TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
VOLUME V
Introduction To Tropical Ecology
1
M. Quesada, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico,
Mxico.
K. Del Claro, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
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2.
Introduction
Contents of Current Section on Tropical Ecology Chapters
Diversity of Prokaryotes, fungi, protozoa, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes in tropical ecosystems 13
Ana Paula Trovatti Uetanabaro Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade Microbiológico de Fármacos,
Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana,
BA,Brazil
Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia (LAPEM), Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
Luiz Henrique Rosa, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ICEB,
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
Alexandre Salino, Departamento de Botânica, ICB, C.P. 486, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Alfredo H. Wieloch, Departamento de Zoologia, ICB, C.P. 486, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Carlos A. Rosa, Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, C.P. 486, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Introduction
Microbial diversity
2.1. Methods to Study Microbial Diversity
2.2. Prokaryotic Diversity in Tropical Ecosystems
2.2.1. Prokaryotic Diversity in Plants and Soil
2.2.2. Prokaryotic Diversity in Aquatic Environments
2.3. Fungi: General Characteristics and Diversity
2.3.1. Chytridiomycota
2.3.2. Zygomycota
2.3.3. Glomeromycota
2.3.4. Ascomycota
2.3.5. Basidiomycota
2.3.6. Tropical Diversity of Lichenized Fungi
Diversity of Protozoa
3.1. Taxonomic Considerations
3.2. Protozoa Diversity in Tropical Region
Diversity of Bryophytes
Diversity of Pteridophytes
Concluding Remarks
Rainforest Structure And Dynamics
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Leandro da Silva Duarte, Laboratorio de Ecologia Quantitativa, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
Gabriel Selbach Hofmann, Laboratorio de Geoprocessamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
1.
Rainforest Structure And Dynamics
1.1. Physical Structure
©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
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1.1.1. Macroclimate
1.1.2. Microclimate
1.1.3. Geomorphology and Pedology
1.1.4. Plant Ecological Groups and Vertical Stratification
1.1.5. Altitude
1.1.6. Primary Production and Diversity
1.1.7. Rainforest Fragmentation
1.2. Rainforest Dynamics
1.2.1. A Brief History of Community Dynamics
1.2.2. Community Dynamics in Tropical Rainforests
1.2.3. Forest Gaps
1.2.4. Edge Dynamics
1.2.5. A Role for Seed Dispersal
Conclusions
Tropical Communities
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Sandra Maria Hartz and Ronei Baldissera, Centro de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CP 15007, CEP 90.051-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Introduction
Tropical ecoregions
2.1. Tropical Forests
2.1.1. Tropical Rain Forest
2.1.2. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
2.1.3. Tropical Dry Forest
2.2. Tropical Shrubland
2.3. Tropical Desert
2.4. Tropical Mountain Systems
2.5. Mangroves
2.6. Coral Reefs
2.7. Freshwater Ecoregions
Main features of tropical communities
3.1. Community Richness and Evenness
3.1.1. General Trends in Tropical Diversity
3.1.2. Why is there more diversity in the tropics?
3.1.3. Scaling Diversity
3.2. Biological Interactions
3.3. Rarity and Endemism
Spatial and temporal patterns
4.1. Spatial Patterns
4.2. Temporal Patterns
Threats
5.1. Habitat Fragmentation
5.2. Invasive Species
5.3. Overexploitation of Fauna and Flora
5.4. Pollution
5.5. Climatic Changes
Conclusions
Tropical Dry Forest Structure, Distribution and Dynamics
B. Hayden, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Canada
D. Greene, Department of Geography, Concordia University, Canada
1.
101
Introduction
1.1. Distribution and Climate
1.2. Overview of Dry Forest Structure and Origin
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1.3. Organization of this Review
Phenology
2.1. Leaves and Stems
2.2. Roots
Sexual Reproduction
3.1. Mating Systems
3.2. Flowering and Pollination
3.3. Fruits and Seeds
Subsequent Life History Stages
4.1. Germination, Establishment, and Early Herbivory
4.2. Asexual Reproduction
4.3. Subsequent Growth
Growth Rings
Disturbance and Succession
Forest Structure and Diversity
Conservation
Habitat fragmentation, Edge effects and Biological Corridors in Tropical Ecosystems
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Julieta Benitez-Malvido and Victor Arroyo-Rodriguez, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas,
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro No. 8701, Ex−Hacienda de
San Jose de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
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4.
5.
Introduction
Habitat Fragmentation
2.1. Impact of Habitat Fragmentation on Populations
2.2. Fragmentation Effects on Communities
2.3. Fragmentation Effects on Ecosystems
Edge Effects
Biological Corridors
4.1. Fragment Size
4.2. Fragment Shape
4.3. Fragment Isolation
4.4. Matrix Type
Conclusions
Macroecology
133
José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Departamento de Biologia Geral, ICB, Universidade Federal de
Goiás (UFG, Cx.P. 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, GO, Brasil
Renata Alves da Mata, CNPq Pos-Doctoral Program, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade
Federal de Goiás (UFG), Brasil
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6.
Introduction
Patterns and Processes
Geographical and Historical Structures
Patterns in Species Richness
Challenges in Tropical Macroecology
Concluding remarks
Evolutionary Ecology of Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants
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M. Quesada and F. Rosas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Mexico, Mexico.
Y. Herrerias-Diego, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Michoacan, Mexico.
R. Aguliar, IMBIV - UNC - CONICET, C.C. 495,(5000) Cordoba, Argentina,
J.A. Lobo, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica
G. Sanchez-Montoya, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
Mexico, Mexico.
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Introduction
1.1. The Life Cycle of Angiosperms
1.2. Overview of Angiosperm Diversity
Degree of Specificity of Pollination System
Diversity of Pollination Systems
3.1. Beetle Pollination (Cantharophily)
3.2. Lepidoptera
3.2.1. Butterfly Pollination (Psychophily)
3.2.2. Moth Pollination (Phalaenophily)
3.3. Hymenoptera
3.3.1. Bee Pollination (Melittophily)
3.3.2. Wasps
3.4. Fly Pollination (Myophily and Sapromyophily)
3.5. Bird Pollination (Ornitophily)
3.6. Bat Pollination (Chiropterophily)
3.7. Pollination by No-Flying Mammals
3.8. Wind Pollination (Anemophily)
3.9. Water Pollination (Hydrophily)
Reproductive Systems of Angiosperms
4.1. Strategies that Reduce Selfing and/or Promote Cross-Pollination.
4.2. Self Incompatibility Systems
4.2.1. Incidence of Self Incompatibility in Tropical Forest
4.3. The Evolution of Separated Sexes from Hermaphroditism
4.3.1. From Distyly to Dioecy
4.3.2. From Monoecy to Dioecy
Phenological Patterns in Tropical Ecosystems
Biological Conservation, Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Trees
Conclusion
Seed Dispersal and Frugivory in Tropical Ecosystems
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K. E. Stoner and M. Henry, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma
de México
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Introduction
1.1. Definition of Seed Dispersal
1.2. Organization of this Review
The Seed Dispersal Cycle
2.1. Primary Dispersal
2.2. Secondary Dispersal
Why Seed Dispersal Matters?
3.1. Seed Dispersal and Plant Diversity
3.2. Efficiency, Effectiveness, Quantity and Quality
Fruit Syndromes and Fruit Attributes Attracting Disperses
4.1. When is Seed Dispersal a Mutualistic Interaction?
4.2. The Dodo Bird and the Tambalacoque Tree: An Example of an Obligate Mutualism?
Field Methods for Studying Seed Dispersal
5.1. Who Disperses What? Removal Studies and Faecal Analyses
5.2. What is Dispersed Where? Monitoring Seed Fate
5.3. Germination Experiments
Concepts and Statistical Approaches
6.1. Seed Shadow and the Janzen-Connel Hypothesis
6.2. Modeling Seed Shadows
6.3. Spatial Patterns of Seed Deposition and Seedling Establishment
6.4. Dispersal Limitation: "Winning By Forfeit"
6.5. Seed Sowing Experiments and Disperser Exclusion Experiments
6.6. Mutualistic Networks: Assessing the Stability of Seed Dispersal Systems
6.7. Genetic Techniques
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TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
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Seed Dispersal and Human Development
Importance Of Tropics To Global Carbon Cycle
F. Roland, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
J.P.Ometto, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil
N. Barros, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
F. Pacheco, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
R. Mendonça, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
A. Assireu, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil
L. Martinelli, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brasil.
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General Overview
The Biosphere and Tropical Regions
Carbon Linking Ecosystems
Atmospheric Green House Effect
Carbon and Ecosystems Functioning
Land use Change and Tropical Deforestation
Ecological Processes and Hydrological Reservoirs: Implication to Carbon Playing
An Integrative View
Towards Perspectives
Origins And Maintenance Of Tropical Biodiversity
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Jean Carlos Santos and Jarcilene Almeida-Cortez, Departamento de Botâanica, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Introduction
Tropics: Description, Climate and Ecosystems
Earth’s Biodiversity
Why are there So Many Different Kinds of Organisms in the Tropics?
Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness and Their Hypotheses
5.1. History Factor
5.2. The Time and Area Hypothesis
5.3. Climate Change
5.4. Climatic Stability
5.5. Spatial Heterogeneity
5.6. Geographic Area
5.7. Intermediate Disturbance
5.8. Primary Production
5.9. Ambient Energy
5.10. Evolutionary Speed
5.11. Rapoport's Rule
5.12. Geometric Constraints
5.13. Biotic Interactions
5.14. Competition
5.15. Predation
Conclusion
Index
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About EOLSS
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