant diets; and (d) many times,
they have to live in military areas, which facilitate the intervention
of the researcher, are the objects of this study. Our research had
the intention of contributing to professionals that act or intend to
act in the physical preparation of athletes or teams, studying some
characteristics of the physiological patterns that were evaluated
in this group, and verifying which methodological patterns must
be considered in order to describe the training model. This study
also gives a specific view about some physiological changes
and effects that are caused by the atmospheric press. In order to
conclude this research, we searched more concise explanations
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 169, May/Jun 2003
about the heart rate, the vital capacity and the maximum oxygen
consumption during the hyperbaric exposition, what can make
the construction of physical training models that are adequate to
the specific diving activities characteristics possible in the future.
This study evaluates only the heart rate (FC in Portuguese), the
maximum oxygen consumption (VO2Max) during the effort, and the
vital capacity (CV in Portuguese), considering the same sample
in the sea level and in the hyperbaric environment (hyperbaric
camera – multiplace), in 18m low (2.8 ATA). This deep offers the
safe levels that are required in diving operations with compressed
air, adopted by Brazilian Navy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Subjects Selection
The subjects who were selected for this study (a total of 9 people)
are male, healthy and apt to the diving practice, and they are
between 20 and 24 years old. All the Military Divers from Almirante Castro e Silva Base – Brazilian Navy – are volunteers, and
they practice physical activities (Military Physical Training – TFM
in Portuguese). The participants were selected through the criteria
of inclusion and exclusion and they signed the agreement term.
Criteria of Inclusion
The individuals in this study are healthful, according to the medical
examination carried by Junta de Saúde para Atividades Especiais
da Marinha do Brasil (Inspeção de Saúde para fins de Controle
Anual de Mergulho).They are conditioned because they practice
physical activities continuously (Physical Military Training), they
have good adaptability to the hyperbaric variations (Military
Divers), and they have answered the standardized questionnaire
for the study.
Criteria of Exclusion
People who had arterial pressure higher than the normal levels
were excluded from this study, according to V JNC (1993): ”category - normal: systolic pressure (mmHg) - < 130; dialostic pressure (mmHg) - 85”; the ones who was with the percentage of fat
higher than the standard established, according to CHICHARRO
& VAQUERO (1995, p.254): “men - above 25%”; and the ones
who belonged the conditions that disqualify the study, adapted
from BOVE and col. (1990, p.314). From the selected sample,
there were 5 desistences, and 11 people were excluded because
they not have the characteristics required in this study.
PROTOCOLS
Protocol of evaluation of the VO2Max
The Protocol of Evaluation of the VO2 chosen was the “Balke Method” (ARAÚJO, 1986; MARINS & GIANNICHI, 1996), in which
it is used 25 gradual loads in Watts in the case of athletes or in
good physical conditions. The use of oxygen could be estimated
169
through the formula of the American College of Sports Medicine
(1991), verifying the corporal weight of the participant before the
accomplishment of the test, as well as the last load completed by
the person in Watts.
Formula: Mechanic Bicycle
VO2Max= Kpm x 2 + 300
Weight (kg)
In the formula above, we notice that each Kpm consumes 2 ml of
O2 for each kilogram of weight/minute, therefore each Watt =12
ml of O2. The sum of 300 ml corresponds to the basal energy if
to pedal with any load. (ARAUJO, 1986, P.81). The application
of the protocol was approached in a crossed form: it starts with
the sample (5) initiated with the test at the level of the sea, and to
the other part (4) in the chamber, obeying the enumerated stages
that follow: (a) execution of the effort test obeying the demanded
protocol at the level of the sea (1 act), getting the VO2Max of indirect form; (b) application of the same protocol in the depth of 18
meters (2.8 act) in the hyperbaric chamber. The intensity of the
exercise was followed each minute through the index of subjective
perception of the effort – Scale of BORG – modified.
Evaluation Protocol of the Cardiac Frequency
The cardiac frequency was monitored in the environment of test
through monitor for telemetry, model polar interface # 2390018,
which uses a signal from the chest to a portable clock of pulse
that shows the frequency in accordance with the intensity of the
exercise.
Evaluation Protocol of the Vital Capacity
Capacity vital was evaluated in many environments where the
participant was seated modified the position in function of the
internal space of the chamber that does not allow the individual
to keep stand), front to the spirometer, going after the following
steps: (a) blockage of the nostrils so that the air could not exhale
trough the nose; (b) accomplishment of a maximum inspiration;
(c) position the mouthpiece of the spirometer well adjusted in the
mouth; and (d) accomplishment of a maximum expiration.
Protocols of Verification of the Gaussian nature
of the Sample
the meso point – sternal, independent of the thoracic taking
that was being used: (a) normal thorax (collected in the end of
a normal inspiration); (b) aspiratory thorax (collected in the end
of a maximum aspiration); and (c) expiratory thorax (collected
in the end of a forced maximum expiration).
Fat Percentage
The evaluation of the percentage of fat was gotten through
the measurations of skin folds where the points should to be
selected according to the method chosen. According to the
“Technique of JACKSON & POLLOCK”, cited for MARINS and
col., 1996, P. 45, the skin fold must be clipped by the thumb
finger and the index finger, trying to apprehend the biggest
amount of adipose tissue without apprehending the muscular
tissue. The pair of compasses is placed of perpendicular way in
the fold so that each measures made three times in the different
points and collects.
Neuromonitoring tests
The neuromonitoring tests were evaluated through specific protocols, without special equipment use, and compared with the
average values (CARNIVAL, 1995; LAZZOLI, 1996; MARINS
and col., 1996).
Instructions to the Participants
All the participants were instructed about the protocols used in
the tests, physical laws, possibilities of accidents, physiological
alterations in the hyperbaric way and poisoning for the oxygen.
This instruction was presented in a more theoretical way through
lecture made by the researcher.
Instrumentation
The following instruments were used in this research: (a) hyperbaric
chamber like multiplace with external operator; (b) polar interface
# 2390018; (c) Atlanta bicycle; (d) a pair of compasses with skin
folds – Harpenden; (e) portable spirometer; (f) anthropometric
tape and measure tape; and (g) portable balance.
Measures
To collect the data we used instrumentation and notes made in
standardized files for the research.
Apnea
The evaluation of the apnea obeyed the following stages: (a) in
the seated position, the participant executed a hyperventilation; (b)
after that, the nostrils were obstructed so he/she could not exhale
air during the time of permanence without breathing (higher possible time). The same procedure was applied to the environments
of evaluation, being computed the best time in seconds of the
best of three experiments executed.
Thoracic perimeter
The protocol of evaluation of the thoracic perimeter was made
according to MARINS & GIANNICHI, 1996, having as reference
170
Total Corporal Weight
The total corporal weight was determined when the participant
was wearing swimming trunks, with bare-footed feet, being in erect
and biped position and on the platform of the balance staring the
point in front of her/him.
Stature
The stature was measured through the altimeter found in the
majority of the scales or confectioned through the setting of a
measure tape in a wall without unevenness. According to MARIS
and col. (1996):
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 170, May/Jun 2003
In order to have a correct measure technique of the stature, the
participant have to be bare-footed, with the joined heels and relaxed arms, and to be instructed to be the most erect it is possible.
(...) Another referential for the position of the head includes the
positioning of the Plan of Frankfurt. (p.34)
Skin Folds
The skin folds were measured by the right size of the body, which is a recommendation of the Constitutional Anthropometry
Committee of the Food and Nutrition Group of the National
Council of Research (USA) and of the International Committee
of the Physical Disposition Tests Standardization (RODRIGUES &
CARNAVAL, 1985).
Circumference
They were collected with the utilization of the anthropometric ribbon in order to obtain the perimeters that were used in this study.
Vital Capacity
It was said previously by the COURNAND’s normogram, which
was evaluated by HOLLMANN & HETTINGER (1989, p.411) as
the portable exhalation equipment, a “machine that allows the
exhalation measurement through the reading of the vital capacity
level” (CARNAVAL, 1995, p. 133).
The value of the analytical T is the fundamental base of the Null
Hypothesis analysis (equality among averages). The Hypothesis
is considered true when the calculated T is lesser or equal to the
analytical T. On the other hand, when the calculated T is superior
or equal to the analytical T, the Hypothesis is considered false.
The omega reference is calculated from the data n=9 and the
calculated T, with the relative value (%) of the inferences faced to
the pressure change upon the absolute values observed and the
disparity among averages.
PRESENTATION
AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Presentation of Results
To a better comprehension of the collected data, procedures of
the Descriptive Statistics were used in order to characterize the
sample. All the variables are presented according to the basic
values of the statistics (see Frame 1).
The participants of the research are between 20 and 40 years
old, and all of them are male. Frame 2 shows the participants’
old averages, weights and heights.
Neuromotor Tests
The old average in this group is 28 years old, Standard Deviation
= 4.3; the weight average is 76.7 kg, Standard Deviation = 8.32;
and the height average is 173.8, Standard Deviation = 6.33.
These tests were collected by their specific protocols and compared
to classificatory tables.
Data of the Sample Homogenization
Statistic Approach
The statistic approach of this study observed some basic considerations
for the preservation of the research legitimacy. This way, p < 0.05 means 95% of assurance in affirmatives. Descriptive Statistic Techniques
were used in order to characterize the sample that was researched.
Statistics of Inference was also used to evaluate the formulated hypothesis, by the t Student’s Test, according to the “One Sample” protocol.
Considering the limitations determined by the sample size (n=9), the
study in particular and all the affirmatives and/or negatives found
were limited, so the Design of the study was structured as following:
–
–
–
–
Sample – 9 military divers
Two environments – 1 atm (Sea Level) and 2.8 ATA (Hyperbaric)
Three variables – VO2 Max + FC + CV
One Protocol – Balke Protocol
In order to verify the existence of significant changes in the averages
of the analytical variables, VO2Max, FC, and CV, the Student’s Test
was used with two pairs of samples (1 atm and 2.8 ATA to the same
person), which was oriented to small samples with the purpose of
comparing two averages with independent normal distributions
and not necessarily equal variances. Thus, the averages in relation
to each pressure were observed. The analytic values of the t test
obey to the liberty degree (g.l. in Portuguese) when the inter-groups
analysis (1 atm and 2.8 ATA) corresponds to 8, according to TABLE
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 171, May/Jun 2003
Many components of the performance were evaluated and their
averages were compared to standard protocols in order to maintain the homogenization in the researched group.
Body Composition (% F)
The TABLE 3 shows the Average, Standard deviation and amplitude
of the fat percentage (%F), obtained through the method of skin
fold in the sample.
Table 1 – Inter-groups analysis
Analysis
Inter-Groups
Liberty Degree
8
p Significance
0.05
Analytical T
2.306
Frame 1 - Statistics presentation
STATISTICS
n – Number of Observations
Average – Value of Central Tendency
S. D. – Standard Deviation
Minimum – Minimum Observed Value
Maximum – Maximum Observed Value
Table 2 – Average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum
of the sample
Variable
Years Old
Weight (Kg)
Height (cm)
n
9
9
9
Average S.D.
28
4.3
76.7
8.32
173.8 6.33
Minimum
23
65.0
164.5
Maximum
36
89.0
182.0
171
Considering the Fat Percentage Average = 13.4. Standard Deviation = 4.12, with n = 9, and comparing the %F with the classificatory table, the sample was found in the “average“ (9% -16%),
according to FARINATTI & MONTEIRO, 1992.
Flexibility, Abdominal, Arm Flexion and Extension and Extension on the Bar
The TABLE 4 shows the Average, Standard Deviation and Amplitude for the tests of flexibility, abdominal, flexion, arm extension
and flexion and extension on the bar, evaluated according to the
number of repetitions.
Flexibility Average = 12.9. Standard Deviation = 5.23. Comparing that with the age band of the sample, the classification
“bad” was found, according to MORROW, JACKSON, DISCH &
MOOD, 1995. The most important factor in order to obtain this
classification is the little emphasis in the fulfillment of the patterns
of physical training.
In the 1 minute test, Average = 46.9, Standard Deviation =
6.5, the classification “good” was found, according to MORROW, JACKSON, DISCH & MOOD, 1995. In the arm flexion
and extension test, Average = 31.6, Standard deviation = 5.5,
the classification “above the average” was found, according to
MORROW, JACKSON, DISCH & MOOD, 1995. In the Flexion
and Extension on the Bar test, Average = 7.3, Standard Deviation
= 2.5, the classification “good” was found, according to MORROW, JACKSON, DISCH & MOOD, 1995, ranging between the
amplitudes of 5 (minimum) and 12 (maximum).
Vertical Jump and Long Jump
The TABLE 5 shows the Average, Standard Deviation and Amplitude of the Vertical Jump and Long Jump test, measured in
centimeters.
Table 3 – Fat Percentage (%F)
Variable
n
Average
S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
%F
9
13.4
4.12
9.7
21.7
Table 4 – Flexibility, abdominal, arm flexion and extension and
flexion and extension on the bar (number of repetitions)
Minimum Maximum
The Vertical Jump test, Average = 99.4 and Standard Deviation
= 14.27, was classified as “excellent”, according to MARINS &
GIANNICHI, 1996. The Long Jump test, Average = 222.2 and
Standard Deviation = 18.69, was classified as “weak”, according
to MARINS & GIANNICHI, 1996. It has been realized that all
the values are low for the variable Long Jump. The gaps in the
physical training of this group have to be taken in consideration,
because it is the same for other groups, within this armed force,
which use the same manual.
Thoracic Perimeter
The TABLE 6 shows the Average, Standard Deviation and thoracic
perimeter evaluated in different stages of the breathing process,
evaluated in centimeters.
The averages of the normal Thoracic Perimeter = 97.6 and
Standard Deviation = 4.68, of the Inhaling Thoracic Perimeter =
101.0 and Standard Deviation = 5.12, and the Exhaling Thoracic Perimeter = 95.7 and Standard Deviation = 4.70, keep the
pattern with a thorax designed for the suitability of the training,
including the apnea training.
Apnea
The TABLE 7 shows the Average, Standard Deviation and amplitude of the apnea, on the sea level (1 atm) and on 18 meters
(2.8 ATA), in seconds.
On the sea level the apnea Average was 120 and the Standard
Deviation 33.8. At 18m the Average was 142 and the Standard
Deviation 39.4. According to the comparative analytical system
of the average values of the chosen variable in the pressures of 1 atm and 2.8 ATA a significant difference was found,
Table 5 – Vertical jump and long jump (cm)
Variable
n
Average
S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
Vertical Jump
9
99.4
14.27
68.0
120.0
Long Jump
9
222.2
18.69
192.0
251.0
Table 6 – Thoracic perimeters (Cm)
Variable
n
Average
S.D.
Normal Thorax
9
97.6
4.68
92.0
109.0
Inhaling Thorax
9
101.0
5.12
95.0
111.0
Exhaling Tórax
9
95.7
4.70
91.0
107.0
Variable
n
Average
S.D.
Flexibility
9
12.9
5.23
3
20.5
Table 7 - Apnéa (sec)
Abdominal
Variable
9
46.9
6.5
37
60
Arm Flexion and Extension 9
31.6
5.5
24
40
Flexion and Extension/ Bar 9
7.3
2.3
5
12
Apnea
Minimum Maximum
n
Average
S.D.
1 atm
9
120
33.8
Minimum Maximum
57
161
2.8 ATA
9
142
39.4
62
180
Table 8 – Research data
Calculated t
Level of significance
VO2Max
6.8427
0.00013
Comparison between the groups
1 atm > 2.8 ATA
HR
1.6064
0.1468
1 atm = 2.8 ATA
Any
---
VC
4.8571
0.00126
1 atm > 2.8 ATA
Decrease
55.7%
Apnea
2.8060
0.0229
1 atm < 2.8 ATA
Increase
27.6%
Variable
172
Effects over the
group
Decrease
w2 Omega
Square
71.8%
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 172, May/Jun 2003
p < 0.0229 < 0.05, in such case the average of the apnea
found in 1 atm < 2.8 ATA, and the change of pressure were
related to 27.6% of the difference found between the average in
the respective pressures.
The extrapolation of this variable, according to the bibliographic
references, was due to the gaseous dissolubility in the atmospheric pressure, enhanced according to straight application of
Henry’s law.
Research Data
The research data are present in the table below, according to
the statistic procedure for this study.
The maximum use of oxygen reached a significant level
p<0.00013, with the calculated t = 6.8427. The comparison
between the groups in different environments, the effects over the
group was the decrease, with 71.8% related to the hyperbaric environment. The heart rate showed a significant level of p<0.1468,
with the calculated t = 1.6064. Comparison between the groups
in different environments found no effect. The vital capacity
showed the significant level of p<0.00126, with the calculated
t = 4.8571. In analysis in different environments decrease was
found among the groups. The environment was related to 55.7%
of the decrease.
Included in the research data, the apnea showed a significant
level of p<0.0229, with the calculated t = 2.8060. Comparison
between different groups in different environments found increase
in the hyperbaric environment, and the environment was related
to 27.6% to the increase of this variable.
Discussion of the Results
The discussion of the results is based on the logical proposition
posed by this study, under which the hypothesis have been tested,
in order to fulfill the suggested aims that would make possible to
check the answers to the questions posed.
Answers to the Questions Posed
In order to answer to the questions posed the study found the
following data.
Table 9 - Heart Rate (BPM)
Variable
HR
n
Average
S.D.
Minimum Maximum
1 atm
9
171
10.9
156
192
2.8 ATA
9
164
11.2
146
175
Table 10 - Maximum consumption of oxygen (ml/ Kg. min)
Variable
Max VO2
n
Average
S.D.
Minimum Maximum
1 atm
9
46.7
4.34
41.2
55.5
2.8 ATA
9
39
4.35
33
47
What is the measure of the heart rate change caused
by the increase of atmospheric pressure the during
the exercise stress test?
According to the data presented in the TABLE 9, the heart rate,
during the exercise stress test on the sea level, was 171± 10.9
and on 18m it was 164 ± 11.2.
It is possible to say that there is no significant change in the heart
rate, since p=0.1468 > 0.05 was found. Taking these data in
consideration, it must be remarked that the HR was not significantly
influenced by the environment.
The hyperbaric environment will not change the maximum consumption of oxygen during the exercise
stress test?
The maximum consumption of oxygen was 46.7 ± 4.34, on 1
atm, and 39 ± 4.35, to 2.8 ATA, according to TABLE 10.
A significant difference was found, p=0.00013<0.05, in the maximum consumption of oxygen within the average of the values of the
group analyzed. Hence the hyperbaric environment changes the
maximum consumption of oxygen during the exercise stress test.
What is the measure of the change in the Vital Capacity of a person when subjected to a hyperbaric
environment?
The Vital Capacity measure found on the sea level 4739 ± 148,
and on 18m it was 4644 ± 332.1, according to TABLE 11.
A significant difference was found among the average values of
the group analyzed, and the highest value found in an environment with pressure of 1 atm. In an environment of 2.8 ATA, a
significant difference was found p=0.00126<0.05, on which the
vital capacity had been decreased due to the environment where
the person was subjected. Therefore, the change of pressure influenced 55.7% of the difference among the averages. According
to the bibliographic research, was found, in this item, the direct
effect of the Boiler’s law over the human body.
Test of the Hypotheses
In this study, Statistical Hypotheses, in affirmative and negative
patterns, as well as a substantive Hypothesis, are posed.
Substantive Hypothesis
It is expected that due to the fact that the hyperbaric environment
increases the absorption of oxygen, the increase in the maximum
consumption of oxygen and the decrease of the heart rate, in the
human body subjected to this environment during the exercise,
will be observed. It is also expected that due to a higher extrinsic
pressure a decrease in the vital capacity, in such environment,
will be observed.
Table 11 – Vital capacity (ml)
Variable
Expected
VC
n
Average
S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
9
4229
148
4040
4440
1 atm
9
4739
304.9
4400
5200
2.8 ATA
9
4644
332.1
4300
5200
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 173, May/Jun 2003
According to the findings of the study, the substantive hypothesis
was found possible for the subjects of maximum consumption of
oxygen (TABLE 10), and this difference was found relevant and
measured to the level of p=0.00013<0.05, and the vital capacity
(TABLE 11), and this difference was found relevant and measured
173
to the level of p=0.00126<0.05. For the subject heart rate, the
hypothesis was not found possible as it may be observed in the
TABLE 9, with p =0.1468>0.05.
Statistical Hypotheses
It was found significant difference in VC the when compared, with
p = 0.00126 < 0.05. Therefore H03 is not true.
PURPOSES OF THE STUDY
H1 and H01
Specific Purposes
H1 - The heart rate (HR) decreased noticeably p<0.05 in the
exercise stress test in hyperbaric environment, when compared
to the sea level.
To compare the changes of the HR as a function of the
exercise done (exercise stress test) on the sea level (1
atm) and in hyperbaric environment (Chamber), depth of 18m
(2.8 ATA).
In H1, significant differences were not found in the HR related to the
relevance of the environment in the tests, with p=0.1468>0.05,
proving conclusively that this hypothesis is not possible.
H01 - The Heart Rate (HR) of a person subjected to an exercise
stress test in hyperbaric environment did not show significant
change p<0.05, compared to the same routine of exercise stress
tests when they were done on the sea level.
In H01, significant differences were not found in the HR related to
the environment of the routine of tests, with p=0.1468>0.05,
proving conclusively that H01 is true.
Through this study it was found that the HR when compared in
different environments, found significant p = 0.1468 > 0.05,
which does not represent a noticeable difference, it means that
in any environment the HR will not suffer changes related to the
intensity and length of the exercise.
To compare the changes of the VO2Max as a function
of the exercise done (exercise stress test), on the sea
level (1 atm) and in hyperbaric environment (Chamber) in the
depth of 18m (2.8 ATA).
According to what is shown in the TABLE 9 and the H01, during
the exercise stress test the HR changes being more closely related
to intensity (BORG scale) and length, regardless of the pressure
of the place where the test takes place.
When compared the Max VO2, through the routine and specific
form, in different environments, it was found p = 0.00013 < 0.05,
a significant difference, meaning that the sample, in general, consumed more oxygen when test was made in hyperbaric chamber.
H2 and H02
To compare the changes of the vital capacity of the
person on the sea level (1 atm) and in hyperbaric environment (Chamber) in the depth of 18m (2.8 ATA).
H2 - The maximum consumption of oxygen (Max VO2) increases
significantly p<0.05 in the exercise stress test in hyperbaric environments, when compared to the sea level.
In H2 , significant differences were found in the VO2Max of the
people subjected to the test in hyperbaric environments, when
compared to the sea level, with p=0.00013<0.05. Therefore
H2 is true.
H02 -The maximum consumption of oxygen (Max VO2) of the people subjected to the exercise stress test in hyperbaric environment
did not change noticeably p<0.05, if compared to the same
routine of exercise stress tests on the sea level.
As a significant difference was found in the Max VO2, with the
indication of p=0.00013<0.05. Therefore H2 is not possible .
H3 and H03
H3 - The vital capacity (VC) of the person decreases significantly
p<0.05, when the sea level and the hyperbaric environment are
compared.
H03 - The vital capacity (VC) of the person subjected to the
hyperbaric environment does not change significantly p<0.05,
compared to the sea level.
In H3 it was found that there is no significant difference in the
VC of the person when compared in different environments, with
p=0.00126 < 0.05. Therefore H3 is true.
174
Through this study it was found that the pressure made by hyperbaric environment influences the reduction of the VC, as it could be
found by checking the level of significance p = 0.00126 < 0.05.
General Purposes
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the
hyperbaric environment (pressure increase) over the physiological parameters of the human body (Heart Rate – HR, Maximum
consumption of oxygen – Max VO2, and vital capacity – VC).
The findings of the research gave enough evidence to lead to
the conclusion that the hyperbaric environment is closely linked
to the consumption of oxygen, when a person is subjected to
exercise stress; at the same time it was found that the increase in
the pressure causes the reduction of the vital capacity.
On the other hand, this study, the heart rate, as it has been already
mentioned, did not suffer significant reduction. It was found that the
heart rate was directly influenced by the intensity and length of the
exercise, and it was not influenced by the environment pressure.
It must be remarked that the resulting bradycardia, mentioned in
the scientific literature, was not found, and it confirms MANLEY
L (1990), that says that some researches supposed to check the
human heart rate in submarine environments, tend to lead to
mistaken conclusions. The controversy refers the statement that
the bradycardia that happens during and after exercise in hyperFit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 174, May/Jun 2003
baric environment is supposedly, resulting from a physiological
mechanism of maintenance of oxygen called Mammalian Diving
Reflex. However, there is still doubt if human beings have the
complex cardiovascular response system found in some diving
mammals. The bradycardia found in the recovery is reasonably
well established, but it is conflicting with this physiologic response
during the exercise in marine environment, and suggests that such
differences towards the heart rate in apnea are mostly related to
the large number of routines employed, lacking, in many cases,
of controlling factors that change the HR, and partially due to the
lack of uniformity in the understanding of the results found. These
factors are: the influence of temperature and physical condition of
the person, variation of lung volume, depth of immersion in the
water, body position, and psychological conditions of the person
and also the influences of sex and age. MANLEY also says that
the bradycardia as physiological response in diving and its factors
must be carefully studied, and the complete understanding would
depend on further research which could also ad to the system with
a more holistic approach.
This information is very useful in the detailed planning of strategies
aimed to help the development of programs of physical training
and fitness, taking in consideration that the physical demands in
the diving are increased due to a higher environmental pressure.
CONCLUSIONS AND ASSESSMENT
It is recommended that professionals of Physical Education work
towards developing programs of physical activities which may
fulfill the needs of the divers, professionals and athletes, not only
physiologically, but also psycophysiologically. It is also recommended that, the institutions in general work towards the development
of research and projects aimed to improve the knowledge on
the changes in the human body in its changes, when subjected
to higher pressure, in order to, make available to the scientific
community, and also for the divers, the knowledge on the physiological behavior of the human body in hyperbaric environment.
Conclusions
After considering the findings obtained by the means of statistical
procedures, the physical changes caused by the increase of the
atmospheric pressure over the human body, it may be said that
the both variables (maximum consumption of oxygen and vital
capacity) are noticeably influenced by the environment. About
the Heart Rate, it was found in this study that regardless of the
environment, it is directly influenced by the intensity and length
of the exercise.
With the increase in the maximum consumption of oxygen, the
heart rate has also changed. Both kept a linear relation to amount
of exercise done, it means that, with the increase in the amount
of exercise, the consumption of oxygen and the heart rate also
increased during the test, for the same person.
The conclusion is that, unlike the equations to estimate the
maximum consumption of oxygen on the sea level, in the environment of a dive reliable equations have not been found, since
physiological adaptive interferences, such as environment stress,
temperature balance and oxygen partial pressure, will influence the
outcome. These factors are also enhanced by the use of different
diving equipments, which make the use of single algorithms less
effective, and even more when related to the heart rate.
The knowledge of the physiological responses and changes contribute significantly to an enlargement of the safety of any kind of
dive. Such information is very helpful for the detailed planning
of strategies aimed to help in the development of programs of
physical training and fitness, taking in consideration that physical
demands on diving are increased by a higher environmental pressure. The knowledge on the physiological responses and changes
has helped considerably to assure the safety of any kind of dive.
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 3, 175, May/Jun 2003
Assessment
Along this study, there was the need to fill the blanks in the knowledge of the physiological changes caused by the increase of the
pressure, and it was found that it is impossible to waste the subject
in only one study. It is suggested that, therefore, news studies
aiming to improve, even more, the knowledge on such subject.
It is also advisable:
The sample group must have a larger number of people, including
civilian divers;
Data on the pathologies related to hyperbaric environment must
be included;
More sophisticate equipment must be used in order to obtain the
variables proposed.
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