Marine Biogeography Life clothes the land; it merely stains the sea Cox & Moore, 2000. Biogeography Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 1 Marine Biogeography Terrestrial zoogeographic regions Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 2 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 3 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Pangea surrounded by a single ocean (Panthalassa) (-230 Mya; end of Permian, beginning of Triassic. Tethys Ocean starts as a bay situated at the eastern side of Pangea (-200 Mya: Mesozoic) Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 4 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Panthalassa becomes a circumterrestrial pathway when Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana (-150 Mya) Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 5 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Separation of Australia from Antartica (-45 Mya) allowed a circumpolar current to establish which start dictating the current climatic regime of the earth. Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 6 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans The Mediterranean is the last remnant of the Tethys Ocean. Most marine biota were relatively uniform up to this era. Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 7 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Closure of the Isthmus of panama (-3.5 Mya). Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 8 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Opening of the Bering Strait (-2.5-3.1 Mya). Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 9 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans 20 Mya 5 Mya 4 Mya Messinian Salinity Crisis (-5 Mya). Closure of the Mediterranean Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 10 Marine Biogeography The history of the oceans Recent glacial cycles (350, 250, 150 and 15 kya) Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 11 Marine Biogeography Practically all animal phyla present in the sea ● Most plant groups represented in the sea (exceptions are ferns and gymnosperms) ● Primary productivity much lower than on land ● Ratio plant/animal biomass much lower than on land ● Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 12 Marine Biogeography Primary producers are mostly unicellular and do not provide a structured environment for consumers (except for algal turfs and kelps) ● Three-dimensional habitat ● Geographic barriers are diffuse and harder to define ● Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 13 Marine Biogeography Barriers in the marine realm Land masses ● Temperature ● Depth/Pressure ● Luminosity, currents, substrata, etc. ● Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 14 Marine Biogeography Shallow seas ● Open ocean ● Benthic realm ● Pelagic realm ● Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 15 Marine Biogeography Open ocean ● ● ● Photic zone: light penetrates between -1 and -250 m Heating effects of the sunlight restricted to the upper oceanic layer, down to -200m The epipelagic zone (0-200m) concentrates most of the diversity in the oceans Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 16 Marine Biogeography Open ocean Plankton Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 Nekton 17 Marine Biogeography Open ocean main primary producers Cyanobacteria Diatoms Dinoflagellates Haptophyceae Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 18 Marine Biogeography Open ocean Pronounced decrease in light ● decrease in temperature ● increase in pressure ● Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 19 Marine Biogeography Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 20 Marine Biogeography Ocean net primary productivity Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 21 Marine Biogeography Thermohaline Circulation Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 22 Marine Biogeography Water masses and surface currents Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 23 Marine Biogeography Domains and Provinces within Oceans Longhurst, A. 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. Progr. Oceanogr., 36:77168 Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 24 Marine Biogeography Are oceanic species the same? Genus Eustomias with 8 species New genus, Nominostomias with probably over 100 species! Atlantic Pacific Indian 13 species 17 species 3 species A taxonomic resolution problem? Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 25 Marine Biogeography Are oceanic species the same? Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 26 Marine Biogeography Deep sea ● ● ● Fauna still mostly unknown Faunal changes stronger in the continental slope In NW Atlantic, diversity is highest in the continental slope, when compared with continental shelf and abyssal faunas Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 27 Marine Biogeography Deep sea ● Unpublished data ● Only 4% of species cosmopolitan ● ● Probably only 15% of species occur in more than one ocean Oceanic ridges acting as barriers? Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 28 Marine Biogeography Deep sea Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 29 Marine Biogeography Deep sea Similarities between hydrothermal vents' faunas Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 30 Marine Biogeography The shallow seas Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 31 Marine Biogeography The shallow seas Sea surface temperature Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 32 Marine Biogeography Coral Reefs Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 33 Marine Biogeography Zones of endemism: cold-water Arctic NW Boreo-Atlantic NE Boreo-Atlantic W Pacific E Pacific Tasmanian/New Zeland Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 34 Marine Biogeography Zones of endemism: temperate-water Carolina/Gulf of Mexico Atlantic-Mediterranean Japanese Californian SW African S Australian Chile-Peruvian SW American Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 35 Marine Biogeography Zones of endemism: tropical W Atlantic E African Red Sea E pacific W Indo-Pacific Biodiversidade de Ecossistemas Aquáticos 13/04/11 36
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