GRAMMAR
BRIEF
A
OP
THE
PORTUGUESE
LANGUAGE
WITH
EXERCISES
C^
JOHN
President
Sometime
BRANNER,
of
the
NEW
HENRY
HOLT
Jr.
Commissdo
of the Servigo
THIRD
Ph.D.,
Stanford
of Leland
Geologist
and
VOCABULARIES
AND
Oeologico
University
Geologica
do
Brazil
EDITION
YORK
AND
LL.D.
COMPANY
do
Brazil
".\.* ""/
r^
/Ml
1910,
Copyright,
HENRY
HOLT
AND
COMPANY
TO
RICHARD
CUTTS
SHANNON
,.\."
PREFACE
This
book
little
has
students
English-speaking
of
knowledge
of
Professor
been
the
in
the
edition
of
bra
in
It
is
claimed
not
in
endeavored
Grammar
almost
has
literally.
been
Janeiro
consulted,
the
are
de
Oliveira,
in
teenth
thirPortu-
and
1907,
Grammatica
Nova
the
Portu-
published
form
a
that
the
erudite
The
require
a
The
the
Coim-
at
best
a
in
book
thorough
that
author
has
and
effort
an
in
work,
in
It
order
even
is
purely
knowledge
be
useful,
at
the
features
the
in
of
as
in
kept
been
elementary;
of
readily
it
and
has
to
scholarly
more
simply
marians,
gram-
make
to
new
experience
students
view
is
Portuguese
possible.
points
and
much
observations
own
as
such
practical
is
English-speaking
to
compact
mind
his
there
work.
language,
accessible
of
plan
Grammatica
the
follow
to
the
keep
practical
a
The
from
of
that
the
and
with
drawn
of
use
1904.
original
or
Jose
Bento
by
gueza
Spanish
have
de
the
language.
Ribeiro's
Rio
at
to
respects
Joao
edition
twenty-sixth
get
Brief
freely
published
gueza,
wish
grammars
most
ones
for
who
many
Portuguese
but
prepared
Portuguese
Edgren's
followed,
Many
been
must
expense
the
those
guage.
lanwho
philologic and
VI
PREFACE
philosophic features
the
Near
the
end
authors.
of the
from
quoted
and
It may
partly from
be
well
is not
It is true
to
that
in every
used
The
and
idea
effect that
the
Portuguese of
purely local
a
13,
1
As
Provincia
Pereira
de
language
just
correct
as
Portuguese.
English of North
about
one
"
in
spoken
to
the
America
which
the
himself.
difficulties
be
must
of
the
English,
impressed with
the
simplicity of its spelling. Examples
"CoUec^ao
see
S. Pedro
do
Rio
Revista
210-240.
Rio
de
Grande
do
de
are
vocabulos
do
Instituto
Janeiro,
given
who
Those
21-22.
pages
Coruja.
Brazil, XV,
the
French,
example
an
The
Portuguese
orthographic difficulties
chief
languages
remarkably phonetic language, and
to
of the
comparative
the
the
does
he
so
pressions
ex-
all
by the educated
seriously concern
not
accustomed
even
is
and
spoken in Portugal is similar
Portuguese is
or
used
betweer\ the
foreigner need
one
often
one
terms
in
matter,
English of England
the
partly from
the
Brazilians
between
that
difference
taken
part of the world.
that
as
and
Portuguese
parts of Brazil/ but
educated
difference
Brazil
best
examples
that
hears
one
other
by the
in the main
short
Portuguese writers.
Portugal and, for that
and
consult
good Portuguese is altogether erroneous.
in various
in
the
are
here
say
the
to
few
a
of
examples
expressed
Brazil
should
tongue
volume
several
These
Brazilian
hears
the
pretentious works.
more
are
of
Sul
Historico
1852.
frases
"
Antonio
por
e
graph
para-
interested
are
e
at
of
usados
na
Alvares
Geographico
do
Vli
PREFACE
in this
A.
subject should
consult
R.
Gongalves Viana
published at Lisbon in
been
some
and
the
certain
tend
not
entitled
rules
Brazilian
been
scholar
who
has
graphico in which
and
down,
question
Said
In
chief
^
that
been
tongues,
Richard
and
It is not
makes
Burton
has
this
a
scholars.^
dislike
and
idea
popular Anglo-Saxon
the
most
neo-Latin
language
ignorant
tongues,
because
idea
is
that
'
a
it is
remark
comprehensive
the
Portuguese:
nasal, and
Portuguese,
bastard
Highlands of Brazil, I, 15.)
of
dialect
the
of
of all the
virile one,
"
the
we
have
most
a
been
not
Latin
most
and
language and
American
certainly is
it
used,
are
or
encourage
language
the
as
is any
vocabulary.
is to
by English and
more
generally regarded
Sir
there
Portuguese
the
laid
simplicity are
by English-speaking people.
cultivated
Latin
in the
study of the
little remarkable
It is
made
are
ortho-
in the present work.
spellingshave
two
de
fessor
spellinggiven by Pro-
followed
been
and
Ali, of Rio
which
The
The
guese
Portu-
Vocdbulario
a
object of this book
facilitate the
literature
Said
about
given.
Ali has
cross-references
The
words
all
where
cases
M.
of
matter
rules for greater
the
are
rules,however, do
this
to
published
has
still further
seriouslyas yet.
careful
given most
spelling is Professor
He
has
taken
practical attention
Janeiro.
there
orthographic reform,
promulgated in 1907
Academy
have
of
of
which, if followed, would
to
appear
most
late years
simplify spelling. These
to
scholarly work
OrtografiaNacional,
Of
1904.
agitation in favor
Brazilian
the
As
and
about
a
rule
we
deep-rooted
a
Latin
"
Spanish.'
of
all the
(Burton'a
PREFACE
Vm
classic
"
has
a
all
other
solemnity
living
languages."
and
historical,
of
scholars
it
world
the
it
of
author
the
able
and
to
Ali,
who
errors,
acknowledges
Brazilian
historian,
distinguished
have
these
or
and
read
valuable
his
gentlemen
are
*
Almeida
de
Garrett.
Obras
Abreu,
Professor
Said
no
For
of
way
C.
the
Completas,
XXI,
any
work,
responsible.
Branner.
California.
University,
to
manuscript.
in
the
indebtedness
Capistrano
the
for
suggestions
shortcomings
other
study
reasons.
J.
Stanford
mercial
com-
nations
grammarian.
kindly
oversights,
however,
and
the
attention
increasing
the
erary,
lit-
of
thoughtful
diplomatic
gratefully
the
the
from
the
treasures
while
and
corrections
many
addition,
In
consideration
political,
it
Portuguese-speaking
respectful
to
commercial,
For
to
over,
importance
entitle
^
philological
commend
Portuguese
distinguishes
that
7.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface
V
The
I.
Portuguese
Sounds
Language
1
Accents
and
4
Alphabet
4
Pronunciation
5
Vowels
5
Diphthongs
6
Nasal
7
sounds
7
Consonants
Dialectical
11
marks
Accent
Tone
12
13
accent
Quantity
19
Syllabication
19
Capital
20
letters
21
Orthography
II.
23
Articles
Definite
23
article
Contractions
23
Syntax
24
25
article
Indefinite
26
Syntax
III.
26
Nouns
26
Inflection
Plural
27
formation
Plurals
Compound
Varied
28
only
28
words
29
meanings
30
Gender
ix
CONTENTS
\
PAGB
Masculine
30
Feminine
31
Common
Nouns
of
32
opposite
34
sexes
Related
35
Unrelated
35
Identical
35
Closely
similar
Similar
unrelated
related
35
nouns
37
nouns
suflBxes
38
Augmentatives
41
Diminutives
41
Qualifying
IV.
terminations
Adjectives
43
Plural
43
Feminine
43
Comparison
44
.
Irregular comparisons
and
Augmentatives
Syntax
V.
nouns
and
diminutives
47
adjectives
48
Numerals
50
Cardinals
50
Ordinals
51
The
52
fractions
Multiplication
53
Numeral
54
Idioms
VI.
of
47
substantives
with
the
numerals
54
Pronouns
56
Personals
Use
56
of the
third
57
person
Reflexive
58
"
Duplication
Syntax
of the
personal
58
59
pronoun
Possessives
61
Demonstratives
63
Determinatives
64
Interrogatives
65
Relatives
66
Indefinite
67
.
xi
CONTENTS
PAGE
VII.
Verbs
69
Conjugations
69
Terminations
Model
of the
regular
verbs
70
verbs
72
Observations
the
on
regular verbs
75
verbs
Auxiliary
76
Conjugation
of the
auxiliary verbs
79
Irregular verbs
Reference
Variable
81
list of
irregular verbs
participles of regular verbs
List of verbs
Defective
Subjects
having
participlesof two
of verbs
91
verbs
93
Objects of verbs
Periphrastic verb
and
Imperative
VIII.
"
The
97
phrases
98
verbs
Reflexive
99
subjunctive
subjunctive and
the
indicative
infinitive
100
101
102
103
Indeclinables
103
Adverbs
105
Special cases
107
Negation
Double
IX.
94
96
of verbs
uses
Personal
89
91
Prepositions required by verbs
The
88
forms
verbs
Impersonal
Special
82
negative
107
Interrogation
108
Prepositions
108
Conjunctions
113
Interjections
114
Abbreviations
115
Similarity of words
117
H^
Exercises
Examples
Os
of
Santos
Alexandre
style
157
Evangelhos
157
Herculano
15d
Ahjieida Garrett
1^2
5ai
CONTENTS
PAGE
Nabuco
Joaquim
Julia
Lopes
Gongalves
Luis
de
Almeida
Dias
de
Marquez
163
d'
165
169
Maricd
Camoes
170
173
Vocabularies
177
Portuguese-English
Vocabulary
179
English-Portuguese
Vocabulary
210
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
THE
The
PORTUGUESE
Portuguese
from
the
part
of
in
of
invasion
Gothic
led
people
the
and
of
portions
resulted
of
of
good
the
of
spoken
that
language
region
Condensed
Portuguesa
was
known
now
por
chiefly
Antonio
Portugal
into
the
cotton;
and
naturally
origin;
Arabian
the
pin.
alfinete,
spoken
the
whole
It
occupancy
Spain
form
of
contact
Semitic
Arabian
western
pied
occu-
Portuguese
prefix
the
appears
of
to
distinct
a
of
length
the
Portugal.
as
from
G.
in
a
on
taken
gradually
have
as
Gothic
long
the
Latin
the
have
long
of
ish
Span-
years
of
words
many
algodao,
as
This
inhabitants
words
these
during
1
of
the
hundred
introduction
al, such
article
that
a
invaded
Moors
region.
that
the
in
language
was
words
words
certain
of
sequent
sub-
few
life
religious
several
for
the
with
Moors
most
the
eighth century
peninsula,
the
the
there
The
a
a
origin.
Greek
In
Only
spoken
introduced
also
quest
con-
Christ.
dialects
introduction
the
to
Roman
Portuguese.
origin, while
Germanic
of
later
Portuguese
the
before
Celtic
the
principally
the
after
century
in
in
spoken
former
the
evolved
was
peninsula
second
the
preserved
were
Latin
Spanish
words
few
language^
popular
the
LANGUAGE
R.
Grammaiica
the
de
Vasconcelloz.
1
historica
da
Lisboa,
1900.
lingua
2
PORTUGUESE
oldest-known
The
date
language
century
about
"
fourteenth
It
few
others
the
words
from
and
the
took
introduced
is
the
proximity
two
tongues,
of its
and
sixteenth
in
wrote
Spanish.
colonists and
and
grammars
were
and
de
Joao
guese.
Portuthe
during
that
guese
Portu-
many
explorations
covered
newly dis-
The
the
importation of
time, carried
same
language
the
Latin.
This
account
of
the
century
published by
Barros, and
to fix the
It is said
origin
the
the
Asia, Africa,
in
/
sixteenth
the
helped
of
account
upon
into
the
at
the
the
America.
South
In
established
from
similarity of
led to the
foreign words, and,
from
idioms
on
centuries
parts of the world
and
French
and
the
navigators
Portuguese
a
form.
translations
marked
seventeenth
authors
some
and
so
was
vogue
the
and
necessarily reacted
This
became
Spanish language,
The
people
it
and
supposed, through
of its literary vogue,
account
the
that
words
many
twelfth
thirteenth
from
translators.
of the
pedantry
of the
the
while
Provengal,
Portuguese
permanent
on
introduced
were
the
Portuguese monarchyin
only
language, partly, it
that
of
the
centuries, however,
Latin
on
time
was
in
last quarter
the
the
literarylanguage,
A
documents
from
founded.
was
GRAMMAR
that
de
Fernao
these
Portuguese
Oliveira
materially
works
language.
of
the
Portuguese
is due
its
first
living languages
most
to
the
geographic
of
Latin
the
closely resembles
fact
that
position,
Portugal,
has
not
on
been
PORTUGUESE
I.
GRAMMAR
SOUNDS
AND
ACCENTS
ALPHABET
The
1.
EngUsh
Portuguese
except that
Following
are
together with
1
In
these
the sound
2
final
These
e
of
words
the
their
the
ay
alphabet is the
it contains
no
Portuguese
same
as
the
w.
of the
names
letters
approximate pronunciations.
is not
drawn
out; for example the day has
day in Friday.
words
ia short,
take
the
tonic
accent
on
the
first
syllable;the
PRONUNCIATION
PRONUNCIATIONS
WITH
ENGLISH
^rre'^or
ray
^sse"
see
or
TALUBB
tay (short)1
(as in poor)
00
vay
(short)^
shiz
or
shay
ypsilon
(short)^
zay
Note.
The
"
it occurs.
letter
It is called
is
w
only
dobleu,
used
in the
much
very
as
in
foreign words
in which
English.
PRONUNCIATION
2.
Vowels.
For
"
that
separately, so
The
only exceptions
sounds
The
of
lonQj short, open,
the
a-sounds
In
1
sound
the
-
final
These
e
of
vowels
close, and
differ in
these words
each
of
a
are
nounced
pro-
syllable.
the nasal
are
thongs.
diph-
characterized
are
as
nasal.
the
Vowels
quantity rather than
the ay is not
forms
one
this rule
to
Sounds
The
part the vowels
the most
drawn
quality.
out; for example
the
day has
day in Friday.
words
is short.
take
the
tonic
accent
on
the
first
syllable;the
6
PORTUGUESE
u
is silent when
y
is
ai
breu,
and
egiud
has the
=
e
e
at
veSdo
is nasal
it also sounds
as
=
Unaccented
povo=povu.
iu
it is nasal
used
in
aqui (pr.akee).
when
in
Brazil
followed
words
by
of Tupy
at
regard
as
in
eu
in
in viu, oi in boi, ui in fui.
It
ei in lei,
end
or
of i short
:
of
breve
=
in deo,
eo
a
as
word
brevi
and
; estima
before
s
istima
=
;
viido; leao=liao.
followed
if written
o
to
combinations
beginning
the
when
seja, veja, etc., which
^
i:
or
ae
in pau,
au
phonetic value
igual;
The
e
long;
vowel
such
in heroe,
Unaccented
a
2
in vai,
oe
by
is customary
It
"
diphthongs
pae,
i
were
is much
Y
Diphthongs.
pure
*
if it
as
followed
Ivahy, Apody.
origin,as
3.
ee
tjrmpano.
as
q and
preceded by
pronounced
m,
GRAMMAR
are
the
by
n,
pronounced
of
in
followed
ei when
end
as
a
as
word
desenho, tenha, bens;
by j, as
if written
is
desejo, igreja,
deseijo, etc.
equivalent
to
u
short:
NASAL
is to be
noted, however, that these
pronounced,
not
sounded
were
from
The
the
diphthongs.
the
by
Sounds.
of the
vowels.
or
m
as
words
omitted
if written
if written
as
um
and
end
of
5.
un
word
a
Consonants.
here
are
in
the
in
cedilla
cedilla is used
u:
g sound.
(cedflha)
to
soften
by
the
mentioned
not
or
sound
in
as
of
c
if written
as
of
old form
is soft
the
t
at
on,
English.
if written
followed
om,
whether
consonants
in
as
consonant.
a
subjeitar, an
calgas (pr. as
is silent when
as
ng
pronounced
subdito, subject (pronounced
sudito), and
p with
by
The
"
pronounced
b is silent
c
followed
or
is pronounced
the
im, in, 5,
sound
an
being sounded;
g
en,
nasal
the
have
the
with
with
is
Bem
em,
These
Tao
omitting the
but
oong
followed
um.
heard.
towng
without
syllablesending in
All
um,
short.
but
beng,
g is not
for
either by
they ended
if written
cut
or
sim, bom,
if
as
the
as
sounds
indicated
are
tarn, bem,
or
nearly
sound
ao
(Muito,
by the singlevowels
or
in which
ng
as
mae,
muito.
nasal
are
These
pronounced
are
English
tao
There
"
diphthongs
n,
in
as
ae
in
as
Portuguese
unique case.)
a
Nasal
nasal
tion
slight abbrevia-
in
are
ui
poe,
if the letters
as
a
known
are
are
separate vowels.
These
in
as
oe
however, is
most
of the
diphthongs
mao,
4.
single sounds, but
as
full values
the
nasal
combinations
separately yet with
true
in
as
7
SOUNDS
sujeitar.
French.
before
The
a, o, and
c^sas).
c:
active
(pr.as
if written
8
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
agao).
(pr.as
ativo),acgao
Except convicto,pacto,
fricfao,convicgao.
and
before consonants
before a, o, and
g is hard
y
"
of Greek
g would
When
before
originit has
before
in all cases;
u
French
i, and
e,
if
j: gelo (pr.as
vowels
those
sound:
ordinarilyprecede
in order
e
give
to
followed
is added
or
i,u
or
preserve
the
has entregue for the
entregar, to deliver,
thus preserving the hard
past participle,
g when
shah) ;
hjelo).
written
hard
if written
(pr.as Kristo).
of the
sound
the
it has
in words
of k: Christo
the sound
(pr.as
of sh in she: cha
ch has the sound
by
g sound.
signal (as if
beginningwith assign :
is silent : in the words
n
sinal)and signalarand words
assignar,assignatura.
in Portuguese ; it is
has no sound of its own
as
h
properly speaking,but
It has
a
etymologicalmark
an
in connection
value, however,
p, which
and
with
letter,
a
or
c,
sign.
1,n,
see.
j is pronounced as in French, like
Ih is pronounced like Hi in million.
these two
letters belong
follows and
vowel
not
must
of cordilheira
are
g in
In
to
midge.
writing and printing
the syllable whose
bles
kept together. The syllacor-di-lhei-ra ; of filha they are
be
fi-lha.
m
syllableis nasal. Bern is pronounced
if spelled beng, but without
the final
as
(pr. bengdeeto, but with the g
g-sound; bemdito
end
at the
of
a
word
or
silent)
.
In
of the
n
never
words
some
nasal sound:
ends
unan,
the
a
word
in
m
is
damno
apparentlysilent on
(pr.as
if written
account
danno).
Portuguese except irman, sister,
magnet^ hyphen, colon;and
certain
antiquated
/?
9
CONSONANTS
forms
final
nh
like
is sounded
like ni in
Italian
In
when
follows
them:
There
French
always
lenha
are
that
it
is like the
precedes
is divided
few
a
of the
pronounced
vowel
that
le-nha.
in, in which
or
such
written:
or
the
words, however, which
prefix an
n,
letters,when
two
with
belong
Spanish
banho, hath,lenha,
gn:
syllabication these
pronounced,
so
christa ; ^
union,
the
or
gn,
fire-wood.
so
for
it is nasal.
s
the
christan
the
are
pounded
com-
nh
is not
anhydro, inhabil,
as
inhalar, inhibir,inhumane.
is silent
p
before
t:
if written
escripto (pr. as
is
p
In
izenssao)
is
ph
spelled pronto);
if
as
the
that
escrito). Except
captar, raptar, optar, repto, and
in
pronounced
mentecapto.
(pr.
prompto
also
exempgao
the
silent
is
p
(pr.
.
like
pronounced
if
/: photographia (pr. as
spelled
fotografia).
always followed
q is
as
before
varies somewhat:
Qu
used
the
with
preserving
quer
the
q
only for
the
sound
and
k
and
a
o
to
two
the
It
that
iman,
has
short
sound
and
sounded,
i the
u
producing
of
is therefore
is sounded
u
as
lately
the
Irma, manha,
been
is
or
heard:
not
allema.
now
the
in
consequencia,
It
is also
able
allow-
questao.
begins
a
word,
or
is
double, it
Spanish: rio, erro;
or
proposed
orphan, and
and
it
in French
final syllables
firman,
in
u
when
sounds:
is rolled
1
e
purpose
frequente, equestre, antiquissimo.
has
u
(pr.ker); aqui (pr. akee).
Exceptions:
r
is
the
before
but
(pr. kwando);
quando
of k.
always has the sound
u, and
by
in
ending
long
of
favor
in
ones
a
in other
orthographical reform
shall be
shall end
written
with
the
an,
2,
as
as
10
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
positions it is pronounced
by
striking the
lightly against
the
mouth
the
the
pronouncing
spelled adada
roof
of
letter
d:
with
the
but
r-sound). Except: that
1, m,
approaching
the
honrar, tenro,
s:
n,
almost
(pr. nearly
arara
d
tongue
single r
the
as
if
as
if
lish
Eng-
is rolled
after
Henrique, melro,
genro,
chilrar.
s
has
the
has
soft
the
z-sound
rosa,
casa
cases
of
the
when
(pr.
if
as
the
sound
it
:
that
stands
is
soft
it has
in
Except
the
other
It
z.
vowels:
caza).
in most
theoria
of
between
roza,
where
soft s-sound
of t
and
spelled
words
compound
It has
th has
hissing s-sound,
or
s-sound.
cases.
pronounced
if written
as
teoria.
w
is used
in the
as
X
has
several
1. like the
fixar and
words
in
only
its
such
foreignwords
language
from
sounds
follows:
as
Note.
fleksao,
(pr. as
if
3. like
or
by
h
It
defluxo.
pronounced
words
ending
in ex,
ix, and
and
pronounced
are
taken.
are
ux,
related
fluxo, maximo,
sexo,
appendix
however,
of
these
followed
and
indes
and
local differences
some
in the
words:
flexao
nunciation
pro-
properly pronounced
flechao.
by
c,
t, or
p
:
extenso, excepto
estenso, escepto).
z
when
and
a
preceded by
vowel:
exemplo
(pr. ezercito); exhausto
4.
and
is pronounced
when
s
are,
some
in Bahia
2. like
those
be
addition).
There
of
should
derivatives,flexao
flexibilidade
as
"
and
compounds
in
which
ks in words
English
lexicologia(index and
appendes
and
is hke
ss
or
e
and
followed
by
(pr. ezemplo);
a
vowel
exercito
(pr.ezausto).
5
in
trouxe,
anxiedade, sjmtaxe,
12
PORTUGUESE
7.
its
Slang.
Like
"
slang words
of
them
languages Portuguese has
expressions; such
or
calao,
the
ordinary words
of
words
giria,
and
pressions
ex-
geringonga.
or
but
Portuguese
not
are
expressions; for
the
are
other
called
are
Some
GRAMMAR
tastic
simply fanmost
part, however, they
the language used in some
For
example, estar
special sense.
na
to he in the baggage, but
literallymeans
bagagem
it is a slang expression used in regard to a person
is a slow coach.
is hehindhand, or who
who
Mandawho
orders the rain, is slang equivalent
chuva, one
boss}
to the American
expressionpolitical
figurative or
MARKS
ACCENT
letter has
Tho
and
the
it is
soft
(^)
til
which
with
cedilla is used
The
8.
show
that
that
the
vowel
that
sound.
c
is used
to
is
nasal.
placed
to
c
a
show
It is
only used
over
over
a
0.
The
acute
{') and
accent
the
(")
circumflex
are
used:
To
1.
in
show
homonyms
word
where
for another,
and
To
2.
A
indicate
the
is
a
tonic
chance
esta, this,and
accent, especially
of mistaking
one
ous,
esta, it is; seria, seri-
he.
contractions:
relafao
em
a
(for
a
a)
to the idea.
giria Brazileira,"Brazilian
little book
scholar.
as
there
seria, would
idea, with regard
*
position of
the
published
at
Bahia
Slang," is the title of
in
1899
by
an
an
able
ing
interestBrazilian
TONE
Note.
The
"
the meaning
one's
of
matar
the
is
the
article
sounds
a
for
example,
sede
a
what
of the vowels
means
and
e
(See
Tone
in
that
Portuguese
word
the
sabia
(') and
open
of
ond
sec-
with,
or
close
(^)
paleto,av6.
121)
much
so
it is often
Take
when
he
or
as
an
make
may
importance
quite impossible
language
accent
sabia, I knew
woman,
the
preposition a, by
III, page
matter
a
spoken
the
:
In
quench
ACCENT
improperly placed.
are
to
means
thirst.
cafe, merce,
o :
Exercise
is
accent
understand
entirelychanges
sede
a
of the
called
are
TONE
9.
matar
to kill with
contraction
a
sometimes
accent
the.
a,
indicate
To
3.
of the
sentence;
a
thirst,while
sentence
and
omission
13
ACCENT
knew,
the
to
accents
illustration the
it sabia,
a
learned
sabia, the Brazilian
or
robin.
exceptional. Tn speaking
the language, therefore,it is of the utmost
importance
be properly placed.
that the accent
This
kind
of
The
tone
accent
three
this
syllables.
rule
joined
to
gosta-lo,
of this
accent
the
a.
a
in
the
certain
always
other
are
no
these
In
not
in the placingof the tone
on
of
one
apparent
as
and
on
the
last
exception
which
to
are
digo-lhe, / tell you;
instances
change
it falls
short
an
words,
antepenult. Example:
There
falls
monosyllables
enclitic
enclitic does
when
is
There
to like it.
even
is not
case
the
the
addition
the
position
of the
syllable preceding
fala-se-lhes.
compact
rules for
accent; and to ahnost
guidance
every
rule
14
PORTUGUESE
formulated
are
of words
number
the
there
the
For
it
The
The
exceptions.
many
have
antepenult.
useful.
GRAMMAR
the
on
penult; fewest
following suggestions
of verbs
accents
the
see
greatest
have
may
models
it
on
be
found
at
" 107,
72-75.
pages
The
b.
following words
take
in the
nasal
the
accent
the
on
final
syllable:
Those
1.
ending
diphthongs:
ao/ except ben^ao, frangao, orfao, and
orgao;
aos;
aes;
oes.
Words
2.
ending
in
i, except dlcali,espermaceti, quasi;
1, except
words
of
origin ending in ilis,as
Latin
facil,habil, util, and
those
in
ending
vel:
docil,
amavel,
agradavel, crivel,nivel;
im;
r,
except
cadaver,
assucar,
nior,
caracter, ether, ju-
cancer,
martyr, nectar, sulphur, and
like reporter and
a
few
foreignwords
revolver;
u,
except tnbu;
y,
except jury, tflbury;
z.
Erudite
1.
the
following have
The
c.
forms
from
accent
the Greek
on
the
penult:
in ia:
ending
etc.
cracia, geologia, philosophia,autopsia,^
^
It
third
formerly
was
plural
person
amarao,
amarlao.
final 5o
except
these
words
according
of the
custom
first
In
these
in the
future
in am,
to
the
the
amarao.
^
the
In
write
the
final syllable of the
ao,
thus
does
accent
It is
de Janeiro
"mao,
not
the
now
ao, for the future
Rio
Except
the
conjugation
cases
reserving
the rule.
to
demo-
as
they
fall
custom
which
say
am"vao,
on
to
the
end
is accented
aut6psia.
15
ACCENT
followingwhich
take
it
on
the
antepenult: comedia, policia,
encyclopedia, geodesia, estrategia,necromancia,
pharma-
cia.
2.
List
Words
of
ending
Words
follows:^
as
having
the
Accent
on
the
Penult
exc.
1
numerous
This
list
for
might
be
convenience.
extended,
but
the
exceptions become
too
16
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
17
d.
The
1.
Masculine
following take
the
from
nouns
accent
the
on
Greek
the
such
antepenult:
as
astr6nomo,
geologo, philosopho.
2.
Absolute
3.
Words
superlatives in
ending
as
in the
-imo
:
illustrissimo,6ptimo
following:
18
POKTUGUESE
List
of
Words
having
Antepenult
GRAMMAR
the
Accent
on
the
20
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
A
d.
vowels
between
consonant
belongs with
the second
na-riz,bar-ba-ro.
one:
q followed
and
G
e.
follows:
by
with
remain
u
the
vowel
that
guin-das-te, qual-quer.
/.
Double
g.
Mute
consonants
t in
letters,c in ch,
the following vowel
go with
separated: bel-lo, af-fli-cto.
are
:
in gn,
th, g
t in
ct, t in pt,
ar-chi-tec-tu-ra,
pan-the-is-mo,
si-gnal,fru-cto,ca-pti-vo,ex-em-pto.
nasal
In
h.
vowel:
preceding
when
i. But
bem-di-to,
words
by
according
their
to
in general
capitalsare the same
English; except that adjectives derived from
and eu, 7, are not written with capitals
names
in
proper
for
other
some
sentence:
a
This
and
sometimes
begin
used
as
with
when
o
sr.
as
Santidade,
words
a
the
of the
use
authors
some
sees
one
capital
capital in
as
more
custom.
persons
Vossa
these
The
regarded by
addressing
Senhoria,
and
invariable, however,
strictlythe Portuguese
In
beginning
inglez, English,
French;
without.
is
cases
the
at
as
adjectives sometimes
proper
such
such
reason
francez,
is not
rule
the
name,
da-mno.
so-mno,
rules for
The
13.
not
letters
LETTERS
CAPITAL
of
of these
sub-stan-ti-vo.
elements:
save
both
n
divided
are
the
dan-sar.
man-so,
following vowel:
j. Compound
as
generally belong with
n
is followed
m
the
belong with
and
syllablesm
with
person
engenheiro
Senhor,
Senhora,
etc., it is the
capitals. But
is referred
tomou
conta
to
Vossa
custom
to
capitals are
without
da
estrada.
the
21
ORTHOGRAPHY
ORTHOGRAPHY
Portuguese
13.
and
after
a
correctly words
though
sounds
That
doce
a.
in
may
others
tend
unaccented
The
if
first
not
toward
the
time.
lost
The
sight of,
closely
to
the
plificati
phonetic sim-
phonetic writing of
like
u
like i short,
as
generally pronounced
bonitu).
is often
pronounced
doci).
following will
different
be
if
e
is
o
(pr.as
Unaccented
(pr. as
to
usually spell
can
more
netic,
pho-
are:
short, as bonito
2.
one
the
adhere
only exceptions
vowel
remarkably
words, however, is
while
etymology
1.
for
writers
some
The
little practise
heard
of the
etymology
is
orthography
For
ways.
regarded
as
serve
as
present
correct.
examples of words
spelled
either
spelling
purposes
22
PORTUGUESE
There
books
also
are
such
GRAMMAR
for
for um,
for
sam
It is*to be
should
expected
differ
century, but
aside
uma
a
sac
that
considerably from
from
these
differences
These
diphthongs
and
ou
syncretic forms.
On
the
whole
spelling,a tendency
impulse.
as
These
the
The
is
most
Either
that
has
form
comprehensive
Por
are
puzzle the
is allowable.
the
not
phonetic
fresh
much
to be
regarded
way.^
study of modern
A. R.
sixteenth
list of the most
lately received
Ortografianacional, simplifica^o
ortografiasporluguesas.
a
is toward
variations,however,
in any
present
finds certain
one
often
following is
tendency
license to spellwords
1
das
The
the
the equivalence of the
chieflyfrom
oi.
one
of the
that
beginner.
come
or
spellingof
the
(called syncretic forms) that
c.
old
are
variations
common
in
is
e
huma
hum,
day
found
as:
he
h.
forms
antiquated
many
e
Portuguese
uniformizagao
Gongalvez Viana.
raphy
orthog-
sistematica
Lisboa,
1904.
DEFINITE
II.
ARTICLES
DEFINITE
ARTICLE
(See Exercise
definite
The
14.
with
to agree
its
V,
a
the
Plural
OS
as
the
of the
a,
El-Rei, the King, and
in
Eldorado.
articles combine
The
"
to, combines
making
ao,
i.,aos
and
with
forms
different
the
with
de, of, combines
b.
definite article is used
with
prepositions as follows:
certain
article
number
FEMININE
o
Contractions.
a.
gender and
noun.
Spanish form
15,
125)
Singular
instances:
two
page
article has
MASCULINE
The
23
ARTICLE
^s,
of
the
to the.
them
forming do, da, dos, and
them
to
das, of the.
em,
c.
nas,
with
in, combines
in the (instead of
d.
per,
pelos, and
em
em
with
by, combines
pelas, by
o,
a,
them
Polo
the.
and
form
no,
na,
nos,
etc.).
forming
pelo, pela,
pola
antiquated
are
forms.
Use
of
the
Article
Definite
MASC.
PEM.
Prepositions
with
Plural
Singular
and
a
to
ao
d
aos
ds
to the
de
of
do
da
dos
das
of the
em
in
no
na
nos
nas
in the
per
by
pelo pela
pelos pelas
by the
24
PORTUGUESE
16,
of the
Syntax
article is used
o
It is used
before
Andes;
The
used
with
style.
is
meu
chapeo,
case
the
mais
than
It
the
Sao
are
article
is
states
of
of the
the
Paulo,
Santa
Grosso.
of persons:
names
John?;
and
hat;
my
o
Guimaraes
possessive adjectives:
vontade, thy will.
in familiar
omitted
be
in
o
tua
a
article may
speaking
of one's
pai, unless
meu
kin, as
emphasis
it is used.
before
used
nouns
general,all,every
precioso
the
Mato
is
Bahia
a
que
may
prata,
in
a
general sense
be understood
gold
is
and
season:
more
: o
ouro
precious
silver.
is used
horas,
It
and
pronouns
father, not
my
It is inserted
e
etc.:
come.
It is also omitted
in
names,
Andes,
and
names
Sergipe,
has
before
required, when
where
the
where
Joao?
o
pai,
meu
hoy;
seas,
os
Parahyba
familiarly before
is used
this
In
the
universally followed.
not
Geraes,
Guimaraes
o
Tagus;
article,while
Alagoas,
It is used
It
definite
geographical
the
of
states
Catharina, Minas
esta
is
feminine
the
Pernambuco,
chegou,
The
"
menino,
: o
proper
Tejo,
rule
of the
with
onde
-
rivers, mountains,
o
this
generally
not
Article.
Atlantico, the Atlantic.
o
names
used
of
those
Brazil
In
certain
France;
Franga,
Definite
determinative
a
good.
especially
a
as
the
bom,
GRAMMAR
to
o^clock;no
at two
is used
dois milreis
indicate
before
o
time
as
duas
inverno, in winter.
nouns
kilo, o metro,
of
and
weight
two milreis
a
measure:
kiloja
meter.
INDEFINITE
It is used
before
/ understand
as
languages:
entendo
estudando
francez,
o
French.
It is used
com
of
names
studying Portuguese;
portuguez,
o
the
25
ARTICLE
after
verbs
sujas,
maos
denoting possession:
hands
my
soiled;tern
are
estou
olhos
os
pretos, he (or she) has black eyes.
is used
It
mortal
homem
e
all
are
men
before
with
It is omitted
he is the
Coronel,
forms
titles: O
son
demonstrative
the
as
the
agree
with
definite articles
its
The
His
titles:
as
"
see
65c.
filho
e
of the colonel.
having
pronouns
the
and
same
" 87.)
VI,
126)
page
gender and
number
noun.
ENOLIBH
FEMININE
Singular
urn
mna
a, an^
Plural
uns
imias
some
indefinite article urn,
cardinal
number
60) but
has
no
which
do
ARTICLE
MASCULINE
1
Costa,
fifth.
indefinite article has
The
used
appositionalnouns:
(See Exercise
to
Senhor
Highness ;Wossa.SenhonsL.
INDEFINITE
17.
o
mortaes,
Majestade,
numerals
before
omitted
quinto, Charles
(For
todo
sao
titles Sua
the
Alteza, Your
Vossa
is
Carlos
numbers:
homens
os
certain
before
It is omitted
It
todos
or
both
Sampaio.
Coronel
Majesty;
in
todo
mortal.
It is used
O
after
has
plural.
tuna,
the
same
should
form
not
be confused
in the
sin^ar
with
the
(see page
26
PORTUGUESE
18,
Contractions.
with
forming
in
em
em
It also combines
this is
form
old
nenhum,
often
adjective,
amigo
pra^a,
2.
estou
a
as
uma
though
hum,
was
has
negative
a
still retains
the
h
that
old forms.
Article.
noun
a
indefinite
The
"
its substantive
or
desconhe-
um
person;
person.
article is omitted:
denoting what
predicativenouns
e
and
nuns,
article
article
which
pessoa,
indefinite
Before
1.
indefinite
Indefinite
unknown
an
h. The
seu
of the
bines
com-
d'um.
indefinite
in the
numa,
de, of,forming dum,
always precedes its
article
cido,
the
none,
sees
Syntax
a.
of
The
etc.
huma,
form
with
num,
article
etc.).
um,
generally written
The
indefinite
The
"
(in place of
numas
one
GRAMMAR
general, his friend
is
a
a
is:
person
general; elle
assentou
denoting
condition:
enlisted.
he
verbs
After
fome,
com
of
I
possession
hungry;
am
or
bom
tenho
apetite, / have
good appetite.
3.
After
various
semelhante,
night; foi
4.
etc.:
tal
dizer
sem
After
indefinites, outro, tal, certo, tanto,
an
dia,
tal
palavra,
exclamatory
noite,
he went
que:
such
without
que
a
day, such
saying
a
a
word.
bella
noite, what
case
forms; they
a
fine night.
III.
NOUNS
INFLECTION
19.
Portuguese
in
distinguish
form
nouns
have
only between
no
singularand plural.
28
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
escrivaes.
These
allemao,
are
capellao, capitao,
cao,
catalao, charlatao, deao, ermitao, escrivao, guardiao,
pao,
sacristao,tabelliao.
b. Nouns
o
pires, os
Except
coses,
s
pires, the
Deus,
have
o
saucers;
and
cos,
the
same
form
caes,
os
plural:
the quays.
caes,
become
{drug)
simples
in the
deuses,
simplices.
When
c.
in
ending
the accent
plural is always
similarlyben^ao,
in
of
aos:
a
word
in
ending
orgao,
pi.
organ,
blessing; accordao,
is grave,
ao
the
orgaos;
and
of
court;
sentence
a
sotao, attic.
21.
Plurals
the plural.
Only.
Such
Many
"
nouns
are
used
are
algemas, fetters
exequias, funeral
alvigaras,rewards
expensas,
annals
amiaes,
only in
rites
costs
ferias,holidays
shades
arredores, environs
manes,
calgas, trousers
matinas, matins
calendas, calends
nonas,
ceroulas, drawers
nupcias, nuptials
confins, confines
trevas, darkness
completas, comphn
viveres, provisions
22.
have
one
Words.
Compound
of
plural form
the
the
components
salvo-conducto,
latinas, neo-Latin
pi.
"
nones
for
has
the
final word
an
adverbial
salvo-conductos
;
venenos.
linguas
ally
gener-
when
sense:
neo-
languages; jornaes luso-brasileiros,
Portuguese-Brazilian journals; guard
pi. guarda-soes;
words
Compound
contra-veneno,
a-
sol, sunshade
antidote^pi. contra-
y
29
PLURAL
both
they
h.
As
only
in
English
singular
Claws
Monies
is
in the
Switzerland; os
33.
the
on
os
the
to
noun:
plural but
Clares
fica
used
are
planicie,
na
plain.
by de usually take
the
plural
pi. flores-de-lis.
flor-de-lis,
take
the article,however,
Alpes ficam
Estados
Suissa,
na
fizeram
Unidos
Meanings.
meaning
to
the
with
similar
English language
and
parts when
the
used
are
Alps
are
in
the United
guerra,
war.
Varied
correspond
:
are
Montes
united
that
nouns
plural:
States made
both
belonging
nouns
sense:
first part only
Plural
c.
pluralin
functions
some
words
Compound
in the
the
deaf-mute, pi. surdos-mudos.
in
a
take
represent
surdo-mudo,
their
words
Compound
a.
as
ironSj libertyand
"
Some
change
of
number.
changes that take
illustrated
liberties.
change
names
by
the
These
place in
words
the
iron
30
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
GENDER
(See Exercise
is
Gender
^4.
either masculine
meaning
are
are
no
exceptions
those
to
The
the man;
homem,
o
:
"
covering
are
determined
by
and
all cases,
there
given below.
following
and
denoting males
Nouns
1.
nouns
by termination.
times
rules
Masculine.
35.
all
and
is sometimes
of words
at other
many
128)
page
feminine.^
and
There
VIII,
grammatical,
or
gender
The
NOUNS
OF
masculine:
are
their offices and
tions
occupa-
cavallo,the horse; juiz,judge;
o
pai,father.
Note.
is
form
cuUne
the
In
"
of animals
names
generally used
having
designate the
to
genders the
two
species:
o
mas-
lobo,
the
wolf.
2.
a
Nouns
(a with
i
*
sex
Gender.
Portuguese,
but
Strictly speaking
"
certain
gender) by
common
definite
numerals
no
of cento
words
have
isso,
is
in
(except a pd,
duzentos-as,
um
se).
no
called
Such
isto, aquillo, and
gender except
as
re,
there
been
grammarians.
some
pronouns
also have
compounded
ending
spade).
or
(except chamine, fe, gale, mare,
(except lei,law, grei,flock).
Neuter
and
distinction
accent) sofa, tafeta, cha
acute
shovel
e
implying
not
flma,
neuter
neuter
forms
tudo.
dois
trezentos-as.
are
The
gender in
(and also
the
sonal
impercardinal
duas, and
those
31
GENDER
(short
0
mute).
or
This
does
refer
not
the
to
ing
end-
ao.
6
(accented o) for the
most
feminine:
are
The
part.
adz;
enxo,
ever,
following,how-
millstone;avo,
mo,
grandmother; filho, cake; ilho, eyelet.
1
m
r
s
(except cal, lime, cathedral, moral, pastoral).
(except ordem, order, and those ending in gem).
(except colher, spoon; cor, color;dor, pain; flor,flower).
(except those
used
andas, arrhas,
in the
only
plural and
and
cocegas,
few
a
ending
in
es:
in
as
:
preces,
ephemerides).
Nouns
3.
Examples:
Masculine
ume
are
generallymasculine.
the
months,
when
used
stantives
sub-
as
cavallo, the gait of the horse.
the
are
masculine
are
do
of the
mountains,
the
verbs
andar
: o
5.
and
dote, chicote, lume, costimie, betimie.
Infinitive
4.
in ote
ending
of seas,
names
letters of the
points of
the
rivers,lakes, and
alphabet,
of the
and
compass,
numbers,
the
in
notes
music.
36.
a.
Feminine.
the
vacca,
rainha,
b.
and
denoting females
Nouns
a
following
The
"
Note.
their
some
words
such
as
masculine
In
cases
forms,
which
martyr,
or
pations:
occu-
stress,
mai, mother, costureira, seam-
cow,
as
of
mofo,
distinction
sex
man,
young
poeta, poet, poetisa, poetess. There
woman,
and
names
queen.
"
two
feminine:
are
have
jovem,
feminine.
the
and
same
form
tigre, which
for
there
are
mo^a,
are,
both
may
erally
genyoung
however,
genders,
be
either
32
PORTUGUESE
In
c.
some
GRAMMAR
there
cases
is
masculine
no
form
of
a
noun
:
/rogr,abelha, bee, formiga, an^, aguia, eagle, onpa,
panther, cobra, snake, truta, trout, mosca,
it
fly. When
ra,-
becomes
done
o
by
of the
use
salmao
macho,
female panther; o
d.
a
Nouns
such
word
the male
implying
not
the
Greek
in
ending
dogma,
male,
salmon,
a
or
mappa,
ma
:
crow.
ending
and
map,
in:
words
from
ploma,
clima, climate, di-
aroma,
emblema,
femea, the
onfa
distinction
sex
it is
sex,
femea, female;
or
the male
macho,
corvo
indicate
to
cases
macho,
Except dia, day,
a.
or
in
necessary
idioma,
thema,
poema,
problema, symptoma,
epigramma.
ade, as caridade, charity.
ude,
as
virtude.
Except alaude, ataude, a^ude, almude,
grude.
Except
gem.
pagem,
page,
be of either
may
and
selvagem,
savage,
which
gender.
ie, as planicie.
21.
Common
Terminations.
are
"
to both
common
The
minations
following tering
endgenders: Words
in
fMasc.
az
"
alcatraz,
gaz,
IFem.
paz,
TVTasc.
amez,
Fem.
I
cabaz, cartaz,
lilaz,rapaz.
tenaz.
revez,
ez
anthraz,
ananaz,
convez,
freguez, jaez,
mez,
pez,
xadrez.
altivez, honradez,
fez, mudez,
rapidez, redondez,
rez,
tez, timidez, torquez,
vez.
pequenhez,
solidez, surdez,
33
GENDEK
i2
Masc.
almofariz, giz, matiz, nariz, paiz, pleuriz,
tapiz, vemiz.
Fern.
buiz,
"
cerviz,
cicatriz, codomiz,
matriz,
perdiz, raiz, sobrepelliz.
Masc.
albomoz,
algoz, aljaroz,
cadoz,
arroz,
retroz.
oz
Fem.
foz, noz,
Masc.
alcaguz, alcatruz, arcabuz,
voz.
capuz,
cuzcuz,
lapuz, obuz.
uz
Fem.
cruz,
Masc.
broche, cafe,
luz.
codice, corte, dente,
carcere,
epitome, tapete, traquete, valle,
e
coz,
-lFem.
chave, corte, crise, fe, fome, libre,
arte, ave,
lide,nave,
se,
'
I.
ponte, rale, rede, saude,
neve,
sebe, sede,
torre,
sege,
atives,
Augment
though
even
Iherao
(mulher).
Those
in
Masc.
words
of
Latin:
and
ao
Examples:
declension
sabao,
grao,
corafao,
mu-
derived
not
third
the
derived
(porta)
(caixa), portao
caixao
torrente.
original.
feminine
from
II.
vertice.
from
of
the
siphao,
trovao.
ao
Words
so
third
ending derived
declension
constituifao,
in
dicgao,
from
the
words
of the
Latin:
acfSo,
execufao,
feigao,
instituifao, legiao, lentidao, mansidSo,
Fem.
multidao,
opiniao, rebelliao, regiao, re-
solufao, servidao, solidao, uniao.
pao
are
from
both
pants
and
masculine.)
sermao
from
(But
sermo
34
PORTUGUESE
28.
Nouns
129.)
page
sex
a.
(See Exercise
Sex.
opposite
Nouns
denoting individuals
either
related,unrelated,
of
opposite
identical.
or
when
Related
feminine
the
form
is derived
from
adding
By
a
to
mascuUne
the
form:
auctora, authoress
cantor, singer {male)
cantora, singer {female)
inglez, EngUshman
ingleza, EngUsh
senhor, gentleman
senhora,
Note.
A
"
lavradora,
few
nouns
in
to
By
change final
changing
or
final
hospede, guest {male)
mano,
mestre,
mofo,
brother
have
teacher
young
to
o
eira, as
or
e
{male)
man
woman
lady
feminine
two
forms,
trabalhador,
to
a,
lavrador,
as
There
cantatriz.
or
trabalhadeira.
as
sister
mofa,
{female)
teacher
mestra,
woman
young
parenta, kinswoman
By changing the terminal
to
inha,
essa,
eza,
ola:
barao, baron
baroneza, baroness
conde,
condessa,
count
is also
hospeda, guest {female)
mana,
parente, kinsman
III.
r
lavradeira; cantor, cantora,
or
tendency
II.
the
either
auctor, author
a
IX,
are
mascuUne
I.
"
be
may
They
of
GRAMMAR
countess
gallo, cock
gallinha, hen
hespanhol, Spaniard
hespanhola, Spanish
principe, prince
princeza, princess
woman
neza,
36
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
MASCULINE
feminine
The
forms
differ only in
in
In each
idea,
but
specific. For
while
The
accent
in this
that
of
fruta
refers to
case
of the
sense
example
fruto
contain
nouns
the
general, while
more
^
these
case
is also
one
the
the
instead
same
feminine
masculine
is used
kind
changed
a
ending
of
o.
mental
fundaform
is
is
more
for fruit in general,
of fruit;madeiro
from
fabrico
to f"brica.
37
GENDER
is
one
of
a
words
Similar
that
which
different
The
Unrelated
bear
There
resemblance
Such
by the
Julio Ribeiro
the feminine
increase
form
of volume
or
size.
and
other,
have
as
the
cases
still other
several
each
other
widely
a
noun,
of the
nature
context.
in his Grammatica
of
are
to
occurs
words
preciselyalike,but differ from
Following are
and in meaning.
1
kind
one
are:
verb; in such
are
There
"
sometimes
word
is indicated
31.
bago is
genetic relations
no
meanings.
same
Nouns.
similar
a
have
adjective, or
word
(wood), and
^
(berry).
baga
30.
but
of madeira
kind
of
each
some
that
words
in
other
84,
indicates
spelled
gender
words:
of these
Portugueza, page
these
are
says
always
that
an
38
POUTUGXTESE
GBAMMAR
SUFFIXES
QUALIFYING
(See Exercise
Suffixes
33.
and
modify
to
adjectives, and
meaning
of the
modified
form
that
however,
such
the
exact
suffixes
ite, and
isme,
extend
the
of
even
verbs.
to the
these
1
This
meaning
from
word
very
the
has
In
suffixes
the
directly from
are
been
different
quince.
adopted
from
its
these
the
be
into
in
over
have,
the
cases
some
be
noted,
as
a
rule,
of
prefixes. Most
the
from
can
not
and
nouns
It should
do
do
as
of
is carried
word.
new
important of them
more
effectively used
meaning
parent word
izar
130)
page
extensively and
are
meanings
are
X,
Latin, while
Greek.
Only
mentioned
here.
the
original one
ista,
the
English language with
which
was
a
tion
prepara-
a
39
SUFFIXES
TERMI-
NATION
-agem
-al
ORIGIN
Ali
WITH
homem
man'
homenagem
homage
vassalo
vassal
vassalagem
vassalage
cafe
coffee
cafezal
field of coffee
(The
^
SUFFIX
WORD
z
in cafezal
is for the
sake
of
euphony.)
banana
banana
bananal
field of bananas
milho
com
milharal
field of
erudite
is the
-ario
correspond
to
termination
English
the
of
of eiro ; many
form
ary,
the
as
words
com
ending
so
secretario,
san-
ctuario, vocabulario.
^
This
ending
is
the
in part to
bank, banker,
example:
and
names
of their
it has
fruits:
stone
a
wider
pecego,
er
is
It
easily managed.
as
illustrated in the
application in Portuguese,
stone
quairy,
pedreiro,
trees
are
similarly derived
from
for
as
quarryinan,
the
peach, pecegueiro, peach-tree;coco,
coqueiro, the coco-palm.
responds
cor-
words
The
sapato, shoe, sapateiro, shoemaker.
mason;
of many
and
English ending
pedra, stone, pedreira,
sometimes
common
but
especiallyuseful
names
the
nut,
coco-
40
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
NATION
ORIGINAL.
-udo
This
TERMI-
WITH
MEANING
MEANING
SUFFIX
WORD
abundance
suffix expresses
head
cabe^a
or
intensity, as
big-headed, pig
cabe^udo
headed
beifudo
lip
beifo
thick-Hpped
-or
in
that
English
so
are
will
they
in
ending
those
suffixes
other
Many
33.
be
nearly like forms
recognized, such
corresponding
ficar
the
to
as
English
fy: clarificar,to clarify,purificar, to purify, classificar,
to
ending
English
the
corresponding
ista
words
orio
the
to
ico
correspond
to
the
notavel, veneravel,
termination
ivo
instructive,
34.
The
plural nouns:
poder,
to he
the
to
words
Many
to
English
Many
English ending ic,
in avel, evel, and
many
English endings able and
ivel
ible, as
indelevel, risivel,terrivel.
often
in
capitalista,
consistorio, repertorio.
ory:
artistico,symbolico;
correspond
and
darkly;
English ist,as
to
grandly,
grandemente,
as
correspond approximately
ending in
endings in
as
corresponding
capitalist,dentista, socialista, etc.
ending in
as
ly,
in mente
clearly, escuramente,
claramente,
a
ending
classify;others
The
corresponds to the English ive,
executivo.
infinitives
dizer,
able, os
to
of
verbs
say,
os
poderes, the
are
often
used
as
dizeres, the sayings;
powers.
41
SUFFIXES
AUGMENTATIVES
35.
Augmentatives
of the
as
here
a.
masculine
a
anha,
aga,
az,
addition
azio, and
ona
ending
or
an
augmentatives
or
irony.
expression for
a
effect is produced
augmentative
woman
The
ridicule
arao,
additional
enormous
h.
ao,
the
by
illustrated.
An
giving
an
suffixes
formed
are
For
queer
to
a
feminine
noun
:
by
mulherao,
amazon.
sometimes
example,
convey
ratao
is used
an
as
idea
a
of
slang
fellow.
Diminutives
(See Exercise
36.
Diminutives
following suffixes:
are
XI, page
formed
131)
by
the
use
of
the
42
PORTUGUESE
still further
A
37.
produced
by
of
syllables
or
usual
the
Another
Jose
are
Nicota,
quita,
Janjao,
Maria
Marica,
and
as
Anninha,
and
Nana,
and
Nd,
Joaozinho,
they
are
Mariquita.
Joca,
Mariquinha,
imply
terms
of
ment
endear-
The
names
Josezinho,
Cazuzo,
Chico,
; for
Annazinha,
Annoca,
Joanninho,
Anna
Naninha,
Anni-
Nanoca,
; for
Maroca,
Zuza,
Chiquinho,
Francisquito
Nazinha
certain
always
Zezinho,
used:
are
Annica,
the
not
Joca,
Anninhas,
Annicota,
as
Zeca,
for Francisco
do
includes
nicknames.
Juquinha,
Francisquinho,
used:
used
are
of
out
is
pequenininho
as
diminutives
Zeze,
Juca,
Zuzu;
Chichi,
Ze,
are:
Zequinho,
Zuca,
they
compassion
or
for
of
effect
small.
very
These, however,
but
smallness,
drawing
or
diminutives,
very,
class
names.
proper
diminutive
arbitrary
repetition
a
pequeninozinho,
38.
GRAMMAR
Joao
they
Noca;
are
for
Mariasinha,
44
PORTUGUESE
Adjectives
a.
vowel
that
to
a
with
:
GRAMMAR
the
masculine
ending in
change
o
belle,fine, f bella.
.
h.
Adjectives ending
f. sa,
the
change
or
ao
in
to
ona
Adjectives ending
and
comparatives
in
which
the
drop
o:
sao,
as
chorao, chorona;
as
sabi-
valentona.
chao, sabichona; valentao,
c.
either
ao
(except particular,singular,
r
add
unchanged)
are
encanta-
a:
dor, charming, f. encantadora.
f. franceza, French;
sandia)
ending in
Those
.
f.,easy;
genders: facil,m.
blue;melhor,
m.
The
a
m.
francez,
a:
hespanhola,
ea
:
;
hebreu,
Spanish.
f
.
crua
f
; nu,
form
same
hebrea,
.
becomes
sandeu
cru, f
the
.
in
f.,happy; azul,
feliz,m.
f.,better;cortez, m.
f.,prudent; ruim,
g.
add
u
adjectives have
/. Other
to
1 add
judia and
becomes
(but judeu
Hebrew
change
eu
and
z
f.
hespanhol,
ending in
Those
e.
m.
in
Proper adjectives ending
d.
nua.
both
m.
f.,
f.,courteous; prudente,
f.,bad.
following, however,
are
irregular:
COMPARISON
(See Exercise
42.
The
XIII,
placing mais, morej or
positive: escuro, dark, mais
43.
the
mais
133)
regular comparative adjectivesare^rmed
by
escuro,
page
menos,
escuro,
less,before
darker, or
the
menos
less dark,
The
definite
escuro,
relative
article
superlative is formed
before
the darkest.
the
by placing
comparative
form:
o
45
SUPERLATIVES
44.
from
The
The
absolute
the
Latin
and
has
precise formation
termination
of
is derived
superlative
the
the
directly
termination
varies
imo.
according
positive from
which
the
to
it is derived
:
I.
When
the positive ends
natural,
naturalissimo
singularissimo
II.
When
III.
When
changed
ends
positive
before
n
;
issimo
:
singular,
in
vel, that
ending
comes
be-
the
is
notavel, notabilissimo.
the
to
u, add
or
habilissimo
habil,
;
positive
bilissimo:
al,11,r,
cruissimo.
; cru,
the
in
the
ends
in
final
om
um,
or
issimo:
bom,
m
bonissimo;
communissimo.
commum,
IV.
becomes
positive ends
the
When
anissimo;
in ao,
sanissimo;
sao,
that
but
termination
christao,
chris-
tianissimo.
V.
changed
positive ends
the
When
to
c
the
before
in az,
issimo:
iz, oz,
the
final
z
is
audaz, audacissimo;
feliz,felicissimo; veloz, velocissimo.
VI.
When
the
change
to
in
positive ends
e
or
o
these
tions
termina-
excellente, excellentissimo
issimo:
;
alto,altissimo.
a.
to
Positives
and
qu
sounds:
b.
forms
gu
ending in
before
issimo
rico, riquissimo;
The
following
derived
from
co
are
Latin
and
go
in
order
vago,
to
those
retain
the
letters
hard
vaguissimo.
exceptional
roots
change
:
absolute
superlative
46
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
SUPERLATIVE
alto, high
mais
dry
In
c.
mais
mesmissima
One
hears
does
noun
sissimo
is
such
alto,
the
highest
o
mais
grande
o
mais
secco
superlative forms
expression
statement,
or
as
thing. (See " 93.)
same
expressions
mais
coisissima
as
ne-
slightestthing, though, strictly speaking,
the
not
an
certain
precisely the
cousa,
even
nhuma,
a
sequissimo
secco
strengthen
to
o
grandissimo
colloquial Portuguese
used
are
altissimo, highest
grande,^
mais
grande, great
secco,
altOjihigher
admit
not
of such
sometimes
used
comparison.
to
mean
Portuguethoroughly
very
^Portuguese.^
d.
the
of various
use
quite,or
de
superlativetakes de, of:o
relative
todos,
que
and
do
of
beautifulthan
has
^
Alto
^
Grande
^
A, R.
que,
the
also
has
an
valente
superiority or inferioritytake
than:
rose.
an
mais
of all.
the bravest
f. Comparatives
de
exceedingly.
summamente,
The
e.
also be expressed by
superlative may
adverbs, mui or muito, very, bastante,
absolute
The
mais
Certain
belle
other
irregular comparative
irregular comparative
do
que
a
rosa,
comparatives
superior.
maior.
Nacional, page
Gon9alve"Viana, Ortografia
167.
que,
more
take
47
COMPARISONS
de
ha
:
than
mais
de
twenty
The
g.
vinte
years
melhor,
serra,
bigger
maior,
the
inferior,interior,and
elle
e
inferior
a
followed
exterior
IRREGULAR
Several
45.
is formed
the
take
smaller, peior,
the
a,
maior
que;
forms
inferior to
absolute
Latin, but
in the
superior,
of que
:
his brother.
COMPARISONS
their
the
a
que
to, instead
irregular adjectives derive
parative and
rectly from
by
but
he is
irmao,
seu
more
league.
a
mountain;
legua,
mna
greater, menor,
better,are
than
de
menos
less than
ago,
forms
worse,
annos,
usual
corn-
superlative forms
the
relative
by placing
way
their
di-
superlative
o,
the, before
comparative.
ABSOLUTE
RELATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
COMPARATIVE
bom,
good
melhor^
Optimo
o
melhor
mau,
bad
peior^
pessimo
o
peior
maior*
maximo
o
maior
o
superior
o
inferior
o
mais
o
menor
0
menos
grande, great
alto,high
superior
supremo
baixo, low
inferior
infimo
muito,
much
mais
menor^
small
pequeno,
little
pouco,
menos
AUGMENTATIVE
46.
formed
^
The
but
they
^
the
The
like
fallinginto
are
expressions
not
diminutive
and
o
mais
adjectives
diminutive
mau
are
are
nouns:
sometimes
used,
disuse.
mais
pequeno,
also used; mais
used
and
and
bom
mais
ADJECTIVES
DIMINUTIVE
augmentative
comparatives
often
are
AND
Augmentative
highest,are
they
minimo
grande
the
and
colloquiallyinstead
good Portuguese.
smallest^and
mais
pequeno
of maior
and
o
mais
are
menor,
alto,
paratives
com-
but
48
POKTUGUESE
novo,
neWf
36.)
The
of
endearment.
pretty, is often used
to
" 35,
(For rules, see
novinho, quite new.
adjectives, like the
terms
as
GKAMMAR
are
nouns,
often
from
Bonitinho
used
bonito,
quite pretty,very pretty,
mean
pretty littledear,
or
In
47.
homem
NOUNS
OF
SYNTAX
general the
trabalhador,
48.
signal
This
order
mau,
a
working
arbitrary, but
rule
for which
is determined
cannot
and
acquired by observation,
denotes
noun,
In
general the
The
as
be
must
adjective precedes when
it
precedes the
The
in meaning
word.
compound
a
it denotes
is
especial attention
is to be
adjective is of
boa
but
the
practise.
adjective follows when
attention
51.
emphasis,
quality which necessarily belongs to the
the adjective and noun
and when
might almost
to which
the
or
a
be regarded
50.
by
fully stated
be
signal
mau
inversion, however, is
sign. This
had
adjective:
man..
inverted:
be
may
not
49.
precedes the
noun
a
ADJECTIVES
AND
directed
minor
directed; but
the
to
noun,
the
importance,
ity
qual-
ja
when
and
the
adjective
noun.
following
due
to
the
noite, good night
illustrate the
cases
position of
noite
boa,
fine
dia, a certain day
dia certo,
certo
relogio, a certain clock
relogio certo,
a
time
night
fixed day
certo
good
adjective:
the
a
difference
a
clock
that
keeps
NOUNS
pobre homem,
bom
homem
prosperous
santa
casa,
nosso
padre,
ADJECTIVES
man!
poor
a
anno,
AND
year
hospital
a
simples homem,
a
grande homem,
santa,
padre
mere
man
eminent
an
bom,
casa
priest
our
pobre,
anno
49
,
a
New
a
Year
sacred
the
nosso,
is poor
who
man
house
Lord's
homem
simples,
homem
grande,
plain
a
prayer
man
large man
a
man
In
a.
admit
the
cases
but
in
of
such
cited
the
instances
many
brief
altos
and
ceos
primeira
dias
longos
In
certain
In
following
inadequate
be
and
not
cases
tions
explana-
given briefly:
padres santos, holy fathers;
and
and
the
do
altos, high heavens;
ceos
causa
latable,
readily trans-
are
distinctions
In
is
cannot
padres and
santos
52.
given
required that
are
the
definitions.
English translation
the
expressions
dias
first cause;
primeira,
causa
longos, long days.
inversions
cases
are
not
allowed.
following instances, for example, the words
compounds:
be in the order given as if they were
the
must
father;
fixa, a fixed star;
estrella
mac
the
padre, God
Deus
direita,the right hand;
deputado
deputy (congressman);
federal, federal
illustrious Mr.
Most
Senhor,
Illustrissimo
codigo civil,the civil code.
53.
words
The
used
much, when
nouns:
a
poucas
few days
ago;
pouco,
as
cousas,
muito
little,and
muito,
manyy
adjectivesusually precede
a
few things; ha
barulho, much
poucos
noise.
their
dias,
50
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
54.
The
adjectives hungry
hunger
meaning
nouns
the
expressed by
coldjare
frio,/
somno,
etc.:
estar
estou
,
and
com
fome,
com
the
sede,
thirsty,sleepy,cold.
NUMERALS
V.
(See Exercise
55.
of
use
XIV,
page
134)
CARDINALS
THE
30
trinta
dois,/. duas
40
quarenta
3
tres
50
cincoenta
4
quatro
60
sessenta
5
cinco
70
setenta
6
seis
80
oitenta
7
sete
90
noventa
8
oito
100
cam
9
nove
101
cento
10
dez
102
cento
11
onze
200
duzentos, /. -as
12
doze
300
trezentos, /. -as
13
treze
400
quatrocentos, /. -as
14
quatorze
500
quinhentos, /. -as
15
quinze
600
seiscentos, /. -as
16
dezeseis
700
setecentos, /. -as
17
dezesete
800
oitocentos,/. -as
18
dezoito
900
novecentos,
19
dezenove
1000
mill
20
vinte
1001
mil
21
vinte
e
um
2000
dois
22
vinte
e
dois
1
um,
2
1
The
/. imia
word
only used with
{or uma)
(or duas)
conto
reis:
which
um
and
,
,
hungry
am
thirsty sleepy,
,
conto
meant
e
e
um
(or uma)
um
dois
(orduas)
/. -as
(or uma)
(or duas) mil
1,000,000
formerly
e
um
a
milhao
million
de reis, a thousand
in
milreis.
counting
52
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
1
primeiro, first
16
decimo
sexto
2
segundo, second
17
decimo
setimo
3
terceiro, third, etc.
18
decimo
oitavo
4
quarto
19
decimo
nono
5
quinto
20
vigesimo
6
sexto
21
vigesimo primeiro
7
septimo
22
vigesimo segundo
8
oitavo
30
trigesimo
9
nono
40
quadragesimo
10
decimo
50
quinquagesimo
11
undecimo
(decimo primeiro)
60
sexagesimo
12
duodecimo
(decimo segundo)
70
septuagesimo
13
decimo
terceiro
80
octogesimo
14
decimo
quarto
90
nonagesimo
15
decimo
quinto
100
Inflection.
60.
multiples of
as
Of
"
the
centesimo
cardinals
um,
(duzentos,/. duzentas)
cento
dois, and
are
treated
adjectives.
ordinals
The
as
setimo
or
indicated
all treated
are
61.
FRACTIONS
THE
meio
:
or
adjectives,except
" 596.
at
metade
as
metade
meia
meia:
^ terffo or terga
" dois tergos
quarto
I
um
I
tres
I
um
quinto
J
xim
"exto
or
or
quartos
do
:
uma
duas
uma
dinheiro, half of the
hora, half
ter^a parte
terras partes
quarta parte
an
hour
money
53
FRACTIONS
\
um
setimo
^
um
oitavo
^
um
nono
tV
um
decimo
In
a.
the
reading of fractions
(derived from
avo
the
term
above
tenths
oitavo) is used
to
the
express
suffix
the
divisor.
TT
um
A
nove
onze
avo
onze
doze
ih
um
vinte
M
treze
undecima
parte
avo
avo
vinte
f ^ quarenta
Ti^u
a
avos
1^^ um
T^(j
or
e
um
centesimo
um
millesimo
6".
avos
um
cincoenta
e
quatro
avos
MULTIPLICATION
word
The
vez,
duas
Example:
vezes,
tres
with
multiplication:
to express
once;
time, is used
vezes
the
uma
twice;
ties
vezes,
tres
sao
nove,
cardinal
or
vez
three
merals
nu-
simples,
times, etc.
three tiw"S
three
nine.
are
a.
as
many;
as
many
h.
expressions are
These
tres
also used:
tantos, three times
as
more.
Proportionals:
duplice,
dobrado,
dobro,
duplo,
I
double
dois
many;
tantos, twice
outros
tantos,
54
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
triple,
triplice,
triplicado,
triple
triplo,
tres
dobrado,
tres
dobro.
quadruple, quadruple
decuple, tenfold
centuple,
hundred
a
duzia,
uma
vintena,
a
a
fold,
dozen
score
hundreds
centenares,
milhares, thousands
multiple,
63.
SUBSTANTIVES
NUMERAL
Cento,
hundred,
a
thousand, the fractions
treated
are
as
horas
Que
tres
uma
Faltam
minutes
A
month
thousand,
milheiro,
proportional numbers
the
illustrations
following are
with
in connection
E
and
a
miOMS
The
Sao
mil,
substantives.
64.
use
times
many
sao,
e
um
what
time
in
common
numerals.
is it?
quarto, it is quarter past three.
hora, it is
vinte
the
of idioms
one
para
o'clock.
tres
(colloq.),it
lacks
twenty
of three.
quantos
is it?
estamos
hoje do
mez?
what
day
of
the
55
IDIOMS
Hoje
e
dia
quinze
leguas
Quantas
here
is it from
Sao
duas,
Que
idade
or
the
this
quinze,
e
d'aqui
sao
to
hoje
a
cidade?
is the
how
fifteenth.
leagues
many
city?
it is two.
tern
senhor?
o
old
how
you?
are
{literally
^
what
has
age
Tenho
the
vinte
e
gentleman?)
tantos
I
annos,
odd
twenty
am
years
old.
Oito
dias,
dias,
Quinze
Ha
vinte
{literally,eight days).
week
a
a
{literally,fifteen
fortnight
twenty
annos,
years
ago,
also
days).
these
twenty
years.
Ha
de
cousa
vinte
(about)
some
annos,
twenty
years
ago.
Ha
duas
D'aqui
The
to
horas,
quinze
a
days
Friday
as
of
two
hours
dias,
the
follows:
week
a
ago,
and
fortnight
are
these
two
hours.
hence.
numbered
from
Monday
56
PORTUGUESE
VI.
GRAMMAR
PRONOUNS
PERSONALS
(See Exercise
There
65.
but
in
used
the
is
the
are
place of the
in
exceptions noted
declension
no
of their
of
appearance
as
personal
third
they
are
generally
in direct
second
address, with
Strictlyspeaking there
the
Portuguese;
all
declensions
personal
so
persons,
that
with
are
without
or
nouns,
pro-
many
they have
so
the
given by
objective forms
The
used
pronouns,
is
person
being declined, and
grammarians.
some
three
retain, in
Latin
135)
page
below.
in
however,
traces
usual
the
Portuguese
XV,
cording
ac-
vary
prepositions.
1st per
he, she, it
elle,ella
o, a,
lo,la,^
him, her,
elle,ella
it
Ihe
3d
they
elles,ellas
per.
os, as,
los,
elles,ellas
them
si,sigo
them-
las,iIhes
^reflexive)
*
These
with
a
tendency
the
are
from
the
definite
to avoid
the
se
Latin
article which
use
illo and
pronoun
of o,
so
has
that
the
one
same
are
selves
to
not
forms.
often hears
such
be
fused
con-
There
expres-
is
57
PRONOUNS
Lhe, Ihes,
a.
indirect
b.
dative
or
O,
used
d.
with
EUe,
when
the
to
66.
of
the
is
person
employed.
Third
Persons
Vossa
your
but
merce,
c.
of
used,
are
are
as
are
tracted
con-
In
"
address, the
to close
except
when
tu
be
may
addressed, according
Your
Your
a
used
Senhor,
merce.
abbreviation
common
be
to
to
lency,
Excel-
lordship,Vossa
Voce,
as
friends,
only in
Mr., and
of
cases
Senhora,
Mrs.
Until
one
the
safest
familiar
becomes
rule is to
In writing, these
with
the
Senhor
use
words
are
and
of
use
these
Senhora.
abbreviated
indicated
as
147.
Ordinarily
as
chamar
va
visital-o.
perdendo
A
/, is
eu,
placed
sometimes
sions
mth, the
in, they
em,
Excellencia,
one
or
"
be
grace.
madam,
at
is com,
preposition de, of,
Vossa
as
familiarity,or
h.
tion,
preposi-
the
domestics
may
extreme
terms
of any
thee,etc.
used
Senhoria,
mercy,
a.
direct
sigo only
Person.
commonly
circumstances,
of Vossa
always
with
with
relatives,children, and
Your
always
nelle, nella, etc.
Use
third
and
vosco,
delle,della, etc.; with
to
are
preposition
comtigo,
me,
las
prepositions admit
ella, etc.,
contracted
are
forms.
migo, tigo,nosco,
commigo,
it, to them
to
los, and
as,
with
that
except
forms
os,
accusative
Those
her,
to
forms.
lo, la,
a,
objective or
c.
him,
to
elle
before
instead
Brazilian
terreno."
used
not
or
of
scholar
even
va
in
as
after
chamal-o
observes
the
or
"
:
English, but
verb
visiter-lhe
assim
o
is
for the
instead
pobre o vai
58
PORTUGUESE
of
sake
emphasis
GRAMMAR
clearness.
or
thou, elle, he, ella, she,
sonhos
d.
and
de
as
in
as
as
is only
you,
in
vocative
a
nos,
gloria,for thee
Vos,
The
I dreamed
in
dreams
(See " 66.)
English.
discourses,
It is not
etc.
prayers,
eu
of glory.
formal
very
of tu,
ti sonhava
Para
we.
used
is true
same
used
quially
collo-
Tu, thou, is also used
vocative.
a
Reflexive
67.
Reflexive.
a
te,
se,
a
mim
to
me,
si
himself, to himself
nos
us,
vos,
a
vos
you,
si
to
to
a
a
to you
to themselves
Person
Plural
Singular and
object
Indirect
sonal
per-
us
themselves,
Third
Direct
the
thee
thee,
a
of
me
ti
nos,
se,
forms
reflexive
The
"
are:
pronouns
me,
Pronouns
Personal
object
se
selves,
himself, herself,itself,them-
si,se
to
himself, herself, itself,or
themselves
with
comsigo
himself, herself, itself,
themselves
68.
Duplication.
"
By its
classic Portuguese.
to
an
what
idea.
does
Aconteceu-mea
Que
glory
Duplication
me
concern
mim,
it
or
a
mim
what
is redirected
happened
to
a
is
me.
in
common
attention
use
importa
mef
is
gloria? In
glory
to
me?
60
POBTUGUESE
they precede,
as
GRAMMAR
inserted
are
within,
follow
or
the
verb.
In
1.
(are procHtic):
verb
the
precede
They
a.
negative
sentences:
nao
fale;
me
nao
o
creio.
In phrases
2.
cujo
and
and
They
pels
the
conditional:
the
que,
in
of
beginning
faf a-me
The
from
the
enclitics
of the
73.
phrase
:
agradecer-lhe
by
do
encUtics
hyphen
a
affect
not
two
que
livro, he directed that you
should
you
want
comsigo,
reflexive
the
or
the
;
diga-me
;
is
pronoun
hyphens.
position of
and
before
come
pronouns
mandou
si, Pedro
be said.
the
cents
ac-
verbs.
When
Se
of
(are enclitic) at the
verb
and
verb
subject precedes:
74.
tell him, instead
will
resta-me
mescoclitics
the
separated
e.
a
indicative
future
of diria-se, it would
the
stem
favor.
o
In
d.
follow
the
between
the
in
porque,
exceptions.
many
verb
/
dir-lhe-ei,
always
They
rule has
the
direi-lhe; dir-se-ia, instead
c.
ama.
livre ;
me
conjunctions que,
(are mesoclitic)
termination
and
with
inserted
are
se
que
te leve.
used
When
4.
; a mulher
popular expressions: Deus
diabo
o
qual, quern,
o
que,
upon
chamou
o
quern
In certain
3.
h.
:
depending
si refer to the
spoke of himself.
tu
give him
pronoun
with
with
Voce
you.
verbs
entregasses
see
o
the book,
subject: Pedro
everythingfor yourself.
take the gun
Ihe
verb, the
a
falou
quer
tudo
Leve
a
(For the
" 126.)
para
de
si,
espingarda
use
of the
PRONOUNS
75.
Comparison.
nominative
pronoun
serious
/.
than
61
After
"
terms
is used:
of comparison
mais
serio
que
eu,
the
m(yre
POSSESSIVES
(See Exercise
76.
The
adjectives
possessive
and
agree
XVI,
pronouns
in gender
object possessed.
and
s
They
plural.
in the
Inasmuch
address,
in
place
sua,
78.
seu,
the house
in
The
number
in
a
with
the
the
feminine
third
and
is used
person
suas
your
generally used
are
and
in direct
yours:
a
casa
e
is yours.
is also
a
casa
place
English:
and
Hke
Pronouns
etc., for
Possession
as
the
seus,
d^elles, the house
79.
as
sua,
of vosso,
preposition
e
as
inflected
are
all take
Possessive
77.
136)
page
meu
e
expressed by
d'elle,the house
the
use
is his';a
of
casa
is theirs.
of the
possessive is before the
cavallo, my
horse.
noun
a
62
PORTUGUESE
In
80.
the
certain
is
noun
de:
example:
for
some
saudades
in
as
the
cases
venho
casa,
with
pronoun
portant
Im-
of (about) you.
kind
illustrated
are
the
by
for you,
saudades
means
saudades
instead
from
come
with
cortou-me
have
you
instead
home;
vou
in
as
of
para
my
some
English,
venho
casa,
cut
In
brafo.
meu
omitted
are
parts of the
brago, he
o
of cortou
is used
casa
used
not
are
possessives
de
/
tuas
English:
is used
arm,
this
means
Possessives
body
personal
else.
one
81.
the
to
of
saudades
tuas
possessive placed after
(de ti),news
tuas
distinctions
while
the
cases
equivalent
noticias
the
GRAMMAR
minha
de
I
as:
going
am
horns,
83.
At
the
time
same
the bold
is occasionally emphatic:
in my
me
with
83.
The
is
your,
to
express
The
of the
com
a
I
casa,
minha
am
dor, leave
possessive seu, sua, seus, suas, his, her
also idiomatically and
used
colloquially
uncertain
annos,
he
value
personal
(For the
be
of the
quantity:
twenty
years
tem
and
more
sometimes
seus
old.
replaced by various
pronouns,
considered
.use
or
(or she) is about
.possessivesmay
are
"16.)
deixa-me
minha
na
possessive
grief.
my
or
vinte
house;
own
estou
of the
use
forms
such
pressions
ex-
elegant.
article before
possessives see
63
DEMONSTRATIVES
DEMONSTRATIVES
(See Exercise
The
84.
demonstrative
either with
them
in
without
or
gender and
or
of
with
them
to
They
cousa.
nor
be
regarded
essas
as
esta
cousas,
neither
have
they used
are
preceding idea,
a
may
or
cousa
of the
feminine
to refer to persons
animals.
difference
The
forms
various
which
is
is that
is
definite
articles
used
aquelles,
vegetacao
a
entre
a,
os,
as,
provincia
as
de
refer to that
refers
second
identical
Minho
Portugal.
aquelle,
by
e
with
the
origins. They
and
of
followed
de
to
the
are
equivalents
when
in their
esse
addressed.
person
in forms, sounds,
aquellas
expression:
the
o,
the
as
and
este
first is used
the
near
forms
The
between
speaker, while
the
near
which
that
87.
are
used
forms
neutral
are
refer
to
essa
plural forms,
86.
to
used
agreeing with
nouns,
subject, and
or
aquella
cousa,
When
nouns.
aquillo
used
equivalents
be
may
number.
demonstratives
nor
the
Isso, isto, and
expression,
137)
page
pronouns
their
they precede
85.
XVII,
a
a
aquella,
determining
que
tern
Literally,the
mais
pro-
64
PORTUGUESE
is that which
vince
of Minho
those
of Portugal.
When
88.
as
as
do
they form
no,
has most
are
with
definite
the
similarly form
per
forms
these
they combine
a
GRAMMAR
preceded by the
sition
prepo-
forming
a, and
it
articles.
na,
vegetationamong
ao,
Preceded
nos,
by
and
nas,
pelo, pela, pelos, and
aos,
they
em
preceded
by
pelas.
DETERMINATIVES
The
89.
except
determinatives
which
tal
is
Outrem
pessoa
90.
or
has
outras
form
meaning
outra
the
este,
pronouns
form
outro
with
outro
number
pessoas.
demonstrative
The
gender and
gender distinction:
no
invariable
an
aquelle, etc., with
aqueir
have
esse,
est'outro, ess'outro,
corresponding feminine
and
plural forms.
91.
Um
93.
Mesmo
e
a
homem,
the
outro
(literally
one
means
mesma
the
personal
same
the
same
It is used
man.
pronouns
and
same
cousa,
and
to
mean
both.
other),means
self as
here
thing;
o
in connection
self:eu
mesmo,
trated:
illusmesmo
with
/ my-
65
INTERROGATIVES
self,
ella
themselves,
used
that is true, it is
93.
what
do
tal, it is
is
94.
not
such
no
to
de
Sicrano
Mr.
are
mesmo,
precisely the
a
so,
Tal
it is
qual
just
such
as
a
is this?
how
just
ha
so.
ha
nao
say;
thing; nao
e
thing.
means
you
of
same;
same
tal?
Que
one.
no
form
tal
lugar,
place.
is
tal
it is often
or
e
exactly the
or
of this?
true, it is
Fulano
person;
Doe
such
think
as
augmentative
an
it is
means
you
expressions
precisely
qual, it is just
tal
they
mesmos,
so.
is
cousa,
tal
Um
there
such
just
meaning
mesmissima
E
in
Mesmissimo
mesmo
herself; elles
etc.
is also
It
she
mesma,
a
for any
used
name
equivalent
Whafs-his-name.
English John
the
to
fictitious
Beltrano, and
Fuao,
similarly used.
INTERROGATIVES
(See Exercise
The
95.
que?
interrogatives
page
138)
:
are
what?
que
homens?
quem?
who?
quem
e?
qual?
which?
qual d'elles?
o
que?
It is not
considered
Interrogation with
(Not
XVIII,
0
que
tem?)
o
Que
is it?
who
which
elegant nowadays
que.
men?
what
tern?
to
what
of them?
begin
have
an
you?
66
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
RELATIVES
(See Exercise
Of
96.
the
relative
only; the other
things.
They
XIX,
pronouns
forms
139)
page
refers to
quern
refer to either
sons
peror
persons
are
who, what, that
que,
{no gender)
who, whom
quern,
which
qual, yl. quaes,
cujo, /. cuja, pi. cujos, cujas, whose
97.
O
qual,
o
que,
the which,
literally,
forms
made
clear
etc.
but
O
que
da
livro
0
when
the
the
escurecer,
livro
bibliotheca
Where
instead
for
the
deve, without
99.
is
Cujo
by
the
foi
morto,
immediately
cujo
cavallo
antecedent
needs
to
A
Deus
gloria de
qual
do
are
qual
cannot,
reading;
lendo, the hook
qual is used
o
sem,
sem
qual
o
nao
not.
qual, and
object possessed:
the
be
reading.
euphony:
to
a
which
you
esta
follow
equivalent
quaes,
latter
should
you
as
These
are
you
of
sake
which
that.
or
glory of God
o
would
quern
and
quaes,
lendo, the hook
esta
of the lihrary(the)which
98.
os
what
mean
prominent.
or
pode
se
nao
used
are
qual,
a
soldier
whose
is followed
O
soldado
horse
was
killed.
is
a.
Cujo
a
classic
casa?
de
whose
quern
e
without
but
archaic
house
esta
antecedent
form
is this?
casa?
and
the
object possessed
of expression: cujo
Instead
Literally,of
one
whom
would
now
e
esta
say:
is this house?
68
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
certo
(/.certa, pi. certos, -as), certain
muito
(/.-a, pi. muitos, -as), many
(/.outra, pi. outros, -as), other
outro
(/.-a, pi. poucoS, -as), few, little
*quanto (/.-a, pi. quantos, -as), how much,
pouco
much
as
much
much
Fago
as.
as
Quantas
pay?
Quanto
with
article it
the
cidade,
but
soon
as
all
its
gender
i.
Em
quanto
much
often did
the
means
toda
cidade,
did
you
as
you
there?
go
for the
sake
whole; without
city; toda
every
used
is sometimes
as
a
adverb
an
of euphony:
cada
cada
ella
esta
qual andava,
101.
When
a
either algum
may
each
um
em
quanto
eu
view.
have
um
cada
not:
cada
a
qual stands
Cada
does
um
Espera
I take
while
qual and
meaning.
same
while.
means
vista, wait
uma
j. Cada
the
outre, I do
molhada.
toda
or
article
of the city. It
retains
mean
possible.
every;
means
to
tanto
how
pagou?
Quanto
as
the
with
qualquer
quanto
foi la? how
vezes
antes,
Todo
h.
tanto
else.
one
any
in correlation
is used
*Quanto
g.
tiro
much
(/.-a, pi. todos, -as), all,every
todo
as
many,
as
(/.-a, pi. tantos, -as), so
*tanto
how
approximately
next
dos
to the
the
ever,
verb, how-
soldados
andava
(of the soldiers)walked.
proposition has a negative sense
before
be placed after,or nenhum
noun:
( homem
ori,
( nenhum
The
second.
first
algum
podera
,
homem
sentence
.
saber
.
podera
is
.
saber
more
)
^
i
no
man
n
i.
shall
know
)
emphatic
than
the
69
VERBS
Certain
102.
analogous
those
to
f or
seja quern
of the
,
,
" be
fosse
quern
indefinite pronouns:
it may
-^
)
,
" whoever
..
quem
quer
que
fosse
quem
quer
que
seja }
quer
De
a.
que
and
tenho
and
to eat
b.
de
de
or
que
expression
obrigado, muito
103.
que
,
be
often
are
comer
e
nao
ha
used
de
be^
in the
/
beber,
of
sense
have
thing;
some-
something
to drink.
The
not
it may
^-j
)
e
,
,
y whoever
que
.
might
^
it
J
-
o
meanings
.^
who
J
qual for
fosse
expressions have
)
-
-
seja
idiomatic
at
all
The
de
que
used
in
obrigado, etc., is equivalent
or
the
French
pas
VII.
VERBS
Portuguese
de
verbs
intransitive,reflexive,or
to the
to
lish
Eng-
quoi.
are
either
impersonal.
voice,mood, tense, number, and
reply
transitive
have
They
person.
CONJUGATIONS
104.
are
The
verbs
have
three
conjugations which
distinguished by the endings of the infinitives.
Example
First
Second
Third
conjugation:
conjugation:
conjugation:
MEANING
ENDING
INFINITIVE
-ar
andar
to
walk
-er
receber
to
receive
-ir
punir
to
punish
70
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
105.
and
Regular
conjugated
which
are
called
regular; those
lack
Irregular Verbs.
of the
some
like
which
parts,
The
to
the
following
of the
the forms
roots
future and
On
THE
XXI,
page
the
are
regular verbs.
of the
the ending
three
so
as
the
am
and
of
see
"
or
VERBS
REGULAR
141)
of
terminations
are
indicative
96 foot-note
all
to be added
of the
cases
where
root.
ao
are
irregularverbs.
These
the
types
conjugated,
verbs, except in the
conditional
infinitive is used
1
called
OF
(See Exercise
106.
not
are
are
TERMINATIONS
GENERAL
of the
one
verbs
Those
"
and
"
108.
the
REGULAR
71
VERBS
Mood
Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
1
On
the
ending
am
and
5o
see
"
96
foot-note
and
" 108.
72
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
^falarfa
Condi-
(I should
would
falarias
or
falaria
speak)
tional
The
in the
Portuguese, and
Portuguese is
persons,
or
partir?as
or
would
partirta
would
partirtamos
de-
deverieis
partirieis
part)
deveriam
partiriam
falarieis
preterit of the
one
of the
partina (I should
deveria
deveriamos
English perfect tense
(I should
deverias
falariamos
^falarzam
*
deveria
is
owe)
represented by
the discriminate
the
use
imperfect and
of
these
tenses
ing
greatestdifficultiesfor Englishspeak-
74
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
Subjunctive
The
according
to
the
could, would,
of the
is to
subjunctive
translated
be
context, by
and
can,
may,
it is translated
imperative
English
as
a
might,
must,
it is used
When
should.
into
in
place
command
or
request.
^tale
(I may
speak)
fales
Present
deva
(I may
owe)
devas
(I may
parta
depart)
partas
fale
deva
parta
falemos
devdmos
partamos
faleis
devaes
partaes
devam
partam
"
Lfalem
^falasse
(I should
speak)
falasses
(I should
devesse
owe)
devesses
partisse (I should
depart)
partisses
falasse
devesse
partisse
falassemos
devessemos
partissemos
falasseis
devesseis
partisseis
devessem
partissem
Imperfect
.falassem
^falar
(I should
speak)
falares
(I should
dever
owe)
deveres
(I should
partir
partires
falar
dever
partir
falarmos
devermos
partirmos
falardes
deverdes
partirdes
.falarem
deverem
partirem
depart)
Future
Imperative
t^resent
ffala (speak)
deve
|^^j^^
^^^^.
^^^^
(owe)
parte
(depart)
^^^
Infinitive
mper-
j
^^^^^
,^^ speak)
dever
(to owe)
partir (to deparl)
76
PORTUGUESE
/.
change
cer
5 before
to
c
GRAMMAR
and
a
adoecer, adoefO,
o:
adoepa.
g.
final
In
the
third
it to
syllableschange
3d
consume,
changes
Analogous
the
of
in the
u
present:
consome
per.
first person
in the
made
are
indicative
present
in the
0
have
that
conjugation verbs
following: dormir
the
of
comes
be-
servir, sirvo; seguir, sigo; impedir
durmo;
(formerly impido, now) impego.
VERBS
AUXILIARY
page
143)
principal auxiliary
verbs
(See Exercise
The
109.
hdve, and
haver,
however,
other
andar
and
uma
casa,
a.
the
Ter
not
are
while
ser,
verbs
used
are
and
am
often
used
vir,to
come.
lookingfor
haver
preposition de
exclusively
:
when
tenho
used
de
a
ter,
are
as
to
verbs,
These
estar, to he.
and
ir,to go, and
/
XXIII,
auxiliaries,
such, especially
as
Ando
procurando
house.
with
escrever,
infinitive
an
or
hei
de
require
escrever,
AUXILIARY
I
have
that
write.
to
the
thing
must
die; while
be
done
with
reason
verb
just
h.
of
as
it is in
latter
is
joined
In
general
When
e.
followed
as
it will
it.
possession,
he
razao,
had
auxiliary
an
haver
to
the
ha
with
in
ir for
always
used
ir.
de
preposition
form:
place
hei-de
is not
de
the
verb
used
verbs:
hyphen
written
of
often
are
of the
The
be
hei-de
the
subject of the
the
implied by
the
escrever;
vadiar
infinitive,and
first verb
verbs
verb
of the
finishing, I
The
g.
immediate
Jose
am
is
verb
nearing
action:
future
verb
idea
vadiando
anda
that
or
the
vou
Jose anda
or
idling constantly.
ciple
by the present partiacabando,
: vou
of
gradual realization
the
expresses
ir followed
verb
the
conveys
vir followed
second
is either
it
auxiliary
an
constantly practises the action
Jose
ir and
of another
action
:
that
means
f. The
as
haver.
participle of another
present
second
than
more
is used
the
by
is used
ter
andar
and
a
the
of
teve
it is also used
forms
ira, etc.
use
do
to
sense
horse;
a
that
dizer.
d.
a
in the
morrer,
English.
de ; it may
the
hao-de
by
right,but
ir for
the
In
resolution
shows
ter
de
temos
indicate
to
particular auxiliaries
irei,ha-de
c.
the
to have
regular future
before
is used
means
was
These
the
haver
he
verbs,
by necessity, as
cavallo, / have
um
or
of these
uses
certainty,or
sometimes
tenho
as
such
is done
we
Ter
a
In
77
VERBS
the
end.
by
the
/
infinitive
passear,
/
am
am
ally
gradu-
expresses
going
to take
walk.
h.
Haver
in the
verb
third
to be.
is
generally
it is
more
example:
nao
person
For
defined
as
meaning
to
have, but
nearly equivalent
ha
agua,
there is
no
to
the
water;
78
PORTUGUESE
houve
temporal, there
um
if there
i.
Ser
am
in
to he
means
storm;
a
houvesse
se
permanent
a
American.
an
in the
only
was
tempo,
time.
were
/
GRAMMAR
passive
It is used
voice:
terra
a
as
cano,
Ameri-
sou
sense:
auxiliary,but
an
cultivada, the
e
land
is
cultivated.^
Estar
j.
hungry;
ill
am
heyond
blind
am
/
estou
ill;but
am
is, /
that
recovery,
transitory
a
here;
am
doente,
estou
/
cego,
/
aqui,
estou
sense:
he, in
to
means
(temporarily); sou
doente
sou
/
fome,
com
/
cego,
am
/
means
invalid.
an
am
temporary
or
Estou
hlind
am
manently
(per-
.
k.
point of time
morto
estar
esta
claro
is to
the
Estar
m.
remark
the
:
chorar, for
n.
Vir
second
or
verb
or
mean,
*
and
its
or
que
or
use
preposition
o
meia
half an
fim
por
por
in
a
or
of the second
the action
esta
casar,
para
esta
vapor
in process
act
an
idea
these words
For
the
hora
hour
esta
that
at
a
partir,
fim
as
:
would
hoy
estas
be
palavras
the
time
of
aquelle menino
has
by the preposition a and
same
palavras
estas
ser
start.
de
than
more
the
by
that
means
to
mais
ha
followed
expresses
followed
indicates
a
claro
e
morto
that
point of marrying;
is ahout
steamer
e
either
Sometimes
place shortly: Carlos
the
on
elle esta
as
elle
equal propriety as:
estar
take
is
Charles
with
infinitive
an
remoteness,
ago.
in
nearness
...
verb
and
long
it is evident
que,
indicate
just died, whereas
has
died
used
be
can
verb
he
to
indicates
ser
he
that
I. The
para
where
means
implies
used
is sometimes
Estar
heen
crying.
infinitive
an
expressed by
veem
a
a
the
significar
significam, in the end these words
amount
to,
expressing the time of day
see
"
64.
AUXILIARY
The
0.
English
79
VERBS
auxiliary
do
has
no
equivalent
in
Portuguese.
Conjugation
1
For
meanings
^
Ser
is
mixed
somos
verb
see
of
the
auxiliary only in the
on
account
of its
etc.);
sum,
era,
Contracted
*
This
^
Formerly
was
to
hemos,
eramos
heis.
formerly written
written
sam.
passive voice.
being made
Jui)) serei, seria, seja (Lat. sedere).
^
Verbs
" 109.
an
(Lat.
Auxiliary
he.
up
It
of different
(Lat. eram);
is called
verbs:
fui, fomos
a
sou,
(Lat.
80
PORTUGUESE
^
^
See note
Contracted
on
page
to
71
hia,
on
etc.
GRAMMAR
the conditional
and
pluperfect.
AUXILIARY
IRREGULAR
110.
Some
regular
that
reference
as
(See
Exercise
of
the
they
list of the
irregular. Such
These
follow
Indicative
and
the
VERBS
XXIV,
are
verbs
from
omitted
verbs
most
verbs
but
are
models
the
are
in ahir
in
nearly
following
regarded
so
commonly
ending
succeeding
Subjunctive
144)
page
irregular
are
81
VERBS
the
otherwise
and
air.
Present
regular.
82
PORTUGUESE
Note.
a.
generally
are
which
the
in which
do
h.
ca
the
cases
Verbs
third
and
sa
form
not
verbs
The
"
GRAMMAR
written
with
h
followed
are
is used
h
and
sahir, cahir,
their
in those
by
to indicate
forms
accented
that
pounds
com-
the
i
and
a
ending
of the
in uzir
take
present
instead
uz
indicative:
of
uze
Reference
List
of
the
Irregular
to
Indie.
i
in the
produzir, to
produz; reluzir, to shine, reluz.
Dar,
ir,
or
diphthongs.
person
111.
in
FIRST
Irregular
Parts
Verbs
CONJUGATION
give.
dais, dao.
Pres.
dou, das, da, damos,
Pret.
dei, deste, deu, demos,
Plup.
dera, deras,
etc.
destes, deram.
of
duce,
pro-
84
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
Siibj. Pres.
fa^a, fagas, faga, fasamos,
etc.
Imp.
fizesse,fizesses,fizesse,fizessemos, etc.
Put.
fizer,fizeres,etc.
Part,
feito.
Past
Note.
The
"
of
following compounds
afazer,
contrafazer,
fazer
desfazer,
jugated:
similarly con-
are
perfazer,
refazer, and
satisfazer.
Haver,
Jazer,
see
to
Indie.
79.
page
lie,to
repose.
Pres.
jazo, jazes, jaz, jazemos, jazeis,jazem.
Pret.
jouve (antiquated).
to read.
Ler,
Indie.
Pres.
leio,les, 1",lemos, ledes, lem.
Subj.
Pres.
leia,leias,leia,leiamos, leiais,leiam.
to lose.
Perder,
Indie.
Pres.
perco,
perdes, perde, perdemos,
Subj.
Pres.
perca,
percas,
Pres.
posse,
pedes, pode, pedemes,
Pret.
pude, pedeste, pode
Pres.
pessa,
Imp.
pedesse, podesses, pedesse,
Put.
peder, pederes, etc.
Indie.
Subj.
Per,
pessas,
pessa,
is
Imperative of this verb
to
put,
to
word
This
Indie.
Pres.
Pret.
Fut.
Some
or
etc.
peude, pedemes,
etc.
etc.
pessames,
*
etc.
wanting.
'"
place.
and
its
have
compounds
or;i it is,however, only
1
etc.
percamos,
to be able.
Poder,
The
perca,
etc.
a
modification
penhe, pees,
the
peculiar infinitive ending
of its ancient
form
peer.
pendes, poem.
posestes, pozeram.^
pus, peseste, poz, pozemos,
pereis, perae.
perei, per"s, perd, peremes,
pee,
regard
grammarians
per
pdmes,
and
its
compounds
as
a
fourth
conjugation.
^
In
these
forms
Bento
Partuguesa, ed. of 1904,
pusesse.
uses
Jos6
u
de
Oliveira
instead
of o,
in
os:
his Nova
"
Gramatica
puseste, pusera,
lEREGULAR
85
VERBS
Imper. punha, punhas, punha, punhamos,
Subj.
Pres.
Past
Condit.
poria, porias, poria, poriamos,
Plup.
posera,
Pres.
ponha, ponhas, ponhamos,
Imp.
posesse,
Put.
poser,
Part,
pondo.
.Part,
Similarly are
Prazer,
to
Indie.
etc.*
posessemos,
posermos,
etc.
posto.
conjugated
the
compounds
antepor, oppdr,
compor,
etc.
praz.
Pret.
prouve.
Plup.
prouvera.
prouvesse.
prouvera.
to wish.
Indie.
Subj.
in
poseres,
Pres.
Put.
This
posesses,
etc.
please (Impersonal).
Subj. Imp.
Querer,
etc.
etc.^
poseras,
dispdr, imp6r,
contrapor,
punheis, punham.
Pres.
quero,
Pret.
quis, quiseste, quis, quisemos,
etc., or
quiz, qtiizeste,quiz, quizemos,
etc.
queres,
quer,
etc.
queremos,
Plup.
quizera. quizeras.
Pres.
queira, queiras, queiramos,
Imp.
quisesse, quisesses, quisessemos,
Put.
quiser, quiseres,
verb
has
and
etc.
etc.
etc.
etc.
qtusermos,
form
Imperative
no
quizeramos,
the
Subjunctive
is used
its stead.
Requerer,
to
request.
Indie.
Pres.
requeiro,
Subj.
Pres.
requeiras,
Imperative.
Saber,
Indie.
*
In
requer,
requeremos,
etc.
etc.
requerei.
to knoiv.
Pres.
sei, sabes, sabe, sabemos,
Pret.
soube, soubeste,
these
Portuguesa,
pusesse.
requere,
requeres,
forms
ed.
of
Bento
1904,
etc.
soube, soubemos,
Josd
de
Oliveira
uses
u
instead
in
of
his
o:
"
etc.
Nova
Gramatiea
puseste,
puserSt
86
PORTUGUESE
Svhj. Pres.
saiba, saibas, saibamos, saibaes,
soubesse, soubesses, soubessemos,
FiU.
souber, souberes,
to be.
Ter,
to have.
See
See
etc.
79.
page
of ter
Indie.
SubJ.
Valer,
obter, reter, and
:
abster,
suster.
bring.
Pres.
trago, trazes, traz, trazemos, etc.
Pret.
trouxe, trouxeste, trouxemos,
Plup.
trouxera, trouxeras, trouxeramos,
Fut.
trarei,trards, trard, etc.
Condit.
traria,trarias,trariamos,
Pres.
traga, tragas, tragamos,
Imp.
trouxesse,
Fut.
trouxer, trouxeres,
trouxesses,
etc.
etc.
etc.
tragaes, etc.
trouxessemos,
etc.
etc.
to be worth.
Indie.
Pres.
valho, vales, vale, valemos,
Subj.
Pres.
valha, valhas, valhamos,
Ver,
to
Subj.
Past
valhaes,
Pres.
vejo,
Pret.
vi, viste,viu, vimos,
Plup.
vira, viras, viramos, vireis,etc.
Pres.
veja, vejas, vejamos, vejaes,
Imp.
visse, visses, vissemos,
Fut.
vir, vires, virmos, etc.
Part.
visto.
ves,
Similarly conjugated
ver
etc.
etc.
(Lat. videre).
see
Indie.
pre
similarlyconjugated
are
ater, center, deter, entreter, manter,
to
etc.
79.
page
following compounds
Trazer,
etc.
Imp.
Ser,
The
GRAMMAR
and
ve,
the
are
vedes,
vemos,
veem.
vistes, viram.
etc.
etc.
compoundes
antever,
re ver.
113.
THIRD
Despedir, Expedir.
CONJUGATION
See Pedir
below.
Frigir,to fry.
Indie.
Pres.
frijo,freges,frege, frigimos-,frigis,
fregem.
Past
Part.
frigido and
frito.
entrever,
IRREGULAR
It/
87
VERBS
to go.
Indie.
Pres.
or
imos, ides, vSo.
fui,foste, foi,fomos, fostes, foram.
irei,iras, iri,iremos, ireis,irao.
Pret.
Put.
Imp.
Suhj.
Condit.
ia,,ias, ia, iamos, ieis,iam.
iria,irias,iria,iriamos, etc.
Plup.
f6ra, foras, fora, foramos,
etc.
Pres.
va, vas,
vades,
vac.
Imp.
fosse, fosses, fosse, fossemos,
for, fores,for, etc.
Put.
Imper.
vais, vai, vamos,
vou,
Pres.
vamos,
etc.
ide.
vae,
Pres.
Part.
indo.
Past
Part.
ido.
Medir,
va,
to measure.
Indie.
Pres.
mego,
medes,
mede,
Suhj.
Pres.
mega,
mefas,
me^a,
Ouvir,
medimos,
medem.
etc.
mefamos,
to hear.
Indie.
Pres.
oufo,
ouves,
ouve,
ouvimos, ouvis,
Subj.
Pres.
ouga,
ougas,
ou^a,
ousamos,
ouvem.
ou^ais, ou^am.
to ask.
Pedir,
Indie.
Pres.
pejo,
pedes, pede, pedimos,
etc.
Subj.
Pres.
pe?a,
pe^as,
pefais,
The
compounds
pepa,
despedir and
pe^amos,
impedir
pesam.
in the
conjugated
are
same
way.
Remir,^
to redeem.
Indie.
Pres.
redimo, redimes, redime, remimos, remis,
Subj.
Pres.
redima, redimas, redima, redimamos,
Rir,
to
Pres.
no,
Subj.
Pres.
ria,rias,ria,riamos, riaes, riam.
This
is
vao,
etc.
verb
ser.
Remir
ris,ri,rimos, rides, riem.
really a defective
verbs:
^
etc.
laugh.
Indie.
*
redimem.
from
and
verb
ir, irmos, irdes, etc.,
the
Latin
redimir
made
up
from
the
vadere; fui,fosse,
are
forms
of the
same
of parts of
Latin
ire; vou,
for, etc., from
verb.
three
ferent
difvaes
fui of the
88
PORTUGUESE
Vir,
to
come.
Indie.
Suhj.
Past
In
GRAMMAR
the
Pres.
venho, vens,
Pret.
vim, vieste, veio, viemos, viestes, vieram.
Imp.
vinha, vinhas, vinha, vinhamos,
Plup.
viera, vieras, vieramos, viereis, etc.
Pres.
venha, venhas, venhamos,
etc.
Imp.
viesse, viesses, viessemos,
etc.
Fut.
vier, vieras, viermos,
Part,
vindo.
way
same
vimos, vindes, vem.
vem,
etc.
the
conjugated
are
vinheis, etc.
compounds:
advir, avir-se,
contravir, convir, desavir, intervir, sobrevir.
VARIABLE
114.
Many
forms
two
the
Naquelle
VERBS
145)
page
otherwise
regular have
participles
ja
ja
had
Rome.
in either
time
dead.
irmao
meu
already
tinha
morrido,
at
that
died.
sujeitos
a
Roma,
povos,
people
many
Rome
had
jected
sub-
people.
participleone
examples
at that
morto,
era
sujeitado muitos
general when
and
irmao
meu
already
subject to
tinha
will be
as
following examples:
eram
many
voice
REGULAR
past participle. These
povos
Roma
In
are
tempo
brother
my
Muitos
were
vei*bs that
was
Naquelle
time
XXV,
tempo
brother
my
(See Exercise
of the
from
seen
OF
always interchangeable, however,
not
are
PARTICIPLES
the
a
of them
other
above;
some
verb
is
in
has
two
commonly
the
of
forms
used
of the
past
in the active
passive voice
them, however,
as
are
in
the
used
voice,though preference is generallygiven
VARIABLE
to the
short
should
be
other
forms:
observed
irregular or
115.
Participle.
"
used
tern
that
one
rather
It
form
is
regular and
the
contracted.
of
[In this list (a.) indicates
that
having
Two
the
Past
the
ceding
pre-
voice,(p.) that it is
in the active
passive, (a. and
in the
ganho.
gasto, pago,
Forms
is used
form
elle
Verbs
of
List
89
PARTICIPLES
p.) that it is used in both
voices.l
FIRST
acceitar, to accept
dispersar,
entregar,
deliver
to
dry
to
enxugar,
disperse
to
to
expressar,
expulsar,
to
express
expel
fartar,to satiate
findar, to
ganhar,
to
to
gastar,
finish
enxugado
(a. p.)
expulsado
(o.)
(a. p.)
findo
(p.)
(a. p.)
(a.)
to
clean
limpado
matado
occultado
soltar, to
save
loose
sujeitar,to subject
form
Pagado
(p.)
isento
junto (a. p.)
limpo (a. p.)
(a. p.y
morto
(a.)
(a. p.)
occtilto
(p.)
(a. p.)
pago
^
salvar, to
The
(a.)
pagado^ (a.)
pay
(a. p.)
ganho
gasto (a.p.)
limpar,
to
expulso (p.)
findado
juntado (a. p.)
pagar,
(p.)
(p.)
collect
occultar, to hide
expresso
farto
isentado
kill
(p.)
enxuto
(a )
to
to
(p.)
fartado
gastado (a.)
spend
dlsperso (p.)
entregue
(a. p.)
expressado
juntar,
matar,
^
(a. p.)
(p.)
assente
dispersado (a. p.)
ganhado
gain
isentar, to exempt
*
(a. p.)
entregado
(p.)
acceito
(a. p.)
acceitado
assentado
sit
to
assentar,
CONJUGATION
is
morto
now
salvado
(a. p.)
salvo
(a. p.)
soltado
(a.)
solto
(p.)
sujeitado (a. p.)
usurped from the verb
quite antiquated.
is
sujeito (p.)
morrer,
to die.
90
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
116.
CONJUGATION
SECOND
to
eleger, to
elect
envolver,
to
suspender,
117.
preso
(a. p.)
suspendido
suspend
to
(a. p.)
envolto
(a.)
prendido
take
(a. p.)
eleito
(a.p.)
envoi vide
(p.)
acceso
elegido (a.)
involve
to
prender,
(a. p.)
accendido
fire
set
accender,
(p.)
(p.)
suspense
CONJUGATION
THIRD
aberto
(a.p.)
erigido (a. p.)
erecto
(p.)
extinguir, to extinguish
extinguido (a. p.)
extincto
frigir,to fry
frigido (a.)
frito (a. p.)
abrir, to
abrido
open
erigir,to
imprimir,
erect
118.
of the
tinto
tingido (a.)
tingir,to dye
There
having
verbs
still other
are
(p.)
impresso
(a. p.)
imprimido
print
to
(a.)
(a. p.)
(p.)
two
forms
past participle:
afeifoar,
to
fashion
annexar,
to
annex
ignorar, to ignore
manifest
to
manifestar,
sepultar, to bury
suspeitar, to suspect
absolver,
to
absolve
absorver,
to
absorb
extender,
to
extend
tDrcer,
to
twist
contract
contrahir, to
extract
extrahir, to
to
oppress
reprimir, to
repress
opprimir,
submergir,
^
from
^
^
to
Grammarians
escrever,
Used
only
but
submerge
often
give
a
matter
as
in the
here
escrevido
compound
of fact
form
Sepulto used only in compound
the
as
word
a
regular participle
is not
desabrido.
form
insepulto.
used.
92
PORTUGUESE
In
a.
plural
but
of
case
in
as
It
is
gesto,
um
nada, nenhum,
mantes,
e
verb
the
:
ninguem
o
it is considered
pal
mesmo
perdoar
the
Esau
nasceram
and
e
phrases
tudo,
dia-
os
euro,
subject
follows
of proper
case
verb
be
to
names
do
plural:
Jacob.
take
the verb
bons
engrandecer
e
erros
In
with
terra.
compound
the
for
O
da
e
terra.
a
emphasized:
ends
um.
terra
e
better
Infinitives
e.
e
ceo
is
bastava.
cada
or
singular when
passara
follows:
enumeration
an
perolas tudo
as
is
It
d.
olhar
um
be
may
brilhantes;
sac
gradation
a
It is singular when
c.
lua
a
e
singular,as
when
singular
palavra,
luna
it is
cases
sol
o
as
verb
subjects the
compound
English,
in certain
h.
GRAMMAR
in the
intentos
singular:
de
e
espirito
generoso.
In
/.
e
gravar,
nao
empecer
the
plural indifferently:um
de
mais
Um
um.
e
verb
is
plural:
amar,
ag-
compadecem.
se
following have
The
g.
the
of contrasts
case
verb
outre,
e
outro
either
nem
singular
um
outro,
nem
Um
morrer.
quer
or
outro
e
fugiram.
certain
In
h.
patriotas.
regarded
regard
it
In
as
an
expressions singular subjects
plural verbs.
have
to
appear
idiomatic
this sentence
adverbial
(1) Nos
nos
e
que
expression.
analytically equivalent
as
patriotas e (facto). (2)
Tudo
sao
e
however,
may,
Some
to
somos
que
be
grammarians
nos
que
trevas;
o
somos
mundo
sao
homens.
i.
the
Similarly a
third
person:
first person
eu
e
que-
may
be
used
digo adeus,
with
it is I
a
verb
who
of
say
good-hy.
j.
When
one
subject is
in the
first person
and
another
IMPERSONAL
is of the
second
Eu
temos,
tu
e
Nem
eu
the
nem
I
neither
third, the
or
verb
is first person
come
nasce
(that is, we)
you,
plural.
being equivalent
tu
sabembs
vos
nor
and
eu
93
VERBS
do
to
literally,
amor,
know
how
person
and
not
n6s.
love
begins.
k.
When
subject is in the second
one
is in the
Tu
Carlos
e
131.
third, the
bons,
estaes
147.)
third
person.
Carlos
ha
houve
festas, there
is warm;
faz
it is easy;
e
preciso, it
dizem,
hoje, it is
it is
is necessary;
they
sao
it
acontece,
basta,
carece,
it is
duas
usqd
calor, it
to-day.
e
it is well
que,
horas,
men;
facil,
that;
o^clock;
it is two
especially characteristic
in various
tenses,
are:
happens
it
apraz-me,
bem
e
forms
Other
say.
Portuguese, but
of the
just;
week
a
rately
sepa-
wise
are
faz
feasts (festivities);
were
justo,
e
only in the
use.
sables, there
semana
uma
XXVII,
it is not
English impersonal
homens
good,
are
used
are
expressed in this impersonal
Examples:
plural.
person
(See Exercise
"
verbs
Impersonal
The
is second
and
you
Verbs.^
Impersonal
page
verb
other
an-
pleases
me
enough
there
it is necessary,
is need
that
chega, that will do
convem,
cumpre,
it is
it is necessary:
custa, it costs
1
These
for
For
well, it suits
verlps
their
:
are
forms
dormir,
custa
not
example, haver, ser, and
it is hard
called
sometimes
are
dizel-o, it
cumpre
always
fazer
and
"
to
sleep
others
to
have
the
"
in
guese,
Portu-
third
person.
unipereonal
confined
be said
must
all the persons.
94
PORTUGUESE
dar-se,
GRAMMAR
deu-se
happen:
to
is what
facto, this
esse
happened
"
foi,etc., from
e, era,
(" 109), it is,was,
ser
(" 112),
fazer
faz, fazia, fez, from
it
is,was,
etc.
it is
combinado,
fica
fica, it remains, rests, is, etc., as
etc.
agreed
there
are,
it
seems
it
praz-me,
it is
urge,
been
has
it matters
importa,
parece,
there
was,
is, there
(" 109), there
haver
ha, havia, houve, from
pleased
me,
I
the
usual
pleases
am
urgent
resta, it remains
a.
There
also
are
of nature, such
h.
voice,
alii
as
ate, com,
de,
para,
the
usage
por,
usages
of them
most
where
em,
of these
Some
but
cases
in the
passive
lives without
one
criado,
um
do
Verbs.
by
by certain
followed
are
forms.
used
that; precisa-se de
Required
Prepositions
verbs
often
desejo, there
sem
tions
opera-
it rains.
are
it is said
que,
expressing
is wanted.
servant
122.
a,
vive
se
desire; diz-se
a
verbs
impersonal
The
chove,
as
forms
Some
"
prepositions, such
as
sobre, in their various
correspond
not.
Only a
differs from
to the
few
English
are
lish,
Engof the
given
here.
a.
A, to, of,
is
perdoar: perguntou
prohibiu
quantos
ao
me
mo^o,
fizeram
used
after
ao
medico,
he
forbade
mal,
/
perguntar,
he
the
asked
prohibit, and
th^ physician;
youth.
forgive all
those
Eu
who
perdoo
have
a
ill
PREPOSITIONS
used
A
me.
object of
h.
of the
some
verb:
querer
while
/ went
cidade,
d.
with, is used
Com,
and
to
casar,
frio,/
interview
with
the
daughter of
him;
to
cessar,
depender,
deixar,
to
lembrar-se,
and
verbs
after
casou
the
T,
to
remember
to have
he married
de
e
from.
writers
die
need
as,
to
forget
Examples:
infinitive
use
de
cold
folly
occasiao, he remembered
an
to
frio, he is dying of hunger and
asneiras, stop your
before
like
to
esquecer-se,
motion
objective,see
with
occasion
the
several
" 123/.
other
verbs
as,
d'esta
agua
nao
beberei,
I shall not
drink
of this
water;
d'este
pao
bread.
nao
a
have,
opportunity
forms, such
reflexive
fome
/. Classic
filha de
went
precisar,to
de
such
a
leave
Morre
de
ate
hungry;
am
elle, /
com
morrer,
cafe, I like coffee
For
ter
depend
to
to
da
I
gostar,
implying
Lembrou-se
ir: fui
after:
de
de
love
or
something.
he, ter,
fome,
com
com
Gosto
Deixa
and
to
estar,
cease
after certain
and
chegar
veitar-se, to improve
appro
is to esteem
T.
De, of, is used
e.
meaning
city.
cold; fui
am
the
is to desire
cousa
estou
marry;
com
estou
the
it is the
123d.
pessoa
after
as
when
determines
alguma
far
"
at
querer
is used
95
VERBS
infinitive
alguma
a
querer
as
the
explained
after
a
Ate, to, at,
c.
with
as
of
use
one,
an
verb,
a
The
is used
WITH
comerei,
I
shall
not
eat
of
this
96
is the
h.
Para, for, to,
towards
dono
esta
certain
verbs
estar:
o
easa?
em
Partiu
I
going
am
ca, look
janella delta
the
after
Lisboa, he has
para
para
is used
deitar
:
home
Lisbon
to
gone
this way
window
rio, the
o
para
toward
opens
river
i. Note.
English
followed
are
Agradecer,
for the
you
Almofar,
Such
which
in
require
not
are:
agradego-lhe
for:
I
presente,
o
present.
breakfast
to
verbs
prepositions do
by
thank
to
several
hand
the other
On
"
prepositions in Portuguese.
thank
implying
ir,partir,vir,buscar, olhar, and
:
casa,
para
Olhe
after
proprietor at home?
motion
Vou
in, is used
Em,
g.
A
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
peixe, he
almogou
on:
fasted
break-
fish.
on
Caljar,
to
put
(the feet):
on
calcei
chinelas, I put
on
slippers.
Gear,
to sup
Falar,
speak
to
cha, he supped
ceou
on:
of:
tea.
on
politica, he
falou
talked
about
politics.
Subir,
to
climb
up:
subiu
a
he
serra,
cUmbed
up
the
mountain.
Vestir, to put
vesti
on:
o
OBJECTS
(See Exercise
123.
When
OF
usages
the
livingbeing, that
direct
name
in
page
coat.
148)
differ in the
following
English:
object of
is
the
on
VERBS
XXVIII,
objects of verbs
The
respects from
a.
paleto, I put
a
verb
preceded by
the
is
a
person
or
prepositiona,
OBJECTS
to, especially when
from
the
tigre, he
ao
animal
subjugou
b.
When
object:
is
direct
dia
o
the
the
by
Pompeu
a
elle
subjugou
when
the
object
to, may
be
omitted
object precedes
noite
a
When
verbs
take
direct
a, as,
the
d.
or
the
verb
a, to,
noite
a
is
an
as
when
or
precedes
vence
the
dia, day
o
the
direct
the
followed
the
of
direct
these
infinitive.
a
cessation
These
verbs
de
he
escrever,
ar, /
began
to
SPECIAL
(See
a.
To
estar
Exercise
express
and
ser,
a
verb
a
action,
are:
acabar,
has
done
escrever,
to
is
infinitive,
an
de
he
flee.
the
take
ting
deno-
deitar,
come^ar,
Comefou
continuar, deixar, tomar,
comegar,
:
a
signifying
of
ensinar,
infinitive
fugir, they began
when
preceded
a ti.
nao
following
come^ar,
by the
object of
verbs
are
f alar.
a
desatar, botar.
jcontinuation or
a) almof
ensinou
write; deitaram
f. When
acabou
aprender,
:
e
infinitive the
an
beginning of action, require
to
certain
:
a
mim
a
mim,
they
os
colheu
es
is
object
verbs, when
entrar, meter,
began
elle
a:
preposition
of the pronouns
one
elles, o, and
vos,
preposition
the
These
object is
nos,
principiar. Example
besides
a,
ject
ob-
night.
ti, si, elle,
134.
God;
Pompey;
tiger. But
man
love
possible,the preposition
vence
When
e.
Deus,
a
overcame
the
than
the
overco?nes
c.
Coesar
distinguishthe
to
tigre.
0
ambiguity
it is
necessary
overcame
other
97
VERBS
subject. Ama
Cesar,
venceu
OF
beginning,
before
cessar,
arrancar,
travar.
that
Example:
writing; comecei
de
(or
breakfast.
USES
XXVIII,
existence
many
VERBS
OF
page
in
verbs
148)
its
are
various
used.
phases,
Some
of
98
PORTUGUESE
these
illustrated:
here
are
GRAMMAR
acho-me
find myself ill; sinto-me
myself
b.
and
is,he
is
he
alegre, literally,
verbs
Certain
combined
are
out; mandei
concertar, I had
(it)mended.
(him)
c.
When
followed
participleis
a
by de
verbs
cercada
joyous,
used
as
/
ordered
de
is
fiz
is often
flores, surrounded
especially true
seguir, preceder,
acompanhar,
made;
adjective it
an
omada
e
movement
express
(him) sing; vi sahir,
fazer,
flowers. This
with
decorated
and
:
to
/ heard
perception: ouvi cantar,
saw
goes
saw
happy.
go
/
he
literally,
empobrecido,
himself impoverished; anda
that
literally,I feel
envelhecido,
old; viu-se
grown
I
doente, literally,
of the
forrar,
cercar,
cobrir, pintar, fazer, vestir.
Some
grammarians
instaiices
as
part of
explain the use
phrases.
elliptical
(See
125.
and
The
verb
passive
periphrastic active,
has
formed
phrases
active
phrases
of ter, to have
forms
perfect participlemascuhne
tenho
149)
page
by
the
aid
of
(See auxiliaries " 109).
Periphrastic
required
XXIX,
Portuguese
auxiliaries.
a.
Exercise
in these
PHRASES
VERB
PERIPHRASTIC
of de
escrito'a
carta, I have
tenho
made
(see
page
singular
written
escrito,I have
tens
escrito,thou
tern
escrito, he
temos
are
hast
by placing the
79), before
of the
the letter.
written
written
(she) has written
escrito,we
have
main
written
the
verb:
100
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
Certain
6.
verbs
queixar-se,
used
leave, and
calar-se,
reflexive
arrepender-se,
reflexive
the
forms,
to
to
the
in both
used
are
active
forms
sense:
repent,
forms; despedir-se,
hush,
but
reflexive
in the
used
complain, and
in
only
and
to
much
are
to
the
are
take
active
different
have
meanings.
Neuter
c.
much
are
it
used
to
seems
:
verbs
do
take
not
AND
(See Exercise
Thus
me
me,
se,
etc.,
parece-me,
;
objects the
as
nouns
pro-
as.
IMPERATIVE
used
they tell
dizem-me,
reflexive
0, a, OS,
137.
with
me.
The
d.
reflexives
impersonal
or
SUBJUNCTIVE
XXXI,
151)
page
Colloquially the imperative is
is used
the subjunctive which
as
ella would
fale
(subj. pres.) com
not
much
so
in its
be
place.
used
in
place of fala (imper.)com
ella,speak to her; the latter
is regarded as less polite,possibly because
fala has
its subject, while
tu (understood) as
fale has for its
subject
tenha
of
Senhor,
o
paciencia
attenfao,
It
a.
me
nao
fale
(not presta)
Preste
^
be
noted
subjunctive should
imperative:
nao
(imper.).
especiallyto
negative the
reason
same
attention.
pay
is
the
(subj.),have patience,is used in place
paciencia
tem
For
etc.
voce,
deva,
you
(subj.),donH
that
be
ought
talk to
when
used
not
me
there
instead
(not
(not
a
of the
deve);
nao
fala,
m6
nao
is
imperative).
^
One
sentence
often
hears
has
complement,
a
tenha
a
as
paciencia, which
tenha
a
is correct
paciencia de ler
when
esta
the
carta.
SUBJUNCTIVE
One
of the most
of the
present
h.
use
The
d'agua, fetch me
cope
be
should
dize
traduz
father that;
carta, translate
THE
is
incerto
E
certo
Nao
Nao
not
the
know
139.
a
pintor
conhegp
verb
o
or
isso
it should
130.
e
talvez
Certain
with
as
seja
como
this
que,
tell your
traduze
the
sentences
according
esta
the
tive
subjuncstances.
circum-
to
subjunctive
be
his
he is
este
quadro,
coming.
coming.
I
know
fez
este
this
quadro
I do
means:
picture.
talvez, perhaps, precedes
indicative:
talvez
it follows
seja
isso
perhaps this' {or it)is
idiomatic
no
picture.
subjunctive; when
exacto,
the
about
that
made
who
adverb
be
explained at "
131.
faga
que
pintor que
the
verb, it should
pal
seu
INDICATIVE
it is uncertain
make
painter
When
a
be
is doubtful
it is certain
could
who
diz
um
the indicative:
vem,
que
Traz-me
pal) que,
seu
THE
is used
venha,
conhefo
painter
AND
fact
the
que
a
:
{or traga-me)
traze-me
dependent
used, otherwise
E
examples
carta, should
indicative
When
is the
letter.
certain
the
or
Portuguese
place of the imperative
pai {or diga
SUBJUNCTIVE
In
138.
be
este
this
in
glass of water;
a
teu
a
in
errors
following are
d'agua, should
copo
101
INDICATIVE
common
indicative
(or subjunctive).
um
AND
expressions use
indefinite
and
relative
the
exacto,
so,
the
junctive
sub-
pronouns
102.
Similarly the subjunctive is used with
for, be that
as
it may.
como:
102
GHAMMAit
POBTUGUESE
of
sense
OS
conjunction:
a
buscam,
as
que
all who
of
seja
seek
como
The
and
in
other
any
hook
tente
:
know
os
surprised
preciso
{as
or
a
that
the
in
Its
livro
livro
form
Portuguese
from
use
thing
any-
is best
use
plained
ex-
estudar, / bought
para
para
O
ligao,
soldiers
bought
mestre
esta
con-
is
ordem,
em
duly
necessary
to
cause
be-
pleased
surprehendido
not
were
is
I
teacher
our
Ficou
estudardes,
nosso
devidamente
it
comprarmos,
oldest
in the
study.
lesson.
soldados
inflected
an
different
este
este
a
the
151)
:
to
you
sabermos
por
estarem
the
study.
to
comprei
for
we
for study
is
language.^
comprei
{for me)
Personal
this
como
within
are
page
infinitive
it is likewise
Impersonal:
hook
XXXI,
It is found
by examples
this
seja
todos
INFINITIVE
personal
infinitive.
writings,
estudo,
whether
them
(See Exercise
of the
de
They
PERSONAL
133.
alcance
ao
of) curiosity.
matter
mere
estao
the
in
used
sometimes
(Herculano).
curiosidade
reach
is
subjunctive
The
133.
in
buy
de
nao
he
was
order.
E
{that
we
buy).
^
ed.
Bento
p.
46,
aorist
form
Jos6
says
de
that
of the
Oliveira, in his Nova
the
personal infinitive
subjunctive.
Gramdtica
should
Portuguesa,
be
regarded
as
26a
an
103
ADVERBS
VIII.
THE
INDECLINABLES
ADVERBS
(See
134.
Adverbs
Exercise
XXXII,
be
may
page
152)
single words
as
wellj
bem,
logo/ presently,cedo, early.
Or
a.
^
they
adverbial
be
may
phrases such
as
the
following:
miudo, repeatedly
a
day before yesterday
ante-hontem,
cegas,
as
escuras,
ate
rightnow
hora, hourly
a
toda
a
torto
a
vista, at sight
left
direito,right and
e
effeito,indeed
d'aqui
a
d'aqui
em
shortly
pouco,
diante, henceforth
de
dia, by day
de
longe, afar
de
noite, by night
de
nenhuma
de
perto,
de
repente, suddenly
de
chofre, suddenly, unexpectedly
de
tarde, in the
de
vez
is
em
sorte, by
near
no
me'ans
by
afternoon
quando,
from
time
to
time
fim, finally
em
Logo
darkly
aqui, thus far
com
1
blindly
as
an
unusually elastic adverb
to never.
meaning all the
way
from
104
PORTUGUESE
em
seguida,
em
vao,
GRAMMAR
in vain
hoje
em
para
sempre,
pelo
menos,
forever
at least
baixo, below
per
cima, above
por
emquanto,
mais
meantime
ou
menos,
quando muito,
h.
The
(popular)
dia, nowadays
por
pouco
after another
one
a
little more
less
or
at most
following are
forms:
composite
depois (de and
pois), afterwards; quiga, perhaps, (abbreviation
sabe,
tao
or
knows); tambem
who
feminine
adverbs
the
The
English
quiz
e
tao
eu
pouco,
I.
did
by
adding
to
mente
is usually to
mente
ending
quem
bem), also; tampouco
nao
formed
are
adjective.
by
neither
it,and
want
Many
c.
elle
Example:
pouco.
he didnH
(tao and
of
be
ly; escuramente,
a
lated
trans-
darkly;
propriamente, properly.
d.
When
follow
and
two
each
or
other
is understood
justly and
in
adjectives ending
more
this termination
for the
is used
others:
justa
e
with
mente
the
last
propriamente,
properly.
used
adverbs:
as
adjectives are
such are
alto, baixo, barato, certo, claro, conforme,
falar baixo, to speak low ; comprou
barato,
and muito:
he bought cheaply.
e.
masculine
Some
f. Que
is
and
can
que
bella
e
adverb
an
be
a
gr. Eis, best
substituted
noite, how
translated
eis Lisboa!
used
when
behold
fine
by
the
modify
como,
night
behold, is
Lisbon
to
! Eis
quao
an
tive,
adjecquanto:
or
is.
demonstrative
a
o
homem!
behold
verb:
adthe
105
ADVEKBS
Eis
man!
used
in
directing attention.
personal
him,
Adverbs
bem
Estou
135.
Special
a.
cases.
for
emphasis:
am
about.
fixed place
d.
to
according
/. Sim,
so
mean
sim,
g.
in
I
yes,
or
find
Sim
is used
so;
place, is
this
aqui,
way;
/
bote
first person:
the
first person
the
and refers to
person
it just there.
ahi, put
third
I
what
(here)know
comparisons
in
may
be
after
que
it so,
or
nao
creio
and
person
"
refers
either
mean
may
far
either very
as
or
too
far,
discourse
so;
ache
to
que
so.
replies are
are
in indirect
sim, / believe
que
I think
polite conversation
Senhora.
well.
am
context.
just
and
to be
me
fixed place.
longe
the
to
parece-me
this
in
with
second
the
with
used
too; muito
or
very
and
when
Muito
e.
following
to
seeme
with
used
speaker:
the
distant
more
a
negocio
are:
on.
now
the
with
is associated
Ali
The
Per
entendo,
me
ca
near
verbs
{or boa), /
associated
is associated
Ahi
c.
eu
verbs
dias, three days hence; d'aqui
It is also
here.
Este
person.
tres
a
here, is also
come
These
Aqui, here,
diante, henceforth,from
ca,
:
bom
"
first
d'aqui, hence, d'aqui
Ca,
certain
off (financially).
the
with
associated
vem
after
business
this
estou
or
he is well
bem,
b.
eil-o, eil-os, see
sair, continuar.
bem,
parece-me
or
good.
a
used
good Portuguese
expressions are
em
all
are
objective of the
enclitics:
sometimes
are
estar, ficar, permanecer,
bom
eis-alli
the
English requires adjectives.
where
Esta
With
it forms
pronouns
and
them.
see
h.
eis-aqui, eis-ahi,
que,
rarely used
accompanied
alone, but
by Senhor
or
106
GRAMMAR
POKTUGUESE
Where
h.
would
yes
be
in
used
English, in Portuguese
.
used
verb
the
Are
prompto?
Did
explained
is used
adverbs
ahi, aqui,
D'ahi
k.
Esta
vapor?
o
it.
saw
emphatic
as
no,
136.
Mesmo
j.
the
"
in
/
an
as
Viu
am.
vi-o,
or
used
sometimes
is
Nada
i.
Vi,
is used.
e
or
/
ready? Estou,
you
the steamerf
see
you
ordinarily repeated
is
diante
por
for
emphasis
etc.
:
ahi
mesmo,
d'ahi
or
in
connection
with
in
spot.
that very
that
diante, from
em
time
on.
I. La
cima,
em
and
whence, motion
donde,
donde
venho,
aonde
e
from
motion
toward,
onde
place;
a
I am,
where
vou,
there.
estou,
I come,
whence
and
I go.
whither
onde,
Para
n.
baixo, down
em
where, whither, indicates
Aonde,
m.
there; la
up
whither;
baixo, downward;
para
para
traz, backward.
which
onde,
Por
0.
baixo,
por
way;
beneath;
por
of
the
detraz, behind.
English
The
p.
impersonal
Just, and
q.
ha, from
and
("109):
haver
jantou,
agora
time
use
ha
um
anno,
a
and
refer
to
are
expressed by
jantar, he
just
now
is
now,
of the
use
ainda
adverbs
the
by
the
just dined; and
has
Agorinha
dined.
similarly used
and
ainda
tive
diminu-
a
shortens
past.
There
r.
he has
of agora,
form
now
chegar, and
de
acabou
: as
agora
just
acabar
verbs
La
the
expressed by
ago.
year
the
verb
is
ago
is
acola
expressed by
are
places
associated
distant
there,i. e.; somewhere
but
there,
(or alii),la, and
all
with
not
the
third
precise.
Digo
a
um
person,
Bote
vae
acola.
and
la, put it
acola; e
elle
108
PORTUGUESE
afl"rmative..
an
about
sei
nao
conhe^o
nao
disso, I know
nada
Portuguese; likewise
J
nada;
sei
Nao
it is correct
as
GRAMMAR
tenho
nao
nao;
ninguem;
nothing
such
are
nada;
ha
nao
devemos
Qao
pressions
ex-
nunca.
INTERROGATION
(See Exercise
XXXIII,
153)
page
specialarrangement of words for
cated
asking a question. That a question is asked is indicolloquiallyby the tone of the voice, or, when
written, it is shown
by the use of the interrogation
There
138.
mark.
Este
in which
no
livro
e
the
case
it may
or
is
quanto
as
how
quantas,
how
or
and
aSj
is it not
assim?
so?
many;
refer
to
equivalent
a
how
much;
why
qual, which.
The
and
acha?
nao
preceding
to the
in themselves
always, imply questions,
not
porque,
sof
French
used,
is mine.
quanta,
or
mine?
be
words, however, which
sometimes, but
such
would
interrogation mark
certain
are
is this book
mean
may
this book
mean
There
meu
sentence
n^est-ce
quantos
because;
or
expression
donH
pas?
or
como,
nao
e
find it
you
idea
or
or
and
the
are
German
wahrf
nicht
PREPOSITIONS
(See Exercise
Prepositions
139.
until;
or
about
antes
J
they
are
are
XXXIV,
page
either
154)
single, as
prepositional phrases:
de, before (in time).
a,cerca
to,
ate
de,
PREPOSITIONS
The
prepositions
with
direct objects
De
a.
follows
he
hora,
certain
dependente
qualquer
in
with
one
eye
rage
upon
of
of
or
from
)
"" proper
^
^
to,'
)
Similarly
de
or
follows
adjectives (see " 124c),
for
certain
such
participles used
de
verde, painted
vestida
de
seda, dressed
or
em
idiomaticallyin
pe,
to stand
as
as
pintado
is also used
pe
a
to
para,
de
123.
time
olho, blind
de, dependent
proprio de,
estar
in connection
chegar
any
raiva, blind
easy
De
at
de
facil
c.
arrive
cego
de, distant
b.
de
capaz
urn
distante
proprio
e
de
de, ill with
de,
elle
cego
digno de, worthy
doente
used
are
adjectives:
is liable to
de, blind:
cego
a
explained " 122,
as
de, capable of:
capaz
and
de
109
in silk
such
expressions
chinelas,to
ir de
up;
green
go
as
in
one^s slippers.
d.
The
preposition de
phrases and
for joy;
to weep
tolo,
to
act
the
is much
sentences, such
morrer
fool;
de
as
to die
feme,
chamar
used
de
in
certain
chorar
de
matic
idio-
prazer,
of hunger; fazer de
ladrao,
to
call
one
a
thief.
preposition de, of, often drops the e and takes
followed
by a word beginning with
apostrophe when
vowel:
d'este, of this, for de este; d'aqueUe, of that;
e.
an
a
they
forms
The
are
also
delle.
written
deste
and
daquelle;
with
elle it
110
/. When
the
article,the
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
preposition de
is followed
words
two
unite
and
written
are
(in place of
do, da, dos, das
de
definite
the
by
and
nounced
pro-
etc.). (See
o,
"156.)
140.
The
prepositionem, in, is similarlycombined
with
the definite article forming no, na, nos,
nas,
with
and
as
explained at " 15c, and
este, esse,
and naquelle.
aquelle forming neste, nesse,
141.
The
varied
and such
prepositiona, to, has so many
best to give a list of them: ^
that it seems
uses
A, to, is used
place
The
a.
ir
returning:
h.
euro,
h.
i.
pe,
situated
place and
trabalhar
o
esta
pintar
Length
at
near
of time
Manner:
:
a
tiro de
da
bala,
away.
patria, to work
vinho
a
provar,
he
obra
meio
hand
he is about
:
paint in oil; bordar
to
a
gold.
partir ao
:
chegar,
oleo,
a
with
time
a
the seaside.
to test.
in which
Future
of
to he
porta,
a
at
time
good of the country; deu-lhe
purpose:
the wine
idea
kilometros, three kilometers
tres
to embroider
tive:
estar
bem
f. Time
g.
of
measure
a
which:
beira-mar,
a
the
to the square.
near
or
with
which,
a
or
Material:
e.
to go
where
away;
End
him
gave
toward
or
door; situado
the
for
to
praga,
place
gunshot
d.
^
a
Distance,
c.
a
The
the
at
to express:
d'aqui
feita
a
a
dia, to leave
expressed with
at
noon.
the infin-
to arrive.
dez
dias,
peda^os,
afoot; a cavallo, horseback,
a
ten
work
days hence.
done
nado, (by
means
by bits;
of)
swimming.
1
Nova
Gramatica
Portuguesade
Coirobrp-;
1904, p. 98,
Bento
Jos6
de
Oliveira,26a ed,
PEEPOSITIONS
j. Distribution
two; gota
h.
a
feet. (See
I.
in
note
"
a
bom
five per
saltar, to
hirds
much
as
and
to
pes,
a
wear
metros,
to
buy
the
to
hy
the
(with
ouvir
ao
of
hy
cinco
a
the
on
measure
arroha;
cento,
per
hundreds;
chover
a
infinitives):andar
passaros
contains
of
a
to hear
cantar,
a
/
In
the
the
para
action.
he
vontade,
a
idea
of
latter
means
is ahout
a
to
while
that
means
to
est^
remain
para
arrive, both
more
and
remote
difference:
the
vou
para
Europa
are
both
correct
I go
to
return,
there.
chegar
refer
and
express
contains
para
Europe, and
I go
as
case.
noteworthy
Europa
a
former
to
this
ready
one's hand.
to press
relations,both
returning,
Vou
the
other
with
going
am
expresses
alguem,
a
responder,
a
assim, in that
ser
expressions
such
chegar,
mao
but
but
Portuguese,
it seems,
as
prompt"
to, besides
remaining.
mean
while
a
: a
para,
the
parecer,
reference:
toward,
movement
but
kill
likes.
one
Hypothesis
A
both
to
rain.
action
respond; apertar
idea
aos
arrobas,
centos,
jumping;
Object
p.
r.
feme,
hy
dagger thrusts; cantar
medir
down
of
go
ivith
hy weight; juros
aos
Conformity:
q.
a
two
a-singing.
0.
to
dois,
cent.
to pour
Manner
tax:
as
to sell
peso,
chover,
n.
a
2.)
price,
Quantity:
m.
8.
matar
viola;calpar
a
comprar
interest at
a
with
Measure,
vender
dels
cause:
punhaladas,
as
sing
meters;
as
instrument,
hunger;
viola, to
succession:
gota, drop hy drop.
a
Means,
with
and
111
a
to
a
more
and
future
esti
a
action,
immediate
112
In
143.
article:
co'os
OS
teus.
com
the
On
143.
and
verse
the
drops
teus
or
is
que
it
they
adjectives and
Certain
thy, in place of
" 15d.
see
expression:pelo
pelo
say;
followed
que
toca, in
me
que
by
participlesused
so
illustre
distincto
notavel
famoso
responsavel
of
as
tives
adjec-
por:
celebre
Examples
times
some-
definite
the
by
teus, with
idiomatic
an
with,
(touches)me.
concerns
are
followed
c'os
prepositionper
Pelo
as
colloquially com,
when
m
dizem, from what
far
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
participlesused
as
adjectivesand
quiring
re-
por:
banhado
habitado^
cercado^
perseguido
conhecido
povoado^
disperso
following
The
144.
are
idiomatic
prepositional
expressions:
de, beneath
abaixo
acima
afim
alem
ao
^
aquem
de, above
de, in
order
a
to
Cercado, habitado, and
amigos,
cerca
diante
de
de, around
surrounded
povoado
by friends.
de, about
de, about
~
de, beyond
redor
roda
de, this side of
de, before
entre, between
also admit
of
de,
as
cercado
de
113
CONJUNCTIONS
frente
de
de,
dentro
de,
dentro
em,
in front
inside
junto de,
longe de,
of
para
after
sob,
de
sobra, superabundantly
below
de,
roda,
em
For
far from
toward
com,
p6 ante
de
detraz
near
of
inside
depois de,
of
p6,
perto de,
behind
per
baixo
per
cima
tip-toe
on
near
below
de,
above
de,
around
prepositions required by
certain
verbs
see
"122.
CONJUNCTIONS
(See Exercise
Conjunctions
145.
but,
porem,
than,
que,
the
are
single
they
or
154)
page
either
are
Following
phrases.
XXXIV,
as
conjunctional
are
idiomatic
more
andy
e/
of
the
conjunctionalphrases :
de
afim
ainda
que,
a
ser
nao
antes
apesar
de
comtanto
1
The
when
maneira
de
modo
having
the
the
that
fact
that, provided
|
^^
^^
.^ ^^^j^
^^^
^
^^^^
)
que,
is
acute
so
que,
conjunction
spite of
in
que,
que,
fact that
the
spite of
que,
de
written
in
spite of
than, before
rather
de,
in
unless
que,
apesar
of
purpose
although,
que,
depois
for the
que,
after that
e,
and, is sounded
distinguished from
accent.
almost
6, is, by
as
if it
the
were
latter
i, and
always
114
PORTUGUESE
de
tal modo
J
de
tal sorte
bem
se
sem
Than
de
do
que,
than
in view
da
coffee;mais
e
vez,
more
h.
than
.
Neither
c.
.
nem
.
.
.
are
.
either you
pode,
nao
nem
can
I;
nor
silver.
nao
it is also
but
agua
expressed by de,
cafe,
que
than
more
than
more
fact that
water
more
twenty; mais
mais
is necessary;
de
do
tuna
once.
or
.
of the
vinte,
que
Either
.
that
mais
:
que
necessario,
que
that
case
usually que,
que,
a.
unless
que,
is
that
although
que,
visto que,
a.
in
in order
que,
xu
whilst
que,
que,
i.fashion
while, although
que,
caso
r
such u
)
que,
entretanto
para
.
^
emquanto
no
)
que,
rm.
-
,
GRAMMAR
.
.
:
tenho
nor
nao
expressed by
.
pode
: ou
.
ou
cannot.
or
are
expressed by
ouro
ou
.
can
quero,
nem
ou
you
nem
nao
nem
.
.
or
.
I neither
posso,
wish
by
nor
prata, / have neither gold
nem
INTERJECTIONS
Interjectionsare single words as Oh, oxala,
to God, or
they are inter jectional phrases as
146.
would
valha-me
would
ai
Deus!
that; tomara
de
mim!
que
elle
aids me!
quem
venha,
/ wish
me
dera,
he would
come.
Inter jectionalphrases containing de
mim,
infeliz
the
like:
Ai
de
ti,pobre
complete
delle, are
expression would
(tem compaixao)
de
mim!
such
said
to be
be
as
ai de
cal;
ellipti-
something
infeliz
(tenho
116
GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE
M.
D.
M^
or
muito
=
Mel.
digno
S. P.
Manuel
=
c
q
M^
minha
=
Mto.
N.
N.
or
N.
S.
N".
j^a ga
Senhor
or
Obd^
or
e
Obg'^*
p^
=
(used in the
of
proxima
=
obrigada
passada
q^"
=
Santai
=
Rev^
V.
V^
V. A.
=
S.
=
S.
M.
A.
V.
V. Ex*
Rever-
Mag^
M.
V.
Alteza
Excellencia
Vossa
Majes-
Reverendissimo
Vossa
Majes-
Veneradpr
_
Vossa
S.
Vossa
or
Merce
Merce
V*
S*
=
Vossa
=
primeiro, segundo,
etc.
sua,
sul
="-SjianMajestade
7br.
=
Setembro
8br.
=
Outubro
9br.
=
Novembro
lObr.
is i}se(ibefore
=
Imperial
=
V,2^
casa
Sao, Santo
I.
Senhoria
Imperial
1
=
=
Yjjjce
Reverendo
I.
Vossa
=
Vossa
=
tade
especialfavor
Reverencia,
Sao,^
R.
Real
V. M.
sua
ou
Alteza
Vossa
=
quanto
_
erro
Viuva
=
Ygjjdor
=
salvo
=
Voce
=
V.
endissima
j^ymo
O.
tade
por
=
=
Rv^"
E.
S.
quando
=
s/c
St^
V.
Pereira
P. E. F.
Senhora
=
Santoi
padre
=
Senhor
=
=
books, etc.)
para
Per*
q*"
=
offerece,dedica
=
dedication
=
obrigado
=
consagra
p. p.
Santidade
omissao
Obg^"
C.
D.
( Sua
St"
oeste
Obd"
p*
Senhora
Nossa
=
=
O.
numero
Nosso
=
Senhoria
Sr., Snr.
Snra.
=
i ^^^
_
Maria
norte
=
O.
and
muito
=
servigopublico
=
and
n^mes
Santa, Saint.
is
Sao
beginning with
ft
=
a
Dezembro
short
form
consonant,
as
of
Santo, and
Sao
Jose, Sao
SIMILARITY
SIMILARITY
OF
OF
WORDS
IN
(See Exercise
One
of the
words
such
and
but
are
List
the
from
words
that
one
of
their
language,
than
Words
of Portuguese
the
having
Words
Similar
the
phasized,
em-
another.
It
given
ones.
Different
Meaning
a
the
to
meanings
only
in
chiefly
are
meanings
with
Portuguese
rather
from
the
A
trate
illus-
to
descended
they have
that
the
to
common
of
of this kind
noted, however, that
be
a
languages.
two
feature
by
misleading
a
brought together
this
English language with
should
encountered
complete.
Latin, and
and
LANGUAGES
156)
page
in the
here
emphasize
It is noticeable
the
TWO
comes
words
are
the list is not
from
XXXVI,
Portuguese
similarityof certain
few
THE
difficulties sometimes
of
beginner
117
WORDS
English
KNGLI8H
be
to
present
wild
rough
field
open
(prd"
school
paratory)
agree
onlinary
jurisdiction
to
mend
cold (in the head)
Tomaz.
Santo
used
is used
Santo
Antonio,
before
begins with
a
Ignacio.
Santo
feminine
vowel,
before
nouns;
as
words
Santa
the
Sant' Anna.
final
beginning
is the
a
is
with
feminine
a
vowel,
form
dropped when
the
and
name
as
in
118
PORTUGUESE
GRAMMAR
'
EXERCISES
I
PRONUNCIATION
(See
a:
ha, sal,
e:
pe,
i:
fe,
gato,
para,
sello,
se;
tu, lugar,
y:
syllaba,
au:
ei:
eu:
desde,
iu:
oe:
oi:
ou:
ui:
elle, vale, grande.
limitado,
tribu,
martyr,
isto.
tudo,
curto,
cru,
singular,
uma,
mysterio,
myope,
" 3,
natureza.
lyrico.
Diphthongs
Pure
paiol, mais,
lei, anneis,
6)
page
vai, jamais,
amais.
ceu,
achei,
deu,
sapateiro,
primeiro,
breu.
viu, insistiu.
heroe.
boi, foi, noite, depois,
ouro,
dividir.
mau.
pau,
eu,
aza.
kilo; animal,
(See
Cairo,
5)
ama,
Vowel-Compounds:
ai:
page
VOWELS
por.
Ivento, bello,
u:
THE
embora.
voz,
o:^av6,vogal,
mata,
mesmo;
li, vi, ri, dormi,
Cs6, forte,
" 2,
OF
couro,
pouco,
coitado.
estou,
fui, cuidado.
119
sou,
pensou.
hei,
dinheiro.
120
EXERCISES
Nasal
Diphthongs
(See " 3,
irma,
a:
ae:
:
ao
mae,
caes,
mao,
nao,
6e:
nagoes,
ui:
muito.
Other
ra,
nasal
com,
sa,
7)
page
la.
maga,
capitaes, allemaes.
paes,
irmao, Joao,
attengao, nagao,
sao,
edigoes,feigoes,coragoes,
sounds:
bons,
bem,
um,
uns,
bom,
coragao.
feijoes.Camoes.
fim, fins,sem,
sim,
som,
homenagem,
vim,
vins.
homem,
II
PRONUNCIATION
OF
CONSONANTS
THE
(See " 5, page
7)
b:
bala, bobo.
c:
cada, faca, cedo, cesta, cinco, civil,corta, culpa,
ch:
cha, chamar,
chimica, epocha, cholera,chocar.
g:
cortiga,bengao,
d:
dado, desde, dia, doce, duro.
f:
fazer, ferro,fico,fogo, cafe, offerta.
rgallo,gosto,
g
:
"
ougo.
gusa.
geral,gengebra, gymnasio.
tguia,
guisa, guincho.
gn:
h:
maligno, assignar, signal,digno.
ha, haver, herva, hora, hoje
j: anjo, Jose, jogo, jejum, jd.
k:
1:
kilo,kali.
lastro,litro,leste,lontra,lustroso,elle.
Ih:
carvalho, barulho, batalha, brilho, orelha,orgulho.
m:
marmore,
n:
momento;
alguem, bem,
entende, neste, naquelle,ninho,
nove,
hontem,
nuvem.
porem.
121
EXERCISES
caminho.
ganhar, gallinha,tenho, tamanho,
nh:
pagina, pintura, ponta,
p:
praga.
ph: philosophia,phosphoro.
escripto,prompto
pt:
pronto, captivo.
or
rquadro, qualquer, quatorze.
aqui, quieto.
qi^quinze,
Iquente,
quern,
queijo.
Trenda, rio,rosto, rustico.
r;^burro,
serra,
guerra.
Uaro, serio,genro,
s:
^
melro.
(salsa,sino, socio,
(lisa,casar, formosa, saudoso,
abuso.
tio, tonto.
t:
thesouro, mathematico.
velho, vela, vinho, viuvo, visivel.
vacca,
th:
v:
trouxe.
fluxo.
sexo,
extenso, excepto.
x:
exame,
existencia.
exemplo, exorbitante,
caixa, peixe.
,xadrez, xiz, xique-xique.
zona,
brazas, zangado.
zinco, zurrar,
III
ACCENTS^
(See " 8-9,
caixao, caixSes, leao,
ao:
attengao, nagoes,
orfao.
1
The
alike
are
student
is warned
always accented
1:
azul, perfil,general.
r:
vapor,
u:
aqui, Ariry, Piquiry.
i:
13)
page
salgar,senhor.
caju.
tatu, bambu,
against supposing that
alike.
worde
ending
122
EXERCISES
z :
feroz,rapidez, so-
rapaz,
lidez,alcatraz.
im
imba:
ello
marfim, latim.
cacimba,
caximba.
cabello, chinella.
-a:
elo:
modelo, farelo.
inho
-a:
ino:
ade:
fumaga, alfaga.
liberdade,caridade.
menino, ensino.
lavoura, professora.
ode:
bode, bigode.
uro
:
ia: theologia, mineralogia.
aga:
ice
tolice,indice,appendice.
:
ado
usado
:
-a
edo:
cravado.
-a,
olivedo,figueiredo.
-a
ato:
cosido
:
-a
udo
oso
cascudo
:
resumido.
-a.
venenoso
-a,
o?o
esto
-a, raposa.
honesto
-a:
ista:
gosto-
^a,
almogo, destrogo.
:
-a
rapadura.
-a.
dentista,fatalista.
justo,robusto.
usto-a;
combate, alfaiate.
bahiano,
ete:
paquete,
:
oceano.
descango,balango,
allianga,esperanga.
anco
formoso
-a:
so
-a,
ate:
-a
ango
-a,
: escuro
barato, celibato.
ano:
:
banco, flanco,arranco.
amianto,
anto:
ico
-a
virtude, altitude.
ude:
ido
ora:
ninho, passarinho.
encanto.
rico,barrica.
lote, filhote, capote,
ote:
eta:
ito
bobinete.
cometa,
-a
:
propheta.
granito, cabrito.
idiota,gaivota, esgota.
ota:
que:
alambique, reboque.
iga: ortiga,espiga.
ante:
tratante, brilhante.
eja: cerveja, corteja,igreja.
ente
;
-a
eiro
ando:
amando,
the
present
ema:
alho
ilho
luta.
perna,
-a:
-a:
plenamente, prudente.
nascimento,
-a:
mento,
problema, systema.
ema:
inte:
pedinte, ouvinte.
participles.
ismo
-a:
lanterna.
se-
augmento.
lendo, and
conselho, espelho.
-a:
ento
bitume.
permuta,
-a:
elho
sapateiro,bandeira.
lume,
ume:
uto
:
-a
:
sophismo.
istro: ministro, sinistro.
ivo
cascalho, retalho.
-a:
captivo
-a,
active,
negative, passive.
filho,milho, rodilha.
eza:
olho
-a:
repolho, escolha.
euro:
ulho
-a:
gorgulho, agulha.
encia:
defeza, viveza.
bebedoure.
independencia.
124
galheiro
gallo
guerra
isthmo
len?o
linguagem
nao
navalha
125
EXERCISES
V
DEFINITE
ARTICLE
(See " 14,
23)
page
Vocabulary
o
cavallo,the horse
a
o
garfo, the fork
a
colher, the spoon
faca, the knife
o
homem,
the
man
a
mai, the mother
o
menino,
the
boy
a
manteiga, the butter
o
pai,
the
a
menina,
o
passaro,
a
rosa,
o
vapor,
a
senhora, the lady
father
the
bird
the steamer
tem, has
esta, is
estao,
O
(temporary)
onde, where
estd
eistd
meninas
as
a
Joao
aqui.
estd,
no
Ceard
1.
19
a
The
3.
spoon.
4.
horses
ladies
windows
and
are
homem
A
a
com
o
6
foi
de
Agosto do
horse
is here.
The
mothers
the
not
5.
horse.
men.
here.
of the house,
7.
9.
e
Where
10.
Onde
6.
senhoras
e
ainda
Pelo
Venho
de
0
4.
vapor
de ferro 6 uiA.
12.
ca-
O
11.
da
cidade
dos
mares.
instruc^fiodo
anno.
knife, the fork, and
the
fathers
is the
Where
Here
os
meninos
os
boa.
conselho
The
and
As
8.
immensidade
Na
corrente
2.
cavallo.
o
francez.
adoptado pelo
e
colheres.
rosa.
nao
13.
homens
as
homens
os
manteiga
e
tem
est^
Aqui
aqui, mas
campo
is the
Here
O
comprido.
livro
0
facas,
as
Os
2.
agradavel; pela estrada
pelo caminho
14.
menina.
a
5.
7.
9.
6
viagem
e
garfos,
estao
estao.
nao
mai
senhora?
a
but
mas,
Os
3.
passaro
rose
e, and
are
pai, a
vallos.
the
girl
aqiii,here
ainda, yet
1.
the
is the
are
the
and
knife?
mother.
men?
the
the
girls.
6.
The
8.
The
10. The
126
EXERCISES
VI
INDEFINITE
ARTICLE
(See " 17, page
25)
1
Vocabulary
-
o
amigo, friend
o
livro,book
o
cabello, hair
a
agua,
o
chapeo,
a
cadeira, chair
o
copo,
a
filha,daughter
o
filho,son
a
flor,flower
o
leite,milk
a
mesa,
(permanently)
Um
amigo
chapeo
3.
Um
5.
Uma
in
(/.),
tern
esta
cadeira
branco.
leite.
de
flor.
12.
muito,
very
Ja
Com
na
4.
Uma
bonita.
6.
bonitas.
faz mais
de
na
uma
felicidade.
white
has
pretty flower is
hat.
a
3.
A
friend
pretty daughter.
on
the
table.
has
the
5.
The
Um
d'agua
copo
10.
semana.
bello
dia;
interior 6
das chuvas.
The
2.
4.
has.
a
Um
bella
que
No
13.
horses.
son
dois filhos.
e
chapeo muito
um
mao.
agradavel especialmente o tempo
A
filha
fi
uma
6 branco.
chapeo
8.
mais
1.
O
Que
11.
cartas
two
(/.),
some
(/.),
(m.), umas
2.
agua.
umas
(w.), duas
cavallo.
mesa.
filhas
9.
filhos cahiu
dos
na
white
-a,
uns
um
muito
Duas
7.
the
table
branco
dois
(m.), na
no
ou
pretty
-a,
in, on
em,
1.
glass
cup,
bonito
e, is
hat
water
14.
lady
The
very
has
E
a
mother
pretty
knives, forks, and spoons.
7. A chair, a table, a plate, a knife, a fork, a spoon,
a
napkin, a glass of wine, a loaf of bread, a good dinner.
8. A short letter (cartinha). 9. It is a question of health.
horse.
1
In
before
(he
6.
The
man
has
some
the
definite article is placed
remaining vocabularies
to indicate the gender, but it is not
the nouns
repeated in
the
English translation.
EXERCISES
127
VII
PLURAL
OF
(See " 20,
NOUNS
27)
page
Vocabulary
o
animal, animal
a
espada, sword
o
anzol, fish-hook
a
iniia,sister
o
irmao, brother
a
ligao,lesson
o
a
naQao,
o
jomal, newspaper
paiz, country
terja-feira,Tuesday
o
papel,
sexta-feira,Friday
paper
nation
docil, docile
facil,easy
difficult
difficil,
grande, great
feroz, ferocious
estao,
1. Os
As
3.
papeis.
A
8.
sao
sahe
todos
1. The
nations
5.
Give
the
The
7. The
9.
easy.
"
irmaos
Os
4.
anzoes.
tern
sao
grandes.
cavallos
sao
animaes
espada
uma
sextas-feiras.
IL
6. As
doceis.
comprida.
Os
10.
great.
are
The
I
2.
lessons.
easy
difficult lessons.
have
4.
the
chair.
papers
are
on
flowers
are
beautiful.
laws
of the
brothers
The
have
6. Horses
8. The
books
land.
the following:
pluralsof
cao, dog
a
dor, pain
o
ladrio, thief
o
cidadao, citizen
o
funil,funnel
o
nariz,
o
pSo, bread
cor,
color
0
jornaes do paia
o
a
os
diarios.
docile.
are
e
9.
dois
2. Tenho
nagOes
as
Os
7.
facil.
tergas
e
out
comes
bonitas.
paizes
difficeis.
fish-hooks.
are
muito
sisters have
The
3.
ferozes.
sao
sao
Os
ligao 6
jornal
sao
5.
tenho, I have
(temporarily) sahe,
are
animaes
flores
ligoes
{permanently)
are
sac,
o
general, general
noee
(ioqO
128
EXERCISES
VIII
GENDER
(See " 24-31,
VOCABULAKY
0
mogo,
o
NOUNS
OF
NoUNS
"
30-38)
pages
OPPOSITE
OF
SeX
a
moffa,
francez, Frenchman
a
franceza, French
o
professor, (male) teacher
a
professora, (female) teacher
o
menino,
a
menina,
o
gallo, cock
a
gallinha, hen
o
barao, baron
a
baroneza, baroness
o
boi, ox
a
vacca,
o
rapaz,
a
rapariga, girl
o
barro, clay
a
barra, bar
o
porto, port
a
porta, door
o
caso,
a
casa,
o
solo, soil
a
sola, sole {leather)
o
ponto, point, place
man
young
boy
boy
case
woman
young
woman
girl
cow
(o/stream, of iron)
house
ponta, end
{a
a
ponte, bridge
agrade^o, I thank
this
(/.),
(m.), esta
este
fertil,fertile
fechado
1. O
e
-a,
casos
mais
Este
sola
bonitas.
5.
professor 6
6
actor
muito
mogo.
foi buscar
aqui
11.
(has
e
fala
nesta
As
da
e
bonita.
brancas
casas
paiz
e
gallinhas,
senhora
uma
4.
barao
em
duas
vacca,
deste
larga,
muito
baroneza.
for) o
fertil.
7. A
estd
fechada.
uma
casa
perto do porto.
mesma
a
sao
mas
inglez perfeitamente.
Agradego
gone
uma
solo
O
field
campo,
difficeis.
doente
estd
near
professora e
filho do
professora
casou-se
A
porta
a
grossa;
Esta
boi,
um
muito
sao
professorfrancez
9.
o
tern
these
(/.),
doente, ill
closed
francez
3. Os
6.
thick
(/.),
gallinheiro. 2.
um
as
perto,
(m.), -a
grosso
(m.), estas
estes
casa
quando
amabilidade.
mappa.
12.
era
0
8.
10.
O
O
ainda
pagem
129
EXEKCISES
IX
RELATED
AND
UNRELATED
NOUNS
OPPOSITE
OF
SEX
(See " 28-31,
34-38)
pages
Vocabulary
O
modo,
o
moda,
banho, bath
a
banha, lard
o
prato, plate
a
prata, silver
o
lente, lecturer
a
lente, lens
o
capital,capital {money)
a
capital,capital {of a slate)
o
cura,
a
cura,
curate
3.
O
portas desta
tidade
de
barro
dustria
da
zona
riga
14.
para
O
muito
doentes.
Chegou
uma
e
large and
is the
new
fashion
deep.
capitalof
railway track
the lens.
9.
There
3.
7.
is
was
The
no
The
case
the
covered
bath
rio.
9. A
de
tio
minha
e
Italia.
uma
com
in-
queijos,
da
rainha
Nicota
das
changed.
has
quan-
Meu
a
vizinhos.
nossos
sao
fructos
os
grande
fabrico
e
A
8.
rapa-
pai tal filho; tal filho tal pai.
baroneza
partiralargamente
1. The
Tal
13.
a
e
chamada
moya
do
um
pena.
a
a
10.
rei
0
presente de
vale
aguas
pequena.
11.
criada.
barao
pelas
4. As
contrario
caso
com
criagao de gado
a
e
escala
estao
12.
trazido
nao
hontem.
fez
me
entupida
escrever
No
5.
6 que
grossa
completamente
em
porem
7. Sola
Elle
6.
de
porto
ao
largas.
capital.
prato de prata.
ficou
bem
sao
d
barra
chegou
cure
modo
Este
2.
navio
casa
voltard
lente
moda.
6
nao
convem.
tia
fashion
a
1. Jd
o
style
manner,
with
is very
(nao ha) lard.
port of Bahia
2. The
4.
mud.
6.
8.
The
Here
is
Horizonte
Bello
Geraes.
of Minas
cold.
Re-
conquistas.
suas
is bad.
state
15.
5. The
curate
is the
lost
plate.
130
EXERCISES
X
SUFFIXES
AUGMENTATIVES
"
(See " 32-35, pages
38-41)
Vocabulary
o
caixao, big box
a
o
dinheiro,
um
o
fosforo, match
o
gate,
o
livro,book
money
cat
tenho, I have
hast
tem
tem
caixa
estd
cidade
have
casa
pretty.
horse
is
a
are
man.
Moraes
says
when
dear.
that
full,and
10.
caixa
caixao
5. A
gallo
um
perto da
Aquelle figurao
8.
6
camarada.
meu
e
mulherao!
of
boxes
very
small
handsome
near
The
the
little book
empty.
has
is
in
road.
wide
2. We
is
5. The
cat.
consul
is longer than
matches.
woman
little rat
when
francez
grande.
7. Temos
3. The
little house
2. Esta
O
6. Tenho
city.
very,
7. The
venerable
caixa
a
little foot.
potatoes
1
in the
3.
muito
^
rapagao
big
two
6. The
There
8.
Este
hungry.
is
de fosforos.
portao.
Que
11.
I have
4.
have
you
casinha.
um
9.
has
man
woman
have
we
caixao
0
com
little house
a
big
gallinha pequenina.
uma
uma
1. The
mulherona,
caixinha
da
porta
Que narigao.
10.
a
woman
tem, they have
4.
recem-chegado.
um
mulher,
great deal of money
a
gatinho pequenino.
um
na
e
pequeno
a
uma
dinheirao.
um
cidade, city
tendes,
tem
meninos
mulherona
a
temos,
tem, he (she,it) has
1. Os
dinheirao,
feme, hungry (with hunger)
com
tens, thou
caixa/ box
a
a
a
and
little
tiful
beau-
little box.
9. These
is
quite
notable
that
little
and
it is called
132
EXERCISES
XII
ADJECTIVES
(See " 39-41,
43-44)
pages
Vocabulary
o
marido, husband
estudante, student
o
pao,
leite,milk
a
lingua, language
o
cM,
o
o
tea
azul, blue
nao,
contente, pleased
preguifoso, lazy
diligente,diligent
preto, black
feio, ugly
que,
gosto, I like
rico, rich
hoje, to-day
sempre,
mais,
tambem,
more
bad
mau,
1.
A
"
sertao
ate
desse
funebre
de
lousas
estao
viga
e
essa
regiao, que
mais
floresce; mas
do
de
quadra, depois
inanigao da vida,
as
always
also
immense
refolhos
vida
a
de
dos
que
terra, e toda
leguas,nao
extincta
natureza
uma
cidade
Na
vegetagao,
centenas
jazigo de
con-
face dessa
em
abandona
por
sente
da terra.
uma
por
o
percorre
secca,
cemiterio.
cercadas
a
vez,
holocausto
um
que
estende
se
longa
ultimos
os
aqui
vasto
o
que
(man)
than
((Quern,pela primeira
a alma
franger-se-lhe
fi mais
not
velho, old
secca:
nessa
mortos
bread
^
e
o
sepulchro da propria creagao.
Das
onde
ques,
OS
que
2.
De
homem
e
nao
se
as
noite
chao.
Sabe-se
o
enxurro
todos
4.
os
Gosto
lavou.))
alii houve
de
pao
sao
"
leitos estan-
vestigiosda
nem
que
gatos
os
apenas
imperceptivel,do
vezes
fina,que
restam
percebe mais
assoberbava.
depressao,
alva
caudaes
torrentes
terreno
Jos]6
de
pardos.
preto.
um
e
agua
rio
pela
pela areia
Alencar.
3.
Sou
um
133
EXERCISES
XIII
COMPARATIVES
AND
(See " 42-46,
SUPERLATIVES
44-47)
pages
Vocabulary
alto,high
o
mais
alto, the highest
bello, handsome
a
mais
bella, the
fmelhor, better
]
"" Optimo,
good
bom,
handsomest
,
,
good
| best, very
iomelhor,
agradavel, agreeable
^
agradavel,
mais
facil,easy
os
amavel, amiable
o
lugar, place
feliz,fortunate
o
mais
mais
agreeable
more
faceis,the
feliz,the
easiest
(pi.)
fortunate
most
( maior, greater
^
'
^
( maiorzinho,
little bit greater
a
civilizado,civilizedvisto, seen
1. O
mais
alto
morro
agradaveis.
6
amigo
dia, melhor
o
mundo.
fi
8.
7.
fi lindissima
9.
da
10.
serra.
ultimo
O
11.
paiz
e
nador
com
de
panno
15.
cedo
gueza
ha
Nao
do
6
que
a
eu
a
6
agradavel
maior
mais
cidade
minima
vista
6
um
16.
proprio imaginara.
riquissima.
o
civilizadas
do
tenho
de
que
13.
Devia
17.
A
daveis.
agra-
do
noite
poeta.
14.
visto.
mais
as
pouco
Meu
5. Melhor
que
affabilidade.
duvida.
4.
mundo.
do
e
aqui.
peior
o
celeberrimo
fino,
homens
sempre
sao
nao
civilizados
a
mais
nagSes
pessimo;
deste
mais
falou
casaca
clima
O
anno
dos
um
bellas
mais
senhoras
As
6. As
2. Os
conhe^o.
feliz que
lugar mais
o
facil ficar
mais
mais
servigo.
agradavel.
mais
"
3.
homem
o
6
eonhego.
12.
O
morrer
Este
gover-
Desejo
mais
alto
unia
escuro.
mais
lingua portu-
134
EXERCISES
XIV
NUMERALS
(See " 55-64,
50-55)
pages
Vocabulary
the year
a
independencia, independence
a
semana,
a
noite, the night
minute
a
hora,
century
a
sala, the hall
a
janella, the window
o
anno,
o
mez,
o
dia, the day
o
minuto,
o
seculo,
o
trabalho,
o
quarto, the
the
month
the
the
the
work
room
the
the
week
hour
milreis
milreis, one
um
de
conto
um
reis,
{one thousand
there
sao,
(itis)
are
quanto, how
custou, it
much
cost
June
Junho,
1.
sao?
2.
independencia.
3. A
noites, e
tantas
dias.
duas
6
4.
O
salas
anno
seculo
tem
e
seis
tres
e
meia;
Hoje
e
sete
de
tem
custou
Trinta
Vinte
E
dia
0
de
dia sete
de
OS
e
demais
Setembro
independencia
oito
custou
treze
e
e
dias
dia
o
contos
dias de trabalbo
de
outras
e
sessenta
livrinbo?
seu
boras
quatro
5. Minba
custou
e
dias tem
oito
sete
annos.
Quanto
6.
sao
trezentos
cem
Abril, Junho
9.
)
Setembro,
tem
quartos,
milreis;mas
8.
Sao
semana
o
quinze milreis.
um
(pL),
his, her,
its,their
your,
(w.),September
Que horas
vinte
)
^^
March
Mar^o,
minutos.
e
(pL), )
(/.),
(pL), suas
seus
November
Novembro,
Setembro
(m.), sua
seu
)
(f.),
(pi), minhas
mens
reis
milreis)
(m.),minha
meu
of
conto
one
e
casa
cinco
tem
duzentos
7. Custou
tambem.
Novembro
Setembro;
s6 tem
um,
trinta
tem
de
nacional
mil
do
e
um.
nove
Brasil.
centos
e
"dez 6
EXERCISES
135
XV
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
(See " 65-75,
56-61)
pages
Vocabulary
dar,
love
to
amar,
give
to
falar, to
speak
amo,
I love
amas,
thou
amamos,
like
querer,
to
wish
I
dou,
lovest
to
work
give
das, thou
givest
da, he, she, it gives
love
we
love
a
senhoria, lordship
a
agua,
o
conselho, advice
devagar, slowly
a
ave,
mais,
a
merce,
amaes,
ye
amam,
they love
de
more
mais,
de
Elle
fala
12.
Ihe
Vossa
o
meu
Senhoria
16.
Elle
commigo.
trovador
A
7.
de
A
11.
a
nao
me
thee
um
Nao
as
elle.
a
Dou-lhe
10.
mim
Entre
conto
de
posso
ve-lo.
via.
0
Elle
senhor
poeta;
Agrade^o-lh'a,e afago-a.
reis.
dar
me
de mais.
da conselhos
15.
6.
5.
chama-me
de
gosta
elle fala.
mas
dinheiro.
padre repetiu-o tres
ama.
d^-Ihes
8.
comtigo.
Senhora
O
dou
familia
tolo.
falar
nome.
18.
with
trabalho,
Eu
perseguia-o
minha
Excellencia
nao
mercy
excellencia, excellency
Ihe
Nao
eu
chamam-me
gosta
2.
4.
aves;
devagar.
Ella
9.
pao?
as
vizinhos
OS
commigo.
de
perseguia
bird
little
fala
Gostas
3.
water
comtigo,
a
too
menos,
1.
much
too
less
menos,
o
to
trabalhar,
he, she, it loves
ama"
gostar,
e
elle
17.
19.
vezes.
este
selho.
con-
conselho.
13.
Disse-
14.
Vossa
nao
ha questSo.
Tres
delles estfto
Elle
nao
o
sabia;
136
EXERCISES
XVI
POSSESSIVES
(See " 76-83, pages
61-62)
Vocabulary
soldado,soldier
o vizinho,neighbor
a loja,shop
a ordem, order
barato,cheap
o
o
dizer,to
,.
say
J dizemos,we
diz,he
,.
( digamos,
sayest
1. Meu
caro
nossa.
2. Meus
amigo diz
3. Meu
e
boa.
seu
6 mais
barato.
sao
vossos
bons
seu
o
Majestade 6
1.
is at
say
your
very
My
orders.
5. Dizem
casa
books
and
minha, 6
e
os
que
caro,
meus
general diz
different from
yours.
suas
mas
que
vizinhos
os
que
8. Meu
nao.
que
as
sua,
seus
gado
advo-
9. Minha
filha diz que vai buscar
dizem
irmas
os
seus
que
11. Como
amigo? 12. Sua
aqui as suas ordens.
estd, meu
13. Estou
friends
3. Your
at your
are
neighbors
all of hers
small, but it is
say
grande de mais,
e
cavallo
-me
6. O
friends and
my
say
cavallos estao
meu
que
amigo.
meu
us
neighbor says his house is yours.
your
that
meus
10. Minhas
ricos.
sao
e
amigos.
causa.
^
let
d'elle e
casa
prontos. 7. Digo
perdeu a
chapeo.
parentes
a
filho,tua
4. Dizem
soldados estao
que
livros
caro
,
dizeis,you or ye
dizem, they say
she says
or
say
"
say
dizes,thou
porem
o
T
digo,I
ordens.
general,general
advogado, lawyer
but, however
porem,
pronto,ready
o
dear
caro,
e
parente, relative
are
ours.
orders.
2. This
mine.
are
yours.
6.
7. Our
My
shop
4. You
5. All
house
customs
is
are
137
EXERCISES
XVII
DEMONSTRATIVES
(See " 84-94,
63-65)
pages
Vocabulary
o
innao, brother
bater,
a
fruta, fruit
convem,
forte, strong
pobre,
o
o
cego,
a
cega,
blind
1. Vinte
at6
o
dias
cidade.
2.
3.
Aquelle
mogo
pobre.
Ella
5.
frutas
Estas
fortes
o
coisa.
deste
o
emprego,
e
4.
pobre
boas.
sao
tinta
e
0
11.
pen
12.
employment
noites
e
mulher
Essa
6.
cega.
8.
Estes
cegos.
9.
esta
penna
unico
nome
gosto disto.
do
escuras
filhas d'elle
as
Fulano
seguiu-o de longe,
diz
14.
que
Este
uma
Disto
ccga
gosto.
nao
soldados
sao
mais
me
vem.
con-
nao
nao
servem
por
que
6
pobres.
sao
e
Isto
cora^ao
para
chamou
mesmissima
a
senhor
6
o
autor
livro.
poor
This
3.
This
dog
At
8.
This
this
Those
is
than
better
7.
10.
Nao
13.
poor.
are
penna,
tortuosas
ruas
uma
nao
a
tantas
cego.
filho.
seu
1. This
4.
e
e
a
homem
Este
carta.
a
de
nas
Aquella
10.
foi
woman
(impersonal verb)
serve
tinta,ink
aquelles pobres
que
escrever
man
outras
e
sumir-se
ver
da
7.
man
poor
blind
it suits
servir,to
blind
cego,
knock
to
boy
blind
poor
2. That
is
stronger
man
stronger than
those.
place and
occasion
is blind.
6.
at
is best.
men
have
that
There
this
9.
no
blind
than
is
moment
Take
no
brother.
his
5. These
one.
such
person
it is not
these
employment.
is
woman
books
here.
possible.
chairs
away.
138
1.
Sou
Qual
amigo.
d'elles
opiniao?
mais
nao
eu.
sou
17.
Quem
Ihe disse?
who
one
the
is the
chairs
three
two
I
Seja
11.
house?
cannot
go.
this
case
suit
me.
was
in this river that
13.
one?
15.
vergonha!
is hard
he
to
was
5.
knows?
10.
time
Who
17. This
Qual
2. What
it that
15.
Quem
for, nao
Que
6. Who
What
o
sabe
12.
quem
house?
was
e
sao?
knocking?
better
It
Who
sua
Qual
cadeiras?
your
a
Quem
10.
pena!
here?
that
is the
e
speaking (who speaks)?
8.
is mine?
Quern e?
malas?
nossas
to
cityfrom
is
18.
8.
speaking (who speaks is I).
of this
owner
of the
is it
casa?
13.
Que horas
18.
Qual
minhas
Que
4.
6.
bate?
Quem
as
sao
fruits?
best
9. Who
pen?
the
is
sua
aberta?
road
3. Who
a
sao
16.
is the
say?
direction
are
Quaes
chapeo?
you
e
9.
porta
caixao?
no
falla?
Quern
2.
prudente?
Quaes
meu
1. Which
the
a
14.
o
e
curto?
11.
tem
rua
que
deixou
convem.
Que
mais
o
cidade?
a
para
3.
e
Em
7.
caminho
foi que
caminho
o
seu
eu,
Qual
5.
e
In
I
am
which
away
Which
of
12.
knows?
What
4.
7. Which
took
is it?
is it
14.
my
these
Who
is
Which
pity! 16. In
does
not
employment
believe
what
drowned.
a
I
saw.
19.
It
140
EXERCISES
XX
INDEFINITES
(See " 100-102,
67-69)
pages
Vocabulary
world
o
mundo,
o
presente,
o
espa^o,
space,
a
cousa,
I
qual, which
present
qualquer, either
room
desejar,
nada, nothing
desire
to
senhor, sir,gentleman
o
^u-
coisa, )
or
verdade, truth
a
algum
-iima,
some
ter, to have
alguma
opiniao.
las; nao
muito
pouco
7.
Quaes
sei
qual
alguma
destas
sabe
cousa
6
que
a
sua
del-
nenhum.
quero
sim;
mais
que
outros
14.
que
Traga
escrevendo
estou
emquanto
de
tem
verdade.
a
desejo
nao
deste
que
qual
comer
para
Nao
tem
Qualquer
8.
Gosto
11.
dizem
Uns
e
um
quer?
9.
senhor
das
Cada
6.
tres
bom.
nada,
Algumas
5.
melhor.
a
e
Ninguem
13.
nao.
tenho
espago.
12.
outro.
Nao
0
2.
presente.
nada.
muito
estd
nenhum
cartas.
umas
1. No
has
one
no
5.
dizer
Tudo
10.
este
3.
Sem
4.
tem
deu
boa?
cousa
nada.
fala
Ihe
Alguem
1.
man
Either
than
any
other.
9.
Much
as
soon
while.
one
his
knows
own
which
is the
is
prudent.
4.
one
of these
books
one
else.
8. Whoever
obliged.
as
3. All
opinion.
I
7. I don't
it
Not
possible.
be
may
at
11.
all.
We
knows
that
nothing
about
this.
good.
want
6. You
know
either the
one
he
10.
shall
2. Each
world
the
know
is
road.
shortest
cannot
I
be
want
there
more
or
here.
enter
to
the
get there
in
a
little
141
EXERCISES
XXI
REGULAR
VERBS
(See " 103-107,
69-75)
pages
Vocabulary
achar,
to
find
entrar, to
enter
andar,
to
walk
esquecer,
to
estudar,
to
bolir,to disturb
ficar,to
remain
study
cantar,
to
sing
mudar,
comer,
to
eat
partir,to depart
deixar,
to
leave
responder,
change
to
unir, to unite
dtirar,to last
vender,
to
altar, altar
o
maribondo,
o
tempero, seasoning {offood)
wasp
8.
parte.
como
2.
Falo,
3.
EUe
fala, come,
4.
Ella
cantava, respondia,
como,
sell
fill
o
1. Falo
to
a
cabesa, head
a
romaria, pilgrimage
a
reliquia,relic
Dur"|,ram,
parto.
e
e
9.
parte.
10.
responde-
uniram.
rem,
encha, bula.
Mude,
Andasse,
.
enchesse, bu-
lisse.
partia.
Achou, vendeu, uniu.
11.
Entra,
encherei,
12.
Deixando,
6. Estudarei,
reply
to
destruir, to destroy
encher,
5.
forget
atirar,to shoot
parte.
come,
vendando,
destruindo.
bulirei.
7. Ficariamos, encheriamos.
13.
esquecida,
Mudada,
unida.
14.
anda
morto
Falar
sem
pensar
com
a
cabega
que
maribondos.
vivo
18.
^
atirar
inchada
(cangado).
Gallinha
sem
apontar.
(slang).
17.
gorda
Nao
nao
16.
bule
15.
Elle
Fiquei mais
com
casa
precisa tempero.
de
142
EXERCISES
XXII
REGULAR
VERBS
AND
WITH
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PHONETIC
CHANGES
(See " 108,
pages
75-76)
Vocabulary
abranger,
agradecer,
balan^ar, to
brincar,
fingir,to pretend
fast
flee
fugir, to
balance
jogar,
play
to
carngsLT, to
fincar, to drive in
up
attain
make
to
deliver
raise
to
erguer,
pull out,
attingir,to
to
entregar,
thank
to
to
arrancar,
atracar,
contain
to
lanpar,
tire
pedir,
play, throw
to
throw
to
to
request
distinguir,to distinguish
pregar,
to
nail
eleger, to elect
rasgar,
to
tear
to
emmagrecer,
empallidecer,
to
empecer,
to
grow
turn
thin
rogar,
pale
salgar, to salt
hinder
to
ask
valer, to value, to be worth
a
demissao, dismissal
a
esmola, charity
a
manha,
habit, whim
1.
fiquei,fique,finquei,finque; brinquei,brinque.
2.
entreguei, entregue;
3.
elejo,eleja,elejas; abranjo, abranja.
4.
attinjo,attinja; finjo,finja,fujo,fuja.
5.
ergo;
roguei, rogue,
joguei, jogue.
balance!,
distingo; lancei,lance; cancel, cance;
balance.
6.
agrade^o,
agradega;
pallidego,empallidega;
Pedi
minha
fugiu
a
de Deus.
demissao
noite
e
empega.
empego,
sigo, sirvo.
7. foge, cobre, sobe; durmo,
8.
em-
emmagrega;
emmagrego,
segui caminho.
passada.
10.
Uma
esmola
9.
O
cavallo
pelo
amor
EXERCISES
143
XXIII
THE
AUXILIARY
(See " 109,
VERBS
76-81)
pages
Vocabulary
o
sul, south
a
opiniao, opinion
o
norte, north
a
viagem,
o
dever, duty
a
febre,
o
olho,
satisfeito,satisfied
o
caminho,
o
servipo, service
road
jfi,at
ser,
estar,
)
be
to
do
feito
dever.
meu
que
6 que
que
nao
ha
dias?
1. He
man.
I
4.
letters before
the
next
day.
que
6.
dia?
o
elle
8. Sou
de
opiniSo
dois
estes
portuguez
nem
trip
the
with
everything possible.
I
7. O
satisfeito
muito
passado
e
nao
America
a
olho.
estado
tem
servigo.
este
um
de
barcar
em-
para
para
cego
ser-
o
nem
(que seja) inglez.
seasick.
am
ten
sou
Como
pleased
done
Philadelphia.
at
ser
much
have
We
embarcar
9. Tenho
claro
Esta
estd
aguentar
possa
vou
10.
acabado
amigo
nosso
quern
caminho.
was
O
cansado;
viagem.
11.
forward
to go
2. Tendo
feito aqui todo
.brasileiro;pode
2.
3.
ha
Estou
tem
esta
com
Nao
4.
6.
embark
endure
to
norte-americano,
Sul.
to
seguir, to follow
vigo, segui viagem.
Sou
finish
to
seguir viagem,
aguentar,
5.
seasick
embarcar,
y
ja.
once
acabar,
haver, )
1. Tenho
fever
enjoado,
have
to
ter,
eye
trip
voyage,
have
o'clock
I
5.
to
go
sharp.
embarking.
aboard
8. There
I
3.
Brazilian
am
7.
to
I
the
have
was
to
a
mines.
the
a
am
blind
consul
steamer
write
terrible
at
morrow
to-
some
storm
144
EXERCISES
XXIV
IRREGULAR
VERBS
(See " 110-113,
81-88)
pages
Vocabulary
o
azeite, oil
a
batata, potato
o
assucar,
a
garrafa, bottle
a
came,
a
lata, tin
sugar
meat
a
caber, to hold
1.
Digo
que
nao.
ao
cego
que
nheiro
cabe
nao
agua
nao
vai busca-lo.
saber
quero
pedi:
pela
estrada
ir la
e
vou,
ponho,
perco,
mego,
pela picada
14.
vao.
10.
Vejo
o
que
12.
Vim
velha.
13.
Fui,
ougo,
peyo,
tenho, valho, vejo, trago,
quero,
dou.
15.
fago, estou, digo, caibo,
coube, disse, estive, fui, fiz,houve,
Nao
azeite.
rio,
Venho,
que
mesa;
9.
Trouxeram
de
o
na
presta.
11.
a
que
quizer;
demissao.
garrafa
voltarei
irei, ia, fora, indo,
minha
hoje.
uma
Creio
di-
possivel,mas
o
quasi nunca
pedir
pena
nova;
redimo,
4.
chapeo aqui
o
puz
3. Dei
tenho.
que
vir quando
feita
Roupa
batatas
carne,
Pode
6.
d'isto;vou
a
o
7. Sei que
8.
vale
nao
que
isto.
estd feito.
pediu
Dou
lend
to
esmola.
pediu uma
garrafa. 5. Fago todo
na
fazer
posso
pena,
prestar,
2.
can
trouble
sei,
Dei,
pude,
pus,
prouve,
quiz, soube, tive, trouxe, vi, ouvi, pedi.
16.
Dize-me
com
um
cabe
um
amores
22.
andas, dir-te-ei
quem
sabe
o
que
naquella
olho
sem
Quem
Ihe
20.
ciumes.
tem
18.
convem.
lata.
rei.
6
manhas
as
officio
19.
Em
21.
nao
Vou
terra
ha
Nao
que
O
morre
amor
rosa
tens.
si este
ver
de
cegos
vai-se,
assucar
quem
espinhos,
sem
de fome.
17. Cada
a
amizade
tem
nem
fica.
EXERCISES
145
XXV
VARIABLE
PARTICIPLES
(See " 114-118,
88-90)
pages
Vocabulary
o
convite, invitation
a
palha,
straw
o
Jogo"
a
roupa,
clothes
o
prazer,
a
telha, tile
o
sol, sun
limpo, clean
o
vulcao, volcano
quatro, four
a
facada, knife
torto, crooked
a
machina,
game
pleasure
cut
machine
acceitar, to accept
accender,
to
limpar,
dry
to
enxugar,
imprimir, to print
fire,light
set
matar,
ganhar,
soltar,to loose
Este
estao
bem
6
gain
to
to
dinheiro
vallos
forao
fritos.
setenta
e
4.
was
covered
arrested
elected
in
7. The
a
Souza
with
3. This
fried?
dos
federal
Mande
trazer
Lusiadas
straw
book
deputy
or
was
is
lit;the
foi morto
onze
uns
years
account
ovos
The
is
e
oito centos
pancadas.
printed in
6.
foi im-
tiles?
with
two
ca-
foi correcta
mil
anno
no
sol.
no
livro
0
com
9. Os
paga.
10.
villageof Alagoas.
candle
china
ma-
acceito
soldado
relogio tinha dado
0
house
was
spent.
de
13.
like eggs
He
Paulino
tres.
1. Is the
you
edigao
nova
luz por
a
11.
cidade
uma
por
foi
estd
pelo camarada.
Janeiro.
desta
ruas
7. O
ja
conta
twist
logo enxugada
jogo.
no
to
convite
foi
pay
limpas
sao
O
roupa
8. A
de
A
12.
ruas
4.
ganho
soltos
Rio
no
presso
dada
foi
facada.
uma
3. As
5. A
2. As
torto.
rodas.
quatro
prazer.
por
e
negocio
um
limpas.
de
O
kill
pagar,
1.
6.
to
frigir,to fry
torcer,
muito
clean
to
2. Do
Lisbon.
ago.
money
paid.
5.
was
I
146
EXERCISES
XXVI
DEFECTIVE
SUBJECTS
VERBS;
(See " 119,
OF
VERBS
91)
page
Vocabulary
chegar,
algodao,
o
animal, animal
marcar,
o
patriota,patriot
jazer, to lie
a
felicidade,happiness
plantar,
a
cabra, goat
poder,
a
perspectiva, prospect
prazer,
a
secca,
cotton
drought
ha
-a, dense
homem,
ti
outro
o
corpo
como
a
dia
no
do
morte
offereciam
brilho
o
a
convem.
no
sao
7. Praz
de
se
suas
as
a
sua
para
quem
me
So
Deus.
senhoria
torceu
a
o
de
5.
Um
os
restos
a
e
jaz
vida
felicidade.
paixoes flammeAccessivel, ardente,
influencia
sua
iniciativa
o
para
ir deitar-se.
vocagao.
forte
Aqui
8.
a
luz que
9. Tanto
suas
restava
si)
o
a
trevas.
Maricd.
As
Se
6
Aqui jazem
vasto.
11.
ac^oes.
4.
perspectiva
uma
pampa
written
pode aguentar
outro.
cubi90so de estima,
fundar
pela energia da sua
e
morrer,
perdoe
me
das
sol
cabra
6.
Rosas.
era
(sometimes
e
um
Marquez
diverso
a
for
how
marcado.
patriota.
um
javam d luz do
emprehendedor,
megou
care
se, if
densas
quao
apenas
Bem
10.
trevas,
sao
de
please
to
plantar algodao
e
Chegou
3.
chegou
mortaes
able, can
quae,
boi, nem
nem
animaes,
homem.
em
be
outre, other
2. Tratar
secca.
(down)
plant
to
to
set
mortal
merely
apenas,
1. Nem
mark,
to
tratar,to
mortal, pi. mortaes,
dense
to
(pi.only), darkness
trevas
as
deste
arrive
o
13.
Ir
e
co-
pelo
camareiro
12.
a
p^
Deus
nao
148
EXERCISES
XXVIII
OBJECTS
SPECIAL
VERBS;
OF
(See " 123-124,
pages
USES
96-98)
-
,
Vocabulary
to love
o
calor,heat
amar,
o
cavallo,horse
cobrir,to
o
ladrao, thief
contar,
o
lobe, the wolf
enfraquecer,
o
negociante, merchant
engolir,to swallow
o
peixe, fish
jantar, to dine
o
poeta, poet
pegar,
o
tribute,tribute
pintar, to paint
a
admira^ao, admiration
principiar,to begin
a
historia,story
sentir,to feel
a
patria,native land
assim, thus,
a
ra,
frog
goliu a
tell,recount
to
to
to
weak
grow
,
catch.
"
so
realmente, genuinely
ladrao
1. Um
cover
matou
2. 0
negociante.
ao
peixe
en-
engoliu o peixe; ao peixe engoliu a ra.
Elle principiou a falar.
4. Pegaram-me
o
chapeo.
de jantar. 7. Aquelle
6. Acabei
Principiou a cantar.
3.
5.
ra;
anda
mogo
a
contar
de
pintada
calor.
ra
cavallos.
OS
gar
d,
branco.
cada
patria deve um
miragao ao poeta.
13. Judas
abragou
A
guerra
consome
a
1. John
followed
did
you
Sr. Rabello
wolf;
begin
tiger leave
e
reconhecimento
o
outros
mas
o
outros
aos
e
de
a
ad-
sustentava.
prenderam.
nos
gasta
e
mesmos.
visited
the
Christo,
telhas
realmente
ama
que
febre violenta
Uma
declaramos
que
nos
a
de
de
pe-
enfraquecido pelo
Sinto-me
tributo
mandou
coberta
esta
portuguez
12.
dono
8. 0
casa
10.
sua
14.
A
9.
Assim
11.
historias.
the
to
the
wolf
speak
woods.
and
his wife.
followed
the
Portuguese?
2. The
dog
dog.
3. When
4. Pedro
saw
a
EXERCISES
149
XXIX
PERIPHRASTIC
VERB-PHRASES
(See " 125, pages
98-99)
Vocabulary
o
barulho, noise
acordar,
o
dinheiro, money
arrojar, to drag
o
martello, hammer
buscar,
o
mate,
o
medico, physician
forest
fetch
to
corrigir,to
correct
fazer, to do, make
time
tempo,
o
to wake
gastar,
spend
to
ler, to read
(fire)
arm
mandar,
order
a
anna,
a
cruzada, crusade
perder,
a
legua, league
to suffer
sofifrer,
to
lose
to
ctiidadosamente, carefully
1. Tenho
tudo
andado
possivel.
o
martello.
um
0
6.
E
viagem.
ja
jado
para
lido
foi
7.
not
4.
leave
I
am
go
been
Our
doing
there
4.
Mande
o
os
friend
what
to-day.
6.
ha
tempo
10.
Fica
foi
na
14.
A
a
que
arro-
12.
seis
O
vezes.
lingua tupi
Baptista Caetano.
by
We
is still
I have
gasto
d'armas.
dias.
por
3.
foi
tinha
corrigido
seus
conta
sabendo
primeira cruzada
homens
buscar
de mudar-se.
dinheiro
nosso
feito
tern
7. A
matto.
no
mil
noise.
hat?
your
soffrido.
que
impressed
the
by
brought.
A
estudada
have
awakened
O
cem
contado
foi modernamente
1. I
Elle
cuidadosamente
e
tinha
Deus
2.
perdido
11.
Syria
a
p^.
a
chegando.
feita.
estd
crer
8.
Vamos
9.
coisa
you
de
pelo medico.
poema
Elle tem
tio andou
nosso
paga
13.
3.
5.
legua
uma
his
ordered
speaking.
left it
they ordered.
book.
on
a
8. I know
2.
He
horses
the
5. Where
chair
was
on
that
did
deck.
I shall
150
EXERCISES
XXX
VERBS
REFLEXIVE
(See " 126,
99-100)
pages
Vocabulary
o
bilhete, ticket
alugar,
o
devedor, debtor
calar, to hush
o
engenheiro, engineer
chamar,
o
favor, favor
comprar,
o
principe, prince
decidir, to decide
o
supplicante, petitioner
deitar, to lie down
a
d6r, pain
despedir,
a
rua,
street
out
put
deitar.
que
elle arrependeu-se.
7. A
nesta
casa
com
este
chama
bilhetes
a
favor
se
OS
vras
viagens
1. Go
do
medidas
want
to
take
decided
known
do
fazem-se
he
leave
of the
em
14.
o
Os
caso
pala-
poucas
18.
engenheiro.
5.
Know
breakfast
left.
se
acreditando-
horse
lives.
6. I ordered
Como
Jose.
again.
3. A
to-day.
A
11.
As
rapidamente.
return
not
we
sr.
Aluga-se
8.
12.
resumir
se
Depois
Decidiu-se
15.
pelo
6.
vem.
Elles morrefam
16.
where
donde
chamo
me
vd
incommodado
appareceu.
Eu
3. Vou
embora;
muito
sabe
se
Podem-se
afterwards
my
complain
to
retirar-se.
casa.
companhia
speaking.
immediately
Nao
propostas
and
away
leave
die
queimou-se.
casa
nesta
17.
boa
melhor
e
13.
supplicante.
em
to
V^-se
4.
principe
o
compram-se
It is not
am
10.
cachorro?
be
cannot
who
e
devedores.
as
4.
negocio.
este
take
to
Cala-te,menino.
9. Achou-se
rua.
abriu-se,
porta
2.
amigos.
meus
5. Parece-me
uma
buy
retirar,to retire
queixando.
de
call
to
queixar,
abrir, to open
despedir-me
rent
to
morrer,
incommodado,
1. Elle esU-se
to
7.
You
prince.
2. The
was
case
bought.
that
it is I
prepared, and
retire;I
may
151
EXERCISES
XXXI
IMPERATIVE,
SUBJUNCTIVE,
AND
PERSONAL
INDICATIVE,
INFINITIVE
(See " 127-133,
100-102)
pages
Vocabulary
o
caipira,backwoodsman
dialogar, to
o
zelo, zeal
permittir, to permit
rain
a
chuva,
a
duvida, doubt
a
esperanfa,
amanha,
or
embora,
talvez, perhaps
away
fale
o
sabe
andar
livro.
5.
Julio ouviu
Talvez
eu
dois
morra
filho.
meu
amanha.
senao
Elle
9.
sem
vai;
volte
eu
caipirasdialogarem
sob
a
nao
Fi-
11.
12.
prompto.
que
Va-se
6.
esteja aqui.
tudo
pressa.
de-
guarda-chuva.
vai.
nao
none
chapeo
meu
venha
acharmos
por
que
si
no,
pronto, ready
sem
ca,
nao
10.
nenhuma.
Deus
Venha
ou
o
chuva
na
que
si elle vai
contentes
2. Traze
deve
Dize-lhe
7.
duvida
alto.
tao
Nao
buscar
permitta
"Nao
Id.))
para
janella do
quarto.
seu
1. Don't
3.
return
prompto
Quem
13.
voltar, to
depressa, quickly
embora.
camos
come
-uma,
Va
ha
fetch
to
nenhum
3.
8.
vir, to
to-morrow
fight
to
trazer,
protect
ca, here
1. Nao
4.
hope
God
Deus,
to
proteger,
pugnar,
converse
Go
say
fetch my
it is in the
shall
than
ever
I do.
come
2.
that.
hat.
Fetch
Who
4.
dining-room.
back
8. Let's
again.
go.
me
knows
6.
a
where
I don't
7. No
one
glass
of
it is?
know
water.
5.
haps
Per-
whether
knows
I
better
152
^
EXERCISES
XXXII
ADVERBS
(See " 134-135,
103-107)
pages
Vocabulary
kindness
a
bondade,
a
palavra, word
adiar,
to
baixo, low
depois, afterward
donde, whence
postpone
adoecer,
possuir,
ill
become
to
to
logo,
at
onde, where
possess
trovejar, to thunder
positivo, positive
except
senao,
1. De
D'aqui
2.
a
vez
em
a
pouco
cavallo.
diz
nao
senao
falar
mais
modo
que
cd,
embora.
ha
baixo.
foi
deixe
onde
vai.
positivo a
8. Antes
te offerece
nhe"o-o
por
chofre
hope
one
nor
mesa.
e
por
11.
tanto
chao
de
0
15.
fora.
Venha
10.
Donde
algum
dado
vagar.
e
vem
cada
pisas, a
que
Pisemos
de
dias, mais
vinte
uns
em
de
elle adoeceu,
quando.
no
O
13.
bondade
a
Co-
14.
caiu
cavalleiro
night.
animal.
an
2.
I
never
3.
I
saw
know
and
other.
trip
water.
sell dear.
around
8.
4.
You
Brazil.
Nowadays
de
to
never
the
than
he.
Severino
is neither
7. There
it is better
I
neither
better
speak much
6.
speak lower; please speak louder.
the
a
na
cova.
a
in the
such
see
5. Please
made
dentro
arrived
to
nor
em
EUe
6.
reaUdade.
na
1. He
vez
possuo
respeito.
instante
partir
viagem
a
de
Nao
12.
este
7. Tenha
de
longe.
viagem.
essa
duvida.
ha
nao
palavras.
chapeo ahi
o
aguentar
possa
de
so
mas
Logo depois partiu
3.
sim;
que
Trovejou
9.
luz,
uma
quem
preciso adiar
Joao;
para
vou-me
poucas
menos.
ou
vi
creio
Sim, senhor,
5.
quando
Nao
4.
once
bread
buy cheap and
153
EXERCISES
XXXIII
NEGATION
AND
INTERROGATION
(See " 136-138,
107-108)
pages
Vocabulary
o
ferro, iron
a
bibliotheca,library
o
lapis,pencil
a
botina, boot
o
negocio, business
a
estrada,
o
senador,
a
populapao, population
o
trem,
o
volume,
senator
train
estrada
to
4.
Queira
6.
Nao
e
a
acquainted
with
posso
calgar
esta
chegou
ter
estrada
e
mais
que
nao
mata
ti.
15.
6
Que
acquainted
with
business.
in the
is not.
10.
7.
one
outro.
9.
Brasil?
11.
vivo
Nao
nada;
A
13.
senao
in-
EUe
para
ha
nao
Nao
Qual
12.
ninguem.
la
novi-
melhor?
o
here.
is
3.
the
I
Which
is the
8.
don't
I
2.
6.
country?
vou
do
14.
nao.
7. Nao
senhor.
tem
knows.
Where
nem
de
nem
Pois
5.
pao.
sei nao,
Nao
6
What
Nobody
place.
city
sir,it
any
4.
um
honra
a
pencil is this?
1. Whose
the
nem
comprida
16.
delles
Qual
17.
5.
isso?
o
um
aquelle senador.
negocio.
palavras.
poucas
vi
passar
Nao
10.
ferro
diz sinao
buco?
conhego
de
nao
dade.
Nao
2. Nem
Nunca
este
com
certainly
nao,
botina.
de
quasi nada.
formagao
saw
nada
pels
3.
trem.
bondade
a
8.
nao.
this
neste
tenho
Ihe disse
comprido, long
nacional, national
be
to
1. Nao
mais
(shoes,socks, etc.)
on
believe
conhecer,
outro
ferro, railway
de
volume
cal^iar,to put
crer,
road
largest and
is it then?
I do
of
Pernam-
there; I
was
Is this your
not
am
nothing about
I know
population
never
I
know;
most
book?
not
know.
never
tant
impor9.
No,
154
EXERCISES
XXXIV
PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
AND
(See " 139-145,
108-114)
pages
Vocabulary
'
o
deputado, deputy
a
povoagao,
o
meio,
middle
village
a
regiao, region
o
pal, father
a
rocha, rock
a
seda, silk
,
pais, parents
OS
a
baroneza, baroness
disseminar,
a
bota, boot
viajar, to travel
a
camada,
a
carta, letter
capaz,
a
confianga, confidence
digno, worthy
educagao,
a
mica
mica,
meio
no
seda
so
do
e
maneira
escrevi
vez
e
cego
de
olho
A
4.
um
a
em
muito
vinte
doente.
11.
present
see
busy
that
with
is still dependent
to die of
hunger.
A
ou
he
povoagao
morrer
Id. 6. Nao
8.
muito
10.
fui d
7.
de
pos-
Aquella
Tenho
noti-
cansado
Depois
de
que
villa apesar
fica distante
de
d'aqui
mais.
js likelyto
run
writing letters.
upon
que
vestida
filho.
seu
umas
ver
de
estava
bravos.
e
^
capaz
estamos
cavallo
a
/^duas leguas
to
e
9. Estou
quando.
devo
viajar hoje.
carta, montei
a
fica
facil
baroneza
pouco
confianga,
a
serra
"
3.
um
toda
2. A
villa.
pelos indios
nao
que
1. It is easy
man
da
D'aqui
povoada
cias delle de
is at
febre.
responsavel pela educagao de
regiao
umas
que
5.
digno de
uma
caminho.
preta.
ser
estar
de
doente
aquelle cavallo
capable, likely
povoado, peopled (pp. of povoar)
homem
e
leguas distante
vinte
spite of
responsavel, responsible
deputado
estd,
in
apesar,
education
a
1. O
mas
layer, bed
scatter
to
his
parents.
away.
3.
This
4, He
2.
He
young
is likely
156
EXERCISES
XXXVI
SIMILARITY
OF
(See " 145,
F(yr
1. Como
Leonor
notorio
e
113)
page
vocabulary see
fosse
WORDS
117-118.
pages
vulgar
o
Alvaro
de
amor
a
"
.
2.
Elle foi nomeado
3.
Esta
casa
director
muito
e
do
collegio.
ordinaria, e
tern
janellas
as
estreitas.
4.
O
delle ^
pai
5. Pinheiro
6.
O
tirou
alumno
7. Accenda
parente.
meu
a
assistiu
a
luz
e
grande
sorte
espectaculo
ao
minha
arme
8.
Quero partir ds quatro
9.
O
artista vendeu
as
loteria do
na
dia seguinte.
no
ahi perto da
rede
mesa.
de madrugada.
horas
conforme
acgoes
estado.
o
regimento da
companhia.
admirado
10.
Fiquei
11.
Estamos
12.
Nossa
13.
Durou
14.
Apanhei
15.
Tirou
desapontado
e
apreciando
petigao foi
a
a
pelo ministro.
noite inteira.
constipagao no
uma
photographia
uma
negocio.
musica.
deferida
espectaculo
o
este
com
sereno.
do
gado
demandando
Goyaz.
16.
O
parente delle acordou
de minha
tarde.
17. O
caso
nao
18.
A
casa
real de Portugal.
19.
Partiu
20.
Fica
21.
bocas
Correu
da
e
de madrugada
combinado
a
fama
defama"iio.
que
a
competencia.
pelo
vapor
reuniremos
contar
os
d hora
nesta
successos
marcada.
casa
pelas
ticular.
par-
mil
157
EXERCISES
XXXVII
EXAMPLES
The
followingare
of the
best
The
writers
of
Portuguese.
of the
essential
some
STYLE
examples of the styles of several
literaryform
differs in
used
OF
Portuguese of the Bible
respects from
the
language
in
every-day life just as it does in English. The
following from a late translation of the New
ment
Testawill
serve
as
THE
((Os Santos
los, Versao
S.
tendes
nas
de
fazem
quando
querda
o
deres
Aposto-
e
outra
sorte
estd,
que
fagas tocar
hypocritas nas
dos
a
sua
Pae
trombeta
synagogas
em
tua
a
a
que
ve
que
nao
e
ver-
Tu
recompensa.
saiba
nao
a
dos
c^s.
nos
homens;
direita,para
teu
deante
nao
esmolas,
tua
a
secreto;
em
Pae
vosso
os
obras
elles; de
por
jd receberam
que
faz
que
boas
honrados
serem
para
dos
actos
vi. 1-23.
vossas
vistos
ti, como
por^m,
j"que
as
junto de
digo
vos
livro dos
o
pois, deres esmola,
ruas,
dade
de iazer
recompensa
deante
e
Matthew,
serdes
para
Quando,
TESTAMENT
original Grego)) [Rio de Janeiro, 1907]
vi. 1-23.
((Guardae-vos
homens,
NEW
Evangelhos
fiel do
Matheus,
example.
an
mao
es-
esmola
tua
secreto,
em
te
retribuird.
Quando
orardes, nao
elles gostam
das
digo
ruas,
que
quando
de
para
orar
serem
sejaes como
vistos
ja receberam
orares,
entra
p6
em
a
no
nas
dos
sua
teu
os
hypocritas;
e
synagogas
homens;
recompensa.
quarto
em
porque
cantos
nos
verdade
Tu,
e, fechada
vos
por^ra,
a
porta,
158
ora
EXERCISES
Pae
teu
a
pelo
que
Quando
desnecessarias
tigoes
como
muito
seu
como
elles;porque
antes
que
nosso
sanctificado
seja o
venha
reino;
teu
o
seja feita
que
nos
teu
repe-
pensam
sejaes,pois,
vos
necessario
e
deste
mode:
ceos;
nome;
vontade, assim
tua
a
o
Orae, portanto,
estds
que
sabe
Nao
em
ve
porque
ouvidos.
Pae
que
useis de
nao
Gentios;
serao
vosso
Pae
teu
e
orares,
os
falar
Ih'o pegaes.
Pae
secreto;
em
retribuira.
te
secreto,
estd
que
terra
na
como
no
ceo.
de cada
O
pao
e
perdoa-nos
nosso
tambem
bem
perdoardes
se
aos
cahir
aos
celestial
Pae
vosso
homens,
aos
nos
devedores;
nossos
tentagao,
em
como
livra-nos
mas
tao
homens
as
perdoard;
vos
mas
se
Pae
vosso
pouco
offensas, tem-
suas
nao
doardes
per-
perdoard,
as
offensas.
vossas
jejuardes, nao
Quando
hypocritas;
fazer
ver
dade
vos
por6m,
porque
digo
quando
Pae
que
tomeis
desfiguram
que
elles estao
ja receberam
que
a
jejuares,unge
aos
esta
um
elles
homens
aos
mostrar
nao
para
teu
hoje;
dividas, assim
mal.
do
Porque
deixes
da
nos
nossas
perdoamos
nos
nao
e
as
dia
em
a
homens
secreto;
e
sua
triste
ar
os
como
os
rostos
sens
jejuando;
para
em
ver-
Tu,
recompensa.
cabega
lava
e
que
jejuas,mas
teu
Pae
que
v^
o
rosto
s6mente
a
secreto,
em
te retribuird.
Nao
e
a
ajunteis para
ferrugem
roubam;
mas
os
vos
thesouros
e
consomem,
ajuntae
para
onde
v6s
na
terra, onde
os
ladroes
thesouros
no
a
traga
penetram
c^o, onde
e
159
EXERCISES
nem
traga
a
ladroes
olhos
o
penetram
nao
sao
Se
corpo.
corpo
ficara
ti,sao
trevas;
forem
se
Os
todo
teu
o
ha
que
em
trevas!))
as
sao
estiver
simples, todo
luz
a
os
coragao.
maus,
Se, portanto,
densas
quao
teu
elles,
pois forem
mas
escuras.
as
onde
porque
o
onde
e
consomem,
tambem
estard
luminoso;
sera
os
roubam;
nem
ahi
luz do
a
corpo
ferrugem
a
thesouro,
teu
o
nem
XXXVIII
Alexandre
poet, historian, and
Portuguese
"
edition of his classic
in 1846.
edition
6th
(1810-1877) is
Herculano
The
of that
immensas
tempo
de
doengas
e
ainda,
apos
1
An
grande
em
mais
^
old form
a
de
bem
pelo
que
lugares
of
christa;
see
se
sanctos
Palestina
na
ambos
nao
a
" 5, foot-note
cem
sexos.
os
vicios, as
os
numero
maos
nas
tinham
ar-
ir
puderam
defender
e
ii
innumeravel
caira
fervorosos, ajudar
fundada
Syria
pequeno
Jerusalem
guerreiros
a
para
miseria,
a
que
em
conquista dos
christan
narchia
os
e
os
e
turba
uma
condigOes e
desordenada,
a
Europa
a
arrojado
reduziram
guerra
cruzados,
para
as
longa viagem,
multidao
mado
toda
em
seguidos de
todas
de
a
civilisagao,preoccupava
pelas eloquentes palavras de Urbano
d'armas
de
da
Clermont, tinha
individuos
dos
in 1901.
primeira cruzada, promovida
A
e
de
homens
Depois
animos
os
Pedro
concilio
essa
the
Vol. I, p. 199.)
progresso
Asia.
da
eremita
mil
o
para
esse
no
lished
pub-
grande acontecimento, cujas consequencias foram
((Um
parte
first
from
are
Lisbon
printed at
work
The
Portugal'^ was
following extracts
{The First Crusade.
por
novelist.
de
Historia
distinguished
a
ganhar
to n.
a
mo-
ahi
a
160
EXERCISES
gloria
e
opulencia
a
remissao
que
a
pondo
sobre
o
votavam
a
fossem
fezes de
corrupgao,
as
almas
piscina da
devassos
fonte
demandar
offereciam
o
ao
tambem
e
ferocidade
e
de
partia
{The Moors
de
de
a
a
vida
e
deleites.
As
unico
pensamento
tanto
era
ambiciosos
os
e
Para
Syria
a
para
quantas
nella.
havia
remorsos
num
porque
de quantos
sorvedouro
Europa
a
ligavam-se
oriente;
que
se
peregrinos
novos
que
vasto
devoradas
mds
que,
vermelha,
cruz
inexgotavel de fortuna
e
aos
peregrinacao do ultra-
rehabilitagao moral:
paixoes boas
o
tinha
ou
a
impediram
cubiga
crentes
larga
mao
primeira invasao, em
1101,
o
oriente, cujos sucpartiu para
nao
fe viva
passados crimes,
da
precipitarnaquelle
de
com
arriscada
e
cruzada
homens
de
esquerdo
depois
desastrados
cessos
se
hombro
annos
segunda
uma
remissao
a
igreja concedia
trabalhosa
Seis
mar.
ou
como
"
morte
a
perspectiva de felicidade.))
uma
of Spain and
Portugal in the twelfth century.
Vol.-I,349-350.)
((Os
mahommetanos
meiado
do
tempo
terriveis
Naquelle
seculo
licito
o
Id servir
liberdade
virtudes
e
vivem
das
de
do
da
pelo
familia
dencia,
o
uma
a
se
patria, onde
a
pe
todas
mesmo
historia.
civilizagaoe
os
vicios mais
as
ambigOes
dos
converteram
dos
em
vai
entao
6
para
grandes, vai
desenfreiadas, onde
magestade
suscita
pelo
lei,atirada
a
desdenhoso
que
ao
a
grdu de
seu
tudo, onde
nagao
previu,
abunda
que
multidoes
ds
exemplos,
sol,onde
esperar
joguete
homem,
ahi
que
e
o
da
amor
A luz do
ruas
mentiras, ha
o
offerecem-nos
desses
um
salutares, de
fallece
pretender
charco
mais
xii
pafs, seja qual for
poderio, onde
hediondos
Peninsula
da
a
principes e as
tres
grandes
morrer.
outro
A
povo
Provique
EXERCISES
venha
envolver
aquelle caddver
Pobre, grosseiro, nao
pregar
taboas
as
161
numeroso,
de
dos
mortos.
importa isso?
que
ataiide
um
sudario
no
qualquer
Para
forga
pequena
basta.))
{The death of Affonso I of Portugal
((No
longo crepusculo
do
coragao
ultima
A
valente
vez
juncto do
de
cheia
energia
infancia
dencia
a
e
encontrado
por
D.
Theresa
O
resistir A destruidora
ultimo
historia
O
que
breve
em
Apenas
que
nos
leme
do
para
a
fructos
de
como
igreja, com
dezembro
suas
de
ao
quem
a
dos
acgao
de
quasi
inven-
Affonso
dias
nao
se
que
cimen-
elle,
por
necessaria
seguranga
seculos
i
sem
passou
deste
acerca
no
.
.
as
morte,
pdlpebras.
mostram
nos
de
abandonou
ainda
mostrava
Veio, enfim,
de
govemar
a
a
principe.
da
somno
^pocha
que
todo
fallecer
este
o
liberal
repartira largamente
sempre
depois
ponto
perpetuamente
dessa
indepen-
Henrique,
o
que
de debil
da
.
mencionar
conquistas.
1185
nagao
annos
edeficio
de todo
com
cerrar-lhe
passo
uma
imperio mussul-
curtos
O
jd dormitava
derradeiros
do
de
certeza
resistencia
pelo conde
documentos
estado,
das
que
que
devia
alguns
sens
vida
nada
tivesse
guerreiro
da
anno
bainha
qual Ihe devia
mar
realisado
e
victoria.
na
a
o
pela
Portugal provava-lhe
em
concluido
achava-se, emfim,
para
de
e
nacional, desenhado
tado
a
robusta.
juventude
muito
esforgo,e
no
elle passara^em
por
grande
uma
politica. A
terra
dilatar-se
consola-lo-hia
esperanga,
enferma,
e
pode
havia
mas
vida
sua
educado
povo
de
forgas de
tinham
mano
o
a
as
de
filho digno delle
um
inteiramente
dor;
I, 463-464.)
aborrida
ainda
i
repousava
leito de
seu
civel que
Affonso
espada
deixava
que
velhice
contentamentos
nos
boa
sua
de
Vol.
pais
os
a
com
6
162
EXERCISES
titulos d'infante
OS
rei quarenta
tambem
cinco.
e
mosteiro
no
de
principe doze
Ordenara
Sancta
cinzas
as
de
e
de
lidas
dos
mausoleo
ate
em
da
elrei D.
que
que
ainda
hoje
permittia
Ahi, de
rudeza
a
Ihe alevantou
guardam
se
jaziam
gasto de tantas
corpo
Manuel
de
o
onde
Mafalda.
D.
aquelle
com
enterrassem
o
Coimbra,
sepultura modesta, conforme
em
tempos,
dador
de
esposa
feito,descaiisou finalmente
e
elle que
Cruz
sua
annos
do
ossos
os
rico
o
fun-
monarchia.))
XXXIX
Almeida
Garrett
Visconde
poet
d'
of
Almeida, 1799-1854)
Portugal published
of poems,
following
Camoes,'' canto
of this poem
Silva
the
most
Leitao,
popular
umes
vol-
twenty-seven
some
plays, history, etc.
The
"
(Joao Baptista da
is from
extract
V,
stanza
xi.
a
poem
The
entitled
first edition
appeared in 1825.
CINTRA
((Oh Cintra!
Onde
De
se
se
oh
esquecem
olvidar
Pensamentos
O
das
lymphas
musgo
de tuas
os
Por
mares,
ceos,
por
Quem,
tua,
sentado
escarpadas,
rocas
olhos
Espairecendo
misturado!
fresca sombra
a
Venturas?
senao
adormecido
folhas, c'o murmurio
descansando
Sonhou
folga
natureza
a
imbala
despenhadas
Quem,
No
seio
no
retiro,
onde
magoas,
que
sussurro
Das
saudosissimo
satisfeitos
por
montanhas,
prados,
'
164
EXERCISES
de
Carvalho, jaz
sacristia
quena
existam
tudo
chamava
se
baixo,
verdes
e
vida
O
assobiava
((porto)) o
estreita
assim
que
Ihes
meus
at^
o
quern
tinham
fim
a
o
abengoado
Almanjarra
by
Elles
is the
oxen
or
de
morreram
name
horses.
estava
tudo
onde
dormiam
as
pelos
e
min-
nomes,
entretem
que
Ihes dilatava
que
escravidao
da
em
Nao
so
senhora,
gratidao
Foi
perfeita
escravos
esses
a
como
estava
os
cane
tinham
lado
do
acreditando-se
given the old-fashioned
o
desenhou
se
nitidez
sua
o
amado
alegria perpetua.
sua
sua
A
...
minha
na
agrestes,
olhos
meus
que
d'aquella
senao
muitos
sopro
do
nao
negros
futuro
pes
a
aromas
moral
queixado
dava.
turned
aos
vez
velha
elles haviam
que
solugao obrigatoria.
sua
se
nao
inspirava
lado
alii,invoquei todas
covas,
problema
o
pela primeira
com
suas
do
casa
dos columbaria
Sosinho
carregado de
ar
e
coragao
was
dos
grande parte
em
ao
uma
passado,
no
pobres
talvez
.
vegetagao sobre
1
dos
mais
capella aquelles
fume-
agora
apresentava
vidas
suas
existia
servido.
aspireino
logar
o
.
as
.
agudo, annunciandb
reminiscencias, chamei-os
has
e
.
.
manchas
as
usina
a
colonia; da
defronte
d'elles,
restava
mas
sacrificio
O
.
nao
.
Em
outr'ora
engenho
Debaixo
.
opulenta fabrica,
escravatura
como
uma
incorporado
livremente
a
de
nao
pelas
.
vapor
O
aspecto
lembranga
na
da
tomado
escravo.
propriedade,
da
pe-
onde
talvez
que
almanjarra^ desapparecera
vestigio
haviam
cercado
no
pedras escondidas
restava
que
um
livre tinha
trabalho
que
com
A
nova.
ficdra
de
quadro
o
altar, e pela
Cruzes,
.
grandes cannaviaes,
trabalho
do
.
planicie,brilhavam
na
dos
gava
.
montes
quasi
do
penetrei
escravos
mais, sobre
ortigas, era
como
os
lado
ao
abandonada
enterrados
eram
parede
na
de
deve-
mill that
165
EXERCISES
dores
mais
leve
alii
conservara
fiel,longe do
contra
a
divida
do
senhor
entre
sagrados,
os
com
victima
era
meio
o
mim,
em
vez
nossa
abenme
que
elles,
formei
a
fosse dado,
me
a
que
desegual-
azedar
de
at^
emprestava
um
Oh!
todos
annos,
todas
de
...
mas
para
vinte
da
amnistia
a
id^as
vida, si assim
enternecia
animal
pela
sangue,
as
entre
.
espontaneo
essas
aos
uma
pudesse revoltar
o
intercessores
seu
Eram
soffrimento
no
.
do
o
figurou-se-me
generosa
condigao
de que
oppressao
perdao
elles
minha
a
raga
dogura
sua
por
Esse
alii mesmo,
votar
servigo da
sua
que
aquelles tumulos,
resolugao de
da
tudo
.
peiores talioes da historia
amor!
entao
e
como
ter
a
Deus
pertenciam
pela escravidao,
regaram
seu
vinham
dade
dos
germinar
pudesse
escravo,
cresceram
que
terra, que
com
Ihe
escravos
pretos! seriam
goaram
ao
pelos
um
a
Santos
infeliz
dedicagao.
paizes
os
com
deixado
senhor
o
do
coragao
contacto
sua
escaparem
OS
o
que
elles,que
com
para
teria
nao
suspeita de
obrigagao
para
carinho
seu
...
e
que
d
mesmo
reflexo de bondade
..."
XLI
Lopes d^ Almeida, native
Julia
S.
and
writings.
and
writer
and
of many
Paulo, Brazil, is the authoress
other
has
who
the
courage
She
has
province
of the
a
romances
charming
simplicity of style. She
had
to
the
set
artistic insight to
down
in
of
its true
forwardness
straightis the
one
appreciate,
form, the
language of the caipiras and of the old slaves. The
Familia
A
from
following brief example taken
2a ed. S. Paulo
Medeiros
1894, 261-265, will give
''
"
an
idea
of the
character
of the
patois of the interior
166
EXERCISES
"
of S. Paulo.
do
not, of
((Eram
dahdo,
The
course,
appear
seis horas
da
ouvio
dois
Seu
"
tudo
"
Tche!^
todos]
nos
mar]
um
Octavio,
sob
accor-
janella do
a
e
folte di nois
Braz
o
.
.
.
folte di nois tudo
mais
o
mais
o
[fortede
eu!
sou
Ze
Seu
"
terra!
na
quando
jd disse qui
todos]
nos
original.
um:
[Senhor] Romao
[fortede
"
in the
manha
in brackets
inserted
caipiras dialogarem
Dizia
quarto.
seu
words
correct
mandou
[Senhor Jose] Riba
[de] fora,
di
capanga
chamd,
Furctuosol
ta
um
[char[tal
Fructuoso]
Eh!
"
Os
"
cinza!
sae
[o]coitado
.
.
.
Que [probably for
"
gente do doto
Da
""
Foi
"
nho
[chamar]
foi nao;
[tarde]e
eu
mandou
que
chamd
[a] coisa;
[vossa merce]
foi
o
recado
[modo] elle
[para] mode
pro
as
[trazer]um
traze
diabo
e
que
1
de
[irfId,
fica talde
[irme] embora.
i mi
perciso [preciso]
Mece
"
[doutor]
.
vim
eu
[combinar]
combing
.
[Senhor] Triguero
[Senhor] Juca,
nho
.
[vossa merce]?
mece
Nao
"
e] coitado?
quem
convidado
[para a]
pra
festa?
Fui.
"
Quem
"
1
Tche,
an
exclamation;
parts of S.
where
it
[vossa merce]
[Carlos] de
Lima,
mais
[mas]
nao!
vou
nao
mece?
convidou
[Senhor] Carro
Nho
"
fci que
Paulo,
and
this sound
in Minho
probably originated.
and
is only used
Tras-os-Montes
in Brazil
in
in
tain
cer-
Portugal,
167
EXERCISES
Ue!
"
Isso
o
e
mesmo
pinchd [pinchar]dinheiro
que
fora!
fi
"
mais
.
.
fico tao
sangue
[mas]
.
nao
Eu
vou.
patife [for covarde]
quando
chego
ate
que
vejo
s6
a
[ser]vil!
Ouvindo
de
nome
o
mysteriosas, Octavio
jd
dois
OS
caipiras
com
versava
gado;
o
e
os
abriu
a
afastado;
um
e
tinham
ouvia
o
que
mas
d'elles
con-
de
rosto
do
pateo
rodar
de
porta
na
janella,
carre-
com
um
hombro.
ao
ouviram
assim, quando
Estavam
Noemia
Francos.
da
instinctivamente
se
se
desapparecia
outro
ligado dquellas palavras
ergueu-se
Trigueirinhos,
o
feixe de palmitos
chegavam
Fructuoso
mae,
o
estremeceu
como
a
e
troly;*
um
approximou-
pedir-lhe misericordia
apoio.
depois,
Momentos
queira
Franco
e
coronel
O
farta
barba
grandes
era
Esta
EUe
todo
O
peito, andar
o
pesado
e
alto
e
filho, egualmente
olhar
o
posto
creanga
e
apresentou-o
que
gelada
Small
um
e
labios
grossos
nos
um
sereno,
e
dizendo-lhe:
Noemia,
a
noiva!
vossa
levantar
ella,sem
corou;
Houve
about
feliz de
commendador
"
*
Cer-
homem.
um
mao,
e
coronel
o
robusto, alto, corpulento, de
agradavel,
aspecto
o
sorriso bondoso
O
velho
um
cabelludas.
maos
sala
na
filho.
encobrir-lhe
a
forte, tinha
de
o
entravam
olhos, extendeu-lhe
os
a
tremula.
instante
spring
wagon,
1870; it is known
de silencio,que
or
o
coronel
bvckhoard, introduced
by the English
name
of
Cerqueira
into
trolly.
S.
Paulo
168
EXERCISES
Franco
se
certa
com
em
intimidade
e
Voltando-se
para
Voce
uma
"
tratal-a
^
apressou
tem
[leve]cabe
Pouco
D.
casado
mulher
.
casa
.
.
jd pousei aqui
eu
do
de
.
.
.
nao
com
me
.
.
na
chimheva^
um
uma
[lembrava]
alembrava
da
moga
o
Limeira
nome,
oh!
...
outros
riram-se; elle continuou:
Estou
ficando
a
varanda
aquentam
Que
que'
com
os
6 de
p^s fria [frios]!acho
tijolo! Trigueirinhos?
^
que
voces
nao
fogo, nao?
sim, responderam.
inverno, faziam
O
dirigindo-se imme-
fogueta!"
porque
agora
bom
noite, em
uma
.
"
Piras-
[trazer] um
traze
E
..."
de
[estavam] cagando
de
apeguei
ceia
bem
e
(dsso!
"
"
cachoeira
na
de talde [tarde],tavam
entao
fran-
descurpe [desculpe] a
((OPrates?"
"
Os
almogo.
o
para
..."
moreno.
era
leviana!
Trigueirinhos :
tio
visinhanga
muito
forya
de Julio!
passei
eu
[para]sua
ao
((Seu
porque
.
por
de
agora
proseguia:
senhora
[pescando],
diatamente
.
chamou
Franco
quando
pra
ser
do bolso
a
hontem
dourado
de
carece
commoda!
e
mucama
coronel
mas
sununga,
bonita;
prato de quirera [milho pizado] e lombo
sen
Nicota,
queza!
"
ha
canto
o
o
muito
bonita
depois,uma
de porco,
peixe
noiva
que
num
Enchendo
"
filho exclamou:
o
.
delicada
tao
alto,
torn
num
alegria.
ouviu?
bem,
fallando
cortar
porem,
coronel
em
fogo
na
sala
fevereiro,nem
De
de
se
vez
jantar,
*
Flat-nosed
person.
quando,
entre
lembravam
proseguiu fallando
Franco
em
no
redes;
as
d'isso!
sempre,
ora
das
169
EXERCISES
propriedadesem
suas
diversos locaes da
ora
provincia,
A sobremesa disse ter
filho,etc.
ouvido de dois passageiros,
As
no
trem, grandes injurias
auctoridades
de Casa
haveria
Branca, e tambem
que
do
cidade
nessa
o
do
casamento
diabo!
dagava
...
revolugaode
uma
Deveria
dar
credito
elle,mastigando
postigao
doce de abobora
escarvos!
isso 6 que
semelhante
boato?
a
com
era
in-
completa dentadura
a
servido ds talhadas.
moranga,
XLII
GongalvesBias (1824-1864)was a native
in Brazil,and was
of the province of Maranhao
in Portugal.
educated at the Universityof Coimbra
He is the most popularof the Brazilian poets. Every
Brazilian knows
by heart his beautiful cangao do
Antonio
"
exilo
"
in 1843.
written at Coimbra
CANgAO
Minha
Onde
palmeiras,
terra tem
canta
EXILO
DO
o
Sabid;^
aqui gorgeiao,
As aves, que
Nao gorgeiaocomo
Nosso
ceo
tem
Id.
mais estrellas,
varzeas
Nossos
bosques tem
Nossa
mais flores,
tem
Nossas
vida mais
mais vida,
amores.
scismar,sosinho,d noite,
Mais prazer encontro eu Id;
Em
Minha
Onde
1
I
Sabii is the
terra tem
canta
o
popularname
palmeiras,
Sabid.
of
a
kind of Brazilian robin.
170
EXERCISES
Minha
terra
Que
Em
taes
Mais
encontro
terra
Onde
canta
Nao
permitta Deos
Sem
que
eu
Sem
que
desfructe
volte
Sem
qu'inda
Onde
eu
que
primores
os
cd;
por
aviste
morra,
la;
para
encontro
canta
Id;
eu
Sabia.
o
nao
"
palmeiras,
tem
Que
cd;
eu
sosinho, A noite
"
prazer
Minha
'
encontro
nao
scismar
primores,
tem
as
palmeiras,
Sabia.
o
XLIII
The
Marquez
de
and
illustrious statesmen
especially noted
(1773-1848)
Maricd
litterateurs
for his maxims,
of
one
of
Brazil
the
was
of which
examples
given here.
are
considera
Ninguem
merito,
da
todos
mas
a
superior
ventura
sua
queixao
se
REFLEXOES
E
PENSAMENTOS,
MAXIMAS,
das
injustigasdos
ao
seu
homens
e
fortuna.
A
modestia
Os
doura
abusos,
os
como
os
talentos, a vaidade
dentes,
nunca
os
se
deslustra.
arrancao
sem
dores.
Quando
ralidade
O
mogo
6
o
povo
nao
acredita
na
probidade,
a
immo-
geral.
devasso
incorrigivel.
p6de emendar-se,
o
velho
vicioso
e
172
EXERCISES
Os
maiores
nossos
mesmos:
sao
Em
os
algumas
As
nossos
vicios
erros,
revolugoes o jogo
do bamlho
d excepgao
existem
inimigos
riorao
necessariamente
As
como
nagoes,
as
novos.
dete-
melhorao,
nao
das
sorte
a
nos
dantes,
como
sao
que
revolugoes politicas,quando
de
paixoes.
e
continua
jogadores
e
dentro
nagoes.
aprendem
pessoas,
errando
e
soffrendo.
Nao
ha
Huma
eleva
escravidao
peior que
feliz
revolugao
dos
a
vicios
e
paixoes.
maiores
justificaos
crimes
e
os
d cathegoria de virtudes.
Deve-se
A
plena
curada
liberdade
muitos
por
Ninguem
e
aquelle
como
vinho,
mode-
com
e
6
como
nenhum
por
prudente
tao
melhor
que
pedra philosophal, pro-
a
descoberta.
dispender
em
conhece
o
dinheiro
seu
difficuldades
as
de
o
honradamente.
ganhar
A
forga
direcgao.
Nao
de
liberdade,como
sobriedade.
e
ragao
da
usar
se
intelligencia6
sem
o
apaga
fogo
como
o
resinas,nem
com
movimento
sem
colera
m^s
a
com
palavras.
Os
ignorantes
mais
sempre
exagerao
intelli-
os
que
gentes.
Os
colhel-os
dade
Os
larem
A
a
que
A
todos
como
prazeres,
sem
as
rosas,
ferir-se 6
o
bordados
estao
requinte da
de
prudencia
espinhos;
e
habili-
humana.
pobres declamao
ou
se
melhor
contra
justificarem de
entidade
da
nao
terra
a
riqueza
serem
6 huma
para
conso-
se
ricos.
boa
mulher,
a
peior
6 md.
desconfianga 6
e
de tudo.
o
tormento
dos
velhos, receiao-se
de
173
EXERCISES
A
salda
morte
muitas
contas
que
vida
a
pode
nao
ajustar.
melhor
A
companhia
acha-se
huma
em
escolhida
livraria.
boa
Huma
huma
letra
annuncia
nao
eloquencia brilhante
A
ignorancia
A
gente
moga
avaliar
nem
Os
6
sabem
que
profunda sapiencia.
mae
da
nao
sabe
males
os
intelligencia,
nem
vasta
superstigaoe
apreciar
menos
bens
os
do
que
goza,
que
fallao
padece.
nao
que
fanatismo.
ordinariamente
sao
os
mais.
Sem
sopho
pode
nao
Todos
ceza:
A
dade
accusao
ingleza deve
e
de
queixao
se
ou
elemento
um
de
servir
vicia,aquella moralisa
vaidade
6
nao
philo-
dinheiro,
pouco
juizo.
Htteratura
esta
quem
sabio.
ser
de pouco
nenhum
A
se
sabedoria:
ha
philosophia nao
os
muito
seus
antidoto
d
fran-
cultores.
importante
da
felici-
humana.
EPITAPHIO
MEU
Aqui jaz o
Do
de Maricd:
marquez
quizer saber-lhe
Quem
Nos
apenas
corpo
seus
livros
a
da
alma,
achard.
XLIV
Luis
Camoes
de
in 1579)
by
celebrated
was
the
(born
Lisbon
in
1524, died
greatest literary genius
Portugal.
poem
at
His
in the
"Lusiadas"
ever
is the
duced
promost
Portuguese language. It is
174
EXERCISES
epic,and treats of the discovery of India by the
early Portuguese navigators.
an
The
of the
who
In
from
are
verses
poet addresses
the
ships
under
are
himself
CANTO
of the first
xviii
1557
at
Sebastiao
Dom
to
sail,and
to decide
together the gods
the first Canto
to
vi
king of Portugal from
was
the
XIX
Lusiadas.'^
"
Canto
follow
that
extracts
to
1578.
At
Jupiter calls
xx
the fate of the
enterprise.
PRIMEIRO
"
VI
.
E
v6s, 6 bem
Lusitana^
Da
E
nascida
De
antigua liberdade,
certissima
menos
nao
6
Dada
fataP da
mundo
ao
a
Christandade:
Maura
langa,
idade;
nossa
por
do mundo
Para
da
temor
novo
Maravilha
esperanga
da pequena
augmento
V6s,
seguranga
Deos,
dar
Deos
todo
que
o
mande,
parte grande:
VII
V6s,
De
tenro
huma
Vede-o
Vos
a
qual
Lusitania
victoria
a
deo
vos
was
an
large part of modern
por
si
na
ancient
amada
Occidente,
no
escudo,
vosso
elle para
que
mais
Christianissima
amostra
Na
de Christo
nascida
ou
no
florecente
ramo
arvore
Cesdrea,
*
novo
nenhuma
Que
As
e
chamada:
presente
que
j^ passada;
e
armas,
Cruz
tomou:
province
Portugal, of
deixou
of
which
Spain
it is often
^
eynonym,
.
that
included
used
fateful.
as
a
175
EXERCISES
VIII
V6s, poderoso Rei, cujo
alto
O
ve
Sol
Ve-o
E
logo
nascendo
em
tambem
quando
V6s,
que
meio
no
primeiro;
hemispherio;
desce, o deixa derradeiro:
jugo,
esperamos
Do
torpe Ismaelita
Do
Turco
e
vituperio
cavalleiro,
oriental,e do Gentio
inda^ bebe
Que
do
imperio
licor^ do sancto^
o
rio.
IX
Inclinai
Que
tenro
nesse
Que jd,se
olhos
Ponde
De
da
no
chao:
inteira
na
ao
eterno
idade,
templo.
benignidade
vereis hum
exemplo
novo
patrios feitos valerosos,
divulgado
versos
contemplo;
vos
qual
Real
dos
amor
Em
gesto
ireis
magestade,
a
pouco
mostra
subindo
Quando
Os
hum
por
numerosos.
XIX
Jd
As
inquietas ondas
Os
ventos
ndos
Da
branca
velas
as
maritimas
aguas
ainda.
gado
respiravam,
inchando:
concavas
os
as
do
apartando;
escuma
Cobertos, onde
Que
navegavam,
brandamente
Das
As
*
largo Oceano
no
mares
proas
vac
se
mostravam
cortando
consagradas,
de Proteo
'
sao
liquor.
cortadais.
^
santo.
176
EXERCISES
XX
Quando
Onde
o
Se
Pisando
Vem
pela
Convocados
Pelo
via
Lactea
da
neto
See
crystallino
deus.
gentil
parte
do
luminoso,
humana
gente,
glorioso
do
futuras
cousas
o
da
concilio
em
as
Oljonpo
no
estd,
governo
ajuntam
Sobre
^
deoses^
os
c^o
Oriente:
formoso,
juntamente,
do
velho
Tonante^
Atlante.
'
Jupiter
Tonans.
VOCABULARIES
including
index
to
rules,
examples
tables,
in
conjugations
the
text.
of
verbs,
and
The
numbers
The
gender
article
when
o
and
of
letters
the
(masculine)
thus
used
is
not
is
nouns
or
refer
a
to
the
indicated
translated
by
in
the
the
the
before
(feminine)
of
paragraphs
use
of
the
the
The
noun.
text.
definite
article
vocabulary.
ABBREVIATIONS
The
possible.
part
of
speech
is
indicated
only
in
cases
where
doubt
is
180
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
agreste, of
the
VOCABULARY
forest, untilled,
rough.
a
a
agudo, sharp,
a
acute.
aguia, eagle, "
ahi, there, "
26c.
135c.
ainda, yet, " 135q,
ajuntar,
to
145.
together,
get
mulate.
accu-
o
amigo, friend.
a
amizade, friendship.
a
amnistia, amnesty.
o
amor,
ajustar, to adjust.
alem, beyond,
alevantar,
o
to
get
alfinete,pin.
"
algo, something,
o
algodao,
alguem,
algum,
some
o
any,
no,
"
101.
lS5d.
o
animal, animal.
o
animo, mind, spirit.
o
annel, ring, "
o
anno,
20. 5.
year.
to
anoitecer,
announce.
become
to
day
night.
before
ACCENTED,
ANTEPENULT,
alma, soul.
"9d.
breakfast, "
122i.
antes,
almo^o, breakfast.
"
ALPHABET,
"
1.
o
before
(in time), rather,
145.
antidote, antidote.
o
altar,altar.
antigo, ancient, old.
a
alteza, highness, " 147,
o
alto,high, tall," 45,
alugar,
o
to
134e.
let,rent.
anzol, fish-hook.
aonde, where, "
apanhar,
135m.
put out, extinguish.
to
apagar,
student.
alumno,
to
catch.
alvo, white.
apartar,
a
ama,
apegar,
see
a
amabilidade,
apenas,
barely, merely.
apesar,
in
nurse.
amanhan,
amar,
to
or
liness.
kindness, friend-
amanha,
to-morrow.
love.
amarello, yellow.
a
amargura,
day.
yester-
{and adj.).
ali.
to
124a.
floor.
andar,
ante-hontem,
allemao, German
almofar,
walk, " 109e,
to
annunciar,
one.
some,
alii,see
a
1006.
cotton.
aU, there, "
o
liftjbuild.
up,
o
(alsomostrar).
angelico, angeUc.
144.
"
to show
ancia, anxiety, perplexity.
andar,
alegria,joy, jo3^ulness.
love.
amostrar,
a
a
both.
ambos,
endure, stand.
to
aguentar,
ambi^ao, ambition.
ambicioso, ambitious.
water.
agua,
amavel, amiable, friendly.
bitterness, grief.
o
to
part, separate.
pegar.
spite of, "
apoio, support.
apontar,
to
point, take aim.
ap6s, after,behind.
o
145.
apostolo, apostle.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
apparelhar,
o
to
fit out.
prepare,
appetite, appetite.
apprehender,
apreciar,
learn.
to
to
apresentar,
o
asylo, asylum, refuge,home.
o
ataude, coffin.
ate, to, at, until, " 122c.
appreciate, enjoy.
to
atirar,
duce.
intro-
present,
throw,
to
hasten.
to
aproveitar,
o
turn
to
approach.
to
aquelle
that, " 84.
135o.
aquillo,that, " 85.
ar,
air, appearance.
areia, sand.
a
anna,
to
a
aroma,
sweet
aroma,
odor.
pull out, extricate,
to
" 108, 123/.
arrepender-se,
increase.
o
autor, author.
a
autora, authoress.
a
autoridade, authority.
VERBS,
" 109.
auxilio,help,
to
repent, " 1266.
a
avareza,
a
ave,
avistar, to
get sight of.
av6, grandmother.
o
av6, grandfather.
-avo,
suffix in
azedar,
arrojado, bold, rash.
see,
a
arriscar, to risk.
ravish, put in ecstasy.
avarice.
bird.
a
to
" 35, 46.
augmento,
arriscado, dangerous, risky.
arrobar,
fast.
avaliar, to value.
arm.
arrancar,
make
to
o
o
arm.
(fire)
armar,
attingir,to attain.
AUXILIARY
ardente, ardent.
a
dare, venture.
AUGMENTATIVES,
aqui, here; d'aqui, hence, " 134,
o
to
atrevimento, boldness,daring,
attracar,
heat, fire.
to
aquentar,
down,
attento, attentive,
portunity,
op-
account.
aproximar,
-a,
the
improve
to
throw
shoot.
atrever-se,
apressar,
181
VOCABULARY
o
aza,
fractions, " 61a.
wing,
to
embitter.
azeite, oil.
azul, blue, " 41/.
arrcjar, to drag.
a
accender,
o
B
tree.
arvore,
fight.
to
aspecto, aspect.
aspirar, to breathe.
assignalar,
assim,
to
distinguish.
assist,to be present.
assoberbar,
to
assobiar,
hiss, whistle.
Q
assucaT;
to
bacalhau, codfish.
o
bacharel, bachelor
a
bahia, bay.
a
bainha, sheath, scabbard.
(academic).
baixo, low, " 134e.
so, thus.
assistir,to
o
vex.
sugar.
bala, ball,bullet.
to
balance,
balangar,
a
rock.
a
bandeira, flag,banner
swing,
182
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
lard.
a
banha,
bonito, pretty, handsome.
o
banho, bath.
bordar,
o
barao, baron.
o
barato, cheap.
a
barbaro, barbarous.
a
bosque, woods,
botar,
barba, beard.
baroneza, baroness.
of stream.
mouth
border, surround.
to
grove.
put, place.
to
a
botica, apothecary's shop.
a
botina, boot.
o
braffo,arm.
branco, white.
a
barra, bar,
o
barril,barrel, " 20. 6.
brandamente,
o
barro, clay.
brando, gentle, sweet.
o
barulho, noise.
o
gently.
brasileiro,BraziHan
bravo, wild.
bastante, enough.
sufl5ce.
a
bravura, bravery.
a
batalha, battle.
o
breu, pitch, tar.
a
batata, potato.
breve, short.
bastar,
bater,
beber,
o
to
beat, knock.
to
brilhante, brilliant.
drink.
to
brilhar, to shine, glitter.
beifo, lip.
o
belle, fine,handsome.
o
well;
o
bens
raiz, real
de
bemdito,
que,
see
" 145.
buscar,
fetch, bring.
to
pL, bens, goods;
good;
bem,
play, fool.
to
bulir, to disturb, stir.
bem
se
brilho, brilliancy.
brincar,
Beltrano, " 94.
bem,
(and adj.).
estate.
bemdizer.
ct, here, " 1356.
round-
a
benjao, blessing.
a
benignidade, benignity.
mountain
o
betiune, pitch, tar.
o
cabello, hair,
a
bibliotheca, library.
cabelludo, hairy.
o
bilhete, ticket.
caber,
o
bispo, bishop.
a
cabra, goat.
a
cachoeira, water-fall.
o
cachorro, dog.
boa,
see
bom.
a
cabefa,
head;
.
to
hold, " 112,
o
boato, report;
a
boca, mouth.
cada, each, " 100/.
o
boi, ox.
o
cadaver, dead
a
cadeira, chair.
o
caes,
o
cafe, coffee.
bolir,see
o
bulir.
bolso, pocket.
bom,
a
rumor,
good, "
bondade,
41 g, 51.
goodness, kindness.
bondoso, good, good-natured.
topped
quay,
83.
body.
mole, "
cahir, to fall," 110,
o
p.
206.
p.
caipira,backwoodsman.
82.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
a
caixa, box;
caixa
economica,
savings-bank.
o
big box.
caixao,
cise
Exer-
See
X.
a
4.
cal, lime, " 20.
to
put
trousers),"
as
{shoes, socks,
on
122.
calfas (pL), trousers,
o
calor, heat, "
a
camada,
a
camara,
21.
121.
bed, layer (of rock).
room.
o
camareiro,
o
camarote,
companion.
chamberlain.
cabin
{on ship), box
{in theater).
road,
o
caminho,
a
camisa, shirt.
o
campo,
o
cannavial,
cantar,
to
o
carinho^,kindness, affection.
a
carne,
cane
carregado, heavy, loaded.
cart,
o
carro,
a
carta, letter.
a
casa,
a
casaca,
o
casamento,
house.
(long)
to
a
categoria, list,category.
a
cathedral, cathedral.
case.
causa,
(law)
cause,
cavalheiro,
o
field.
o
cavalleiro,horseman,
cavallo, horse.
a
cantora, songstress.
cear,
o
cao,
o
capanga,
a
song.
to
see
cachoeira.
sup.
cede, early.
dog.
assassin.
cego,
capable, " 139a.
a
LETTERS,
ceia, supper.
" 12.
celestial,heavenly.
capital, principal; /., capital
cem,
(city)," 31.
o
o
capitalista,capitalist.
OS
o
capitao, captain.
o
caprichoso, erratic,whimsical.
caracter,
character,
writing.
hand-
one
hundred.
cemiterio, cemetery.
centenares,
cento,
hundred,
o
heaven.
o
hundreds.
centesimo, hundredth.
ceo,
cerca,
cardeal, cardinal.
blind, " 139a.
celebre, celebrated," 143.
capela, chapel.
CAPITAL
man;
noble-
cavalier,
gentleman.
caxoeira,
o
knight,
Uke.
sing.
hired
case
adj., noble, gentleman-
cantor, singer.
o
reason,
.
o
o
marriage.
case,
canto, corner;
a
coat.
marry.
o
capaz,
carriage.
wagon,
o
a
way.
canpar.
see
flesh.
meat,
dear, expensive.
tire,weary.
to
cansado,
caridade, charity.
caudal, mighty.
field,plain.
canfar,
a
casar,
camarada,
o, a
"
need, require.
to
carecer,
care,
calar, to hush, silence," 1266.
calgar,
183
VOCABULARY
p.
50.
about, " 144.
cercado, enclosure.
184
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
to
cercar,
encircle,surround,
" 124c,
to
cerrar,
a
VOCABULARY
close,
en-
143.
cobifar,
close.
a
certeza, certainty,
certo,
ceruleo, cerulean, bluish, azure,
to
cessar,
" 122e, 123/.
cease,
cha,
a
chaleira, tea-kettle,
coconut.
coco,
a
coisa, see
coitado,
a
call,
to
a
chao, ground.
o
chapeo,
o
charco, mud,
a
chave, key.
o
chefe,
hat.
puddle,
chief.
cheio, full.
colher,
collecsao, collection.
o
coUega, colleague.
a
colonia, colony.
with, " 122d,
122c.
combinar,
a
chinela, slipper.
comlgo,
chover,
to
rain,
cry.
chuva, rain.
0
cidadao, citizen.
a
cidade, city.
commander,
with
and
m.
f nouns,
cinza, ashes.
lute,
a
cithara, cithem,
o
ciume, jealousy.
civil,civil.
27.
common.
communicable.
with
"
us,
adv., how,
as,
"
65c.
131.
a
compaixao,
compassion.
a
companhia,
company.
a
comparagao,
comparar,
civilisafao,civilization,
"
.
comnosco,
como,
65c.
convenient, handy.
communicavel,
55.
"
me,
TERMINATIONS
commun,
cincoenta, fifty.
a
commigo.
see
COMMON
to cement,
cinco, five, "
eat.
commodo,
of
arrange,
begin, " 123e, /.
commendador,
commigo,
christao. Christian.
a
o
to
142.
combine,
to
to
comer,
weep,
146.
collect,
to
v.,
a
chicote, (riding)whip,
to
spoon;
coUarinho, collar.
come^ar,
chorar,
pity), "
or
o
o
a
(fellow) (term of
poor
colera, wrath.
com,
arrive,suffice,"
to
cimentar,
cousa.
gather.
chao, adj.,plain.
o
26c.
" 124c.
cover,
0
tea.
chegar,
cobra, snake, "
endearment
o
chamar,
cubi^ar.
see
cobrir, to
certain, " 51, 100/.
sure,
coberto, covered.
comparison.
to
compare.
"
COMPARISONS,
42-45.
civilisado,civilized,
completamente,
claro, clear,
completo, complete, whole.
classificar,to classify.
COMPOUND
0
a
clima, climate.
cobardia.
cowardice.
comprar,
completely,
PLURALS,
to
buy.
compzido, long.
"
22.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
with
comsigo,
self,
him-
himself, by
etc., " 67.
comtigo,
with
concavo,
concave.
conceder,
convem,
concede, grant.
conversar,
to
converse.
to
convert.
converter,
o
conde,
convidar,
a
condifao, condition.
count.
ENDINGS
MEANINGS,
" 106,
confidence.
to
confranger-se,
conhecer,
o
as.
shrink.
be
know,
to
quainted
ac-
with, " 143.
a
conquista, conquest.
consecrated.
consagrado,
call
to
copo,
together.
glass.
cup,
color.
a
cor,
o
corafao,
a
coragem,
heart.
courage.
color, blush.
to
corar,
" 145.
CONJUNCTIONS,
convenient, suit,
convite, invitation.
o
convocar,
according
be
"113.
107.
conforme,
invite.
to
to
convir,
CONDITIONAL
confianga,
o
coronel, colonel.
o
corpo,
body.
corpulent",
stout.
o
conselheiro, counselor.
correct",
o
conselho, council, advice.
corrente, adj., current.
a
consequencia,
corrigir,to
to
conservar,
considerar,
consolar,
to
consomir,
see
consequence.
a
preserve.
consider.
to
consumir.
" 5.
constituir, to constitute.
consul, consul, "
consumir,
a
o
conta,
to
20.
4.
oning.
reck-
count,
contagioso, contagious.
count,
contemplar,
o
to
contentamento,
contente,
continuar,
contemplate,
contentment.
content, pleased.
to
correct.
corruption.
cut.
a
corte, court, " 23.
a
cortiea,bark.
o
corvo,
a
costa, side, coast.
crow,
to
" 26c.
be
aceustom,
consume.
account,
to
to
costumar,
contacto, contact.
contar,
correct.
corrupfao,
cortar,
console, comfort.
CONSONANTS,
o
tale.
convir, " 113.
see
concilio, council.
a
a
contrario, contrary.
o
o
AND
" 55;
cento, conto,
o
contra, against.
65c.
thee, "
to
185
VOCABULARY
continue, go
on.
see.
custom.
a
costume,
a
cousa,
a
cova,
o
covarde, coward.
o
crave,
o
credit", credit.
thing, " 44c.
grave.
pink, horseshoe-nail.
create, faithful,believing.
"
crepuscul", twilight.
crer,
to
believe," 112,
p.
83.
customed.
ac-
186
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
to
crescer,
0
grow.
decimo, tenth, " 59.
declaim,
up.
declamar,
criacao, raising, breeding {of
declarar,
cattle),creation.
o
dedal, thimble.
a
dedicagao, dedication.
crescido,
A
VOCABULARY
grown
a
criada, (female)
o
criado, (male) servant.
dedicar,
a
criansa, baby.
DEFECTIVE
0
crime, crime.
defender,
servant.
crua,
declare.
to
dedicate.
to
VERBS,
16.
cross.
cruz,
a
cruzada, crusade.
defronte, in front
o
cruzado, crusader.
deitar,
crystalline,crystaline.
o
cujo, whose,
o
a
" 96, 99.
to
customar,
cost.
see
delicia,delight,bUss.
head
demand,
to
for.
demissao,
dismissal,relief.
denso, dense.
curate; s/.,cure.
curto, short.
custar,
deleite, delight, pleasure.
demandar,
lower.
cultor, cultivator, lover, fol-
cura,
allow,
demais, too much.
carefully.
a
o
leave, let,
delicado, delicate.
care.
cuidadosamente,
to
" 123e, h.
" 123/.
for.
cubigoso, covetous.
cuidado,
of.
lie down,
to
deixar,
cubif a, greed, lust.
cubi^ar, long
o
" 14-
ARTICLE,
a
a
91.
p.
to defend.
DEFINITE
" 41e.
raw,
out.
cry
deferir,to grant, concede.
crivel,credible.
cm,
to
costumar.
of teeth.
a
dentadura,
o
dente, tooth.
o
dentista, dentist.
set
dentro, within, " 144.
dependente,
dependent,
" 139a.
depois, after, afterwards, " 144,
da, " 156.
o
dado, data, information.
o
damno,
145.
damage.
dep6r,
to
pose.
deposit; lay down; de-
dantes, before.
give, " 111 ; dar
livro),to publish,
dar,
to
datar,
to
a
luz
(um
date.
depressa, quickly.
a
depressao, depression.
o
deputado,
deputy,
man.
congress-
de, of, " 122e,/, 124d, 139a, h, c,
derradeiro, adj.,last.
debil, weak, feeble,
desapontado,
decidir, to decide.
desapparecer,
put
to
out.
disappear.
188
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
dobrado,
dobro,
o
double,
""(
VOCABULARY
a
" 626.
doce, sweetmeat;
educaf
education.
ao,
educado, educated.
adj., sweet.
o
effeito,in
effeito,effect; com
deed, " 134a.
docil,docile, " 20. 6.
document.
o
documento,
egual,
a
dofura, gentleness, sweetness.
egualmente,
a
doenffa, sickness.
eis,adv., behold, " 134^.
doente, sick, " 139a.
eleger,
dels, two.
o
domestico, domestic, homely.
elevar,
o
Sunday.
domingo,
donde, whence,
o
done,
a
dor, pain.
dormir,
dormitar,
o
a
sleep, slumber.
dote, dower, dowry,
a
kind
of
fish; pp.
embellish,
to
ornament
gold.
a
away.
last.
to
to
o
hundred.
dynastia, dynasty.
e, is
{see ser,
economico,
note.
p.
pale.
turn
employment.
emprego,
enterprising.
emprehendedor,
encher,
to
lend, loan.
encobrir,
" 72c,
to
79).
economic.
0
edificio, edifice,building.
a
edijao, edition.
meet, find.
energy.
ill,sick, infirm.
enfraquecer,
o
o
e.
cover.
to
energia,
enfermo,
" 416.
fill.
to
ENCLITICS,
a
e,
to
hinder.
encontrar,
and, " 145
thin.
grow
encantador, charming,
doubt,
two
reform.
emfim, finally.
emprestar,
duvida, doubt,
to
mend,
to
empecer,to
duple, double, " 626.
duzentos,
a
embora,
embark.
to
empallidecer,
duas, two, " 55.
duvidar,
of
rock.
to
emmagrecer,
doutor, doctor.
durar,
embalar,
emendar,
doze, twelve.
o
in, " 122^, 131a, 140.
embarcar,
dourar,
as
eloquencia, eloquence.
em,
" lOOe,
dourar.
o
SIONS,
EXPRES-
eloquente, eloquent.
" 23.
NEGATIVE,
dourado,
with
elevate, raise,lift.
to
ELLIPTICAL
proprietor.
137.
o
elemento, element.
" 124c, 146.
to
DOUBLE
elect.
to
elle,he, it," 65, 65d.
sleep, " 108g'.
to
igualmente.
see
ella,she, it, " 65, 65d.
" 135m.
owner,
igual.
see
to
grow
weak.
engenheiro, engineer.
engenho,
with
a
engine, mill; estate
cane
mill.
POETUGUESE-ENGLISH
engrandecerj to
grow
large.
large,en-
o
escravo, slave.
escrever, to
engulir,to swallow.
enjoado,seasick,nauseated.
ensinar, to
instruct, teach,
" 123d.
entalhar,to engrave.
o ente, being.
entender,to understand.
to move
entemecer,
to compassion,
melt.
enterrar,to
escripto, escrever.
escrivao,notary.
o escudo, shield.
o
a
escuma,
foam.
escuramente, darkly.
as
(pL),darkness;in
escuras
escurecer,
darken,grow
to
" 9e.
a
entrar,to enter.
o
espafo, space,
entregar, to deliver.
a
espada, sword.
entretanto,whilst.
to
espairecer,
a
o
entertain,
support.
entupido,obstructed.
enviar,to send.
envolver,to wrap up.
entreter,to
enxo,
adz.
enxugar,
to
o
o
dry.
epoca,
a
mistaken.
eremita,hermit.
to raise,
arise,get
erguer,
errar, to err, go wrong.
o
erro, error, mistake.
a
escala,scale.
escapar,
to escape.
escarpado,steep.
school.
a escola,
choose.
escolher,to select,
hide.
to
esconder,
a escravidao,
slavery.
be
one's self.
esperanja,
esposa,
esquecer,
up.
amuse
espanto, alarm.
espontaneo, spontaneous.
a
o
room.
hope.
esperar, to hope, wait.
a espingarda,
gun.
o espinho,thorn.
torrent.
enxurro,
effort.
special.
especial,
especialmente,especially.
o
mance.
espectaculo, show, perfora
epoch.
epocha, see epoca.
equivocar-se,to mistake, to
a
o
dark.
dark.
ESDRUXULOS,
entidade,being.
entrada,entrance.
the
dark.
escuro,
bury.
inter,
write," 116.
see
esforfo,force,courage,
esmola, charity.
a
r
189
VOCABULARY
wife.
to
forget," 122e.
esquerdo -a, left.
esse
-a, this," 84, 89.
o estado,state,condition,
estate.
a estancia,
estanque, stagnant.
estar,to be, " 109^,k, I,m, 110,
1266.
this," 84, 86, 90.
estender,to extend.
sterling.
esterlina,
este -a,
190
a
esteem.
estima,
road;
estrada,
a
VOCABULARY
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
estrada
de
estranho, strange, foreign;
sm.,
stranger, outsider,
a
close.
face, face, cheek.
tremble.
to
study.
to
eternity.
etemidade,
etemo,
eu,
" 139a.
fazer, " 112.
fago, see
a
faina, handling, rigging.
falar,
speak, talk, "
to
fallecer,to die,perish.
faltar,to lack, be lacking.
a
fama, fame,
a
familia, family.
renown,
I, " 65, 66c.
o
fanatismo, fanaticism.
a
Europa, Europe.
fantastico, fantastic.
o
evangelho, gospel.
farto, full.
exceder,
a
to
true.
exceed.
excellencia, excellency, " 66.
excellente, excellent.
a
exception.
excepfao,
fatal,fateful.
o
favor, favor, kindness.
a
fazenda, estate, treasury.
o
fazendeiro, planter.
fazer,
excepto, except,
p.
do,
to
a
fe, faith.
o
exemplo, example.
a
febre, fever.
o
exercito, army.
fechar,
o
exicio,ruin, destruction.
o
a
existencia, existence,
feio, ugly.
to
existir,to exist,
extender,
a
estender.
see
extensao,
extent.
make,
" 112,
83, " 124c.
exclaim.
exclamar,
report.
famoso, famous, " 143.
eternal,
exacto, exact,
107,
p. 72.
estudante, student.
estudar,
a
a
estrella,star.
estremecer,
o
fasianba, feat,exploit.
facil,easy,
ferro, railway.
estreito,narrow,
a
to
close,shut.
feijao,bean.
o
feito,deed.
o
feixe, bundle, sheaf.
a
tune.
f elicidade,happiness,good for-
extenso, vast, extensive.
extincto, extinct.
extranho,
see
estranho.
feliz,happy, fortunate.
femea, female, " 26c.
ADJECTIVES,
FEMININE
"41.
NOUNS,
a
fabrica, factory.
FEMININE
o
fabrico, manufacture.
ferir,to wound.
fabuloso, fabulous.
a
faca, knife.
^
facada, knife
fero, savage,
a
cut.
ferocious.
ferocidade, ferocity.
feroz,ferocious.
" 26.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
o
ferro, iron, " 23.
a
ferrugem,
ofome, hunger; comfome,
rust.
a
f6ra, prep.,
fervoroso, fervent, zealous.
a
festa, festival, feast; dia
de
festa, holiday, saint's day.
o
fevereiro, February.
fazer, "
fez, see
as
to
remain,
form, shape.
to
formiga, ant, " 26c.
forrar, to line," 124c.
forte, strong.
112.
fezes, dregs.
ficar,
outside, away.
forsa, force.
formar,
a
be,
become,
" 12od.
a
fortuna, fortune.
o
fosforo, match.
fosse, see
fiel,faithful.
o
ser,
figura, figure.
fraco, weak.
o
figurao, " 35.
FRACTIONS,
o
filho,son,
o
fim, end.
a
franqueza, frankness.
fraquinho, quite weak.
" 23.
SYLLABLE
FINAL
" 61.
francez, French.
figurar, to figure,shbw.
filha,daughter.
p. 80.
fossil,fossil," 20. 6.
a
a
ACCENT,
a
frase, phrase.
a
frente, front, " 144.
frequente, frequent.
"96.
finalmente, finally.
fresco, fresh.
fincar, to drive
frigir,to fry, " 113,
in.
fingir,to pretend.
frio,cold.
fine, fine.
frito,see
" 106,
CONJUGATION,
FIRST
107.
fixe,fixed.
flammejar,
a
fior,flower.
som.
florecer, to bloom, flower, blos-
frigir,p. 86.
fruta.
a
fructa, see
a
fruta, fruit," 29.
o
fruto, fruit," 29.
p. 79.
fui, see
ser,
fui, see
ir,p. 87.
o
Fulano, " 94.
smoke.
o
fogo, fire.
fumegar,
o
foguete, sky-rocket.
o
fume, smoke, tobacco.
o
fundador, founder.
foi,
see
" 109o,
ir,
p.
" 113;
a
folha,leaf.
see
ser,
to
ftrndar, to found, establish.
79.
folgar, to rest, repose,
86.
fugir, to flee.
blaze.
to
p.
Fuao, " 94.
fazer, " 112.
fiz,see
hungry.
fonte, fountain, spring.
fertil,fertile.
a
191
VOCABULARY
enjoy,
joice.
re-
funebre, funereal.
o
funfl,funnel, " 20. 6.
o
future, future
(and adj.).
192
VOCABULARY
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
a
grammatica,
grammar.
grande, great, large, " 446, 51.
o
gado, cattle.
a
gratidao, gratitude.
a
gallinha, hen.
o
grau,
o
gallinheiro,chicken
o
gallo, cock.
ganhar,
gain,
to
house.
degree.
serious.
grave,
grave,
grego,
Greek.
grosseiro, rough,
earn.
thick,
coarse.
big.
o
garfo, (table) fork.
grosso,
a
garrafa, bottle.
a
gruta, grotto.
o
guarda, warder; sf.,care.
o
guarda-chuva,
o
guarda-sol, sunshade.
a
guerra,
o
guerreiro, warrior.
garrulous, talkative.
gamilento,
to
gastar,
o
spend,
waste.
cat.
gate,
gelado, frozen, cold.
o
gelo, ice.
game
NOUNS,
OF
ha,
see
son-in-law.
a
genro,
a
gente, folks,people.
habitar,
haver,
gentio. Gentile, pagan.
h,
geographico, geographical.
geologia, geology.
o
o
heroe, hero.
o
hespanhol,
note.
movement.
o
govemador,
to
govemo,
gozar,
to
a
governor.
govern.
government.
enjoy.
adj.y
" 41 d.
Spanish,
"^
Spaniard;
historia,history,story.
historico,historical.
hoje, to-day; hoje
em
like, " 122e.
gota, drop.
o
{and adj.).
hebreu, Hebrew
heranga, inheritance.
warble.
a
govemar,
" 13a.
a
gordo, fat, stout.
to
c,
79.
75
p.
glorioso, glorious.
gostar,
have, " 109a,
to
hemispheric, hemisphere.
gloria,glory.
to
e,
be,
o
gesto, gesture,
gorgeiar,
to
o, p.
see
inhabit, " 140.
to
germinate, sprout.
gigantesco, gigantic.
a
79, " 109h.
hediondo, hideous, horrid.
" 107,
GERUND,
he,
o
geral, general.
to
p.
habilidade, abiUty, skill.
gentil,gentle, nice, kind.
germinar,
haver,
habil, skilful,able.
generous.
o
a
war.
" 24.
general, general.
generoso,
o
umbrella.
dor, sighing, moaning.
GENDER
o
coarse,
o
holocausto, holocaust.
o
hombro,
shoulder.
o
homem,
man.
a
homenagem,
a
honra, honor, " 23.
homage,
dia,
adays.
now-
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
hooradamente, honorably.
honrar,
hora, hour;
is three
houve,
importar,
yesterday.
hontem,
a
importante, important.
honor.
to
a
horas, it
tres
sac
193
VOCABULAKY
to
matter,
importunidade,
impresso,
o'clock,"
64.
imprimir,
haver,
79.
amount
importunity.
imprimir, "
see
to.
117.
print.
to
a
inanigao, absence, emptiness.
humand,
human,
a
incerteza, uncertainty.
humilde,
humble.
inchar,
see
p.
to
swell.
o
hjrpocrita,hypocrite.
inclinado, incUned,
a
hypothese, hypothesis.
inclinar,to
bowed
down.
incline.
mcommodado,
moded,
out, incom-
put
uneasy.
ia, see
ir,p. 87.
incorporar,
to
incorrigivel,incorrigible.
a
idade,
a
idea, idea.
indagar,
o
idioma, idiom, language.
INDECLINABLES,
age.
a
"
ignorante, ignorant {and adj.).
ignorar,
be
to
to
inquire, search.
ignorant
of.
a
igreja, church.
17.
igualmente, equally.
INDICATIVE,
unlawful.
illicit,
illicito,
o
illustre,illustrious,"
indisposto, iU.
think,
imagine,
embalar,
see
immaculado,
immensidade,
immense,
p.
rock,
to
immediately.
immensity,
immortality,
hinder,
impede,
87.
IMPERATIVE,
" 127,
p.
100.
imperceptivel, imperceptible.
o
128.
indio, Indian.
individuo,
person,
individual.
imperio, empire.
IMPERSONAL
VERBS,
a
industria, industry.
inexgotavel, inexhauslible.
immense.
immoralidade,
impedir,
to
immaculate,
immediatamente,
a
"
2.
iman, lodestone.
imbalar,
a
20.
table.
indomito, ungovernable, indomi-
realize.
o
o
independent.
index, index, "
o
to
independence.
independencia,
independente,
143.
134.
ARTICLE,
igual, equal.
imaginar,
"
INDEFINITE
ignobil,ignoble.
o
incorporate.
"
121.
a
infama^ao, slander.
a
infancia, infancy.
o
infante, infant.
infeliz,unfortunate.
inferior,inferior," 44^,
a
influencia, influence.
a
informagao,
information.
Inglaterra, England.
inglez, English, " 28a.
a
45.
iniciativa,initiative.
194
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
ismaelita, Ismaehte.
o
inimigo,
a
injuria,abuse.
isso, this,"
85.
a
injusti^a,injustice.
isto,this, "
85.
enemy.
injusto, unjust.
innumeravel,
a
Italia,Italy.
countless.
inquieto, unstable, unquiet.
jd, already, now.
inspirar, to inspire.
o
instante, instant.
jamais,
instinctivamente, instinctively.
"
never,
Janeiro, January.
o
institute,institute.
a
janella, window.
a
instrucfao, instruction.
o
jantar, dinner.
instructivo,instructive.
janlar, to dine.
insurgente, uprising, insurgent,
jazer,
rebellious.
lie
to
o
inteiro,entire,whole.
jejuar, to fast.
the
o
intercessor, intercessor.
interior,interior," 44g;
"
INTERJECTIONS,
jazigo, grave.
jogador, player,
jogar,
sm.,
terior. o
in-
146.
"
INTERROGATION,
138.
play,
to
JogOj
game.
game.
o
joguete, jest,plaything.
o
jomal, journal.
o
jovem, youth.
a
intimidade, intimacy.
o
jugo, yoke, servitude.
a
invasao, invasion.
o
juiz,judge.
invencivel, invincible.
o
juizo, judgment,
o
invemo,
julgar, to judge.
winter.
invicto, invincible,
juncto,
able.
unconquer-
o
invoke, call
invocar,
to
ir,to
" 109/,g, 113, 122h,
go,
grave),
Joao, John.
intelligencia,intelligence.
intelligente,intelligent.
o
{in
"112.
inteiramente, entirely,quite.
a
136.
irlandez, adj.,
sm.,
see
junho,
junto.
June.
juntamente,
upon.
125d.
man.
Irish, Irish-
junto,
o
near,
juro,
jointly,together,
close
interest
by.
(commercial).
justamente, justly.
a
irina, or
o
irmSo, brother.
irman,
IRREGULAR
to justify.
justificar,
sister.
justo, just.
SONS,
COMPARI-
a
juventude, youth (ageof).
o
kilo,kilogram.
"45.
IRREGULAR
112, 113,
VERBS,
pp.
81-88,
" 110,
-
-
196
a
a
VOCABULARY
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
i
luz, light; dar
lympha,
luz,
to
lish.
pub-
{poetic).
water
lyrico,lyric.
o
marmelo,
quince.
o
martello, hammer.
o
martyr,
martyr.
but.
mas,
chew.
to
mascar,
MASCULINE
ma,
a
a
mau.
see
machine.
machina,
male, "
macho,
a
godmother.
a
madrinha,
a
madnigada,
a
magua,
0
mahometano,
Mohammedan.
a
mai,
mother.
or
or
grief.
mae,
maior, greater, " ^Ag,
mais,
" 42,
more,
446.
o
majesty,
o
mal, evil,"
20. 4.
a
mala, mail, traveling-bag.
mouro,
116.
me,
" 65,
me,
67.
medico, physician,
medir,
to
" 113,
measure,
spot, splotch.
o
meiado,
order, " 1246.
kind
of
maneira,
a
manha,
habit; pi.,manners.
a
manha,
or
manner,
way,
manhan,
"
145.
a
manteiga, butter.
a
mac,
o
mappa,
o
mar,
a
maravilha, marvel.
mel, honey, "
morning.
a
memoria,
map.
sea.
mark.
memoir,
memory,
to
mention.
a
menina,
girl.
o
menino,
boy.
menor,
smaller, "
menos,
less,"
mente,
" 134c, d.
a
45.
improve.
to
mencionar,
hand.
45.
45.
mentira, lie,falsehood,
mentiroso, lying.
March.
o
marge,
a
mare,
o
marfim, ivory.
merecer,
o
maribondo,
o
merecimento,
o
marido, husband.
o
merito, merit, desert.
a
mesa^
tide.
a
wasp.
maritimo, belonging
to the
sea.
merce,
87.
half,"61.
20. 5.
melhor, better, "
melhorar,
gentle.
tame,
o
p.
middle,
omeio, middle, means;
plant.
a
a
adj.,
moor;
mausoleum.
mausoleu,
meia, stocking.
to
to
or
mauro,
a
mandioca,
marcar,
bad, " 41fir.
'
o
a
manso,
forest.
ill-bred.
malcreado,
mandar,
mate,
material.
moorish.
majestade,
mancha,
kill.
o
mau,
a
a
forest,weeds, jungle.
materia, matter,
45,
p.
chew.
to
a
o
25.
dough.
mass,
to
matar,
dawn.
magoa,
massa,
mata,
"
NOUNS,
mastigar,
26c.
"
mercy,
to
"
66.
merit.
table.
merit.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
" 396, 44c, 92, 93,
same,
mesmo,
MESOCLITICS,
master,
o
mestre,
a
metade,
o
metro,
matter,
montanha,
o
monte,
" 726.
a
morada,
teacher,
moral, moral.
half.
mez,
a
mica, mica.
o
etc., 'pro., " 76.
month.
o
mil,
o
put, place,
minha,
meu,
one
thousand.
milhares, thousands.
o
milho, (Indian)
o
milreis, milreis.
hill.
o
morto, dead
a
mosca,
o
mosteiro, monastery.
smallest, least, " 45.
mucama,
ministro, minister.
o
minuto, minute.
a
miseria,
a
misericordia, pity.
mix, mingle,
a
mocidade,
o
mofo,
young
a
moda,
fashion.
young
youth.
man.
VERBS,
" 107.
adj., adv.,
a
mulher,
a
mulherona,
a
multidao, multitude.
woman.
large
mtmdo,
o
murmurio,
a
musa,
o
musgo,
moss.
music.
lately.
o
musulmano,
o
myope,
o
modo,
a
molestia, sickness.
Mussulman.
near-sighted person,
mysterioso, mysterious.
manner.
molhado,
wet, " 23.
o
momento,
a
monarchia,
moment.
monarchy.
" 62.
muse.
modemamente,
modest.
na,
a
nas,
na^ao,
" 34.
purling.
musica,
modesto,
woman,
world.
o
a
modestia, modesty.
much,
many,
" 53, 135e.
moderation,
a
servant.
change, alter.
to
modera^ao,
a
house
MULTIPLICATION,
woman.
mosia,
female
very,
want.
movement.
very.
muito,
o
move.
movimento,
mui,
{and adj.).
show.
to
o
mudar,
(man)
fly," 26c.
to
mover,
mineiro, miner,
a
death.
morte,
o
MODEL
122e.
a
a
to
brown.
die, "
to
morro,
mina, mine.
misturar,
dark
morrer,
a
minimo,
strawberry.
mostrar,
com.
" 65, 67.
me,
moraUze, improve.
to
mortal, mortal.
milesimo, thousandth,
mim,
dwelling-place.
morango,
moreno,
o
milhao, miUion.
OS
hill,heap.
moralisar,
meter,
to
mountain.
a
135i.
197
VOCABULARY
in
the, " 15c.
nation.
nacional, national.
198
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
nada, nothing, "
136.
o
enamored.
namorado,
not,
nao,
o
narigao, big
o
nariz, nose.
"
nose,
n6s,
35.
"
4.
,
dawning.
nascente,
be
to
born,
natureza,
a
nau,
a
navegaf
rise
(sun).
o
noticias,news.
necessarily.
" lOOe, 136,
137.
novidade, novelty, news.
novinho, quite new,
o
negocio, business, affair.
num,
o
negro,
(and adj.).
negro
neither, nor,
"
136.
neither, " 18, l(K^d,
101.
one,
no
o
ninho,
a
nitidez,nicety,
o
nivel, level.
neatness.
a
noiva, bride.
o
nomade,
o
nono,
a
nora,
etc.,
17 note,
55,
63.
number,
numero,
numerous,
never.
o, a,
that, " 87.
pro.,
"
him, her, it,them,
65.
o, a, OS, as, art.,the,
de
noite, by night,
dering.
wanderer; adj.,wan-
OF
OBJECTS
" 14, 15,
VERBS,
a
obra, work, deed.
a
obriga^ao, obligation.
"
16.
123.
obrigado, obliged.
to
oblige.
obrigatorio, obligatory.
name.
to
as,
a, OS,
obrigar,
nomear,
"
NUMERALS,
the, " 15c, 88.
noite, night;
nome,
a,
"18.
o,
"134.
o
in
nest.
in
nos,
46.
100.
nobre, noble.
a
nuns,
numa,
nunca,
"
"
new.
numeroso,
neto, grandson.
no,
November.
a
novo,
no,
nine.
novembro,
negociante, merchant.
black,
ADJECTIVES,
o
o
ninguem,
SEX,
"47-53.
SYNTAX,
necessary.
NEGATION,
o
OPPOSITE
AND
nove,
necessariamente,
nenhum,
19.
OF
NOUNS
navigation.
navio, ship.
nem,
"
NOUNS
navigate, sail.
necessario,
76.
"28.
ao,
to
"
our,
NOUNS,
nature.
67.
" 65,
we,
notorio, evident, manifest.
ship.
navegar,
adj., North
notavel, noteworthy, " 44. II, 143.
as
natural, natural.
a
norte-americano,
nosso,
SOUNDS,
NASAL
norte, north.
American.
" 135g.
no,
o
nascer,
VOCABULARY
appoint.
obsequioso,
obsequious,
ninth.
daughter-in-law.
a
occasiSLo,occasion.
ging.
obli-
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
occasionar,
to
occasion.
cause,
o
occidente,
o
oceano,
o
odio, hate, hatred.
o
oeste,
west.
a
ofifensa,offense.
west.
ocean.
o
olho,
look, " 122h.
a
on^a,
panther,
" 26c;
ounce
(weight).
wave,
a
oppressao,
a
opulencia, wealth,
orar,
a
to
oppression.
make
a
speech,
order,
to
direct.
ORDINALS,
" 59.
ordinariamente,
ordinarily,
ordinario, commonplace.
o
orfao,
or
ovo,
egg.
a
paciencia, patience.
orphao, orphan,
p, 9.
original,original.
1
This
introduced.
masculine.
padre, priest.
to
"
word
In
13.
is feminine
Rio
Grande
pay.
pagem,
page
(boy).
pagina, page (of hook).
pal, father; pi.,parents.
paiz.
see
paixao, passion.
o
paiz, country.
a
palavra, word.
a
palha,
o
palit6,coat.
a
palmeira, palm
0
palmito, small
a
palpebra, eyelid.
o
pampa,^ plain.
a
pancada,
straw.
tree.
palm.
blow, beating, dash
(of rain).
oriente, orient,east.
ORTHOGRAPHY,
suffer,endure.
to
a
oriental,oriental,eastern.
o
hear, " 113, 1246.
o
pais,
orator,
pray,
ordenar,
outubro, October,
to
o
nevertheless.
ordem,
another, " 89.
ouvir,
a
opulento, opulent, rich,
orador,
outeiro, hill,
o
opiniao, opinion.
o
o
pagar,
eleven.
now,
gold.
ouro,
o
a
era,
ouvir, p. 87.
see
padecer,
onde, where.
onze,
" 1456.
or,
forget.
to
omissao, omission.
onda,
bone.
o
o
a
a
osso,
outre, other, " 89, 90, 91.
eye.
olvidar,
o
outrem,
oito,eight.
to
ortiga, thistle.
oufo,
officio,trade, office.
olhar,
a
ou,
offerecer, to offer.
o
199
VOCABULARY
in
do
o
panno,
o
pao,
o
papa,
Argentine
Sul, where
cloth.
bread, loaf,
pope.
Spanish from
it is Ukewise
which
it is
used, it is
200
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
o
papagaio, parrot.
o
papel,
o
par,
para,
pela, pelo, by the, " 15d, 88, 143.
roll,"
paper,
VOCABULARY
20. 5.
pair.
par,
hut
gray;
homem
141r.
pardo,
mulatto.
to
parecer,
seem,
appear,
"
126c.
wall.
a
parede,
o
parente,
a
parte, part, " 23.
kinsman, relative.
a
penna,
o
pensamento,
PENULT
passenger,
a
peregrinasao, pilgrimage.
o
peregrine, pilgrim, traveler.
stroll, walk
{for
to
perfeitamente, perfectly.
step.
perfeito, perfect.
paternal.
perguntar,
o
patio, courtyard, yard,
a
patria, one's
country,
o
native
to
perigo, danger.
o
pau,
wood,
a
paz,
peace.
o
pe, foot.
perseguir,
pecego,
PERSONAL
see
a
tree.
perpetuo,
"
pedir, p. 87.
pedapo, piece.
to
a
pedra,
o
Pedro,
aek
a
for,request, p. 87.
Peter,
pursue.
perspectiva, prospect.
peru,
to
belong.
near.
turkey.
pesado, heavy.
to catch.
see
to
INFINITIVE,
pertencer,
o
perpetual.
133.
perto,
stone.
peior, worse,
adv.,perpetually.
perpetuamente,
peach,
mau,
" 44^, 45.
125.
perola, pearl.
patriota,patriot.
pegar,
"
pennittir, to permit.
o
pedir,
VERB-
PHRASES,
patrio, paternal,national.
o
ask, inquire.
PERIPHRASTIC
land.
pefo,
pardon.
bird,
.
o
or
84.
perdoar,
pleasure)
patemo,
lose,p.
to
pass.
to
passo,
boy.
perdao, pardon.
perder,
o
small
over.
passageiro,
passear,
small; sm.,
9c.
percQber, to perceive.
to
through
pass
percorrer,
o
passaro,
"
ACCENTED,
a
o
thought, idea.
pente, comb.
passado, past.*
to
pen.
think.
to
o
passar,
feather,
pensar,
72-74.
pp.
penetrate.
peninsula, peninsula.
pequeno,
depart, start, " 107,
to
to
a
o
particular, private,
partir,
trouble, grief.
pena,
penetrar,
for, to, " I22h, 135n,
pardo,
a
pescar,
to
o
peito, breast,
o
pescoco,
Q
peixe,f\s]\,
p
peso,
fish.
neck.
weight.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
pessimo, worst, " 45.
pessda,
a
petigao, petition.
person.
phantastico,
a
poisar,
ponho,
pharmacy.
Pharmacia,
philosophal,
philosophal, pedra
philosopher's
rest,
stay all
night,
stone.
see
p. 84.
por,
a
ponta, point, end.
a
ponte, bridge.
o
ponto, point, place.
populaf
a
philosophia, philosophy.
a
o
philosopho, philosopher.
por,
by, for," 135a,
por,
to
SPELLING,
PHONETIC
"
13.
frase.
a
phrase,
a
picada, path.
porem,
a
pimenta,
porque,
pinchar,
o
see
o
pepper.
blow
to
dismount.
up,
pinheiro, pine
124c.
o
chick.
o
pinto,
o
pintor, painter.
o
pires, saucer,
"
but.
"
why,
138.
porta, door,
porto, port,
adj.,Portuguese;
206.
positive,positive,
font.
possivel, possible,
a
planicie,plain.
possuir,
a
planta, plant.
postifo, false,not
o
full.
ADJECTIVES,
"
" 40.
20.
pobreza, poverty.
poder,
be
to
able,
poisar.
see
o
povo,
people.
a
povoafao,
village,settlement.
people,
to
square;
prafa,
can,
o
prata, silver.
o
prato, plate.
poderoso, powerful.
o
prazer,
o
poema,
prazer,
o
poeta, poet.
o
poder,
o
poderio,
84.
power.
power.
poem.
pois, why,
then; pois
see
nao,
tainly.
cer-
p.
112
assentar
note.
pra?a,
enlist.
prado, meadow,
p.
85.
53.
o
" 112,
natural,
p6r, " 100/, p.
pousar,
a
may,
possess.
few, "
povoar,
poor.
to
see
pouco,
p6, dust, powder.
pobre,
a
posto,
p. 84.
poder,
see
posso,
plantar, to plant.
PLURALS,
sni.,
language,
Portuguese
piscina, baptismal
PLURAL
p. 84.
hog, pork,
porco,
a
pleno,
o, 143.
put, place, " 112,
portuguez,
piiar, to tread, grind.
pisar, or
a
population,
ao,
portanto, consequently.
tree.
pintar, to paint, "
alight,
repose,
politico,political.
fantastico.
see
to
perch;
a
201
VOCABULARY
green
field,
pleasure,
to
" 112,
preceder,
to
please, impersonalf
p. 85.
precede, "
precioso,precious.
124c.
202
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
precipitar,to precipitate.
precisar,
"
need, be
to
122e.
prempto,
a
"84.
"89.
lazy.
PRONOUNS,
premie, reward.
prender,
to
"95.
IDIOMS,
"144.
PRONOUNS,
PERSONAL,
{and adj.).
presente, present
lend;
to
prestar,
is of
nada, it
pretender,
"
139.
presta
nae
no
sign,
at, de-
intend.
prete, black;
primeiro,
PRONOUNS,
pronto, ready.
a
on
"
purpose,
144.
propriedade, property.
proper,
" 396,
negro.
own,
to
go
continue.
on,
proteger,
to
prosperous.
protect.
o
primer, beauty, perfection.
prospero,
a
princeza, princess.
prouve,
o
principe, prince.
a
providencia, providence.
a
provincia, province.
principiar,to begin, "
123d.
see
a
privajae, privation.
proximo,
a
prea,
a
a
prebidade, uprightness.
o
preblema,
prow.
PROCLITICS,
precurar,
to
"
seek,
72a.
search
for.
o
prefesser, (male) teacher.
a
prefessera, (female)
o
progresso,
progress.
near.
prudente, prudent.
to
punir,
pure,
pus,
fight,contend.
punish.
to
pure.
see
p6r,
p. 84.
teacher.
profundo, deep, profound.
PROGRESSIVE
PHRASES,
123d.
p. 85.
prudencia, prudence.
pugnar,
preduzir,to produce, yield," 1 106.
"
prazer,
publico, public.
problem.
itself,
139a.
preseguir,
first.
" 96.
RELATIVE,
proprio,
foresee.
to
76-83.
proposito,
use.
expect, aim
to
para
"65.
POSSESSIVE,.
PRONOUNS,
PREPOSITIONS,
prever,
TIVE,
INTERROGA-
PRONOUNS,
preoccupy.
PREPOSITIONAL
o
INDEFINITE,
"100.
seize,capture.
to
preeccupar,
o
TIVE,
DETERMINA-
PRONOUNS,
preguifa, laziness.
pregmfoso,
o
TIVE,
DEMONSTRA-
PRONOUNS,
nail.
to
pregar,
mote.
pro-
pronto.
see
proclamation.
pregao,
encourage,
necessary,
precise, necessary.
o
to
promover,
a
quadra,
o
quadro, picture, square.
season.
quadruple, quadruple.
204
VOCABULARY
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
a
regiao,
o
o
regimento, rule,
region.
retribuir,to reward.
reunir, to rejoin, unite.
return.
to
regressar,
VERBS,
REGULAR
retire,retreat.
" 104, 106,
a
reverencia,
reverence.
reverende, reverend.
108.
a
rehabilitafao, rehabilitation.
a
revista, review.
o
rei,king.
a
revoluf
o
reinado, reign.
e
ribeirae, gulch.
o
reino, kingdom.
o
ribeire,brook, creek.
a
relaffao,relation; court.
rice,rich, " 44a.
RELATED
" 28-29.
NOUNS,
RELATIVE
SUPERLATIVE,
revolution.
ao,
o
rie, river.
a
riqueza, riches,wealth.
rir,to laugh, " 113,
"43.
o
relatorio,report.
rebuste, robust.
a
reliquia,relic.
a
reca,
o
relogio, watch, clock.
a
recha, rock.
o
remedio, remedy.
a
reda, wheel;
a
reminiscencia, reminiscence,
redar,
to
roll.
rogar,
to
ask.
remir,
to
redeem,
p. 87.
reda
a
remaria, pilgrimage.
remorse,
a
rosa,
renew,
o
reste, face.
remissao, pardon.
o
remorse,
to
renovar,
rock.
a
a
rob, steal.
roubar,
repetigao, repetition,
a
reupa,
repetir, to repeat.
a
rua,
o
rubi, ruby.
a
rudeza, rudeness.
to
rest, repose,
reprehender,
to
requerer,
to
reprehend,
request, " 112.
de, " 144.
rose.
repartir,to divide,
repousar,
87.
p.
to
^
clothing.
street.
niim, bad.
direction,bearing.
o
requinte, climax, height.
o
a
resina, resin.
rural, rural.
a
resistencia, resistance,
nimo,
S
resistir,to resist.
o
S.
respeito, respect,
respirar, to breathe,
responder,
to
blow
gently,
reply, respond,
responsavel, responsible," 143.
=
Sae, Sante,
q.
Saturday.
o
sabbade,
a
sabederia, wisdom.
saber,
to
v.
know,
" 112,
o
sabid, robin.
to resume.
o
sabie, wise
retirar,to retire,withdraw.
o
sacrificie,sacrifice.
restar,
to
resumir,
rest, remain,
man;
p.
85.
adj., wise.
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
a
sacristy,vestry.
sacristia,
a
sagrado, sacred.
sahir, to
o
sal, salt.
a
sala, hall,large
saldar,
82.
p.
o
selva, woods.
o
selvagem,
sem,
a
"
sao,
13a.
o
santo,'or sancto, holy, saint," 51.
o
116
p.
note.
sao,
" 100,
ser,
p.
79.
plant.
sow,
such, similar.
always.
senador,
senator.
except.
senhor, gentleman, sir,mister;
"
you,
a
see
to
senao,
saint; sound, " 416,
week.
semana,
sempre,
santidade, holiness.
sac,
savage.
semelhante,
blood.
sanguinoso, bloody.
a
109.
without.
semear,
sanctified.
sanctificado,pp.,
" 102,
ser,
a
salutar, salutary.
sangue,
\
counts).
(aco sello,(postage) stamp, seal.
saltar,to jump.
o
p. 85.
seio, bosom.
seja, see
room.
close, balance
to
see
saber,
seis, six.
salgar, to salt.
sam,
safety, security.
seguranca,
sei, see
out, " 110,
go
205
VOCABULART
66.
senhora, lady, madam,
" 66, 66a, 135^.
o
sapato, shoe.
a
senhoria, lordship, "
a
sapiencia, wisdom.
o
senhorio, domain;
satisfeito,satisfied.
a
saudade, longing.
be
to
sentar,
o
apprehensive
or
pensive.
se,
pro.,
se,
see
a
79.
p.
dry, "
secrete,
seculo, century.
a
seda,
a
sede, thirst;a sede,
a
o
sepulchre, sepulcher.
a
sepultura,
to
burial,
be, " 109,
serene;
p.
sm.,
79, " 124a.
dew.
mountain
range.
a
serra,
o
sertao, interior,backwoods.
o
seat.
follow, " lOSg,
go
on.
segunda-feira, Monday.
segundo, second.
124a.
servige, service,
servir, to serve, " lOSg.
silk.
seguir viagem,
meaning,
sense,
serie, serious.
23.
secret.
to
of
seat.
sentir, to feel,"
serene,
o
seguir,
to
sentido,
ser,
drought.
secca,
secco,
" 65, 67, 74.
ser,
owner
sensato, sensible,
*
sciencia, science.
scismar,
66.
property,
saudoso, longing, yearning.
a
Mrs.,
124c;
o
serve,
sete,
o
servant,
seven.
setembro,
September,
setimo, seventh, " 596.
a
206
seu,
VOCABULARY
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
his,her, your,
sosinho, quite alone,
" 76.
sou,
o
sexo,
a
sexta-feira,Friday.
sex.
ser, p. 79.
see
soube,
see
saber,
p. 85.
USES
OF
SPECIAL
sexto, sixth.
"124.
si,if,whether.
si,jyro., " 67,
74.
sido, see
" 109,
ser,
sua,
p. 81.
his,her, its,"
signal,sign.
subir, to climb, "
o
silencio,silence.
SUBJECTS
yes,
SIMILAR
WORDS,
"
148.
simples, single,simple, "
51.
sentir.
situado, pp., situated.
SLANG,
sobre, over,
74, " 127,
p.
100, 101.
pp.
success.
only.
sob, below, "
overcome.
sublime, sublime.
result, outcome,
o
successo,
" 7.
s6, somente,
to
SUBJUNCTIVE,
128,
VERBS,
91.
p.
subjugar,
singular,singular.
sinto, see
122i.
OF
" 120,
" 135/, g.
76.
softly.
suavamente,
o
Sim,
VERBS,
144.
on,
about.
dessert.
o
sudario, shroud.
" 32,
SUFFIXES,
33.
suggestion.
a
suggestao,
a
Suissa, Switzerland,
a
sobremesa,
a
sobriedade, sobriety.
sujeitar,to subject.
o
sofd, sofa.
sujo, dirty,soiled.
to suffer.
soflfrer,
o
sul, vsouth:
to
disappear,
o
soffrimento,suffering.
sumir,
o
sol, sun.
a
sola, sole (leather).
superior, higher, " 44gf,45.
excellent
(old form
supemo,
soldado, soldier.
soletrar,to spell.
supremo).
o
o
solo, soil.
soltar,to loose.
a
a
o
a
o
superstigao, superstition.
supplicante, petitioner,
suppor,
to
supremo,
sombra, shade, shadow;
sleep.
somno,
surdo, deaf.
sonhar,
to
dream.
surdo-mudo,
suscitar, to
deaf-mute,
raise
up,
rouse
a
suspeita, suspicion.
o
suspiro, sigh.
sorriso, smile.
o
sussurro,
a
sorte, lot,fate,manner.
sustentar,
o
sorvedouro, gulf,vortex.
a
o
sonho, dream.
o
sopro,
0
breath.
125c.
final,supreme.
solu^ao, solution.
o
"
suppose,
murmur,
to
sustain.
syllaba,syllable.
up.
of
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
SYLLABICATION,
o
a
symptoma,
" XL
o
synagoga,
theseuro, treasure.
THIRD
symptom.
PERSON,
thee, " 65, 67.
ti,to
synagogue.
SYNCRETIC
FORMS,
207
VOCABULARY
" 136.
a
tia,aunt.
tide, see
ter,
p. 79.
o
tigre,tiger," 266.
o
tijele,brick.
tacitumo, silent,taciturn.
a
tinta,ink.
tal,such, " 93, 94.
o
tie,uncle.
a
taboa, board.
o
talento, talent.
a
taUiada, slice.
o
tire,shot.
o
taliao,retribution,reprisal.
e
titule,title.
tirar,to take
talvez, perhaps, " 129,
tamanho,
large, so
so
tambem,
also, "
tanto,
much,
as
p.
101.
great.
as
many,
out
ofif,
ter,
touch.
to
" 89,
"144.
e
tele, fool.
temar,
so.
take.
to
TONE
te, thee, " 656, 67.
tercer, to twist.
telha, tile,
tem,
o
ter,
see
temor,
o
p. 79.
o
temple, temple.
o
tempo,
o
temporal,
tenho,
see
a
a
it
a
other
an-
means
visitar,
to
*I
again.'
terpe, base, vile.
storm,
a
terrente,
torrent.
terto, twisted,
p. 79.
wrong,
crooked,
" 134a.
tertuose, crooked.
70-71.
tenta9ao, temptation,
ter, to have.
with
temei
visited
Before
return.
repeat:
tenro, tender,
tenses,
to
verb
time, weather.
ter,
torture.
tormente,
tomar,
seasoning {of food).
tempero,
" 9.
ACCENT,
fear,.dread.
o
away.
p. 79.
tarde, late,
a
or
tede, all," lOOA; de todo, entirely,
100/, g.
tao,
tive, see
tocar,
1346.
" 66.
" 109a,
d, o, p.
o
79.
trabalhader, workman.
trabalhar,
to
work.
trabalho, work, labor.
a
terga-feira,Tuesday.
o
o
terceiro, third.
trabalhese, laborious.
o
terfo, third, " 61.
a
a
terra, earth.
traduzir, to translate.
o
terrene, land, ground,
trage,
trafa, moth-worm.
see
trazer, p. 86.
of, care
for.
terrivel,terrible,
tratar,
teu, jyro.f thy, " 76.
trazer, to fetch,bring, " 112, p. 86.
to
treat
208
o
PORfUGtiESE-EiSTGLISH
trem, train.
VOCABULARY
UNRELATED
tremulo, trembling.
tres, three.
as
uns,
trevas, darkness, " 21.
" 17, 100a.
some,
to
usar,
treze, thirteen.
use.
a
usina, factory.
USD,
a
tribu, tribe.
o
o
tribute, tribute.
util, useful.
a
trilha,track.
o
trilho,rail {of railway).
trinta,thirty.
va,
Itriple.I
"";"""
a
62.
use.
ir, p. 87.
see
vacca,
cow.
vadiar,
triste,sad.
vae,
idle.
to
ir,p. 87.
see
leisure;de
a
tristeza,sadness.
o
vagar,
o
troco, change, exchange.
a
vaidade, vanity.
a
trombeta, trumpet.
valente, strong.
o
tronco, trunk
trouxe,
o
(o/ tree).
trazer,
see
p.
valer,
be
to
worth,
valho,
advantage.
a
tu, thou, " 65.
vac,
vain, " 41".
tua, thy, " 76.
vac,
see
tudo, all," 100c.
o
vapor,
a
varanda, veranda.
hearse.
o
tumulo,
tomb.
tupi, Indian
turba, rabble.
o
turco,
vantagem,
" 114,
Turk.
a
ultimo, last.
Ultramar,
the
over
seas,
beyond
varzea,
MEANINGS,
88.
p.
plain.
vast.
veado, deer.
a
vegetafao,
a
veiga, meadow.
see
vegetation
ver,
" 112,
a
vela, sail.
uma,la, )
a
velhice, old
ungir, to anoint,
velho, old;
unico, only, single,
vem,'see vir, " 113,
um, ^'
\
one,
unir,
o
to
a,
" 17, 91.
unite.
universo, universe.
"23.
PARTICIPLES,
o
vejo,
seas.
steamer.
steam,
VARIABLE
vasto,
o
ir,p. 87.
VARIABLE
(Brazilian).
a
p. 86.
valer, p. 86.
see
trovejar, to thunder.
tumba,
slowly.
vagar,
valeroso, brave, valorous.
86.
trovador, troubadour.
a
" 28(J,
NOUNS,
31.
vencedor,
p.
86.
age.
sm.,
old
man.
p.
victorious,
88.
ing.
conquer-
PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH
veneer,
to
conquer,
vender,
to
sell.
o
venerador,
vanquish.
venerator.
o
vento, wind.
a
Ventura,
ver,
to
a
p.
86.
"
VERBS,
AUXILIARY,
"
VERBS,
IRREGULAR,
"
VERBS,
MODEL,
VERBS,
REGULAR,
103.
"
109.
110.
107.
"
106.
truth.
verdade,
verdadeiramente,
"
luck.
VERBS,
a
vintena,
score.
violento, violent.
88.
p.
fortune,
" 112,
see,
88.
wine.
vinho,
vir,
good
vir, p.
see
vinte, twenty.
vir, " 113,
see
vim,
o
veneravel, venerable.
venho,
209
VOCABULARY
truly.
to
"
come,
p.
I22h.
a
virgem, virgin,
a
virtude,
virtue,
visit.
visitar,to
a
109n,
vista, view, sight, "
visto,
of
pp.
ver,
86, "
p.
o
vituperio, disgrace,
a
viuva, widow,
viver,
134a.
145.
shame.
live, exist,
to
alive.
verdadeiro, true, genuine, real.
vivo,
verde,
a
vizinhanga, neighborhood.
o
vizinho, neighbor.
o
vocabulo, word.
a
vocagao,
a
green.
shame.
vergonha,
red.
vermelho,
version.
a
versao,
o
verso,
o
vestigio, trace.
vestir,
to
put
a
on,
dress, " 122i,
a
vez,
vi, see
time, "
ver,
a
via, way.
a
viagem,
via
p.
62.
86.
trip,
jar, to travel,
vigar, to
grow
rank,
viciar, to demoralize, vitiate,
o
vicio,vice.
vicioso, vicious
vulcao.
see
turn
victima, victim.
a
victoria,victory.
a
vida,
return,
o
volume,
volume.
a
vontade, will,wish, desire.
ye,
" 65, QQd,
you,
"
your,
vosso,
votar,
to
vote, devote,
see
ir,p.
VOWELS,
"
vou,
67.
76.
vow.
87.
2.
voice.
a
voz,
o
vulcao, volcano.
vulgar, popular, well known.
life,
vil,vile,base, bad.
villa,town,
to.
to
-
a
a
volcao,
vos,
voyage,
147.
vogal, vowel.
voltar,
124c.
" 66,
you,
voce,
verse.
vocation.
city.
o
zelo, zeal, pi., "
a
zona,
zone,
23.
region.
:
VOCABULARY
ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE
accordar.
awake,
aboard,
bordo;
a
away,
longe.
aboard,
go
fora; far
embora,
away,
embarcar.
about,
talk
about:
sobre;
about,
the
about
pelas
again, mais,
outra
ago,
year
aU, todo
um
bello.
bonito,
{in time); adiante
antes
begin, principiar.
anno,
" 144.
" 45.
better, melhor,
" 45.
o
big, grande.
sempre.
black, preto.
americano.
American,
melhor,
best,
agradavel.
-a,
always,
blind,
e.
animal,
around,
book,
roda.
arranjar, concluir,
arrange,
com-
binar.
convidar
beta,
boot,
a
both,
ambos,
box,
arrive, chegar.
rogar,
livro.
o
a
botina.
dois, um
os
e
outro,
" 91.
prender.
pedir,
fazer
ventar,
soprar,
vento.
outre.
em
cego.
blow,
animal.
o
another,
ask,
79, " 1566.
p.
believe, acreditar.
agreeable,
arrest,
" 109,
79, " 1256;
p.
{in space).
vez.
"64.
and,
" 109,
estar,
before,
ha
baroneza.
a
beautiful,
depois.
(of stream).
banho.
o
ser,
conselho.
afterwards,
a
be,
with, conhecer.
acquainted
o
barra
a
bath,
disastre.
conta.
a
" 41gf.
mau,
bar,
passear
voltar.
(come),
bad,
walk
em;
streets,
back
em
baroness,
o
account,
advice,
about,
ruas.
accident,
ago,
look
about,
think
roda;
B
de; discourse
o
caixao,
p.
130
note.
perguntar,
(see Portuguese
caixa,
a
boy,
nitions).
defi-
o
menino.
Brazilian, brazileiro
bread,
at, a, " 141.
210
o
pao.
or
brasileiro.
212
ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE
VOCABULARY
health,a saude.
help, o remedio.
fashion, a moda.
hen, a gallinha.
her, ella," 65; seu,
father,o pai.
feather,a penna.
federal,federal.
fellow,o
here, aqui, cd, " 135a,
hill,o
companheiro.
rapaz,
home,
fever, a febre.
hope,
fish
hook,
flower,
a
foot, o p6.
how
a
fortune, a fortuna.
calor," 121.
casa.
como.
quaato, " 100/,
much,
hunger,
garfo.
fazer
hora.
a
house,
how,
o
domicilio.
o
casa,
esperar.
hour,
follow, segnir.
fork,
a
hot, (to be),
flor.
a
mono.
horse, o cavallo.
roga.
anzol.
o
b.
his, seu, sua, etc., " 76.
fetch,trazer.
field,o campo,
fish,o peixe.
" 76.
g.
fome.
a
hungry, com
fome, " 122d.
four, quatro, " 59.
friend, o amigo.
fruit,a fruta, " 29.
I, eu, " 65,
fry,frigir,"
if,si.
115.
66c.
immediately, logo, jd.
important, importante.
impress, impressionar.
get (there), chegar.
girl,
menina,
a
a
rapariga,
a
in, em,
no, na,
" 15c, 122fir,
134a,
137.
moQa.
givie,dar.
invite, convidar.
glass, o
it,elle,ella," 65.
go,
cope,
ir," 109sr,113, 125d.
J
good, bom, boa, " 41^, 45.
John, Joao.
great, grande.
just
now,
" 135g.
K
kill,matar.
half, a metade, meio.
handsome,
knife,
bonito, bello.
duro.
hard, difficil,
hat,
o
have,
" 109a, p. 79.
faca; penknife,
o
cani-
vete.
knock, bater.
chapeo.
ter, " 109, p. 79;
a
haver,
know,
saber, p. 85; conhecer
acquainted with).
(6e
ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE
mais, " 42, 446, /, 45.
more,
morning,
lady, a senhora.
land,
most,
paiz,
o
a
mais.
o
mother,
mai.
a
mountain,
large, grande.
much,
lei.
a
manha.
a
terra.
lard, a banha.
law,
213
VOCABULARY
leave, deixar, sahir,partir,afas-
montanha.
a
lama.
a
my,
serra,
muito.
mud,
lazy, pregaigoso.
a
minha, etc., " 76.
meu,
tar-se.
lens, a lente.
lesson,
napkin,
ligao.
a
letter,a carta,
nation,
letra.
a
a
nagao.
perto.
near,
light,accender.
guardanapo.
o
precise,necessario.
necessary,
like, gostar.
likely to,
neighbor,
neither
.
Lisboa.
Lisbon,
little,
pequeno;
live
pouco,
loaf (of bread),
pao.
proximo;
no,
" 65, 67.
concertar.
mine,
pro,,
mine,
a
minute,
one,
"
ninguem,
nor,
nem,
" 136,
not,
nae,
" lS5g;
moment,
meu,
"
minuto.
o
o
im-
100.
145c.
nem,
"
136.
agora,
hoje
nowadays,
em
76.
mina.
o
nfio
notable, notavel.
now,
negociante.
o
mal,
faz
nothing, nada.
came,
merchant,
money,
84.
p.
mim,
a
mend,
no
fosforo.
me,
nae
perta.
homem.
o
barulhe.
e
matter,
no
fazer.
poder,
meat,
" 135^.
nae,
noise,
M
me,
dia
nobody, ninguem.
low, baixo.
may,
day,
next
night, a neite.
love, amar.
match,
nem
145c.
" 136,
loud, alto, forte,
o
um
seguinte.
lose, perder.
man,
nem
neve,
next,
long, comprido.
nor,
nunca.
never,
new,
o
.
.
eutro,
" 100/.
(dwell),morar.
make,
vizinhe.
e
de.
capaz
memento.
dinheiro.
obliged, ebrigado.
occasion,
a
occasiao.
o'clock, heras, "
64.
dia, " 134o.
214
ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE
VOCABULARY
of, de, " 122e, /, 124c, 134, 139,
144.
officer,o official.
sobre,
na,
" 122(7,
um,
opiniao.
a
oppress,
opprimir.
coitado
port,
mandar
fazer, dirigir.
other,
populagao,
a
portuguez*
preparar,
presente;
o
at
present,
principe.
o
print, imprimir, "
"
aprontar.
pretty, bonito.
prince,
outro.
nosso,
-a.
ora.
por
(y.), mandar,
order
poor
batata.
a
prepare,
ordem.
a
thing,
porto.
o
present,
order,
117.
promptly, prontamente.
76.
prudent, pnidente.
outside, fora.
proprio.
own,
owner,
dono,
o
o
proprietario,o
question, perguntar.
senhorio.
o
ox,
poor
potato,
ou.
our,
fellow,
possible, possivel.
" 55.
uma,
opinion,
or,
poor
Portuguese,
134a.
one,
51.
population,
no,
em,
pobre, "
man,
old, velho, antigo.
on,
poor,
quite, bem,
boi.
" 145; algum
tanto,
inteiramente.
papel.
o
paper,
parents,
pais, "
os
railway,
23.
pay,
pagar.
pen,
a
rat,
rato.
o
pencil, o lapis.
read, ler.
people,
request, pedir.
povo.
perhaps, taJvez.
a
person,
respect,
place,
pena;
o
a
respeito.
return, voltar.
rice, o
ridiculous, ridiculo.
lugar.
please, agradar, tenha
a
bon-
{have the kindnesi to),
pleased,conteate..
arroz.
rich, rico.
lastima.
plate, o prato.
dade
o
retire,retirar-se.
pessoa.
physician,o medico.
piece, o pedago.
pity, a
(to).
rapidly,depressa.
penna.
o
de ferro.
rain, a chuva, chdver
passar.
pass,
estrada
a
river, o
no.
road,
a
estrada, o caminho.
rose,
a
run
rosa.
away,
fugir.
ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE
satisfactoriamente.
satisfactorily,
say,
dizer, "
112.
" 112,
ver,
take
86.
p.
o'clock
'ten
dez
ds
horas
em
short,
tea,
chd.
o
terrible,terrivel.
de, "
que,
that, aquelle
loja.
a
tirar.
away,
than,
ponto.
shop,
levar.
tall,alto.
agudo;
sharp,'
mesa.
talk, falar," 107.
sell,vender.
sharp,
table, a
take, tomar,
seasick, enjoado.
see,
215
VOCABULARY
the,
curto.
145a.
87.
" 84,
-a,
" 14, 15,
a, o, as, os,
16.
sick, doente.
then, entao, naquelle tempo.
since, desde, depois.
there,
" 135c, d,
s6.
single, um
sir,o senhor, "
sister, a
irma
ahi,
thing,
66.
small,
tile,a
alguns,
ims,
" 17,
100a.
somewhat,
son,
o
um
tanto,
"
135s.
tempo;
o
" 64;
a
vez,
to-morrow,
travel,viajar.
steamer,
twice,
a
duas
vezee.
two, dois, duos, " 55.
vapor,
o
141.
trip,a viagem.
colher.
estado.
o
62.
linha, o trilho.
spend, gastar.
state,
is it?
amanhS.
track,
a
"
time
to, a, " 123a, 6, 124,
speak, falar.
spoon,
what
to-day, hoje.
filho.
cedo.
soon,
onga.
telha.
time,
see
86.
esse,
tiger,o tigre,a
some,
" 84,
acold,
r.
slowly, devagar.
pequeno.
Id,
cousa.
this, este,
irman.
or
a
ali.
still,conj., ainda, todavia,
com
tudo.
storm,
o
temporal,
straw,
a
palha.
ugly, feio.
under,
street, a
em
baixo.
rua.
strong, forte,
such, tal, " 89, 93.
suit, convir, "
sun,
o
121.
sol.
surround,
cercar,
rodear.
valley, o valle.
venerable, veneravel.
135".
very, mui, muito, " 44"i,
216
ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE
village,
aldeia,
a
arraial,
a
VOCABULARY
o
povoa^ao,
villa,
a
volcano,
vulcao.
o
mulher,
a
window,
visitar.
visit,
wife,
esposa.
janella.
a
vinho.
wine,
o
with,
com.
wolf,
a
lobe,
o
W
woman,
waken,
walk,
passeiar,
walk,
o
want,
querer,
" 65,
nos,
well,
bein,
what,
que,
qual,
o
qual,
while,
86.
digno.
" 116.
escrever,
o
anno,
amarello.
sim,
yes,
"
" 95-98.
a
you,
in
a
little
young
pouco.
young
g,
h.
67,
72.
novo,
man,
o
moQo.
a
woman,
mo^a,
zella.
96.
quer,
" 65,
vos,
young,
135/,
hontem.
yesterday,
"
quem
p.
yellow,
branco.
quem,
valer,
year,
d'aqui
while,
worth,
45.
98.
96,
quanto;
em
" 44^,
6;
si.
which,
whoever,
102a,
onde.
whether,
who,
"95-97,
que,
donde.
where,
peior,
134A.
" 95,
whence,
worse,
write,
"
mundo.
o
worthy,
quando.
when,
white,
72.
67,
semana.
a
trabalhar.
world,
desejar.
mate.
o
work,
agua.
a
week,
andar.
passeio.
water,
we,
woods,
acordar.
mulher.
a
"
102.
your,
vosso,
seu,
" 76.
a
don-