Gerenciamento de Contratos em Sistemas
Multi-Agentes Abertos
Cynthia Luiza Rigo Moisés
Roteiro
• Introdução
• Fase Atual
• Estudo de Caso
• Trabalho Futuro
• Referências
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Introdução
• Definição:
– A software system is viewed as a set of communicating
components whose interaction is based on precisely defined
specifications of mutual obligation – Contracts [Meyer, 1992]
– Cada participante espera alguns benefícios do contrato e se
propõe a cumprir com algumas obrigações para consegui-los.
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Introdução
• O contrato protege ambas partes:
– Protege o cliente especificando o quanto deve ser feito: o
cliente é intitulado a receber um determinado resultado.
– Protege o contratado especificando o mínimo aceitável: o
contratado não deve ser responsável por tarefas fora do escopo
especificado.
•
Contratos baseiam-se na noção de serviços oferecidos e
requisitados.
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Fase atual
• Estudando como modelar contratos de componentes para
MAS
• Artigo base:
– Des composants aux services, une approche par contrats. H.
Belhaouari, F. Peschanski, J. Malenfant. Journées.. Canet en
Roussillon, France, October 2006.
– Apresenta a plataforma Tamago, associando o conceito de
interfaces de componentes (modelo proposto por Fractal) e a
teoria de Design by Contract.
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Estudo de Caso
• Supply Chain Management
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Estudo de Caso
• Tamago define 4 tipos de contratos:
– Contrato de Serviço
– Contrato de Componentes
– Contrato de Assembly
– Contrato de Composição
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Estudo de Caso
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Estudo de Caso
Contrato de Serviço
service RawMaterialSupplyService {
property read boolean cpuDelivered ;
property read boolean motherboardDelivered ;
property read boolean memoryDelivered ;
property read boolean driveDelivered ;
method motherboardDelivery {
pre ¬motherboardDelivered
fail “MotherBoard already delivered” ;
post motherboardDelivered
fail “MotherBoard should be delivered” ;
}
...
}
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Estudo de Caso
Contrato de Componente
component Manufacturer {
provide
ManufactureService;
require
RawMaterialSupplyService as supplier,
TransportationService as distributor;
property read boolean pcAssembled ;
method assemblePC {
pre
supplier.cpuDelivered  supplier.motherboardDelivered
 supplier.memoryDelivered  supplier.driveDelivered
 ¬pcAssembled;
Post pcAssembled;
}
method sendPCToRetail {
pre
pcAssembled;
post distributor.pcDeliveryConcluded;
}
}
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Estudo de Caso
Contrato de Assembly
assembly SupplyChain {
use
Retailer as retailer1;
use
ProductionCenter as prodCenter;
bind service ManufacturerService
client retailer1
provider prodCenter.manufacture1;
}
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Estudo de Caso
Contrato de Composição
composite ProductionCenter {
use
Manufacturer as manufacturer1;
use
Supplier as supplier1;
use
Distributor as distributor1;
bind service RawMaterialSupplyService
client manufacture1.supplier
provider supplier1;
bind service TransportationService
client manufacture1.distributor
provider distributor1;
export ManufacturerService by manufacture1;
export TransportationService by distributor1;
}
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Estudo de Caso
Contrato de Serviço com Comportamento
service RetailerProductService {
provide
RetailProductService;
require
ManufactureService as manufacture,
TransportationService as distributor;
property boolean waitingNewOrder ;
property boolean receivedOrder ;
property boolean concludedProduction ;
method receiveOrder {}
method orderProduction {}
method deliveryOrderToCustomer {}
behavior {
...
}
}
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Estudo de Caso
Contrato de Serviço com Comportamento – Continuação...
behavior
{
default waitingNewOrder;
state waitingNewOrder {
allow action receiveOrder {};
}
state receivedOrder {
allow action orderProduction {};
}
state concludedProduction {
allow action deliveryOrderToCustomer{};
}
transition from waitingNewOrder to receivedOrder
with receiveOrder
transition from receivedOrder to concludedProduction
with orderProduction
transition from concludedProduction to waitingNewOrder
with deliveryOrderToCustomer
}
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Trabalhos Futuros
• Definir uma terminologia para a representação de contratos
– Normas x Asserções x Estruturas de Verificação
• Estudar outros tipos de contratos:
– [Beugnard et al] classifica contratos entre componentes em 4
tipos: básico, comportamental,de sincronização e quantitativo
• Estudar o conceito de refinamento de contratos
• Estudar um Modelo de Coordenação
• Implementação de um Estudo de Caso
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Bibliografia
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[1] H. Belhaouari, F. Peschanski, J. Malenfant. Journées. Des composants aux
services, une approche par contrats. Canet en Roussillon, France, October
2006.
[2] B. Meyer, Applying 'Design by Contract'. Interactive Software
Engineering. October 1992, pages 40--52.
[3] Beugnard, Antoine; Jézéquel, Jean-Marc; Plouzeau, Noel; Watkins,
Damien.Making Components Contract Aware;
[4] Object-Oriented Software Construction. Second Edition. Betrand Meyer.
Prentice Hall, 1988.
[5] J. Ferber et O. Gutknecht, Admission of Agents in Groups as a Normative
and Organizational Problem. Workshop on Norms and Institutions in MultiAgent Systems, ACM Press, 2000.
[6] J. Ferber et O. Gutknecht, A Meta-Model for the Analysis and Design of
Organizations in Multi-Agent Systems. 3rd International Conference on MultiAgent Systems. (ICMAS'98), Paris, 1998, pages 128--135.
[7] Dignum, Virginia; Dignum, Frank; Sonenberg, Liz. Towards Dynamic
Reorganization of Agent Societies
[8] Ranjit Nair; Milind Tambe ; Stacy Marsella. Role Allocation and
Reallocation in Multiagent Teams: Towards A Practical Analysis.
[9] A. Drogoul et A. Collinot, Applying an Agent-Oriented Methodology to the
Design of Artificial Organisations: a Case Study in Robotic Soccer, Journal
of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (JAAMAS),Springer-Verlag, 1998
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Bibliografia
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[10] The Eiffel Language. http://archive.eiffel.com/
[11] Collet (P.) et Rousseou (R.), Confract : un modèle de contrat pour la
plateforme fractal, 2004.
[12] J. C. Laprie, J. Arlat, J. P. Blanquart, A. Costes, Y. Crouzert, Y.
Deswarte, J. C. Fabre, H. Guillermain, M. Kaâniche, K. Kanoun, C. Mazet, D.
Powel, C. Rabéjac, and P. Thévenod. Dependability Handbook (2nd edition)
Cépaduès – Éditions, 1996. (ISBN 2- 85428-341-4) (in French).
[13] Algirdas Avizienis, Jean-Claude Laprie, Brian Randell: Dependability
and its threats - A taxonomy. IFIP Congress Topical Sessions 2004: 91-120.
[14] Silva, Viviane Torres da; Lucena, Carlos José Pereira de. Classifying
and Describing Agent Contracts and Norms. In: Agents, Norms and Institutions
for Regulated Multiagent Systems (ANIREM), 2005, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
[15] von Staa, Arndt. Programação modular : desenvolvendo programas
complexos de forma organizada e segura. Rio de Janeiro: Campus , 2000.
[16] Collet, P.; Deveaux, D.; Rousseau, R.; “Contract-based Testing: from
Objects to Components”; Proceedings of the IWoTA 2004 First International
Workshop on Testability Assessment; Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society;
2004; pags 5-14.
[17] Frison, P.; Jézéquel, J-M.; “Increase Software Trustability with SelfTestable Classes in Java”; Proceedings of the ASWEC 2001 Australian Software
Engineering Conference; Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society; 2001;
section 0003.
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