Energy Management :: 2007/2008
Class # 8
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Prof. Paulo Ferrão
[email protected]
Carlos Soares, MSc
[email protected]
Energy Management
Energy systems
Energy use in buildings
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Air conditioning;
Ventilation;
Artificial lighting;
Lifts and escalators;
Appliances;
Special uses, e. g, data processing facilities;
Other.
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Energy conversion
Energy conversion for uses in buildings
Energy conversion
Energy distribution
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
Energy transfer
Energy storage
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Energy Management
Energy efficiency strategies
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Reduce energy
demand
Promote energy
efficiency
Design optimization
Energy use
Best practice;
Energy oriented regulations;
Envelope performance;
Concept performance;
Systems integration via BMS;
Whole building approach.
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Renewables;
Cogeneration;
Conversion efficiency;
Recovery;
Free cooling;
Low-E systems;
Systems maintenance.
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Energy Management
Demand
Design optimization
Best practice and energy
oriented Regulations
Systems integration &
whole building approach
Envelope & concept
performance
Painéis Solares Térmicos (~90 m2)
Ligação ao
Chiller de
Absorção
kWh
Torre de
Arrefecimento
Arrefecedor
Seco (230 kW)
P
C
kWh
Bomba
Bomba
Água da Rede
Ligação ao
Colector
Existente
Bomba
kWh
Consumo AQS
Bomba
Gás
Natural
m3 (n)
kWh
kWh
P
C
kWh
PC
DAQS
DAQS
kWh
Bomba
Pilha de
Combustível
(305 kWe)
Ligação ao
Colector
Existente
kWh
kWh
Rede de
Média Tensão
=
~
Electricidade
Produzida
Exportação
kWh
Água da Rede
Autoconsumo
kWh
Ligação à
Torre de
Arrefecimento
Chiller de Absorção
190 kW
Ligação ao
Colector de
Água Quente
Ligação ao
Colector de
Água Fria
One day all buildings will be green. Let us save energy for Portugal!
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Demand
Design optimization
Annual Energy Comsumption (Estimated)
Htg-Est. Displ 24h
Htg-Mix 24h Inc. F. Air
Clg-Est. Displ 24h
Clg-Mix 24 h Inc. F. Air.
Htg-Mix. 24h Reg. F. Air
Clg-Mix 24h Reg. F. Air
450
400
350
[MWh]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Consumption
Energy use
Renewables &
Cogeneration
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
Conversion
efficiency
Recovery, Free cooling, LowE &
Systems maintenance
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Energy Management
Consumption
Cogeneration = Heat + Electricity
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Consumption
Cogeneration : Local use + Electricity Export to the Grid
Natural Gas
LWV = 10.5 kWh/m3(n)
Exhaust
Backup Boiler
ηt = 90 %
Recovery Boiler
ηt = 90 %
Hot water (or steam) for space
heating,
Process water or Domestic hot
water
Absorption Chiller
COP = 1.1
Heat production
Gas turbine
ηt = 55 %, ηe ~ 30 %
Compression
Chiller
COP = 5.0
Electricity production
Chilled water for space cooling
or process cooling
Local energy
consumption
(auxilliaries)
Electrical energy to export
the grid
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Cogeneration plant image
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Matching thermal and electrical demands
Diagrama de carga de arrefecimento - Verão
Carga Frio
Acumulação
CAbsorção
CCompressão
10000
8000
Carga [kW]
6000
4000
2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-2000
-4000
Hora
Diagrama de carga de aquecimento - Verão
Carga Calor
Acum. Calor
Re c. Calor
Calde ira
5000
4000
Carga [kW]
3000
2000
1000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-1000
-2000
-3000
Hora
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Matching thermal and electrical demands
Diagrama de cargas de arrefecimento - Inverno
Ca rga Frio
Acumula çã o
CAbsorçã o
CCompre ssã o
3000
2500
2000
1500
Cargas
1000
500
0
1
-500
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
Hora
Diagrama de carga de aquecimento - Inverno
Carga Calor
Acum. Calor
Rec. Calor
Caldeira
12000
10000
8000
Carga[kW]
6000
4000
2000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-2000
-4000
Hor a
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Cogeneration technologies
Cogeneration reference figures
Item
Unit
Technology
CI Engine
Application range
[kWe]
Estimated cost
[€/kWe]
Footprint
[m2/kWe]
Electrical efficiency – full load
5000
500
250 ~ 1083
583 ~ 1083
583
0.02 ~ 0.03
0.01 ~ 0.14
0.002 ~ 0.06
[%]
25
45
25
30
25
40
Electrical efficiency – half load
[%]
23
40
20
25
20
35
Heat availability
[% of input]
35
45
50
55
40
55
Effluent temperature
[ºC]
80
480
Maintenance cost
[€/kWe]
0.006~0.13
25
Gas Turbine
100
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
25
Micro Turbine
F
200
G
340
0.002~0.008
260
25000
~
750
600
0.002~0.007
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Energy Management
Cogeneration in Portugal
Installed power evolution
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Total installed power around 1200 MWe
13 % of electricity generation
Natural gas becoming the most important energy source
Source: Cogen Portugal
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
National regulation
Energy efficiency index – IEE [kgoe/m2.year]
Building type
Existing Buildings
New Buildings
Hypermarket
255
110
Large shop
45
35
Supermarket
150
70
Shopping center
190
95
Small shop
75
35
Restaurants
170
120
Hotel (>= 4 *)
60
45
1 kWh (electrical) = 0.29 kgoe
1 kWh (liquid or gas combustible) = 0.086 kgoe
Source: DL 79/2006, 4th April
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Energy use world wide
Energy intensity
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Energy use world wide
Energy intensity
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy Management
Sustainable cooling
Class # 08 :: Energy efficiency in buildings
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