Original Article: Fitness
EISSN 1676-5133
Lipid profile of sedentary adults
in function of the level of muscular force
1
Universidade Castelo Branco - UCB - RJ
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN - RN
3
Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exercito – IPCFEx
Michelini Batista de Maulaz Chalfun1
[email protected]
2
Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale1,2
[email protected]
Marcos de Sá Rego Fortes3
[email protected]
Chalfun MBM, Vale RGS, Fortes MSR. Lipid profile of sedentary adults in function of the level of muscular force. Fit Perf J.
2008;7(1):16-9.
ABSTRACT: Introduction: The best forms of exercising, in order to promote beneficial alterations in the lipidic profile, still constitute
a challenge to every scientific community. In front of that, the objective of this study was to correlate the lipidic profile with the level of the
muscular force in sedentary adults. Materials and Methods: The sample was constituted by a group of 36 military volunteers (20 men
and 16 women), with age between 20 and 46 years. The serum levels of lipids were dosed. The protocols used for the cholesterol dosages
(CT), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG), were the automatic enzymatic techniques. The low density lipoprotein (LDL) and
very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were calculated by the equation of Friedewald. For the evaluation of the levels of force the test used 8
to 10 maximum repetitions in the Leg Press exercise. The statistical treatment was composed by descriptive analysis, analysis of the test of
normality of Shapiro-Wilk, being opted for the statistical procedure of correlation of Spearman to verify the possible associations of the
levels of the muscular force with the component of the lipidic profile variables. Results: The triglycerides, HDL, VLDL and RM variables
presented a coefficient variation above 25%. It was found a positive correlation between the test of maximum repetition and the triglycerides
(r=0.388; p=0.02<0.05). Discussion: It is presupposed that the physical activity provides benefits to the health, combating the obesity
and provoking favorable alterations to the lipidic profile, as increase of HDL and decrease of the cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides.
Keywords: sedentarism, lipidic profile, levels of force.
Correspondence to:
Rua Capitão Cezar de Andrade, 168/805 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ CEP 22431-010 - Brazil
Submitted: November / 2007
Accepted: December / 2007
Copyright© 2008 Colégio Brasileiro de Atividade Física, Saúde e Esporte.
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RESUMO
RESUMEN
Perfil lipídico de adultos sedentários em função do nível de força
muscular
Perfil lipídico de adultos sedentarios en función del nivel de fuerza
muscular
Introdução: As melhores formas de se exercitar, a fim de promover alterações
benéficas no perfil lipídico, ainda constituem um desafio a toda comunidade
científica. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar o perfil lipídico
com o nível da força muscular em adultos sedentários. Materiais e Métodos:
A amostra foi constituída por um grupo de 36 militares voluntários (20 homens e
16 mulheres), com idade entre 20 e 46 anos. Foram dosados os níveis séricos de
lipídios. Os protocolos utilizados para as dosagens de colesterol (CT), lipoproteína de densidade alta (HDL) e triglicérides (TG), foram as técnicas enzimáticas
automáticas. A lipoproteína de densidade baixa (LDL) e lipoproteína de densidade
muito baixa (VLDL) foram calculadas pela equação de Friedewald. Para a avaliação dos níveis de força foi utilizado o teste de 8 a 10 repetições máximas no
exercício Leg Press. O tratamento estatístico foi composto por análise descritiva,
análise do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, optando-se pelo procedimento
estatístico de correlação de Spearman para verificar as possíveis associações
dos níveis da força muscular com as variáveis componentes do perfil lipídico.
Resultados: As variáveis de triglicérides, HDL, VLDL e RM apresentaram um
coeficiente de variação acima de 25%. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva
entre o teste de repetição máxima e os triglicérides (r=0,388; p=0,02<0,05).
Discussão: Pressupõe-se que a atividade física proporcione benefícios à saúde,
combatendo a obesidade e provocando alterações favoráveis ao perfil lipídico,
como aumento do HDL e diminuição do colesterol, LDL, VLDL e triglicérides.
Introducción: Las mejores formas de ejercitarse, a fin de promover alteraciones
benéficas en el perfil lipídico, todavía constituyen un desafío a toda comunidad
científica. Delante de eso, el objetivo de este estudio fue a correlacionar el perfil
lipídico con el nivel de la fuerza muscular en adultos sedentarios. Materiales y
Métodos: La muestra fue constituida por un grupo de 36 militares voluntarios (20
hombres y 16 mujeres) , con edad entre 20 y 46 años. Habían sido dosificados
los niveles séricos de lípidos. Los protocolos utilizados para las dosificaciones de
colesterol (CT), lipoproteína de densidad alta (HDL) y triglicérides (TG), fueron
las técnicas enzimáticas automáticas. La lipoproteína de densidad baja (LDL)
y lipoproteína de densidad mucho baja (VLDL) habían sido calculadas por la
ecuación de Friedewald. Para la evaluación de los niveles de fuerza fue utilizado
el test de 8 a 10 repeticiones máximas en el exercicio Leg Press. El tratamiento
estatistico fue compuesto por análisis descriptiva, análisis del test de normalidad
de Shapiro-Wilk, se optando por el procedimiento estadístico de correlación de
Spearman para verificar las posibles asociaciones de los niveles de la fuerza
muscular con las variables componentes del perfil lipídico. Resultados: Las
variables de triglicérides, HDL, VLDL y RM presentaron un coeficiente de variación
arriba de 25%. Fue encontrada una correlación positiva entre el test de repetición
máxima y los triglicérides (r=0,388; p=0,02<0,05). Discusión: Se presupone
que la actividad física proporcione beneficios a la salud, combatiendo la obesidad
y provocando alteraciones favorables al perfil lipídico, como aumento del HDL
y disminución del colesterol, LDL, VLDL y triglicérides.
Palavras-chave: sedentarismo, perfil lipídico, níveis de força.
Palabras clave: sedentarismo, perfil lipídico, niveles de fuerza.
INTRODUCTION
Sedentarism has been considered one of the biggest problems of
the Public Health, besides being one of the main factors of risk for
the development and advance of the prevalence of many diseases,
in which the dislipidemias are detached. Those are characterized
by presenting disturbances in the lipid metabolism.
According to Martinez3, the centenary tendency in the increase in
obesity seems to occur in parallel with the reduction of physical
activity practice and an increase in the sedentarism. The modernization reduces the energetic expenditure through the use of
computer, remote control, cars with electric windows, electrohydraulic direction and escalators.
Metabolic Syndrome is represented by a constelatation of metabolic abnormalities, for instance, visceral obesity, dyslipidemia,
arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, have become one of the greatest challenges of the public
health care system. In addition to these, Isomaa et al.4 also quote
some manifestations of endothelial dysfunction. These changes
provoke the increase of cardiovascular event in the long term as
well as the development of the diabetes mellitus type 25.
The main changes of the lipid profile are the high levels of total
cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG)6, the reduction of the lipoprotein of high density related to cholesterol (HDL-c) linked to the
reduction of the HDL-C2 subtraction and to the bigger catabolism
due to the greater concentration of triglycerides on these particles,
and the LDL-C particles are smaller and denser7.
Overweight individuals often present rises from light to moderate
of the serum levels of triglycerides, with lower levels of HDL-c and,
finally, the LDL-c levels may be or not be increased8.
The metabolic effect of the reduction of the body muscular mass
due to the natural aging process or due to the decrease of physical
activity lead to a high predominance of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, to dyslipidemia and to hypertension9. These
risk factors are linked to the abnormalities in the cardiovascular
structure and function, as arterial stiffness and deficiency in the
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 7, 1, 17, Jan/Feb 2008
endothelial dysfunction. The skeletal muscle is the primary reservoir
for the deposit of glucose and triglycerides and also a determining
in the rest metabolic rate10.
According to the aforementioned, there is a hypothesis that the
training using weights, and as a consequence the increase of the
lean body mass can reduce a lot of risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases11,12. The inclusion of training using weights, as part of
a training program for promoting health and prevention against
diseases have been supported by American Heart Association
(AHA), American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and American Diabetes Association (ADA)13,14,15. However, the evidence
that resistance training reduces the risk factors of cardiovascular
disease remain a controversial issue.
According to Moreno et al.16, the resistance exercises have been
widely recommended both for its efficiency in the improvement of
body composition and functional capacity, and in the possibility
of improving the lipid profile, despite the controversy that there is
between lipidemia and the exercises.
Some studies investigated the lipid profile and strength training16,17.
In Prabhakaran et al.’s17 there was a change in the lipid profile of
the group of training, but their group was made up of women in the
pre-menopause. In Moreno et al.’s study16, the group was made
up of sedentary, hypercholesterolemic adult people no changes
were found in the lipid profile after the strength training.
Recently, Wijndaele et al.18 published a transversal study in which
they have investigated the association between muscular force
and aerobic capability with the risks associated to the Metabolic
Syndrome in 1,019 adults. The conclusion was that the muscular
force and the aerobic capability are independently and inversely
associated with the abnormalities shown in the Metabolic Syndrome.
Another not so recent study by Schjerve et al.19 investigated the
effect of aerobic exercises from moderate to high intensity (training
with intervals) and exercises for maximum strength in the o maxi17
mum oxygen consumption and function endothelial for overweight
adults. The sample was composed of 62 overweight adult (Body
Mass Index - BMI=36±5), randomized in 3 groups. For 12 weeks,
3 times a week, 2 groups carried out trainings with intervals of high
intensity (92.5% FCmax), moderate intensity (70% FCmax), traveling
the same distance, so that only the training intensity differed among
them. A third group carried out a strength training composed of 5
times 4MR of leg-press and 3 x 20 repetitions of sit-ups and dorsal
muscle exercises. The result showed that the maximum strength
improved the endothelial function similar to what was observed
during the training of moderate intensity.
No studies were found with the same criteria adopted by this herein, leaving a gap to be fulfilled. In so doing, the objective of this
study was to correlate the lipid profile with the level of muscular
strength in sedentary adults.
For the evaluation of the levels of strength it was used the 810 MR in the leg press exercise by an experienced evaluator,
according to Wilmore & Costill’s recommendations20.
Statistic Treatment
The data were treated by means of the Statistical Package program
for the Social Science 14.0 (SPSS 14.0). It was used the descriptive
statistic with measure of central tendency (mean and median)
and dispersion (standard deviation and coefficient of variation).
By means of the analysis of Shapiro-Wilk’s test of normalcy we
decided to make use of the statistical procedure of Spearman’s
correlation to verify likely associations of the levels of muscular
strength with other variables components of the lipid profile. The
study admitted the level of p<0.05 for statistical significance.
RESULTS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
People
The sample was composed of 36 militaries (35.31±5.96 years
old; BMI = 27.51±3.51), volunteers from the Navy, Army and
Air force, no matter the position or graduation, belonging to the
Diretoria de Pesquisa e Estudos de Pessoal (DPEP) e a Escola
Superior de Guerra (ESG), formed by 20 male and 16 female
individuals. The exclusion criterion were: hormonal and endocrine
problems, besides the use of medicines which could influence in
the lipid levels, individuals who had been doing some physical
activity; individuals who were considered extremely obese (BMI
superior to 40); altered and abnormal body composition; dislipidemic people; use of anabolic steroids; excessive hydratation or
deshydratation, caused by physical exercises, diarrhea problems
or pregnancy. These criteria were detected in the two anamnesis
accomplished by an experienced valuer, before the training.
All participants have signed the informed consent, complying
with the “Norms of Conduction of Research on Human Beings,”
regulamentation no. 196/96 of the Brazilian Council of Health
10/10/96 ( Brazil, 1996), having the project being submitted by
the Committee of Ethics on Research Involving Human Being of
the University Castelo Branco (UCB-RJ).
Procedures
For the data collection, a blood collection was carried out for
the determination of the lipid profile before the strength test. The
evaluated individuals were guided as regards basic procedures for
it, as fasting from 12h to 2h in the afternoon; no beverages in the
previous day; maintenance of custom diet; no physical exercises;
and no drug intake which could change the lipid profile.
For the determination of serum levels of HDL, TC and TGL, the
automated enzymatic technique was used. The VLDL and LDL
were calculated by means of Friedewald’s equation, where the
values were in mg/dl.
In Table 1 the results of the descriptive statistics regarding the
Triglycerides, Cholesterol, HDL, VLDL and MR’s variables are
presented.
The variables of triglycerides, HDL, VLDL and MR showed a cofficient of variation above 25%, then we adopted the median as
the best central tendency21.
For the characterization of serum levels of lipids, it was made a
comparison of the results with values of reference of III Brazilian
Guidelines on Dyslipidemias22. In the mean results of sample,
optimum values for cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides, and desired
for LDL were observed.
Table 2 shows the result for the verification of possible association
of the levels of muscular strength with lipid profile. Spearman’s
cofficient of correlation (r) showed a correlation considered low
(r=0.388), however with statistical significance (p=0.02<p=0.05)
between the triglycerides and the result of the maximum strength
test. This finding may be caused by the level of sedentarism showed by the sample.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, there was a positive correlation of the triglycerides with the muscular force evaluated through the 8-10 RM test,
showing high levels of triglycerides for the analyzed sample. These
high levels are associated to the appearance of cardiovascular21
and coronarian diseases and dislipidemies, normally accompanied by obesity, overweight and sedentary life, being the last, one
of the characteristics presented by the sample. Because of this, it is
important to have the level of triglycerides inside the recommended
limit, due to its strong association with obesity23. When associated
to the dislipidemia, this may provoke a HDL24 decrease and also
be considered a strong and independent predisponent future risk
factor of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)25.
Table 1 – Descriptive results of the sample
variables
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
HDL
LDL
VLDL
RM Leg press
mean
102.14
195.36
52.31
119.22
23.84
180.83
median
97
190
49.5
116
24.5
190
sd
38.15
33.67
16.92
27.15
8.4
53.15
cv%
37
17
32
23
35
29
p-value (SW)
0.157
0.064
0.000
0.709
0.347
0.232
HDL=high-density lipoprotein; LDL= low-density lipoprotein; VLDL= very low-density lipoprotein; MR =test of 8-10 maximum repetitions (kg); sd =standard
deviation; SW= Shapiro-Wilk test of normality.
18
Fit Perf J, Rio de Janeiro, 7, 1, 18, Jan/Feb 2008
Table 2 – Correlation between the studied variables
RM
r
valor-p
Triglycerides
0.388*
0.02
Cholesterol
-0.04
0.80
HDL
-0.22
0.21
LDL
0.15
0.39
VLDL
0.09
0.62
*Significant correlation for p<0.05.
For Pitanga26, the lipid profile is different among active and sedentary individuals. Guedes & Gonçalves27 show that among men
sedentarism was intensely associated with cholesterol and, among
women, the insufficient physical activity’s practice has played the
most important role in the highest concentration of triglycerides.
However, the sedentarism level of the present study’s sample did
not confirm these reports, since the components of this variable
are inside the normality patterns23.
Souza et al.28 found high levels of triglycerides in sedentary individuals. They also highlighted that as regards the sedentarism
there was a significant increase of triglycerides when compared
with active individuals. However, the study herein did not analyze
physically active individuals.
Durstine et al.29 reported that when increasing the physical activity
by means of physical exercise program, there is a more accentuated
reduction in the cholesterol and triglyceride concentration for adult
individuals. This indicates that if the individuals of the sample herein
start a physical exercise program, they may improve their lipid profile.
However, Moreno et al.16, in a study with 10 sedentary individuals
both sexes investigates the effect of 8-week resistance training of low
intensity (40% 1MR) on the body composition, strength and lipid profile
of hypercholesterolemic individuals. This evidenced that despite the
increase of lean body mass and muscular strength, a resistance training
program did not result in changes of the participants’ lipid profile.
Whereas Goldberg et al.30 carried out a prospective study with men
and women previously sedentary for a 16-week strength force and
found some reductions of 9.5% in the total cholesterol rates of 17.9%
in the LDL, and also of 28.3% in the triglycerides for women. The
ratios total cholesterol / HDL and LDL / HDL were reduced, respectively in 14.3% and 20.3%. For between men, the LDL decreased a
reduction of 16.2%, whereas the ratios total cholesterol / HDL and
LDL / HDL were reduced, respectively in 21.6% and 28.9%.
According to the result verification of the study herein, the sample
presented a positive correlation of triglycerides with the level of
muscular force by means of the 8-10 MR test. As shown, the sedentarism and its association with obesity and changes of the lipid
profile can cause serious harm to health. However, it is believed
that physical activity provides with benefits to health, because it
fights off obesity and causing some favorable changes to the lipid
profile, as well as the increase of HDL and reduction cholesterol,
LDL, VLDL and triglycerides. In so doing, it is necessary to encourage and guide the individuals about physical activities. It is also
recommended that further studies with resistance exercises and
nutritional control are carried out so as to provide the individuals
with better guidance about the aspects studied herein.
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