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DIGITO_Book.indb 1
10/8/2006 07:17:16
0SHBOJ[BEPSFT3JDBSEP3PTBTF(JTFMJ7BTDPODFMPT4FMP$PNVN
$PFEJUPS(FPSHFT,PSNJLJBSJT3BEJDBM-JWSPT
3FWJTÍP%BOJFMMF4BMFT
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FQFMPMBCPSBUØSJP4BSBJ$4%4%FMIJ
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DIGITO_Book.indb 2
10/8/2006 07:17:16
$PMFUÉOFB
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QPS"OESF-VJT-B4BMWJB
DIGITO_Book.indb 3
10/8/2006 07:17:16
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+
QPS+VMJP1JOUPF1BUSJDJB.PSBO
8PSLJO1SPHSFTTQFSGPSNBODF
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0BOBMØHJDPFPEJHJUBM
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5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
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QPS4ÏSHJP3#BTCBVN
DIGITO_Book.indb 4
10/8/2006 07:17:17
.BOJGFʽPQFMBSFDJDMBHFNEBTSVÓOBT
QPS(SVQP&TRVBESÍP4BSDÈʽJDP
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4ØPBGPSJTNPBQBSØEJBFPQBSBEPYPOPTVOFN
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WFSNFMIPTBOHVF
QPS'BCJBOB#PSHFT
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QPS3JDBSEP3PTBT
EJHJUPGBHJBPVEJHJUPFNJB QPS.ÈSDJP'"SBÞKP+S
(SVQP6SVDVN
3FTMBUJNDPOUJOVBOEP
QPS"SUIVS-FBOESP
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QPS"MFYBOESF1FSFJSB
3ÏTEP$IÍP$PNP4BUÏMJUF
QPS&ETPO#BSSVT
-JOLBOJBT
$VMUVSBFN3FEF"MHVOT1POUPTQBSB3FnFYÍP
QPS$MÈVEJP.BOPFM%VBSUF
DIGITO_Book.indb 5
10/8/2006 07:17:17
&YDMVTÍP%JHJUBMQSPCMFNBTDPODFJUVBJT
FWJEÐODJBTFNQÓSJDBTFQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBT
QPS#FSOBSEP4PSKF-VÓT&EVBSEP(VFEFT
0*NQBʹPEB4PDJFEBEF$JWJM
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PT"SUJDVMBEPSFTF4PGUXBSF-JWSF
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QPS5BUJBOB8FMMT
$VMUVSBEJHJUBMEPTNBSHJOBMJ[BEPT
"QSPQSJBÎÍPUFDOPMØHJDBDPMPDBPDSJNF
PSHBOJ[BEPFNSFEF
QPS"ESJBOB7FMPTP
$.*FOUSFBQPMÓUJDBFPNPWJNFOUP
QPS1BCMP0SUFMMBEP
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QPS1SJTDJMB"SBOUFT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 6
10/8/2006 07:17:17
DIGITO_Book.indb 7
10/8/2006 07:17:17
1SFGÈDJP
DIGITO_Book.indb 8
10/8/2006 07:17:17
1 S F G È D J P
%JHJUPGBHJB Ï VN MJWSP CBTFBEP OP QSPDFTTP DPMFUJWP EF QFOTB
NFOUPDSJʽBMJ[BEPOVNBMJʽBEFEJTDVTTÍPFOVNXJLJRVFEFCBUFV
FOUSFVNBEJWFSTJEBEFEFUFNBTBOFDFTTJEBEFVSHFOUFEFSFnFYÍPEBT
QSÈUJDBTEFNÓEJBBUJWJTNPBQBSUJSEPDPOUFYUPCSBTJMFJSPUFPSJ[BEBT
QSBUJDBEBTFQMBOFKBEBTTPCBJOnVÐODJBEFUFPSJBTFQSÈUJDBTBQBSFOUF
NFOUFBMIFJBTBFTTFDPOUFYUPBTTJNDPNPPQSØQSJPDPODFJUPEFNÓEJB
UÈUJDB"NBJMJOHMJʽGPJDSJBEBFNKVMIPEFȵȳȳȷDPNPGPSNBEFDPO
DFCFSQMBOFKBSFSFBMJ[BSPGFʽJWBM%JHJUPGBHJBSFBMJ[BEPFNPVUVCSPEP
NFTNPBOPOP.VTFVEB*NBHFNFEP4PNFN4ÍP1BVMPFOBDJEBEF
EP3JPEF+BOFJSPOBĦėģěOP1SPKFUP4VCTPMPF3ÈEJP.BEBNF4BUÍ
0QFSDVSTPEFEJTTFNJOBÎÍPEBNÓEJBUÈUJDBOP#SBTJMEFNBOEB
VNB BOÈMJTF DPOUFYUVBM F IJʽØSJDB /ÍP Ï OPTTB JOUFOÎÍP EJTDPSSFS
BRVJTPCSFFTTFQSPDFTTPNBTQFMPUFNBQSPQPʽPQBSBFʽBQVCMJ
DBÎÍPDBCFSFTTBMUBSBPQFSBÎÍPEFEJTTFNJOBÎÍPNFNÏUJDBTFNQSF
QSFTFOUF OBT BÎÜFT QSPQPʽBT RVBOEP B QBSUJS EF VNB JEÏJB WÓSVT
OVN EBEP DPOUFYUP TPDJBM QPTTJCJMJUB TVB QPQVMBSJ[BÎÍP F BEPÎÍP
OPT NBJT EJWFSTPT NFJPT F DFOBT DVMUVSBJT EBT BUJWJʽBT ËT EF BSUF
UFDOPMPHJBFUD"JEÏJBWÓSVTDPOEJDJPOPVTFOVNQBTTPBQBTTPEF
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OB DPOUSBNÍP EPT QSPDFTTPT VTVBJT EF DPODFQÎÍP F SFBMJ[BÎÍP EBT
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EJBTFN"VUPMBCTDPNP'JOE&UÈUJDPFDPNP%JHJUPGBHJB
0GFʽJWBM%JHJUPGBHJBWJTPVQPSTVBWF[BQSPGVOEBSPTDPODFJUPT
FBTRVFʽÜFTMFWBOUBEBTQFMBNÓEJBUÈUJDBOPDPOUFYUPFʼFDÓmDPEP
#SBTJM&NCPSBBTQSÈUJDBTFOHMPCBEBTQFMPFTDPQPUFØSJDPEBNÓEJB
UÈUJDBJODMVÓTTFNDFSUBNFOUFNVJUBTEBTBÎÜFTKÈQSBUJDBEBTQPSEJ
WFSTPTHSVQPTFBUJWJʽBTCSBTJMFJSPTGPTTFNFMBTBQSPHSBNBÎÍPFN
TPGUXBSFMJWSFPNÓEJBBUJWJTNPPUSBCBMIPFNSFEFFOUSFPVUSBTP
GBUPÏRVFNVJUBTPVUSBTDBSBʹFSÓʽJDBTUÓQJDBTEPDPOUFYUPCSBTJMFJSP
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SFBMJ[BÎÍPEPGFTUJWBM*OTDSFWBTF
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OÓWFJTOPXFCTJUFIUUQXXXNJEJBUBUJDBPSH"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 9
10/8/2006 07:17:18
1SFGÈDJP
mDBWBNEFGPSBEFTTBDPODFJUVBÎÍPOÍPGPTTFNFMBTKÈNBSHJOBMJ[B
EBTOPDPOUFYUPHFSBMEBBSUFFEBUFDOPMPHJBFFNFʽVEPTEFDJCFS
DVMUVSBPVFNDPNVOJEBEFTBUJWJʽBT&MFNFOUPTDPSSFOUFTDPNPB
QSÈUJDBEBQJSBUBSJBPNPEPEFBUVBÎÍPEPTDBNFMÙTBHBNCJBSSBB
QSÈUJDBJOEJTDSJNJOBEBFJMFHBMEBTBNQMFBHFNFʼPOUÉOFBFEPSFNJY
OBGPSNBÎÍPEBDVMUVSBCSBTJMFJSBBDPMBCPSBÎÍPFBQSÈUJDBEPNVUJ
SÍPFSBNQPOUPTOPSNBMNFOUFJHOPSBEPTUBOUPQPSUFØSJDPTRVBOUP
QPSBSUJʽBTFBUJWJʽBT'B[JBGBMUBVSHFOUFVNBSFnFYÍPRVFBCBSDBTTF
FTTBTQSÈUJDBTFBTiSFNJYBTTFwDPNPDPODFJUPUÍPQSØYJNPEFNÓEJB
UÈUJDB%VSBOUFBDPODFQÎÍPEP%JHJUPGBHJBQFOTPVTFOVNBFʼÏDJF
EFSFBUVBMJ[BÎÍPEFVNUFNBKÈCBʽBOUFQSFTFOUFOBDVMUVSBCSBTJ
MFJSBEPTÏDVMPĩĩBBOUSPQPGBHJB&NQBSUFDPOTBHSBEBFNOPTTPT
NFJPT DVMUVSBJT FN QBSUF EFTDPOIFDJEB OFTTFT NFTNPT NFJPT EB
BOUSPQPGBHJBTFFʽVEBWBNFTFEJWVMHBWBNEFUFSNJOBEPTBʼFʹPT
FORVBOUPTFJHOPSBWBNPVUSPT1PSDFSUPEFUFSNJOBEBTSFMFJUVSBTEP
DPODFJUPDPNPBTSFBMJ[BEBTQFMPDPMFUJWPĕě3BCCJFQFMPUFØSJDPEF
OPWBTNÓEJBT.BSDVT#BʽPTRVFUSB[JBNP.BOJGFʽP"OUSPQØGBHP
QBSBPDPOUFYUPDPOUFNQPSÉOFPEPTEFCBUFTTPCSFQSPQSJFEBEFJOUF
MFʹVBMFEFEPNÓOJPOBÈSFBDPNQVUBDJPOBMEB.JDSPTPGUFEFPVUSBT
DPSQPSBÎÜFTOPTJOʼJSBSBNBSFMFSBBOUSPQPGBHJBTPCOPWPTPMIPT
0NPWJNFOUPBOUSPQPGÈHJDPEBUBOBSFBMJEBEFEBEÏDBEBEFȵȳ
EPTÏDVMPQBTTBEPFEFGFOEFVNBBTTJNJMBÎÍPBCTPSÎÍPEFWPSBNFOUP
EFSFBMJEBEFTFDVMUVSBTBMIFJBTBP#SBTJMDPNPGPSNBEFTFSFBQSPQSJBS
EPQPEFSEP0VUSPUFOEPDPNPCBTFBQSÈUJDBJOEÓHFOBEFEFWPSBSP
HVFSSFJSP JOJNJHP QBSB UPNBS TFV QPEFS JODPSQPSBOEPP QBSB FMJNJ
OBSBTEJGFSFOÎBT'PJPQFSÓPEPFNRVFBMJOHVBHFNNBJTQSØYJNBEB
SFBMJEBEFTPDJBMSFBmSNBWBPTWBMPSFTOBDJPOBJTFRVFPDPOUBUPDPN
BTSFWPMVDJPOÈSJBTUÏDOJDBTEBWBOHVBSEBFVSPQÏJBSFTPMWJBNPEJMFNB
OBDJPOBMDPTNPQPMJUBOVNJEFÈSJPTJOUFUJ[BEPBQBSUJSEP.BOJGFʽP
"OUSPQØGBHPFNQSFFOEJEPQPS0TXBMEEF"OESBEFGPDBEPOPTVKFJUP
TPDJBMFDPMFUJWP
i4ØBBOUSPQPGBHJBOPTVOF4PDJBMNFOUF&DPOPNJDB
NFOUF'JMPTPmDBNFOUFw
DIGITO_Book.indb 10
10/8/2006 07:17:18
"BOUSPQPGBHJBDPNPNPWJNFOUPDVMUVSBMJNQMJDBWBSFEFTDPCSJS
FMFNFOUPTFTDPOEJEPTEBQSØQSJBDVMUVSBCSBTJMFJSBDPNPPTMFHBEPT
OFHSPFJOEÓHFOBBTTJNDPNPQSPQVOIBVNBSFWPMVÎÍPMJCFSUÈSJB&O
USFPVUSPTQPOUPTBBOUSPQPGBHJBEFGFOEJBBSFVUJMJ[BÎÍPEFFMFNFO
UPTFQSÈUJDBTDVMUVSBJTEFGPSBBEFGFTBEPNBUSJBSDBEPBRVFCSBEF
UBCVTFBUSBOTHSFTTÍPBSUÓʽJDBBVUPQJBEPBNPSMJWSFFBQSPEVÎÍP
DSJBUJWBMJWSFEBTBNBSSBTEPUSBCBMIPDBQJUBMJʽB0CWJBNFOUFNVJ
UBTEFTTBTJEÏJBTSFBQBSFDFSBNBPMBSHPEPTTVDFTTJWPTSFWJWBMTEFTTF
NPWJNFOUPTFOEPRVFBTNBJTJNQSPOVODJÈWFJTQFSNBOFDFSBNTPC
PWÏVEBPNJTTÍP&WFOUVBJTSFTTVSHJNFOUPTDPNPPNPWJNFOUPUSP
QJDBMJʽBOPTBOPTEFȴȼȹȳFB#JFOBMEF4ÍP1BVMPTPCSF"OUSPQPGBHJB
USPVYFSBNËUPOBDFSUPTUSBÎPTPCTDVSFDFOEPPVUSPT
i/ÍP UJWFNPT FʼFDVMBÎÍP .BT UÓOIBNPT BEJWJOIBÎÍP
5ÓOIBNPT1PMÓUJDBRVFÏBDJÐODJBEBEJʽSJCVJÎÍP&VN
TJʽFNBTPDJBMQMBOFUÈSJPNVOEJBM
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"DPODFQÎÍPEF%JHJUPGBHJBGPJQFOTBSVNBQSÈUJDBBOUSPQPGÈHJDB
RVFSFBUVBMJ[BTTFFTTFJEFÈSJPOPDPOUFYUPEBDVMUVSBEJHJUBMSFBCBT
UFDFOEPTFVWJÏTMJCFSUÈSJP1BSBUBOUPBCSBÎBSQSÈUJDBTFʼPOUÉOFBT
OBDVMUVSBDPOUFNQPSÉOFBCSBTJMFJSBDPNPBQJSBUBSJBPTDBNFMÙTFB
HBNCJBSSBTFSJBRVFNTBCFVNBGPSNBEFUSB[FSBNÓEJBUÈUJDBQBSB
VNDBNQPNBJTGBNJMJBSFNBJTDPUJEJBOPBPTQSBUJDBOUFTUFØSJDPT
F BUJWJʽBT CSBTJMFJSPT F UBNCÏN QVCMJDBNFOUF FYQPS P TFOUJEP EB
DPMBCPSBÎÍPOBTUSPDBTEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTGB[FSFTFSFDVSTPTNBUFSJBJT
BQBSBGFSOÈMJBUFDOPMØHJDBDPNQBSUJMIBEBQBSBBÎÜFTDPMFUJWBT-PHP
BJEÏJBEFVNXJLJRVFGPTTFDPOʽSVÓEPQPSUPEPTPTQBSUJDJQBOUFT
FEFVNBNBJMJOHMJʽDPNQSFFOEFOEPBEJTDVTTÍPUBOUPEPGFʽJWBM
RVBOUPEPTDPODFJUPTFOWPMWJEPTTFNPʽSPVDBUBMJTBEPSEPBQSPGVO
EBNFOUP EFTTF EFCBUF F EBT OFDFTTJEBEFT FYQPʽBT Ë NFEJEB RVF
JOÞNFSBT RVFʽÜFT GPSBN MFWBOUBEBT EJTDVTTÜFT TF JOJDJBSBN F TF
BQSPGVOEBSBNOPWBTJEÏJBTGPSBNJOUSPEV[JEBTFWÈSJPTUFYUPTGPSBN
QSPEV[JEPTEJWVMHBEPTFUSBEV[JEPTOFTTFÓOUFSJN
i3PUFJSPT3PUFJSPT3PUFJSPT3PUFJSPT3PUFJSPT3PUFJSPT3PUFJSPTw
DIGITO_Book.indb 11
10/8/2006 07:17:18
1SFGÈDJP
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EPWPMVNFEFNBUFSJBMQSPEV[JEPRVFHFSPVVNMJWSPiEFNPwDIBNB
EP%JHJUPGBHJB$PPLCPPLFOHMPCBOEPUPEBBSJRVF[BEBTEJTDVTTÜFT
HFSBEBTFNUPSOPEPTUFNBT/ÍPQPSBDBTPOPWBTGBDFUBTFEJTDVT
TÜFTBÓTVSHJSJBNDPNPPEFCBUFTPCSFVNQPTTÓWFMDJCFSGFNJOJTNP
OP#SBTJMFPNBSBTNPJEFPMØHJDPEBNÓEJBBSUFCSBTJMFJSB5BNBOIPT
EFCBUFTEFVNBJNQPSUÉODJBUBMWF[FʽSBUÏHJDBOPBUVBMDPOUFYUPEB
QSPEVÎÍP NJEJÈUJDB CSBTJMFJSB DPSSFSJBN P SJTDP EF DBJS OVN DFSUP
PʽSBDJTNPFODFSSBEPPGFʽJWBM
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NÈUJDPDPNQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFMBOÎBNFOUPBOVBMEFNBOEBWBQPSDFSUP
BFTDPMIBEFVNUFNBDFOUSBMRVFFOHMPCBTTFVNEFCBUFDPSSFOUF
OPT NFJPT EF NÓEJB UÈUJDB CSBTJMFJSPT 1BSB FʽF QSJNFJSP OÞNFSP
QFOTPVTFFNOÍPBQFOBTSFDVQFSBSVNDPSQVTEFQSPEVÎÍPUFØSJDB
FSFnFYJWBKÈEJʼPOÓWFMNBTJHVBMNFOUFQPTTJCJMJUBSOPWBTSFnFYÜFT
F EFTFOSPMBSFT VUJMJ[BOEP VNB SFEF EF UFØSJDPT BSUJʽBT F BUJWJʽBT
KÈNPCJMJ[BEBEVSBOUFBSFBMJ[BÎÍPEP%JHJUPGBHJB1BSBUBOUPPCWJB
NFOUFPUFNBQFOTBEPGPJKVʽBNFOUFB%JHJUPGBHJBEBEPPSJTDPEF
FTRVFDJNFOUPEPNBUFSJBMQSPEV[JEPFBSFOPWBEBQFSUJOÐODJBFBUV
BMJEBEFEBTRVFʽÜFTBMJMFWBOUBEBT0QSPDFEJNFOUPBEPUBEPQBSBB
GFJUVSBFBPSHBOJ[BÎÍPEPNBUFSJBMBRVJQVCMJDBEPTFEFVUBOUPQFMB
SFDPMIBEFUFYUPTKÈEJʼPOÓWFJTFJOÏEJUPTFNMJWSPRVBOUPQFMBQSP
EVÎÍPEFOPWPTNBUFSJBJTTPMJDJUBEPTBmNEFDPOUSJCVJSDPNOPWBT
SFnFYÜFTFQPTTJCJMJEBEFTEFBQSPGVOEBNFOUP
0MJWSPBRVJBQSFTFOUBEPÏVNmMIPMFHÓUJNPEFʽFQSPDFTTP
%JHJUPGBHJB $PPLCPPL PV %JHJUPGBHJB $VRVFCVRVÐ USB[ PT UFYUPT F NFMIPSFT
NPNFOUPTEBEJTDVTTÍPTFMFDJPOBEPTFEJUBEPTFEJBHSBNBEPTQPS5BUJBOB8FMMTF
3JDBSEP 3VJ[ EJTQPOÓWFM QBSB EPXOMPBE OP FOEFSFÎP IUUQXXXNJEJBUBUJDBPSH
JQEPXOMPBETEJHJUP@DPPLCPPLQEG"DFTTPFNKVO
"1MBUBGPSNB4BSBJ8BBH&YDIBOHFQSPNPWFBUSPDBEFJEÏJBTTPGUXBSFTFPVUSPT
SFDVSTPTQBSBDPOTUSVJSSFEFTBTTJNDPNPGPNFOUBSBTFNFSHFOUFT"QMBUBGPSNB
CSBTJMFJSBÏQBUSPDJOBEBQFMBTEVBTJOTUJUVJÎÜFTRVFGPSNBNPQSPHSBNB8BBH4P
DJFUZGPS0ME"OE/FX.FEJBJOTUJUVUPIPMÉOEFTRVFPQFSBOPÉNCJUPEBTSFMBÎÜFT
UFDOPMØHJDBTDPNBTPDJFEBEFFEVDBÎÍPHPWFSOPFJOEÞTUSJBF4BSBJ5IF/FX.F
EJB*OJDJBUJWFRVFEFTFOWPMWFVNQSPHSBNBEFDFOUSPEFFTUVEPTFEFTFOWPMWJNFOUP
EBTTPDJFEBEFTDPNPGPSNBEFSF
DPOIFDFSBDVMUVSBQÞCMJDBVSCBOB
DIGITO_Book.indb 12
10/8/2006 07:17:18
i"BMFHSJBÏBQSPWBEPTOPWFw
3JDBSEP3PTBTF(JTFMJ7BTDPODFMPT
DIGITO_Book.indb 13
10/8/2006 07:17:19
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TBNFOUPFNUPSOPEBTUFDOPMPHJBTEFNÓEJB'PJBEÏDBEBFNRVF
UBOUPBSUJʽBTRVBOUPBUJWJʽBTDPNFÎBSBNBEFTDPCSJSBTUFDOPMPHJBT
EJHJUBJTOVNBFTDBMBNBTTJWB0TQSFÎPTDBÓBNFBTFYQFʹBUJWBTTF
FMFWBWBNBJODSÓWFJTBMUVSBT
/ÍP WBNPT SFQFUJS UPEBT BT EFmOJÎÜFT EF iNÓEJB UÈUJDBw RVF
FʽÍP QBJSBOEP QPS BÓ 0 RVF WBMF NFODJPOBS Ï B GPSNB QFMB RVBM
FTTF UFSNP UFN TJEP BEPUBEP QPS OVNFSPTPT HSVQPT F JOEJWÓEVPT
FNUPEPPNVOEP"MÏNEBCSJMIBOUFDFOBEFNÓEJBUÈUJDBOP#SB
TJMSFUSBUBEBOFʽBFEJÎÍPQPEFSJBTFQFOTBSOP5BʹJDBM5FDIVNB
SFEFCBTFBEBFN"NʽFSEÍEFEFTFOWPMWFEPSFTEFTPGUXBSFMJWSFF
PQFOTPVSDFFNOBÎÜFTOÍPPDJEFOUBJTPVOPBSUJʽBFTMPWFOP.BSLP
1FMKIBO DVKP QSPKFUP .BLSPMBC SFDFCFV P OPNF iNÓEJB UÈUJDBw &N
TFVMJWSP1SPUPDPM"MFY(BMMPXBZNFODJPOBNBJTBMHVOTQPVDPTQSP
KFUPTEFWÓSVTEFDPNQVUBEPSBDJCFSGFNJOJTNPFWJEFPHBNFT0RVF
DPODJMJBFTTBTJOJDJBUJWBTUÈUJDBTTÍPTVBTPQFSBÎÜFTDVJEBEPTBNFOUF
QMBOFKBEBTTVBFʽÏUJDBNBJTBMÏNEBRVFʽÍPEPHPʽP/ÍPTFOEP
OFN BUSBFOUF OFN GFJB OFN CPB OFN SVJN B NÓEJB UÈUJDB BQBSF
DFBUBDBFEFTBQBSFDFOPWBNFOUF&NWF[EPTSJUVBJTEFOFHBÎÍPF
SFDVTBEBWFMIBHVBSEBBNÓEJBUÈUJDBBUSBJUBOUPDSJBEPSFTRVBOUP
VTVÈSJPTUBOUPQSPEVUPSFTRVBOUPFʼFʹBEPSFTOVNKPHPEFBQBSF
DJNFOUPTFEFTBQBSFDJNFOUPT
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FN"NʽFSEÍVNFWFOUPEFOPWBTNÓEJBTDPNVNWJÏT
DMBSBNFOUF QPMÓUJDP 0ğȸĞ BDPOUFDFV FNȴȼȼȶ ȴȼȼȹ ȴȼȼȼ F ȵȳȳȶ
NBT OVODB DVMNJOPV OVNB PSHBOJ[BÎÍP &MF OÍP WJSPV VN FWFOUP
BOVBMPVCJBOVBMOFNTFRVFSUFWFVNBFʽSVUVSBMFHBMPVVNXFCTJUF
FʽÈWFM%FTEFPDPNFÎPPğȸĞUFNTJEPVNBDPBMJ[ÍPUFNQPSÈSJBEF
JOEJWÓEVPTFJOʽJUVJÎÜFTRVFTFSFÞOFNQBSBPSHBOJ[BSPGFʽJWBM‰F
FOUÍPTFTFQBSBN*HVBMNFOUFTJHOJmDBUJWPÏPGBUPEFRVFPFWFOUP
BUÏBHPSBOÍPSFTVMUPVOVNBSFEFTVʽFOUÈWFM
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*OEZNFEJB$FOUSPEF.ÓEJB*OEFQFOEFOUF
BTTVNJVFTTFQBQFMNBT
DIGITO_Book.indb 14
10/8/2006 07:17:19
PRVFMIFGBMUBÏVNBQBVUBJNBHJOBUJWBFBSUÓʽJDB
/ÍPIÈOFNNFTNPVNBMJʽBEFEJTDVTTÍPRVFKVOUFPTQSBUJ
DBOUFTEFNÓEJBUÈUJDB/FUUJNF4QFʹSFF'JCSFDVMUVSFQPEFNFN
QBSUFGB[FSJTTPNBTOFOIVNBEFTTBTMJʽBTÏFYQMJDJUBNFOUFQBSBNJ
EJBBUJWJʽBT&NDPNVNBDPSEPDSJBEPSFTEFNÓEJBUÈUJDBTFSFÞOFN
EFWF[FNRVBOEPNBTSBSBNFOUFDSJBNSFEFTFOUSFTJ1BSFDFNUFS
PVUSBTJEFOUJEBEFT‰FQSJPSJEBEFT²VNEFUBMIFIJʽØSJDPNBSDBOUF
EJHJUBSiSFEFEFNÓEJBUÈUJDBwiUBʹJDBMNFEJBOFUXPSLw
OVNNFDB
OJTNPEFCVTDBFBDBCBSOVNBQÈHJOBWFSNFMIBWB[JBQSPEV[JEBFN
NFBEPTEFȴȼȼȺQBSBB%PDVNFOUB9FN,BTTFMQFMPğȸĞEF"NʽFS
EÍVNBQÈHJOBRVFOÍPMFWBBMVHBSOFOIVN0RVFFODPOUSBNPTMÈ
TÍPEFmOJÎÜFTOÍPVNBSFEF0RVFFʽÈTFOEPFOGBUJ[BEPÏPDBSÈUFS
iQSPWJTØSJPw"HFSBÎÍPEBJOUFSOFUEBEÏDBEBEFȴȼȼȳGPJ‰FBJOEB
Ï ‰ SFDFPTB EF JOʽJUVDJPOBMJ[BÎÍP F BNB BHJS OB DMBOEFʽJOJEBEF
0TGSÈHFJTFMPTFOUSFDPMFHBTBSUJʽBTFBUJWJʽBTFʽÍPTFOEPDVJEBEP
TBNFOUFNBOUJEPT
&ʽB QVCMJDBÎÍP GPJ BQPJBEB QFMB BTTJN DIBNBEB QMBUBGPSNB
4BSBJ8BBH &TTF HSVQP SFVOJOEP DFOUSPT EF OPWBT NÓEJBT BKVEB
JOJDJBUJWBTTFNFMIBOUFTOPQSPDFTTPEFJOʽJUVDJPOBMJ[BÎÍP"TOPWBT
NÓEJBTQPEFNTFSWJSUVBJTNBTPRVFFMBTQSFDJTBNEFGBUPOÍPÏ
EFPVUSBWJSUVBMJ[BÎÍPNBTEFTFBMJDFSÎBSOBWJEBDPUJEJBOB"QMB
UBGPSNB 4BSBJ8BBH DPNFÎPV FNȴȼȼȻ " IPMBOEFTB 8BBH 4PDJFUZ
FʽBCFMFDJEBOBDPOʽSVÎÍPBOUJHBEF"NʽFSEÍOPDFOUSPEBDJEBEF
GPJ BCFSUB FN ȴȼȼȹ F QPEF TFS WJʽB DPNP VN GSVUP EP NPWJNFO
UPTRVBUUFSEPTHSVQPTEFBDFTTPQÞCMJDPRVFFʽBWBNFOWPMWJEPT
OBUFMFWJTÍPBDBCPMPDBMEPTHSVQPTEFSÈEJPQJSBUBFEPTIBDLFST
EFDPNQVUBEPS²VNDFOUSPEFOPWBTNÓEJBTRVFFʽÈWPMUBEPBP
EFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEFiBQMJDBUJWPTDVMUVSBJTwQBSBDSJBOÎBTEFmDJFOUFT
NFOUBJTFTDPMBTNVTFVTFUD04BSBJFN/PWB%ÏMJOB¶OEJBUFN
VN CBDLHSPVOE NBJT BDBEÐNJDP F TF EFTFOWPMWF UBNCÏN B QBSUJS
EFVNBTPmʽJDBEBUSBEJÎÍPEFDJOFNBFEPDVNFOUÈSJP&NQSJNFJ
SBJOʽÉODJBBWFSCBIPMBOEFTBQBSBBVYÓMJPBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPOP
.PWJNFOUPDPOUSBDVMUVSBMEFPDVQBÎÍPEFFEJGÓDJPTBCBOEPOBEPTNVJUPDPNVNOPOPSUF
EB&VSPQBFEB*OHMBUFSSBQSJODJQBMNFOUFBQBSUJSEBEÏDBEBEFDPNGPSUFJOnVÐODJB
EBDVMUVSBQVOLOPUBEPUSBEVUPS
5SBEVÎÍPEF3JDBSEP3PTBT
DIGITO_Book.indb 15
10/8/2006 07:17:19
*OUSPEVÎÍP
QBTTBEPVUJMJ[BEBQSJODJQBMNFOUFQBSBDPOʽSVJSCPNCBTEÈHVBOBT
ÈSFBTSVSBJTGPJVTBEBQBSBFʽBCFMFDFSPDFOUSPEFOPWBTNÓEJBTEP
4BSBJNBTSBQJEBNFOUFPVUSBTGPOUFTEFTVCWFOÎÍPGPSBNFODPOUSB
EBT&NȵȳȳȷVNBTFHVOEBGBTFEPJOUFSDÉNCJPDPNFÎPVRVBOEP
PVUSBT JOJDJBUJWBT GPSBN DPOWJEBEBT QBSB GPSNBS VNB QMBUBGPSNB
&N ȵȳȳȷ P "MUFSOBUJWF -BX 'PSVN 'ØSVN EB -FJ "MUFSOBUJWB
FN
#BOHBMPSFOB¶OEJBTFUPSOPVPUFSDFJSPOPEPOBSFEF"QBSUJSEP
mNEFȵȳȳȷJOJDJBSBNTFDPOWFSTBTDPNHSVQPTCSBTJMFJSPT"MÏNEP
mOBODJBNFOUPEFʽBQVCMJDBÎÍPBQMBUBGPSNB4BSBJ8BBHUBNCÏNÏ
BQBUSPDJOBEPSBEBDPOGFSÐODJB4VCNJEJBMPHJBFN$BNQJOBTȵȺBȶȳ
EFPVUVCSPȵȳȳȸ
%FOUSPEPDPOUFYUPEFNÓEJBUÈUJDBPRVFTJHOJmDBDSJBSVNBiQMB
UBGPSNB HMPCBMw *TTP OÍP Ï QVSB JEFPMPHJB 4FSFNPT SFWPMVDJPOÈSJPT
NFSBNFOUFOPʽÈMHJDPTRVFTPOIBNFNSFWJUBMJ[BSBCPBFWFMIBTPMJEB
SJFEBEFJOUFSOBDJPOBMRVFGVODJPOÈSJPTDPNVOJʽBTPVUSPSBQSFHBWBN /PTJUFEP4BSBJ8BBHQPEFNPTMFSBTFHVJOUFFFYUFOTBQBTTBHFN
"TmOBOÎBTEFWFNTFSPSHBOJ[BEBTBUFDOPMPHJBJOʽBMBEBP
DPOUFÞEPBENJOJʽSBEP6NTJʽFNBJOUFSDPOFʹBEPFNCPN
GVODJPOBNFOUPQPEFTFSPBENJSÈWFMSFTVMUBEPEBJOUFOTBUSP
DBEFJEÏJBTTPGUXBSFTFPVUSPTSFDVSTPT$POUVEPBQSØQSJB
SFEFQFSNBOFDFGSÈHJMFJOWJTÓWFM&MBÏBFOUJEBEFNFUBGÓTJDB
EFOPTTPTEJBTDFDJOFʽQBTVOFSFTFBV
0MBCJSJOUPUFDOPDÓ
WJDPQFSNBOFDFTFNQSFFNDPOʽSVÎÍP3FEFTOVODBTÍPTJN
QMFTNFOUFGFSSBNFOUBT4ÍPBNCJFOUFTTFOTÓWFJTPSHBOJTNPT
NVUBOUFT POEF QFTTPBT F JOʽJUVJÎÜFT DPOʽBOUFNFOUF OFHP
DJBNRVFʽJPOBNBSHVNFOUBNDPOUSJCVFNBMJNFOUBOEPTF
VOTBPTPVUSPTDPNVNDSFTDFOUFnVYPEFJOGPSNBÎÍP3FEFT
OVODBTÍPDBNJOIPTDPODMVÓEPTEF#BCFM&MBTTÍPVNBUFJB
JOUFSDVMUVSBMTFNQSFFNnVYPOBTDJEBEFVNBQFSQÏUVBQBJ
YÍPQFMBQSPHSBNBÎÍPFQFMBUSBOTNJTTÍPQFMPEFTJHOFQFMB
FTDSJUB+ÈQBTTBNPTEPFʽÈHJPEBiUSBOTGFSÐODJBEFUFDOPMPHJBw
EFNÍPÞOJDBFDIFHBNPTËFSBEBDPMBCPSBÎÍPHMPCBM*TTP
OÍPTJHOJmDBRVFBEFTJHVBMEBEFFDPOÙNJDBNVOEJBMUFOIB
RVBTFRVFEFTBQBSFDJEPEBOPJUFQBSBPEJBEFWJEPËDIFHBEB
DIGITO_Book.indb 16
10/8/2006 07:17:19
EPDPNQVUBEPS/PFOUBOUPBJNBHFNEBiFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMwÏ
VNB EFTDSJÎÍP EFNBTJBEP QBTTJWB QBSB P UJUÉOJDP EJʽÞSCJP
DBVTBEPQFMBQSPMJGFSBÎÍPEFOPWBTUFDOPMPHJBTOVNBFTDBMB
QMBOFUÈSJBw
&OUÍPTFNRVFSFSTFSDBUFHØSJDPOFNJOHÐOVPPRVFTJHOJmDBB
USPDBFOUSFDFOUSPTEFOPWBTNÓEJBTFQSPEVUPSFTOVNBFTDBMBSFBM
NFOUFHMPCBM
.VJUPGBDJMNFOUFBFOFSHJBEPTQSPEVUPSFTEFNÓEJBUÈUJDBFʽÈ
TFQFSEFOEPEFOUSPEBJOUFSOFURVFUPEPTBNBNPTPEJBS²UFOUBEPS
TFQFSEFSQPSBMJFBDSFEJUBSOPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPUFMFPMØHJDPEBJOUFS
OFUDPNPVNiNFJPRVFSFWPHBUPEPTPTNFJPTw0RVFQSBUJDBOUFT
EFNÓEJBUÈUJDBGB[FNÏEFTFODPSBKBSHSBOEFTFYQFʹBUJWBTFNUPSOP
EPQPUFODJBMiMJCFSBEPSwEFUPEBTBTUFDOPMPHJBTUBOUPWFMIBTDPNP
OPWBT TFN DBJS OB DJMBEB EP QFTTJNJTNP DVMUVSBM &N WF[ EJTTP FT
UBNPT QSPDVSBOEP GPSNBT EF DPOFʹBS P CBOBM DPN P FYDMVTJWP P
iQPQVMBSwDPNBBMUBBSUFPiUSBTIwDPNDBSPTBSUJHPTEFNBSDB/VN
OÓWFMUÏDOJDPJTTPTJHOJmDBFODPOUSBSGPSNBTEFDPOFʹBSUSBOTNJUJS
EFTDPOFʹBS‰FOPWBNFOUFSFDPOFʹBS‰VNBNVMUJEÍPEFnVYPT
EF POEBT EF SÈEJP QJSBUB WJEFPBSUF BOJNBÎÜFT KBN TFTTJPOT NVTJ
DBJTDVMUVSBTEFYFSPYQFSGPSNBODFTFYJCJÎÜFTEFmMNFTFHSBmUFEF
SVBTFNFTRVFDFSPDØEJHPEFDPNQVUBEPS)ÈNVJUPBVYÓMJPNÞUVP
FNEFTFOWPMWFSDFOUSPTFSFEFTBUÏPNPNFOUPFNRVFGPSIPSBEF
EFJYÈMPTQBSBPVUSPTQBSBBIJʽØSJBFTFHVJSDBNJOIP
(FFSU-PWJOL
%JTQPOÓWFMFNIUUQXBBHTBSBJOFUEJTQMBZQIQ JE"DFTTPFNNBJP
DIGITO_Book.indb 17
10/8/2006 07:17:20
DIGITO_Book.indb 18
4ØBBOUSPQPGBHJBOPTMJOLB4PDJBMNFOUF&DPOPNJDBNFOUF'JMPTPmDBNFOUF
ÁOJDBJOUFSGBDFEPNVOEP&YQSFTTÍPFNVMBEBEFUPEPTPTJOEJWJEVBMJTNPTEFUPEPTPTDPMFUJWJTNPT%FUPEBTBTSFMJHJÜFT%F
UPEPTPTUSBUBEPTEFQB[
QIQPSOPUQIQUIBUJTUIFRVFʽJPO
$POUSBUPEBTBTDBUFRVFTFT&DPOUSBB.JDSPTPGUNÍFEPT/FSET
4ØJOUFSFTTBPRVFOÍPÏNFV-FJEPIBDLFS-FJEP(FFL
&ʽBNPTGBUJHBEPTEFUPEPTPTBENJOTTVʼFJUPTPTQPʽPTFNESBNB5VSLMFBDBCPVDPNPFOJHNBJOEJWÓEVPFDPNPVUSPT
TVʽPTEBQTJDPMPHJBIVNBOB
0RVFBUSPQFMBWBBWFSEBEFFSBPDPSQPPJNQFSNFÈWFMFOUSFPNVOEPJOUFSJPSFPNVOEPFYUFSJPS"SFBÎÍPDPOUSBPIPNFN
EFTDPOFʹBEP0/FUUJNFEJHFʽJOGPSNBSÈ
'JMIPTEB4VONÍFEPTWJWFOUFT&ODPOUSBEPTFBNBEPTGFSP[NFOUFDPNUPEBBIJQPDSJTJBEBTBVEBEFQFMPTEFʼMVHBEPTQFMPT
BSRVJWPT
DPSSPNQJEPTQFMPTUVSJOHT/PQMBOFUBEBSFEFNVOEJBM
'PJQPSRVFOVODBUJWFNPTQSPHSBNBTOFNDPMFÎÜFTEFDØEJHPTGPOUF&OVODBTPVCFNPTPRVFFSBIVNBOPQØTIVNBOP
GSPOUFJSJÎPFDPOUJOFOUBM1SFHVJÎPTPTEPNBQBNÞOEJEP#SBTJM
6NBDPOTDJÐODJBQBSUJDJQBOUFVNBSÓUNJDBUFDOPMØHJDB
$POUSB UPEPT PT JNQPSUBEPSFT EF QSPHSBNBT MJDFODJBEPT " FYJʽÐODJB QBMQÈWFM EB WJEB & B NFOUBMJEBEF HFOÏSJDB QBSB -FW
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QPS%+3BCCJ
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10/8/2006 07:17:20
DIGITO_Book.indb 19
4ØQPEFNPTBUFOEFSBPNVOEPEP0SBDMF
5ÓOIBNPTBKVʽJÎBDPEJmDBÎÍPEBWJOHBOÎB"DJÐODJBDPEJmDBÎÍPEB.BHJB"OUSPQPGBHJB"NJHSBÎÍPQFSNBOFOUFEP$ØEJHP
FNJOUFSGBDF
$POUSBPEJTDPSÓHJEPFBTJEÏJBTmYBT$BEBWFSJ[BEBT0ʽPQEPTJʽFNBEJOÉNJDP0JOEÓWJEVPWÓUJNBEPWÓSVT-JCEBTJOKVʽJÎBT
DMÈTTJDBT%BTJOKVʽJÎBTSPNÉOUJDBT&PFTRVFDJNFOUPEBTDPORVJʽBTJOUFSJPSFT
#BODPTEFEBEP#BODPTEFEBEP#BODPTEFEBEP#BODPTEFEBEP#BODPTEFEBEP#BODPTEFEBEP#BODPTEFEBEP
2VFSFNPTB3FWPMVÎÍP*OGPSNÈUJDB.BJPSRVFB3FWPMVÎÍP(FOÏUJDB"VOJmDBÎÍPEFUPEBTBTSFWPMUBTFmDB[FTOBEJSFÎÍPEP
DMPOF4FNOØTBSFEFOÍPUFSJBTFRVFSPTFVQPCSF.BOJGFʽP$ZCPSHVF
"JEBEFEPPVUSPBOVODJBEBQFMB"NÏSJDB"JEBEFEPPVUSP&UPEBTBTHJSMTTJOUÏUJDBT
'JMJBÎÍP0DPOUBUPDPNP#SBTJM*OGPSNÈUJDP0V7JMMFHBJHOPOQSJOUUFSSF)BSBXBZ0DJCPSHVFIÓCSJEP)BZMFT%BSFWPMVÎÍP
FMFUSÙOJDBBP1ØTIVNBOJTNPËSFWPMVÎÍPEJHJUBMË3FWPMVÎÍPHFOÏUJDBFBPDPFMIPNBOJQVMBEPEF,BD$BNJOIBNPT
/VODBGPNPTDBUFRVJ[BEPT7JWFNPTBUSBWÏTEFVNEJSFJUPTPOÉNCVMP7JNPT$ISJʽPFODBQBSP&MFWBEPS-BDFSEBOB#BIJB0V
VNBÈSWPSFFN#FMÏNEP1BSÈ
.BTOVODBBENJUJNPTPOBTDJNFOUPEBMØHJDBEFQSPHSBNBÎÍPFOUSFPTOØT
$POUSBP1BESF7JFJSB"VUPSEFOPTTPQSJNFJSPFNQSÏʽJNPQBSBHBOIBSDPNJTTÍP0SFJBOBMGBCFUPEJTTFSBMIFRVFJNFJTTPFN
ĔĕNBTFNGPSNBEFEBEPT'F[TFPFNQSÏʽJNP(SBWPVTFPHFOFEPBÎÞDBSCSBTJMFJSP7JFJSBEFJYPVPEJOIFJSPFN1PSUVHBM
FOPTUSPVYFBTFRàÐODJBEPĕğĒ
0BWBUBSJOTJʽFFNDPODFCFSPFʼÓSJUPTFNDPSQP0UFDOPNPSmTNP/FDFTTJEBEFEBWBDJOBBOUSPQPGÈHJDB1BSBPFRVJMÓCSJP
DPOUSBBTDPSQPSBÎÜFTEBFDPOPNJBHMPCBM&BTJORVJTJÎÜFTPČJOF
.BOJGFTUPBOUSPQØGBHP
10/8/2006 07:17:20
0JOʽJOUP*OGPSNÈUJDP
.PSUFFWJEBEPTCBDLVQT%BFRVBÎÍPPCKFUPQBSUFEP1SPHSBNBBPBYJPNB1SPHSBNBQBSUFEPPCKFUP4VCTJʽÐODJB$POIFDJ
NFOUP"OUSPQPGBHJB
$POUSBBTFMJUFTWFHFUBJT&NDPNVOJDBÎÍPDPNPTJMÓDJP
/VODBGPNPTDBUFRVJ[BEPT'J[FNPTGPJ$BSOBWBM0JOEFYWFʽJEPEFTFOBEPSEP*NQÏSJP'JOHJOEPEF#VTI0VmHVSBOEPOBT
ØQFSBTEF/PSUPODIFJPEFCPOTTFOUJNFOUPTQPSUVHVFTFT
+ÈUÓOIBNPTPDPNVOJTNP+ÈUÓOIBNPTBJOUFSGBDFNØWFM"JEBEFEPPVUSP
5*5-&UJUMF
IUNMQIQ
QIQnBTI
QMVHJO
"NBHJBFBWJEB5ÓOIBNPTBSFMBÎÍPFPFOWJPEFEBEPTJNBUFSJBJTEPʼBNEBTNFOTBHFOTFODSJQUBEBT&TBCÓBNPTUSBOʼPS
PNJʽÏSJPFBNPSUFDPNPBVYÓMJPEFBMHVOTTDSJQUTWBHBCVOEPT
1FTRVJTFJOVNNPUPSEFCVTDBPRVFFSBP%JSFJUP&MFSFUPSOPVTJUFTTPCSFBHBSBOUJBEPFYFSDÓDJPEBQPTTJCJMJEBEF&TTFQSP
HSBNBDIBNBWBTF(PPHMF4BNQMFFJ
4ØOÍPIÈMPPQJOHPOEFIÈCBOEBMBSHB.BTRVFUFNPTOØTDPNJTTP
$POUSBBTIJʽØSJBTEPIPNFNRVFDPNFÎBNOP4JMJDPO7BMMFZ0NVOEPTFNEBEPT/ÍPWBMJEBEP4FN#JMM(BUFT4FN4UFWF
+PCT
"mYBÎÍPEPQSPHSFTTPQPSNFJPEFCMPHTFUFMFGPOFTDFMVMBSFT4ØBJOUFSGBDF&PTDPEJmDBEPSFTEFÈVEJP
$POUSBBTTVCMJNBÎÜFTBOUBHÙOJDBT$PNQBSUJMIBEBTWJB/BQʽFS
*OUSPEVÎÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 20
10/8/2006 07:17:20
$POUSBBWFSEBEFEPTQPWPTNJTTJPOÈSJPTEFmOJEBQFMBTBHBDJEBEFEFVNBOUSPQØGBHP-JOVT5SPWBME‰²NFOUJSBNVJUBTWF[FT
SFQFUJEB
.BTOÍPGPSBNDSV[BEPTRVFWJFSBN'PSBNGVHJUJWPTEFVNBDJWJMJ[BÎÍPRVFFʽBNPTTBNQMFBOEPQPSRVFTPNPTNÞMUJQMPTF
JNQSFWJTÓWFJTDPNP5FE/FMTPO
4F(BUFTÏBDPOTDJÐODJBEP6OJWFSTP*ODSJBEP5SPWBMEÏBNÍFEPTWJWFOUFT+PCTÏBNÍFEPTWFHFUBJT
/ÍPUJWFNPTBDVʽPNJ[BÎÍP.BTUÓOIBNPTSBOEPNJ[BÎÍP5ÓOIBNPTQPMÓUJDBRVFÏBDJÐODJBEBEJʽSJCVJÎÍP&VNTJʽFNBEF
DPNQBSUJMIBNFOUPTPDJBMQMBOFUÈSJP
"TNJHSBÎÜFT"GVHBEBTUFDOPMPHJBTPCTPMFUBT$POUSBBTFTDMFSPTFTVSCBOBT$POUSBBT4BMBTEFCBUFQBQPFPUÏEJPFʼFDV
MBUJWP
%F8JMMJBN(JCTPOF3JEMFZ4DPUU"USBOTmHVSBÎÍPEP$ØEJHPFNJOUFSGBDF"OUSPQPGBHJB
0QBUIGBNÓMJBFBDSJBÎÍPEPNFDBOJTNPJOUFMJHFOUF*HOPSÉODJBSFBMEBTVSMTGPOUFEFEJHJUBMJ[BÎÍPTFOUJNFOUPEFBMUFSJEBEF
BOUFBQSPMFDVSJPTB
²QSFDJTPQBSUJSEFVNQSPGVOEPOPNBEJTNPQBSBTFDIFHBSËJEÏJBEF3FEF.BTBDBSBÓCBOÍPQSFDJTBWB1PSRVFUJOIB"OEFS
TFFO
0PCKFUJWPDSJBEPSFBHFDPNPPT"OKPTEB2VFEB%FQPJT5FE/FMTPOEJWBHB2VFUFNPTOØTDPNJTTP
"OUFTEPTQPSUVHVFTFTEFTDPCSJSFNP#SBTJMP#SBTJMUJOIBEFTDPCFSUPBGFMJDJEBEF
$POUSBPQSPHSBNBEPSDPPSQPSBUJWP0QSPHSBNBEPSmMIPEF#JMM(BUFTBmMIBEPEF$BUBSJOBEF4FBUUMFFHFOSPEF%"OUÙOJP
EF4JMJDPOJB
"BMFHSJBÏBQSPWBEB/PWFMM
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DIGITO_Book.indb 21
10/8/2006 07:17:20
$POUSBB.FNØSJBGPOUFEPDPʽVNF"FYQFSJÐODJBWJSUVBMSFOPWBEB
4PNPTJNBUFSJBJT"TJEÏJBTUPNBNDPOUBDPOFʹBNRVFJNBNEJTRVFUFTOBTQSBÎBTQÞCMJDBT4VQSJNBNPTBTJEÏJBTFPVUSBT
QBSBMJTJBT1FMPTNFNFTDPSSPTJWPT"DSFEJUBSOBTCVTDBTBDSFEJUBSOBTCJCMJPUFDBTEFTDSJQUTFOPTQSPHSBNBTġȵġ
$POUSB(BUFTBNÍFEPT(SBDPTFB$PSUFEF(FPSHF#VTI**
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"MVUBFOUSFPRVFTFDIBNBSJB)BDLFSFB.ÈRVJOB‰JMVʽSBEBQFMBDPOUSBEJÎÍPQFSNBOFOUFEPIPNFNFTFV"WBUBS0BNPS
DPUJEJBOPFPNPEVTWJWFOEJDBQJUBMJʽB"OUSPQPGBHJB4BNQMFBSPJOJNJHPTBDSP1BSBUSBOTGPSNÈMPFNSFNJY"BWFOUVSBDJCFS
OÏUJDB"mOBMJEBEFDPOFʹBEB1PSÏNTØBTQVSBTFMJUFTDPOTFHVJSBNSFBMJ[BSBBOUSPQPGBHJBWJSUVBMRVFUSB[FNTJPNBJTBMUP
TFOUJEPEBWJEBFFWJUBPTNBMFTJEFOUJmDBEPTQPS5VSLMFNBMFTIVNBOPT0RVFTFEÈOÍPÏVNBEJHJUBMJ[BÎÍPEPJOʽJOUPTFYVBM
²BFTDBMBUFSNPNÏUSJDBEBJOUFSGBDFBOUSPQPGÈHJDB%FWJSUVBMFMBTFUPSOBFMFUJWBFDSJBBDPOFʹJWJEBEF"GFUJWBWBMJEBPMPHJO
&ʼFDVMBUJWBHFSBBJOUFMJHÐODJBBSUJmDJBM%FTWJBTFFUSBOTGFSFTF0TEBEPTDPSSPNQJEPT"CBJYBBOUSPQPGBHJBDPOHFʽJPOBEB
OPTUSÈmDPTEFDPNÏSDJPFMFUSÙOJDP‰BJOWFKBBVTVSBBDBMÞOJBPBTTBTTJOBUP1FʽFEPTDIBNBEPTQPWPTDVMUPTFBOBMPHJ[BEPT
ÏDPOUSBFMBRVFFʽBNPTBHJOEP"OUSPQØGBHPT
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HFJSBBOUFTRVFBMHVNBWFOUVSFJSPPGBÎB&YQVMTBNPTBEJOBʽJB²QSFDJTPFYQVMTBSPFʼÓSJUPCSBHBOUJOPBTPSEFOBÎÜFTFP
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HFPHSBmBEPNBUSJBSDBEPEF1JOEPSBNB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 22
10/8/2006 07:17:21
PTXBME@EF@BOESBEF!EKSBCCJDPN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 23
10/8/2006 07:17:21
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
DIGITO_Book.indb 24
10/8/2006 07:17:21
0 7FOFOP EB -BUB
QPS.BSDVT#BʽPT
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UFSOBUJWPFBNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDB4FVSÈQJEPTVDFTTPJOEJDBRVFB
JNQPSUÉODJBDVMUVSBMEPTBNQMFSEFTEFFOUÍPÏFRVJWBMFOUFËEB
HVJUBSSBOPTDÓSDVMPTNBJTBOUFOBEPTEBDVMUVSBVSCBOB.BTB
NÞTJDBSFDFCFPVUSPTFOUJEPSFWFMBEPJSPOJDBNFOUFBOUFTNFT
NPRVFTPFNTFVTQSJNFJSPTBDPSEFT#BʽBMFNCSBSPUSFDIPEF
8JME"OHFMTVTBEPDPNPFQÓHSBGFTPOPSBEBDBOÎÍP
+VʽXIBUJTJUUIBUZPVXBOUUPEP
8FXBOOBCFGSFF
8FXBOOBCFGSFFUPEPXIBUXFXBOOBEP
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8FSFHPOOBIBWFBQBSUZ
0 UPN IFEPOJʽB EB JOUFSWFOÎÍP SFWFMB P QBSBEPYP EF VNB
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BTFOFSHJBTOBPSHBOJ[BÎÍPEFSBWFTQSPMPOHBEBTNFTNPFNmOTEF
TFNBOBRVFOÍPFNFOEBNDPNGFSJBEPT0TDBTPTSFDFOUFTEFDFO
8JME"OHFMTEJSJHJEPQPS3PHFS$PSNBOGPJMBOÎBEPFN0mMNFHJSBFNUPSOPEF
#MVFTVNNPUPRVFJSPEP)FMMT"OHFMTDBMJGPSOJBOPJOUFSQSFUBEPQPS1FUFS'POEBRVFQBSUF
QBSBP.ÏYJDPFNCVTDBEFTVBNPUPEFTBQBSFDJEB
i"QFOBTPRVFWPDÐTRVFSFNGB[FS /ØTRVFSFNPTTFSMJWSFT/ØTRVFSFNPTTFSMJWSFT
QBSB GB[FS P RVF RVJTFSNPT GB[FS& OØT RVFSFNPT mDBS DIBQBEPT& OØT RVFSFNPT OPT
EJWFSUJS²JTTPRVFOØTWBNPTGB[FS%FTFODBOBRVFSJEBWBNPTOFTTB/ØTWBNPTOPTEJ
WFSUJS/ØTWBNPTQBSBBCBMBEBw
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EP 4VM FN GFWFSFJSP EF 6N EF TFVT QSJODJQBJT JOUFSFTTFT GPJ UPSOBS BNQMBNFOUF
DIGITO_Book.indb 25
10/8/2006 07:17:21
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
TVSBFNGFʽJWBJTQBUSPDJOBEPTQPSHSBOEFTDPSQPSBÎÜFTFTDBODB
SBNBBSNBEJMIBFNCVUJEBOFTTBTGPSNBTEFFOUSFUFOJNFOUPRVF
BQFTBSEBBQBSÐODJBMJCFSUÈSJBTÍPQSPEVUPTEFDPOTVNPDPNP
PVUSPTEJʼPOÓWFJTDPOGPSNFPHPʽPEPGSFHVÐT&TTBUFOTÍPFO
USFPEJTDVSTPDPOUFʽBEPSFBTGPSNBTDPNRVFFMFDJSDVMBOÍPÏ
OFDFTTBSJBNFOUFOFHBUJWBEFTEFRVFFYJʽBBDPOTDJÐODJBEFRVF
BDVMUVSBBMUFSOBUJWBÏUBNCÏNQBSUFEBJOEÞʽSJBEPFOUSFUFOJ
NFOUP‰FRVFFʽBUSBOTGPSNBUVEPTFHVOEPTFVTQSØQSJPTJOUF
SFTTFTPRVFUPSOBOFDFTTÈSJBVNBBUJUVEFEFDSÓUJDBJOJOUFSSVQUB
FNVUBOUF /BFEJÎÍPEFEFBHPʽPEFEPDBEFSOP.BJTEPKPSOBM
'PMIBEF41BVMPPmMØTPGPDBOBEFOTF+PTFQI)FBUIEFTFOWPMWF
FNFOUSFWJʽBB%BOJFM#VBSRVFPBSHVNFOUPEFRVFBDPOUSBDVMUV
SBÏBUVBMNFOUFVNOPWPOJDIPEFNFSDBEP)FBUIBDSFEJUBRVFP
FOUFOEJNFOUPEBDPOUSBDVMUVSBDPNPGPSNBEFSFCFMJÍPÏCBTFBEP
OBUFPSJBPSJHJOBEBOPmNEPTBOPTEFEFRVFPDBQJUBMJTNP
FYJHFDPOGPSNJTNPOFNUBOUPEPTUSBCBMIBEPSFTNBTEPTDPOTV
NJEPSFTQBSBBCTPSWFSPFYDFTTPEFCFOTQSPEV[JEPTQFMBJOEÞʽSJB
NBTTJmDBEB1PSJTTP)FBUIDPODMVJBDPOUSBDVMUVSBEFQFOEFEP
QSFTTVQPʽPEFRVFBNFMIPSNBOFJSBEFMVUBSDPOUSBPTJʽFNBÏ
USBOTGPSNBSBTQFTTPBTFNDPOTVNJEPSFTOÍPDPOGPSNBEPT
5FOEPFNWJʽBPBUVBMDPOUFYUPFNRVFPNFSDBEPTFFYQBOEF
OPNBJPSOÞNFSPEFEJSFÎÜFTQPTTÓWFJT)FBUIEFGFOEFRVFÏQSF
DJTPEFTBmBSFTTBJEÏJBCÈTJDBEFRVFPDBQJUBMJTNPSFRVFSDPOGPS
NJTNP1BSBFMFiVNBEBTGPSÎBTEBFDPOPNJBEFNFSDBEPÏRVFFMB
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BDFTTÓWFJT BT QFTRVJTBT BDBEÐNJDBT NBJT SFDFOUFT TPCSF FDTUBTZ EJWVMHBOEP FN MJO
HVBHFNDPNVNEFTDPCFSUBTDJFOUÓmDBTPGFSFDFOEPQPOUPTEFWJTUBBMUFSOBUJWPTTPCSFB
JOGPSNBÎÍPFYJTUFOUFBSFTQFJUPEPTSJTDPTFCFOFGÓDJPTEP.%."6NEPTBTQFDUPTRVF
JOUFSFTTBWBNCBTUBOUFB4BVOEFSTFSBPVTPUFSBQÐVUJDPEFESPHBTEPUJQP&N%BCBMBEB
BPEJWÍ+VMJBOB5JSBCPTDIJGB[VNQBOPSBNBEPUFNBDPOGPSNFBFEJÎÍPEFKBOFJSPEF
EBSFWJTUB(BMJMFV
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/BPNJ,MFJOFYQMJDBDPNPiËNFEJEBRVFBQSJWBUJ[BÎÍPPDVQBUPEPTPTDBOUPTEBWJEB
QÞCMJDBNFTNPBRVFMFTJOUFSWBMPTEFMJCFSEBEFFSVFMBTEFFTQBÎPTFNQBUSPDÓOJPFTUÍP
FTDBQVMJOEP5PEPTPTTLBUJTUBTFQBUJOBEPSFTJOEJFUÐNDPOUSBUPTDPNUÐOJT7BOTKPHBEP
SFTEFIØRVFJBMJNFOUBNPTDPNFSDJBJTEFDFSWFKBQSPKFUPTEFEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPDFOUSP
DIGITO_Book.indb 26
10/8/2006 07:17:22
07FOFOPEB-BUB
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USBPTJʽFNBQPSRVFFMFOÍPSFRVFSFTTFUJQPEFDPOGPSNJTNPw
0VTPEPTEJÈMPHPTEF8JME"OHFMTmMNFUÓQJDPEBEÏDBEBEF
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HBUØSJBEBHFSBÎÍPRVFJOWBEJVBTQJʽBTEFEBOÎBOBQBTTBHFNEB
EÏDBEBEFQBSBBEFNPʽSBDPNPBRVFʽÍPBQPOUBEB
QPS)FBUIFYUSBQPMBPÉNCJUPEBDFOBFMFUSÙOJDBFPDPOUFYUPDPO
UFNQPSÉOFP5SBUBTFEFEJMFNBSFDPSSFOUFEBDPOUSBDVMUVSBRVF
EFTEFBEÏDBEBEFPTDJMBFOUSFPESPQPVUFPQMVHJOFBOF
HPDJBÎÍPNBJTPVNFOPTJOUFMJHFOUFDPNPTJOUFSFTTFTEPNFSDBEP
&N 0 DVMUP EB JOGPSNBÎÍP ʾFPEPSF 3PT[BL NPʽSB DPNP
iEFTEF TFVT QSJNØSEJPT P NJDSPDPNQVUBEPS FʽBWB DFSDBEP QPS
VNB BVSB EF WVMHBSJEBEF F SBEJDBMJTNP RVF DPOUSBʽBWB BHVEB
NFOUFDPNBTQSFUFOTÜFTEFNBOEBSJNEBBMUBUFDOPMPHJBw*TTP
BDPOUFDJBiQPSRVFHSBOEFQBSUFEFTTBOPWBUFDOPMPHJBFNNFOPS
FTDBMB GPJ EFJYBEB QBSB TFS EFTFOWPMWJEB GPSB EB DJEBEFMB QPS KP
WFOT F JNQFUVPTPT IBDLFST ‰ FʼFDJBMNFOUF OB $BMJGØSOJB POEF
PTUJQPTTPDJBMNFOUFEJWFSHFOUFTUJOIBNTFSFVOJEPOBGBJYBEBQF
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EBDJEBEFTÍPQBUSPDJOBEPTQFMB8FMMT'BSHFUPEPTPTGFTUJWBJTHSBUVJUPTGPSBNCBOJEPT
TVCTUJUVÓEPTQFMPBOVBM5SJCBM(BUIFSJOHVNGFTUJWBMEFNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDBRVFTFQSPDMBNB
AVNBEFGFTBDPOUSBPNBMJHOPJNQÏSJPEBNFEJPDSJEBEFEPFTUBCMJTINFOUFEBTCPBUFTEP
DPNFSDJBMJTNPFEPDBQJUBMJTNPDPSQPSBUJWPSBTUFKBOUFEFOPTTBDPOUSBDVMUVSBDØTNJDBF
OPRVBMPTPSHBOJ[BEPSFTSFHVMBSNFOUFDPOmTDBNBÈHVBFOHBSSBGBEBRVFOÍPUFOIBTJEP
BERVJSJEBOBTJOTUBMBÎÜFTEPGFTUJWBMBQFTBSEPGBUPEFBQSJODJQBMDBVTBEFNPSUFOFTTFT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 27
10/8/2006 07:17:22
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
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DIBNPVTF*UUZ#JUUZ.BDIJOF$PNQBOZVNB*#.BMUFSOBUJWB
PVUSBFSB,FOUVDLZ'SJFE$PNQVUFSTw
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SFVOJSTFMJWSFNFOUFQBSBEJTDVUJSBTNÈRVJOBTRVFFʽBWBNEFTFO
WPMWFOEPFNTØUÍPTFHBSBHFOTwGB[DPNRVFBJOEÞʽSJBEPTPGUXBSF
TFKBVNBFYQFSJÐODJBBMUFSOBUJWBFNRVFUPEPVNTJʽFNBFDPOÙ
NJDPTFEFTFOWPMWFËNBSHFNEPTFTDSJUØSJPTFMJWSPTEFQPOUP/P
FOUBOUPPDSFTDJNFOUPOPDPOTVNPEFTPGUXBSFSFTVMUBFNGFOÙ
NFOPTDPOUSBEJUØSJPTDPNPPEB.JDSPTPGUy$PSQPSBUJPO/FTTF
DPOUFYUPFNRVFB‰JOJDJBMNFOUF‰BMUFSOBUJWBJOEÞʽSJBEPTPG
UXBSFQSPEV[DPSQPSBÎÜFTUÍPHJHBOUFTDBTRVBOUPB*#.QSJODJQBM
BMWP EF DSÓUJDB EB DPOUSBDVMUVSB KVʽBNFOUF QPS FYFSDFS VN NP
OPQØMJPTPCSFPNFSDBEPEFDPNQVUBEPSFTBUÏNFBEPTEBEÏDBEB
EFFNFSHFNEFCBUFTDPNPPEPTPGUXBSFMJWSFFPEPTQSP
EVUPTEFDØEJHPBCFSUPUFOUBUJWBTEFNBOUFSWJWPPFʼÓSJUPIBDLFS
&TTBMJHBÎÍPEVSBEPVSBFUFOTBFOUSFJOGPSNÈUJDBFDPOUSBDVM
UVSBBQBSFDFFOUSFPVUSBTOBPCTFSWBÎÍPEF-PTT1FRVF×P(MB[JFS
EFRVFPiHPQIFSGPJVNQBTTPJNQPSUBOUFOBSFVOJÍPEFQSPUPDPMPT
RVFTFUPSOBSBNBXFCwFRVFTVBUFDOPMPHJBMFWBWBFNDPOUBRVFiB
NFUÈGPSBQBSBB/FUOPNPNFOUPFSBBEFVNBTÏSJFEFUÞOFJTTVC
UFSSÉOFPTVNBNFUÈGPSBRVFDBSSFHBWBDPOTJHPBTVHFʽÍPEFVNB
DPOUSBDVMUVSBDPNPBEPTBOPTPVEFVNBDVMUVSBEBJOGPSNBÎÍP
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EJUBEVSB NJMJUBS "MÏN EJTTP QBTTB QFMB JODPNQSFFOTÍP EF QPʽV
SBT DPNP P VTP EB HVJUBSSB FMÏUSJDB QFMPT USPQJDBMJʽBT F QFMP OÍP
FOUFOEJNFOUP EB BUJUVEF QPMÓUJDB JOUSÓOTFDB BP FYQFSJNFOUBMJTNP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 28
10/8/2006 07:17:22
07FOFOPEB-BUB
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‰EFTDSJUBQPS"OUPOJP3JTÏSJPFNi-FNJOTLJFBTWBOHVBSEBTw
‰EFBQSPYJNBSPFYQFSJNFOUBMJTNPEFMJOHVBHFNEPFYQFSJNFO
UBMJTNPDPNQPSUBNFOUBM$POGPSNF3JTÏSJPBOPÎÍPEFWBOHVBS
EB QSPQPʽB QPS $ILMØTWTLJ Ï B EF iEFTWJP EF OPSNBw 1BSB FMF
FTTB iEFmOJÎÍP Ï WÈMJEB UBOUP QBSB WBOHVBSEBT FʽÏUJDBT RVBOUP
QBSBWBOHVBSEBTFYUSBFʽÏUJDBT"NCBTQPEFNTFSFODBSBEBTFN
UFSNPTEFDPNQPSUBNFOUPEFTWJBOUFw
4FHVOEP3JTÏSJPiBWBOHVBSEBFʽÏUJDBÏEFTWJPFNSFMBÎÍPB
VNEFUFSNJOBEPNVOEPPNVOEPBSUÓʽJDPJOUFMFʹVBMUBMDPNP
PEFmOJV)PXBSE4#FDLFS+ÈOPDBTPEFVNBWBOHVBSEBFYUSBFT
UÏUJDBDPNPBDPOUSBDVMUVSBMPEFTWJPTBJEBQJʽBEBPCSBEPQFO
TBNFOUPFWBJTFJOTDSFWFSOBWJEBFOPDPSQPEPJOEJWÓEVPw1PS
JTTPPQPFUBCBJBOPDPOUJOVBPiDPNQPSUBNFOUPEFTWJBOUFBTTV
NFBRVJEJNFOTÍPFYJʽFODJBM²PEFTWJPEPTVKFJUPOÍPFNSFMBÎÍP
BPDÉOPOFFʽÏUJDPNBTËOPSNBTPDJBM&TTBÏBEJGFSFOÎBEJHBNPT
FOUSFPEFTWJPEF+BNFT+PZDFFPEFTWJPEF5JNPUIZ-FBSZw
4VBDPODMVTÍPÏRVFOPDBTPEF-FNJOTLJiFTTFTEFTWJPTTFKVT
UBQÜFNFNFTNPTFNFTDMBNBMJNFOUBOEPTFNVUVBNFOUF/ÍPTF
USBUBEFSFUPSOBSBRVJBPWFMIPDMJDIÐSFQFUJEPBEOBVTFBNQFMPTMJ
UFSBUUJEFRVFOFMFWJEBFPCSBTÍPJOTFQBSÈWFJT7JEBFPCSBTÍP‰F
TFSÍPTFNQSF‰JOTFQBSÈWFJTRVBMRVFSRVFTFKBPDBTP0RVFRVF
SPTVCMJOIBSÏBDPOʽBUBÎÍPPCKFUJWBTPDJPMØHJDBEFRVFBUSBKFUØ
SJBMFNJOTLJBOBTFEFJYBnBHSBSOBFODSV[JMIBEBEFTTFEVQMPEFTWJPw
"DPOUSBDVMUVSBTFJOʽBMBTFNQSFOBFODSV[JMIBEBFOUSFPFY
QFSJNFOUBMJTNP FʽÏUJDP F P FYQFSJNFOUBMJTNP DPNQPSUBNFOUBM
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DIGITO_Book.indb 29
10/8/2006 07:17:22
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
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BSUÓʽJDBFNOPTTPTUFNQPTw
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RVFFMFDSJUJDB5SBUBTFBOUFTEFVNBMFSUBQBSBBPDVQBÎÍPDPOT
DJFOUFFQPMÓUJDBEFTTFTFʼBÎPT7BMFBQFOBSFDVQFSBSP3PMBOE
#BSUIFTEFi&TDSJUVSBTQPMÓUJDBTwOFʽFDPOUFYUP
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FQJTØEJP FOWPMWFOEP DFSUBT ASFDPNFOEBÎÜFT DPOUSBUVBJT RVF WFUBWBN P VTP EF DFSUPT
UJQPTEFJNBHFOTQFMPT7+TOVNHSBOEFGFTUJWBMEFNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDBFN4ÍP1BVMPFYQÜF
BTJUVBÎÍPSFBMEBBUJWJEBEFBSUÓTUJDBFNOPTTPTUFNQPT
'JOBMNFOUF DIFHBNPT ËANÞTJDB FMFUSÙOJDB EF QJTUB OP NVOEP EB 9VYB /ÍP QPEF UFS
JNBHFNEFESPHBTWJPMÐODJBQPMÓUJDBNBTÏQBSBBSBQB[JBEBFODIFSBDBSB
%F VNB GPSNB HFSBM PT DSJBEPSFT TÍP SFGÏOT VOT NBJT GFMJ[FT EP RVF PT PVUSPT
EPT
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DVMUVSBMOBTPDJFEBEFQPSRVFMIFGBMUBQSPKFUPFFTUSBUÏHJBT"MFJEFJODFOUJWPUSBOTGPSNPV
PBSUJTUBOVNANBMOFDFTTÈSJPOPTQMBOPTEFNBSLFUJOH&EFRVFBSUJTUBFTUBNPTGBMBOEP 2VFDBEBWF[TFBMJFOBNBJTOVNBNCJFOUFEFQPTFFEFFTDBQJTNPw0BSUJHPDPNQMFUP
FTUÈEJTQPOÓWFMQBSBBTTJOBOUFTEB'PMIBFEP60-FNIUUQXXXGPMIBVPMDPNCSGTQ
JMVTUSBEGRIUN"DFTTPFNNBJP
DIGITO_Book.indb 30
10/8/2006 07:17:23
07FOFOPEB-BUB
NÓEJBT EJHJUBJT QFSNJUFN RVF B USBNB QPMJGÙOJDB EB MJOHVBHFN
TFKBUFDJEBEFNBOFJSBNFOPTIJFSÈSRVJDB5SBUBTFEFVNBDPOT
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HJBTGPSKBEBTOPFʼBÎPEBDPOUSBDVMUVSBFEBTUFDOPMPHJBTDSJBEBT
TPCFʽÓNVMPEP&YÏSDJUP.BTBUÏRVFQPOUPFTTBNBJPSnFYJCJMJ
EBEFJNQMJDBVNOPWPUJQPEFQPMÓUJDB "UÏRVFQPOUPPVTPEB
UFDOPMPHJBFNQSPDFTTPTEFDPOUSBDPNVOJDBÎÍPÏDBQB[EFGFOEFS
QPSDPNQMFUPBDBJYBQSFUBFGB[FSDPNRVFBMJOHVBHFNFTDPSSB
QBSBBMÏNEPTMJNJUFTRVFBQSØQSJBUFDOPMPHJBBJNQÜFDPNUPEB
BDBSHBJEFPMØHJDBBÓJNQMÓDJUB #"35)&43PMBOE&TDSJUVSBT1PMÓUJDBT*O0HSBV[FSPEBFTDSJUVSB4ÍP1BVMP$VMUSJYQ
DIGITO_Book.indb 31
10/8/2006 07:17:23
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
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NFSDBEPFOPWPTNFJPT
QPS(JTFMMF#FJHVFMNBO
0 UÓUVMP EFʽB NFTBSFEPOEB JNQÜF VN EFTDPOGPSUP ®
QSJNFJSB WJʽB TVHFSF VNB JOUSÓOTFDB SFMBÎÍP EPT OPWPT NFJPT
DPNBTQSÈUJDBTEFGBMTJmDBÎÍPQJSBUBSJBFBQSPQSJBÎÍP
&N VN TFHVOEP NPNFOUP EFJYB FOUSFWFS VN QBSFOUFT
DPFOUSFFTTBTQSÈUJDBTFPNFSDBEPEFBSUFTWPMUBEPBPTOPWPT
NFJPTVNUFSNPRVFSFʼPOEFNBJTBFʽSBUÏHJBTEFNBSLFUJOH
EPRVFËSFBMJEBEF
"mOBMRVBMRVFSNFJPRVBOEPTVSHFÏOPWP0SÈEJPKÈPGPJ
BTTJNDPNPB57FPTKÈFYUJOUPTWJEFPMBTFSIPMPHSBNBTFWJEF
PUFYUPT
² QSFDJTP WBMFSTF EPT QSJODÓQJPT EBT WBOHVBSEBT IJʽØSJDBT
QBSBJODPSQPSBSBJEÏJBEFRVFTFQPEFSJBSFnFUJSTPCSFPTNFJPT
QFOTBOEPRVFUFSJBNBMHPBOPTEJ[FSQPSRVFTÍPiOPWPTw
1SFmSPQFOTBSFNNFJPTEJHJUBJTFGPDBSBEJTDVTTÍPBÓOÍPQPS
RVFTÍPOPWPTNBTQPSRVFUÐNVNFʽBUVUPEJʽJOUPEBTNÓEJBT
BOBMØHJDBT
6NBQSJNFJSBEJʽJOÎÍPSFTJEFOPGBUPEFRVFBTNÓEJBTEJHJUBJT
MJEBNDPNPSJHJOBJTEFTFHVOEB‰HFSBÎÍP/ÍPIÈQFSEBEFEFm
OJÎÍPRVBMJEBEFBVSB‰OPTFOUJEPCFOKBNJOJBOPEPUFSNP
FOUSF
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5FYUPEBDPOGFSÐODJBQSPGFSJEBOP1BÎPEBT"SUFTEVSBOUFP4JNQØTJP1BESÜFTBPT1FEB
ÎPTJOUJUVMBEB'BMTPQJSBUBFBQSPQSJBEPNFSDBEPFOPWPTNFJPT
1FMBTVB
QSØQSJBOBUVSF[BFTTFUFYUPEFWFBHSBEFDJNFOUPTBJOÞNFSPTDPNQBOIFJSPTEFWJBHFN
.BSDVT#BTUPT-VDBT#BNCP[[J.JMFOB4[BmS3FKBOF$BOUPOJ3BRVFM,PHBO3JDBSEP3P
TBTF-VDJB-FÍPFTUJWFSBNQSFTFOUFTEVSBOUFUPEBSFEBÎÍP²EFEJDBEPBP&EV#SBOEÍP
RVFNFJNQFEFDPNPVNHMBEJBEPSFNCSJHBEFUSBJSNFVQSJODÓQJPEFPQFSBSBQBTTBHFN
EFPCKFUPTBDPJTBT
DIGITO_Book.indb 32
10/8/2006 07:17:23
'BMTPQJSBUBFBQSPQSJBEPNFSDBEPFOPWPTNFJPT
4BMWFVNNFTNPBSRVJWPDPNEPJTOPNFTOPTFVDPNQVUB
EPS2VBMÏPSJHJOBM 2VBMÏBDØQJB /FOIVNPVNFMIPSBNCPT
"JOGPSNÈUJDBFNTJÏUFDOPMPHJBEFSFQMJDBÎÍPDMPOBHFN"P
NFTNPUFNQPFNRVFQFSNJUFBQSPEVÎÍPEFJEÐOUJDPTNÞMUJQMPT
QFMBDØQJBEPDØEJHPFOHFOESBPGFOÙNFOPDVMUVSBMFFʽÏUJDPEP
iPSJHJOBMEFTFHVOEBHFSBÎÍPw
/ÍPFYJʽFQFSEBEFBVUFOUJDJEBEFOPDBNQPEBBSUFEJHJUBM
FBBSUFQSPEV[JEBQBSBBJOUFSOFUMFWBFTTBBmSNBÎÍPBPMJNJUF
FYUSFNP0iBRVJFBHPSBwTFGB[QFMPnVYPOPEFTMPDBNFOUPEPT
BSRVJWPTQFMBSFEF
"PCSBFGFUJWBTFQFMBiMJOLBHFNwQFSEFBQSFDJTÍPEFTFVTMJ
NJUFT0QMÈHJPUSBOTGPSNBTFFNVNBFʽSBUÏHJBSFDPNCJOBUØSJB
1ÜFFNDVSTPVNBDIBNBEBQBSBRVFTFBCSBBCBTFEFEBEPTDVM
UVSBMBmNEFEFJYBSRVFBUFDOPMPHJBEFQSPEVÎÍPUFYUVBMTPOPSB
FWJTVBMTFKBVTBEBBUÏTVBQPUÐODJBNÈYJNB /FTTFTFOUJEPSFʽBVSBBEFSJWBEJOÉNJDBEPTJHOJmDBEPRVFP
KPHPJEFPMØHJDPEPNFSDBEPPDVMUBTPCPEPNÓOJPEBDJUBÎÍPBVUP
SJ[BEBBSSFNFTTBOEPFTTBEJOÉNJDBFNVNBSFEFEFNVMUJVTVÈSJPT
F DPMPDBOEP BHPSB BT FʽSBUÏHJBT EF SFDPNCJOBÎÍP F SFDJDMBHFN
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FTJNQMFTNBTEBSFWBMJEBÎÍPEBBVUPSJBQBSBBMÏNEFTFVTOFYPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 33
10/8/2006 07:17:23
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
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EBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFWFOEFSXFCBSUF
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FOUÍPVNTJUFGFDIBEPEFXFCBSUFEJʼPOJCJMJ[BOEPTVBTFYQPTJ
ÎÜFTQBSBUPEPT%BÓQBTTPVBNÍPFNTJUFTEFTVQFSʽBSTEBXFC
BSUFDPNP+PEJF'BLFTIPQFPTSFPSHBOJ[PVSBOEPNJDBNFOUFDP
MBOEPFDMPOBOEPTVBTQFÎBTRVFTFUPSOBSBNOPWBTPCSBT
0QBTTPTFHVJOUFGPJiIBDLFBSwBHBMFSJBEFOFUBSU"SU5FMFQPS
UBDJBQSJNFJSBBUFOUBSWFOEFSPCSBTEFBSUFEPHÐOFSP$PNJTTP
DBVTBSBN VN NBMFʽBS QSPGVOEP FOUSF DSJBEPSFT F WFJDVMBEPSFT
EFBSUFPOMJOFMFNCSBOEPRVFPRVFQBSUJDVMBSJ[BBTBSUFTPOMJOF
Ï B QFSʼFʹJWB USBOTHSFTTPSB QPEFS FOmN FOUSBS OB ÏQPDB EB
SFQSPEVÎÍP UÏDOJDB EB BSUF QFMB JOEFQFOEÐODJB EBT FTDPMIBT JOT
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MBSJEBEFTEBTNÓEJBTEJHJUBJTFRVFUFNTVBTCBTFTFQJʽFNPMØHJDBT
IJʽPSJDBNFOUFBTTPDJBEBTBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEBNFUPEPMPHJBEF
(JPWBOOJ.PSFMMJEFTFOWPMWJEBOPTÏDVMP9*9QBSBBUSJCVJÎÍPEPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 34
10/8/2006 07:17:24
'BMTPQJSBUBFBQSPQSJBEPNFSDBEPFOPWPTNFJPT
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QFSTPOBHFOTEF1FSVHJOPPTPSSJTPEPTEF-FPOBSEPFBT
TJNQPSEJBOUF1FMPDPOUSÈSJPÏOFDFTTÈSJPFYBNJOBSPT
QPSNFOPSFTNBJTOFHMJHFODJÈWFJTFNFOPTJOnVFODJBEPT
QFMBTDBSBʹFSÓʽJDBTEBFTDPMBBRVFPQJOUPSQFSUFODJB
PTMØCVMPTEBTPSFMIBTBTVOIBTBTGPSNBTEPTEFEPTF
EPTQÏTw
"OUFTEFTFSBOBMÓUJDBFTTBDSÓUJDBFSBBDJNBEFUVEPVNFYFS
DÓDJPEFQFSÓDJBRVFWFSJmDBWBBBVUFOUJDJEBEFEBTPCSBTQPSNÏ
UPEPTRVFQSJWJMFHJBWBNPQPSNFOPSFNEFUSJNFOUPEPDPOKVOUP
EBPCSBBQBSUJSEFVNDPOIFDJNFOUPJOEJSFUPFDPOKVOUVSBM
&TTBNFUPEPMPHJBDIBNBBBUFOÎÍP(VJO[CVSHFYQMJDBQPSRVF
BTIVNBOJEBEFTFNHFSBMTPCSFUVEPOBÏQPDBNPEFSOBUPSOBSBN
TF JODPNQBUÓWFJT DPN BT DIBNBEBT EJTDJQMJOBT HBMJMFJBOBT QBSB
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JNQMJDBOEPSFQFUJÎÍPTFSJBMJEBEFFFYQFSJNFOUBÎÍP
²CFNQPTTÓWFMRVFBTBSUFTEJHJUBJTFʽFKBNCFNNBJTQSØYJNBT
EPEJTDVSTPEF(BMJMFVQBSBRVFNDPNPTBCFNPTiBOBUVSF[BTF
FTDSFWJBFNDBSBʹFSFTNBUFNÈUJDPTwEPRVFEBTQSÈUJDBTBTTPDJB
EBTBPQBSBEJHNBJOEJDJÈSJPEFOUSPEPRVBMBTSFMBÎÜFTEFGBMTPF
WFSEBEFJSPPSJHJOBMFDØQJBBERVJSFNTFOUJEP
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OBSFnFYÍPDSÓUJDBTPCSFBDSJBÎÍPEJHJUBM‰QFMPGFOÙNFOPDVMUVSBM
EPPSJHJOBMEFTFHVOEBHFSBÎÍPFQFMBEJʽÉODJBNFUPEPMØHJDBDPN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 35
10/8/2006 07:17:24
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0SPVCPÏVNBBDFJUBÎÍPUÈDJUBEBTSFHSBTEPTTJʽFNBTDVMUV
SBJTWJHFOUFTFTFVTWBMPSFTEFNFSDBEP"TQSÈUJDBTEFSFTJʽÐODJB
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FʽJWFSBNFOWPMWJEBTOFTTFDPOUÓOVPQSPDFTTBNFOUPEFMJOIBTEF
DPNBOEP
0TQSPDFTTPTEFNJYBHFNNBTIVQEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEFTPG
UXBSFTBCFSUPTFBmOTTÍPBUJUVEFTDSÓUJDBT5SBUBTFOÍPEFBQSP
QSJBÎÍPPVSPVCPEPRVFOÍPNFQFSUFODFNBTEFVNBBQPʽB
DPNPEJSJBP$SJUJDBM"SU&OTFNCMFOBDIBNBEBQBSBRVFTFBCSBB
CBTFEFEBEPTDVMUVSBMBmNEFEFJYBSRVFBUFDOPMPHJBEFQSPEV
ÎÍPUFYUVBMTPOPSBFWJTVBMTFKBVTBEBBUÏTVBQPUÐODJBNÈYJNB
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SFNFUFËJEÏJBEFQSPQSJFEBEFQBSUJDVMBS‰ÏUBNCÏNJOBEFRVBEP
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FOUFOEJEBBRVJDPNPBRVFMBRVFQSPCMFNBUJ[BPTNFJPTEFRVFTF
WBMFQBSBDSJBSJODMVJOEPOFTTBQBVUBBQSPCMFNBUJ[BÎÍPEBTTVBT
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EPBSUJʽBDPNPHÐOJPJOWFOUPSEFSFBMJEBEFTTFOTÓWFJTFRVFTFGVOEB
FNQSJODÓQJPTEFDPQZMFGU‰EFJYBSDPQJBS0VTFKBTFNJOWJBCJMJ[BS
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DIGITO_Book.indb 36
10/8/2006 07:17:24
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DBEPÏNVJUPNBJTDPNQMFYBOPÉNCJUPEBBSUFEJHJUBMEPRVFFN
PVUSBTÈSFBTEFDSJBÎÍP
"MÏNEFMJEBSDPNBTNFTNBTWBSJÈWFJTEBQSPEVÎÍPBSUÓʽJDB
DPNPVNUPEPSFMBÎÜFTJOʽJUVDJPOBJTFDPNDSÓUJDPTFDVSBEPSFT
RVFCBMJ[BNPNFSDBEP
ÏBUSBWFTTBEBQPSNFBOESPTDPSQPSBUJWPT
RVFTFSFnFUFNOBPQÎÍPQPSEFUFSNJOBEPTQSPHSBNBTTJʽFNBT
PQFSBDJPOBJTFFRVJQBNFOUPT
NFTNPRVBOEPTFGB[BPQÎÍPQPS
QMBUBGPSNBTEFDØEJHPMJWSFFBCFSUPQPJTNFTNPOFTTFDBTPP
FRVJQBNFOUPFTVBTQBSUFTTFSÈQSPEV[JEPEFOUSPEFVNNFSDBEP
FʼFDÓmDP
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EPSFTRVFMJEBNDPNNFJPTEJHJUBJTTFKBNNVJUPNBJTEJGÓDFJTFQSF
TFOUFTEPRVFFNPVUSPTDBNQPT
&TTBTNFTNBTMØHJDBTDPSQPSBUJWBTRVFTÍPJOUSÓOTFDBTBPNFJP
GB[FNUBNCÏNDPNRVFFTTBQSPEVÎÍPTFKBSFCFMEFËTUÏDOJDBTEF
QSFTFSWBÎÍPWJHFOUFT
4ÍPQSPEVUPTEFTFOWPMWJEPTDPNNFJPTWPMÈUFJTRVFTFEFTDBS
UBNDPNWFMPDJEBEFJNQSFTTJPOBOUFGB[FOEPDPNRVFBRVJMPRVF
GPJQSPEV[JEPFN$%TFKBTVDBUBBTTJNRVFPTDPNQVUBEPSFTEFJ
YBSFNEFTBJSEFGÈCSJDBDPNHBCJOFUFTEF$%0NFTNPWBMFQBSB
%7%TEJTRVFUFTFmUBT
1BSBEPYBMNFOUFPQSPCMFNBUFNFTDBMBNFOPSRVBOEPTFUSBUB
EFBSUFPOMJOFIBKBWJʽBRVFBEFʼFJUPEBTDPOUÓOVBTBUVBMJ[BÎÜFT
EFCSPXTFSTPTQSPKFUPTUFOEFNBOÍPTFSDPOTVNJEPTQFMPTEJʼP
TJUJWPTUFDOPMØHJDPTDPOUVEPTÍPHFSBEPSFTEFUPEBVNBHBNBEF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 37
10/8/2006 07:17:25
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
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TFSÎÍPJOʽJUVDJPOBMFTVBTSFMBÎÜFTEFQBUSPDÓOJP
*TTPQPʽPDPNPNFSBJOUSPEVÎÍPBPEFCBUFQBSFDFNFDMBSPRVFTØTFSÈ
QPTTÓWFMEJTDVUJSBTSFMBÎÜFTEBQSPEVÎÍPEFDVMUVSBEJHJUBMBQBSUJSEPNPNFOUP
FNRVFUJWFSNPTBSUJʽBTDPOTDJFOUFTEBOÍPOFVUSBMJEBEFUFDOPMØHJDBFVNBDSÓ
UJDBBQBSFMIBEB‰DPODFJUVBMFUFDOJDBNFOUF‰DPNPCSBTRVFPQFSBNBQBTTB
HFNEFPCKFUPTBDPJTBTTFNDFEFSËGBDJMJEBEFEBCSJODBEFJSBDPNBTOPÎÜFTEF
GBMTJEBEFQJSBUBSJBFBQSPQSJBÎÍP
$BTPDPOUSÈSJPSFʽBSFDPOIFDFSRVFPTDBNFMÙTTÍPBWBOHVBSEBEBDVMUVSBEJHJUBM
#JCMJPHSBmB
#"6.("&35&-5JMNBO8FIPQFUIBUTPNFCPEZJTHPJOHUPSFDVQFSBUFVT0VUV
CSPEFIUUQXXXOFUUJNFPSH-JʽT"SDIJWFTOFUUJNFMNTH
IUNM"DFTTPFNBHP
#&*(6&-."/(JTFMMF0MJWSPEFQPJTEPMJWSP4ÍP1BVMP1FJSØQPMJT
$3*5*$"-"35&/4&.#-&1MÈHJPVUØQJDPIJQFSUFYUVBMJEBEFFQSPEVÎÍPDVMUVSBM
FMFUSÙOJDB%JʽÞSCJPFMFUSÙOJDP4ÍP1BVMP$POSBEQ
(6*/;#63($BSMPi4JOBJTSBÓ[FTEFVNQBSBEJHNBJOEJDJÈSJPw*O.JUPTFNCMFNBT
FTJOBJT5SBEVÎÍP'SFEFSJDP$BSPUUJ4ÍP1BVMP$JBEBT-FUSBTQ
-6/&/'&-%1FUFS"SU1Pʽ)JʽPSZ%JHJUBM1IPUPHSBQIZ&MFʹSPOJD4FNJPUJDT
*O1IPUPHSBQIZBGUFSQIPUPHSBQIZ‰NFNPSZBOESFQSFTFOUBUJPOJOUIFEJHJUBMBHF
"NʽFSEÍ(#
DIGITO_Book.indb 38
10/8/2006 07:17:25
"TTJOP MPHP FYJTUP
QPS$JDFSP*OBDJPEB4JMWB
i0NVOEPPRVFÏFDPNPÏOÍPQPEFTFSTØQBSB
PT IPNFOT NBT UBNQPVDP TFN FMFT "P RVF NF QBSF
DFUVEPJTTPFʽÈSFMBDJPOBEPDPNBQBMBWSBUSBEJDJPOBM
FRVÓWPDBFBHPSBNVJUBHBʽBRVFFVOPNFFJ4FSPTIP
NFOTQSFDJTBNEFMBQBSBTVBNBOJGFʽBÎÍPFʽSVUVSBÎÍP
FDPOTFSWBÎÍP"FTTÐODJBEBUÏDOJDBFVWFKPOPRVFDIB
NFJEFBSNBÎÍPVNBFYQSFTTÍPGSFRàFOUFNFOUFSJTÓWFMF
UBMWF[JOBQSPQSJBEB0NFDBOJTNPBUVBOUFEBBSNBÎÍP
FOVODJBPIPNFNFʽÈTJUJBEPJOUJNBEPFEFTBmBEPQPS
VNBQPUÐODJBDMBSBNFOUFBFTTÐODJBEBUÏDOJDBFRVFFMF
NFTNP OÍP QPEF EPNJOBS "P QFOTBNFOUP TØ TF QPEF
QFEJSRVFBKVEFBDPNQSFFOEFS²PmNEBmMPTPmBw
)FJEFHHFS'PMIBEF41BVMP'PMIFUJN
i/ÍPRVFSPBDSFEJUBSRVFBmMPTPmBPVBQPFTJBPVB
MJUFSBUVSB TFSÍP DBEB WF[ NBJT BTTVOUP EF CJCMJØmMPT $FS
UPBDIPRVFJTTPWBJPDPSSFSFNQBSUFNBTBPMBEPEJTTP
BDIPRVFÏQSFDJTPJOWFOUBSDSJBSmMPTPGFNBTQPFNBTEF
PCSBTBSUÓʽJDBTRVFTBJBNEFTTFDÓSDVMPQSFDJPTP"DIPRVF
FʽÈTFGB[FOEPJTTPFJTTPTFSÈGFJUP.BTBTOPWBTGPSNBT
OÍPTFSÍPOFNQSFWJTÓWFJTOFNTFNFMIBOUFTËTEBUSBEJÎÍP
RVFUBNCÏNÏQSFDJTPQSFTFSWBS4JNFVNVMUJQMJDPQSPQPTJ
ÎÜFTDPOUSBEJUØSJBT4PVBGBWPSEFRVFTFTBMWFBDVMUVSBEP
MJWSPQPJTÏEJTTPRVFTFUSBUBRVBOEPTFGBMBEFMJUFSBUVSBF
QPFTJB"DVMUVSBEPMJWSPFʽÈNVJUPBNFBÎBEBQPEFFʽBS
DPNFÎBOEPBEFTBQBSFDFSBTFUPSOBSNJOPSJUÈSJB/ÍPRVF
SPRVFTFSFOVODJFËDVMUVSBEPMJWSP.BTTBMWBOEPPMJWSP
OÍP RVFSP BCBOEPOBS PT PVUSPT NFJPT PT PVUSPT TVQPSUFT
RVBJTRVFSRVFTFKBNBJOUFSOFUBUFMFWJTÍP4PVUBOUPIJQFS
DPOTFSWBEPSDPNPQFMBSFWPMVÎÍPw
%FSSJEB'PMIBEF41BVMP.BJT
DIGITO_Book.indb 39
10/8/2006 07:17:25
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
&ʽFFOTBJPEJTDVUFBRVFʽÍPEPOPNFQSØQSJPFEBBTTJOB
UVSBFSFnFUFTPCSFPFʽBUVUPEBBVUFOUJDBÎÍPPVTFKBEBSFDFQ
ÎÍP"USBWÏTEBFMBCPSBÎÍPEFVNQSPKFUPRVFRVFʽJPOBFUFOUB
QFOTBSBBVUPSJBOBJOUFSOFUQSPQVTUFʽBSNJOIBTIJQØUFTFTOP
QSØQSJPPCKFUPEFFʽVEPBXXX
0 QSPKFUP QBSUF EP QPOUP EF WJʽB EB UFPSJB GPSNVMBEB QPS
+BDRVFT%FSSJEBBDFSDBEBBTTJOBUVSBRVFRVFʽJPOBGSPOUBMNFOUF
BBmSNBÎÍPEF"VʽJOTPCSFBiBTTJOBUVSBwEFVNUFYUP1BSB"VT
UJOBBTTJOBUVSBÏFNTJVNQFSGPSNBUJWPPRVFUBNCÏNTJHOJmDB
iQSPNFTTBw"VʽJO
FQBSB%FSSJEBBBTTJOBUVSBBPNFTNP
UFNQP FN RVF QPEF TFS VN QFSGPSNBUJWP QPEF UBNCÏN QBSB
EPYBMNFOUFTFSMJEBDPNPDPOUJOVJEBEFEPUFYUPPVTFKBDBJSJB
OVNBEJDPUPNJBJOEFDJEÓWFMQFSGPSNBUJWPDPOʽBUBUJWP
&NBSUJHPSFEJHJEPFNFʼFDJBMNFOUFQBSBVNDPOHSFT
TPEFmMPTPmBOPRVBMTFEJTDVUJBBDPODFQÎÍPEFiDPNVOJDBÎÍPw
%FSSJEB BQSFTFOUB QFMB QSJNFJSB WF[ VNB EBT DSÓUJDBT NBJT DPO
UVOEFOUFTËJEÏJBEFNÓEJBFDPOTFRàFOUFNFOUFEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP
2VFʽJPOBWB %FSSJEB DPN TFV BSUJHP i"TTJOBUVSB BDPOUFDJNFOUP
DPOUFYUPwTFNWÓSHVMBFOUSFBTQBMBWSBT
PFʽBUVUPRVFFSBEBEPË
DPNVOJDBÎÍPTFNRVFOVODBTFUJWFTTFRVFʽJPOBEPTJNQMFTNFO
UFPRVFBQBMBWSBDPNVOJDBÎÍPDPNVOJDBSJB"MÏNEJTTP%FSSJEB
WBJNBJTMPOHFBJOEBFGPSNVMBVNBRVFʽÍPNVJUPJODÙNPEBRVF
WBJBDBCBSEFNPOʽSBOEPRVFJODMVTJWFPQSØQSJPDPODFJUPEFiDPO
UFYUPwBQBSUJSEFEFUFSNJOBEBTWBSJBOUFTTJHOJmDBOUFTQBTTBBTFS
JOEFDJEÓWFMFEFTMPDBEPEFTVBJOʽÉODJBGBOUBTJPTBNFOUFUJEBDPNP
iPSJHJOBMw0VTFKBBPRVFʽJPOBSPFʽBUVUPEBQSØQSJBDPODFQÎÍPEF
iDPNVOJDBÎÍPwFiDPOUFYUPw%FSSJEBEFTNPOUBBDSFOÎBOVNBSFQSF
TFOUBÎÍPGBʹÓWFMFDFSUFJSBEBQBMBWSBFQPSDPOTFRàÐODJBEFTFV
TJHOJmDBEPFʽÈUJDP%FTBVUPSJ[BEFTTBGPSNBUPEBBJEÏJBFNUPSOP
EBNPWJNFOUBÎÍPFʽSVUVSBMJʽBRVFKPHBDPNBTGPSÎBTNBJTMJHBEBT
BPQPEFSFRVFOFMBTTFBQFHBQBSBQSPEV[JSPDPOIFDJEPiTFOUJEPw
"PEFTMPDBSËQFSHVOUBiPRVFBDPNVOJDBÎÍPDPNVOJDB wBQSØ
QSJB DBSBʹFSÓʽJDB EB QBMBWSB DPNVOJDBÎÍP QFSDFCFNPT RVF QBSB
OPTFOUFOEFSNPTTPCSFVNTFOUJEPEFVNBQBMBWSBEFWFNPTTBCFS
BOUFDJQBEBNFOUFPRVFBQBMBWSBTJHOJmDBPVBPNFOPTUFSNPTVNB
DIGITO_Book.indb 40
10/8/2006 07:17:25
"TTJOPMPHPFYJTUP
iOPÎÍPw TPCSF FMB &YJʽF BJOEB P GBUP SFMBDJPOBEP Ë RVFʽÍP EB
USBOTNJTTÍPEFTFOUJEPRVFTFNPMEBOBJEFBÎÍPJMVNJOJʽBRVF
BQSFHPBVNBMJHBÎÍPEJSFUBFOUSFPTJHOJmDBOUFFBDPJTBNBOUFO
EP FTTB MJHBÎÍP QSFTB BP TJHOJmDBEP JEFPMØHJDP DSJBEP QFMB DPO
DFQÎÍPEFSB[ÍP
%FNBOFJSBBUÏNVJUPØCWJB%FSSJEBEFNPOʽSBRVFNFTNP
RVFTFUFOUFOFVUSBMJ[BSPDBNQPEPDPOUFYUPFMFTFNQSFFʽBSÈ
BGFUBEPOÍPTFSÈJOHÐOVPFNVJUPNFOPTJOØDVPNBTUFSÈVNB
SFʽSJÎÍPQBSBEPYBMPDBNQPEPDPOUFYUPTFSÈTFNQSFJOEFUFSNJ
OBEP"MÏNEPNBJTTFQSFUFOEFSNPTGB[FSDPNRVFBQSØQSJBDP
NVOJDBÎÍPEFJYFEFTFNBOUFSOFTTFQBUBNBSTJHOJmDBOUFBOUFDJ
QBEPEFWFNPTEFTMPDÈMBQBSBPÉNCJUPEBFTDSJUVSB%J[%FSSJEB
i4FSÈ VN EBEP BERVJSJEP RVF Ë QBMBWSB DPNVOJDBÎÍP
DPSSFʼPOEB VN DPODFJUP ÞOJDP VOÓWPDP SJHPSPTBNFOUF
PSEFOÈWFM F USBOTNJTTÓWFM DPNVOJDÈWFM 4FHVOEP VNB FT
USBOIBmHVSBEPEJTDVSTPEFWFTFQPSUBOUPQFSHVOUBSFN
QSJNFJSP MVHBS TF B QBMBWSB PV TJHOJmDBOUF ADPNVOJDBÎÍP
DPNVOJDB VN DPOUFÞEP EFUFSNJOBEP VN TFOUJEP JEFOUJm
DÈWFMVNWBMPSEFTDSJUÓWFM.BTQBSBBSUJDVMBSFQSPQPSFʽB
RVFʽÍPGPJOFDFTTÈSJPRVFFVBOUFDJQBTTFPTFOUJEPEBQB
MBWSB DPNVOJDBÎÍP UJWF EF QSFEFUFSNJOBS B DPNVOJDBÎÍP
DPNPWFÓDVMPPUSBOʼPSUFPVPMVHBSEFQBTTBHFNEFVN
TFOUJEPFEFVNTFOUJEPVOPw
$BNJOIBOEP DPN NVJUP DVJEBEP %FSSJEB TVTDJUB VNB SFnF
YÍPTPCSFBUFOUBUJWBEFUSBUBSJOHFOVBNFOUFPBQBSBUPDPNPPEB
FTDSJUBQPSFYFNQMP"MÏNEJTTPUSBUBTFUBNCÏNEFSFQFOTBSWJB
QSPQSJFEBEFTNBUFSJBJTRVFTÍPGPSOFDJEBTQFMBTQPTTJCJMJEBEFTJOEF
DJEÓWFJTDPNVOJDBDJPOBJTVNBPVUSBGPSNBEFDPNQSFFOTÍPEPRVF
WFNBTFSQPSFYFNQMPVNFNJTTPSFQPSUBOUPVNBVUPS
1BSBDPMPDBSNPTEJSFUBNFOUFPRVFQPEFSÓBNPTEFTEPCSBSEFT
TBTBmSNBÎÜFTEF%FSSJEBCBʽBUFOUBSQFOTBSPRVFTFSJBVNTVKFJUP
iBMJFOBEPwOBTUFPSJBTRVFSFMÐFN)FHFM0RVFTFSJBFYBUBNFOUFVN
IPNFNOÍPUFSiDPOTDJÐODJBwEFTFVQSPDFTTPTPDJPIJʽØSJDPQPMÓUJ
DIGITO_Book.indb 41
10/8/2006 07:17:26
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
DPTFEFDFSUBGPSNBBDPOUFYUVBMJ[BÎÍPEFTTFNPWJNFOUPGPTTF
JNQPTTÓWFM B OÍP TFS BUSBWÏT EB QSØQSJB DPODFQÎÍP JEFPMPHJDB
NFOUFBOUFDJQBEBEFQBMBWSBFTDSJUB 0VTFKBTFTFBDSFEJUBRVF
PTFTDSJUPTTÍPBVUÐOUJDBTGPSNBTEFNBOJGFʽBÎÍPEFVNBBMNB
JMVNJOBEBFOUÍPBÓTJNQPEFSÓBNPTEBSBPTTFVTTJHOJmDBEPTVN
WBMPSEFQPTTJCJMJEBEFPVOBTQBMBWSBTEF%FSSJEBBDPOUFDJNFO
UP.BTNFTNPBTTJNVNDPOUFYUPQPSNBJTFYQMÓDJUPRVFTFKBÏ
TFNQSFJEFPMØHJDPFQPSDPOTFRàÐODJBOÍPÏSBEJDBMNFOUFTFQB
SBEPEPEFTFKPEBRVFMFRVFPJNQÜF
%FTTBNBOFJSBSFʽBTFNQSFBOBMJTBSDPNPDPMPDBSËNPʽSB
FTTFEFTFKPFUFOUBSEFTDPOʽSVJSTVBTOBUVSBMJ[BÎÜFT&NPVUSBT
QBMBWSBTTFFVBmSNPRVFBiSFBMJEBEFwEFVNBQFTTPBYÏUBMFTF
FVOÍPNFFODPOUSPPVNFJEFOUJmDP
OFTTBUBMiSFBMJEBEFwQPTTP
TVQPSRVFFTTBEJUBiSFBMJEBEFwOÍPTFKBQPSNJNDPOIFDJEB$PNP
GBSFJQBSBDPOIFDÐMB )ÈQSJNFJSBNFOUFEPJTDBNJOIPTPVFVWPV
BUÏFMBmTJDBNFOUFPVMFJPTPCSFFMB"EJGFSFOÎBRVFTFDPMPDBÏ
TFNQSFDPNQMFYBQPJTTFFVGBÎPVNBQSPmTTÍPEFGÏEFRVFB
FYQFSJÐODJB GÓTJDB Ï P NFMIPS DBNJOIP QBSB FOUFOEFS EFUFSNJOB
EBTJUVBÎÍPFVQSPWBWFMNFOUFOÍPDPOIFDFSFJVNBTÏSJFEFDPJTBT
DPNPQPSFYFNQMPTBCFSPRVFÏPTPGSJNFOUPEFBMHVÏNRVFQFS
EFVNFOUFRVFSJEPPVNFTNPOVODBTBCFSFJPRVFÏTFSQPSUBEPS
EFVNBEPFOÎBUFSNJOBM+ÈTFFVMFSTPCSFBMHVNBTGPSNBTSFQSF
TFOUBDJPOBJTEFTTBTiSFBMJEBEFTwUFSFJUBNCÏNVNBWBHBOPÎÍPEF
MBT QPJT OVODB TBCFSFJ EP FʽBEP SFMBUBEP NFTNP QPFUJDBNFOUF
5FSFJVNBPVUSBFYQFSJÐODJBFFMBUFSÈEFTFSEVSBNFOUFUSBOʼPʽB
BBMHVNBGPSNBEFSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPTFFVRVJTFSSFQSFTFOUÈMBPCWJB
NFOUF
.BTDPNPTBCFNPTEFTEF8BMUFS#FOKBNJOBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍP
TFNQSFTFSÈGBEBEBBPGSBDBTTPËEFDBEÐODJB3FʽBOPTQFSHVOUBS
QPSRVFSFQSFTFOUBSPRVFFVBDIPRVFÏBiSFBMJEBEFwEP0VUSP 2VBMÏNJOIBWPOUBEFOJTTP 2VBMÏBRVFʽÍPRVFNFMFWBBJTTP &T
USVUVSBSVNFOUFOEJNFOUP 'PSNBMJ[BSVNBMJOHVBHFN (P[BSDPN
PiOÍPTBCFSwEP0VUSP 0SBOÍPGPJDPOUSBJTTPRVF%FSSJEBMVUPV
BWJEBJOUFJSBBPEJ[FSRVFPTFʽSVUVSBMJʽBTFEFWFNPTMFNCSBSRVF
-FWJ4USBVTTÏVNEPTÓDPOFTEFTTFNPWJNFOUP
TJNQMFTNFOUFBOUF
DIGITO_Book.indb 42
10/8/2006 07:17:26
"TTJOPMPHPFYJTUP
DJQBWBNPTFOUJEPEPTJHOPFDPNJTTPSFʽSJOHJBNBTEJGFSFOÎBT
ËOBUVSF[BTJD
EBTDPJTBT 0VTFKBWBNPTRVFSFSSFUPSOBSBPFT
USVUVSBMFEFNPOʽSBSRVFBRVFMFTRVFOÍPTBCFNEPRVFTPGSFN
EFWFNUFSiDPOTDJÐODJBwEFRVFOÍPTBCFNRVFTPGSFNFQPSmN
QFSEPÈMPT +ÈPVWJNPTFTTFEJTDVSTPOBDSV[EPTBDPOUFDJNFOUPT
IVNBOPT OÍP Ï 1FOTP RVF FN SFMBÎÍP BP EFTFKP EF SFQSFTFO
UBÎÍP EP 0VUSP B RVFʽÍP TFNQSF WPMUBSÈ JOWFSUJEB BP FNJTTPS
DPNPKÈBOUFDJQPV-BDBO
1PS NBJT EVSBT RVF FTTBT DSÓUJDBT QPTTBN TFS BDSFEJUP RVF
FMBTEFWFSÍPTFSSFQFOTBEBTQBSBEFTMPDBSBDSFOÎBOVNBWFSEBEF
IJFSÈSRVJDBFDBOÙOJDBRVFTØDPOTFSWBFOSJKFDFFFYDMVJPQFO
TBNFOUP
1PSUBOUPBPDSJUJDBSBTUFPSJBTTPCSFBFTDSJUBRVFFOUSFPVUSBT
DPJTBTDPOTJEFSBWBNBFTDSJUVSBDPNPSFCBJYBNFOUPEBGBMBFQPS
UBOUPEFQFOEFOUFEFMB%FSSJEBBmSNBRVFVNBFNJTTÍPPVVNB
FTDSJUB OÍP EFQFOEF TPNFOUF EFMB NFTNB F TJN RVF QBSB VNB
PCSBTFSVNBPCSBFMBEFWFSJBTFSBTTJOBEB%J[%FSSJEBi/ÍPIÈ
PCSBTFNBTTJOBUVSBwFTFNRVFFTTBBTTJOBUVSBTFKBMFHJUJNBEBOVN
FʼBÎPQÞCMJDPPRVFFRVJWBMFBEJ[FSRVFFMBEFWFTFSBVUFOUJDBEB
QBSBRVFTFKBSFDFCJEBOFTTFFʼBÎPTPDJBM0VTFKBQBSB%FSSJEB
OÍPFYJʽFPCSBFNVNPCKFUPRVBMRVFSNBTEFWFNPTTFNQSFOPT
BUFSBPFʼBÎPQÞCMJDPQBSBRVFFMFEFDFSUBGPSNBOPTBOUFDJQF
OBGPSNVMBÎÍPEBQSØQSJBDPODFQÎÍPEFPCSB*OEPBMÏNQPEFNPT
EJ[FSRVFBBTTJOBUVSBOÍPÏPOPNFQSØQSJPHSBGBEPOVNRVBESP
PVOBDBQBEFVNMJWSP&MBÏVNBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPRVFKÈTFFODPOUSB
DPNQBSUJMIBEBNVJUPBOUFTEFTTBQFRVFOBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍP"TTJOBSÏ
NVJUPEJGFSFOUFEFTFSBVUPSFVNBDPJTBOÍPDPSSFʼPOEFËPVUSB
1BSUJOEPEFTTBQFRVFOBSFnFYÍPTPCSFBBmSNBÎÍPEFRVFOÍP
IÈPCSBTFNBTTJOBUVSBQSPQVTDSJBSVNBEJTDVTTÍPBSUÓʽJDPBDBEÐ
NJDBTPCSFDPNPDPODFCFSPTBʼFʹPTBVUPSBJTOBJOUFSOFU.JOIB
IJQØUFTFUFOUBBQSFTFOUBSVNBNVEBOÎBFQJʽFNPMØHJDBFNSFMBÎÍP
ËBVUPSJBBQBSUJSEPNPNFOUPFNRVFUPEPTOØTOPTUPSOBNPTBV
UPSFTFFEJUPSFTRVFNTFSÈPDBSUØSJPBVUFOUJDBEPSPSFWJTPSPTVKFJ
UPRVFGBSÈBMFJUVSBFEJSÈJTTPÏVNUFYUP²BJOEBOFDFTTÈSJPQFOTBS
EFTTBNBOFJSB .BTBPNFTNPUFNQPTVSHFNPTFGFJUPTQBSBEPYBJT
DIGITO_Book.indb 43
10/8/2006 07:17:26
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
EFTTFNPWJNFOUPEFimNEPDPOUSPMFwDPNPQPSFYFNQMPFN
SFMBÎÍPËBTTJOBUVSBRVFBUÏPTEJBTEFIPKFDPOGFSFVNBMFHJCJMJ
EBEFBPUFYUP1PSUBOUPTFOÍPIÈNBJTDPNPiBTTJOBSwVNUFYUP
OBXFCMFWBOEPFNDPOTJEFSBÎÍPRVFRVBMRVFSVNQPEFQVCMJ
DBSVNUFYUPFBTTJOÈMPHSBGBSPOPNF
ËTWF[FTFNTFVOPNF
QSØQSJPFËTWF[FTOPOPNFQSØQSJPEFPVUSPTDPNPMJHBSFQFOTBS
BRVJMPRVF"VʽJOEJ[EPQFSGPSNBUJWPBPNPWJNFOUPEFMFHJCJMJ
EBEFEPUFYUP $PNPJNBHJOBSRVFVNBBTTJOBUVSBDBSSFHBFNTJ
FBQBSUJSEFTJVNBQSPNFTTBTFPSFDFQUPSPSFDFQUBEPSPVIPT
QFEFJSPTFBTTJNRVJTFSNPTÏEFBOUFNÍPBCFSUP 1PSUBOUPQBSB
UFʽBS FTTBT RVFʽÜFT FV EFTFOWPMWJ VNB TÏSJF EF SFWJʽBT DPNP
B 1MBUP 0OMJOF F FOEFSFÎPT FMFUSÙOJDPT RVF TJNVMBN JOʽJUVUPT
VOJWFSTJEBEFT FUD RVF TF BQSPQSJBN EF USBCBMIPT EF WÈSJBT QFT
TPBTNBTDPNVNBÞOJDBEJGFSFOÎBFNWF[EFNFBQSPQSJBSEPT
USBCBMIPTEFPVUSPTBSUJʽBTDPNPQPSFYFNQMP+FĊ,PPOTF4IFS
SJF-FWJOF
FVNFBQSPQSJPEPiOPNFQSØQSJPwFGBÎPEFMFNJOIB
PCSB5FOUPEJ[FSDPNJTTPRVFÏOFDFTTÈSJBTJNVNBJOʽÉODJBRVF
MFJBWBMJEFDPOʽBUFFDSFEJUFBVUFOUJRVFTFGPSPDBTPRVBMRVFS
UJQPEFOPNF.BTBPNFTNPUFNQPQFSDFCPRVFPiOPNFwBJOEB
ÏVNBRVFʽÍPCBʽBOUFDBSBËNBJPSJBEPTBSUJʽBTQFOTBEPSFTF
BVUPSFTNFTNPËRVFMFTRVFDBOTBSBNEFBmSNBSNVOEPBGPSBRVF
PiBVUPSNPSSFVw"MJÈTBNBJPSJBEBTBQSPQSJBÎÜFTEFOPNFTRVF
m[GPSBNEFBVUPSFTRVFFNBMHVNNPNFOUPBmSNBSBNFNTFVT
UFYUPTDPJTBTEPUJQPi/ÍPIÈNBJTBVUPSJBUVEPQPEFTFSSFMJHBEP
BTTPDJBEPEFTGFJUPyOBEBÏEFOJOHVÏNUVEPÏDPMBCPSBUJWPÏP
MFJUPSRVFGB[BPCSBw1FSHVOUPFPOPNF "MHVÏNBCEJDBSÈEPTFV &BJEFOUJEBEF &MBBJOEBQBSUFPVTFGVOEBNFOUBOPDPODFJUPEF
iOPNFQSØQSJPw 0VPiOPNFwKÈTFEFTMPDPVUBNCÏNQBSBPÉNCJUP
EBTJNVMBÎÍP 1PSUBOUPOÍPNFBQSPQSJPEFOFOIVNBPCSBUFYUP
JNBHFNFUDUVEPRVFGBÎPOBNBJPSJBEBTWF[FTÏDSJBSQFRVFOPT
BMHPSJUNPT DPNQVUBDJPOBJT RVF UÐN NVJUBT WF[FT PT NFTNPT OP
NFTEPTBVUPSFTRVFEJ[FNRVFBBVUPSJBBDBCPVPVTFKBRVFOÍPIÈ
QSPCMFNBOBBQSPQSJBÎÍPTFOEPRVFPTBMHPSJUNPTQSPEV[FNVNB
TÏSJFEFUFYUPTFNNVJUPTDBTPTTFNOFYPBMHVNFEFQPJTPTBTTJ
OBNDPNTFVQSØQSJPOPNFTFOEPRVFJTTPÏFYQMJDBEPFNUPEPTPT
DIGITO_Book.indb 44
10/8/2006 07:17:26
"TTJOPMPHPFYJTUP
XFCTJUFTRVFQSPEV[J
$PNFTTBFYQFSJÐODJBOBSFEFUFOUFJQSPEV[JSVNBTÏSJFEF
SFnFYÜFT TPCSF P RVF Ï VN OPNF QSØQSJP F DPOʽBUFJ RVF OØT
BJOEBOÍPDPNQSFFOEFNPTBTNVEBOÎBTOPÉNCJUPFQJʽFNPMØ
HJDPRVFBEFTNBUFSJBMJ[BÎÍPEBFTDSJUBDPNPBEWFOUPEPEJHJUBM
QSPEV[JVFNOPTTBTSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFT
.VJUPTEFOØTQPSFYFNQMPBJOEBBDSFEJUBNRVFTFBMHPFʽÈ
FTDSJUPEFWFiTFSwFiWBMFSwBMHVNBDPJTB0VTFBMHVÏNBTTJOBEF
UFSNJOBEPUFYUPFMFFOUÍPEFWFTFSMFWBEPFNDPOTJEFSBÎÍPUFO
EPFNNFOUFPRVFFTTBQBMBWSBQPEFTJHOJmDBS
$PNPTFQBSBSB
BTTJOBUVSBEPOPNF )ÈOFDFTTJEBEFEFGB[FSJTTP
1BSBUFSVNBJEÏJBEPRVFPQSPKFUPBDBSSFUPVBSFWJʽB1MBUP
0OMJOFSFDFCFVDFSUPEJBVNFNBJMEPEJSFUPSEBSFWJʽB-FPOBSEP
3PHFS.BMJOBRVFʽJPOBOEPPQSPKFUPRVFFMBTFQSPQVOIBSFBMJ[BS
%J[JBFMFOPFNBJMRVFPQSPKFUPPVNFMIPSBSFWJʽB1MBUP0OMJOF
EFQSFDJBWBPUSBCBMIPEBTQFTTPBTRVFFʽBWBNDPNTFVTOPNFT
FYQPʽPT.BJTEPRVFJTTPBmSNBWBRVFB1MBUPQPSTFSVNBSFWJT
UBDPQJBEBRVBTFOBÓOUFHSBWJTVBMNFOUF
EB-FPOBSEPFOHBOBSJB
BTQFTTPBTFFMBTBDBCBSJBNMFOEPVNBDPJTBRVFOÍPQFSUFODJBBPT
BVUPSFTiSFBJTw1BSBmOBMJ[BSEJ[JBRVFNFVQSPKFUPFSBVNQSPCMF
NBFRVFOÍPWJBDPNPFMFDIFHBSJBBPTTFVTQSPQØTJUPT3FʼPOEJ
RVFOÍPFOUFOEJBBPOEFFMFRVFSJBDIFHBSFRVFNFDPMPDBWBËEJT
QPTJÎÍPQBSBEJTDVUJSDPNFMFNFVTBSHVNFOUPT
"P FOWJBS QBSB 3PHFS .BMJOB VN UFYUP FYQMJDBOEP NJOIBT JO
UFOÎÜFTDPNFTTFQSPKFUPFMFNFSFʼPOEFVRVFIBWJBFOUFOEJEP
NFMIPS-PHPBQØTFTTFGBUPSFUPSOFJTFVFNBJMFMIFQFEJTFVOPNF
FNQSFʽBEP QBSB CBUJ[BS VN BMHPSJUNP %JTTFMIF RVF EBSJB BP BM
HPSJUNPPOPNFEF3PHFS.BMJOB1BSBNJOIBTVSQSFTB3PHFSNF
BVUPSJ[PV B VUJMJ[BS TFV OPNF OB JOUFSOFU QPS VN NÐT FN MFUSBT
NBJÞTDVMBT
2VFNFOUFOEFPNÓOJNPEFDPNQVUBEPSFTFPCÈTJDPEFJOUFS
1MBUP 0OMJOF OPUIJOH TDJFODF BOE UFDIOPMPHZ IUUQCPPLTHPPHMFDPN
CPPLT JF65'WJE*4#/JEN'3.YR[1*$OVNERQMBUP
#POMJOF#OPUIJOHQH1"QSJOUTFDMQH1"TJH0#T#2/RXGD'%6P
)6SWC$.YE@P"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 45
10/8/2006 07:17:27
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
OFUEFWFUFSmDBEPFʽBSSFDJEPDPNBDFTTÍPEFEJSFJUPTEPOPNF
EVSBOUF iVN NÐTw OB JOUFSOFU 'JRVFJ QFOTBOEP DPNP RVF VN
EPTQBQBTEBBSUFUFDOPMPHJBOÍPDPOIFDFPCÈTJDPTPCSFBSFEF
$PNPRVFSFNEJTDVUJSUFPSJDBNFOUFTPCSFBMHPRVFOÍPTFEÍP
OFNBPUSBCBMIPEFBOBMJTBSEFNBOFJSBNBJTDPNQMFYB #BʽBEJ
[FSRVFPRVFFVQSFWJBBDBCPVBDPOUFDFOEP.FTFTEFQPJTQFEJB
3PHFS.BMJOBBBVUPSJ[BÎÍPQBSBQVCMJDBSOPTTBDPSSFʼPOEÐODJB
FNMJWSPFSFDFCJVNFNBJMEFSFʼPʽBOPRVBMEJ[JBRVFIBWJBFO
DPOUSBEPWÈSJBTDØQJBTEFTFVUFYUPQVCMJDBEBTOBJOUFSOFUFRVFP
(PPHMFNBOUJOIBPUFYUPBTTJOBEPQFMPBMHPSJUNP3PHFS.BMJOBPO
MJOF5FOUFJMIFFYQMJDBSTPCSFBRVFʽÍPEPDBDIFFUBNCÏNTPCSF
PQSPCMFNBRVFÏQVCMJDBSOBJOUFSOFUFUVEPNBJTNBTOÍPBEJBO
UPVNVJUPQPJTOPTTBTDPOWFSTBTOÍPUJWFSBNNBJTNVJUPÐYJUPOP
TFOUJEPEFCVTDBSVNBDPNQSFFOTÍPEPRVFTFQBTTBOPÉNCJUP
EBTQVCMJDBÎÜFTFEPTQBSBEPYPTEJHJUBJTDPOUFNQPSÉOFPT
%FTTBNBOFJSBÏQPSFTTFDBNJOIPRVFUFOUFJQFOTBSBBVUPSJB
BBTTJOBUVSBFMFHJCJMJEBEFPOPNFQSØQSJPPFʽBUVUPEPOPNFP
FʼBÎPQÞCMJDPFPFʼBÎPQSJWBEPOFTTBOPWBMJOHVBHFNFOFTTBT
PVUSBTNBUSJ[FTEFQVCMJDBÎÍP
"MÏNEJTTPDPOUJOVBOEPBSFnFUJSTPCSFPiOPNFEPBSRVJWPw
FNBMHVNBTSFWJʽBTRVFEFTFOWPMWJIUUQTFNJPMPHJFTFNJPUJRVF
USJQPEDPN
FYJʽFNWÈSJPTiBSRVJWPTwDPNOPNFTEFBVUPSFTTFO
EPRVFFNBMHVOTHVJBTEFQFTRVJTBIPUCPUQPSFYFNQMP
ËTWF[FT
POPNFEPBSRVJWPTFSWFDPNPSFHJʽSPEFDMBTTJmDBÎÍPEPiʼJEFSw
EPHVJB0VTFKBm[VNBTÏSJFEFUFYUPTKPHBEPTEFOUSPEFQÈHJOBT
iIUNMw RVF OÍP GB[FN TFOUJEP BQBSFOUF NBT RVF TÍP iSFHJʽSBEPTw
OPTHVJBTEFQFTRVJTBBUSBWÏTEPTOPNFTQSØQSJPTRVFFʽÍPOPFT
QBÎPOÍPMFHÓWFMEFOUSPEPIUNMnBTIFUD
OPQSØQSJPDØEJHPEP
BSRVJWPOPTFVOPNF
1PSUBOUPTFWPDÐEJHJUBPOPNFQSØQSJPEF
BMHVÏNOP(PPHMFFUDWPDÐDBJOPNFVTJUFNBTOÍPFODPOUSBP
OPNFQSØQSJPEPTVKFJUPOPFʼBÎPMFHÓWFMEPIUNMTØOPOPNFEP
BSRVJWP
5FOUPEJTDVUJSTFPiOPNFEPBSRVJWPwTFSÈUBNCÏNVNEJBNP
UJWP EF BQSPQSJBÎÍP PV NFTNP TF FMF TFSÈ QBTTÓWFM EF QFSUFODFS B
VNEPNÓOJPQSJWBEP4FSÈRVFEBRVJBMHVOTBOPTQBHBSFNPTEJSFJUPT
DIGITO_Book.indb 46
10/8/2006 07:17:27
"TTJOPMPHPFYJTUP
BVUPSBJT QBSB VUJMJ[BS OPTTPT QSØQSJPT OPNFT 4FHVOEP NF SFT
QPOEFVVNBBSUJʽBUFDOPMØHJDBGSBODFTBTFNPNÓOJNPQVEPS
OBBCFSUVSBEPFWFOUP&NPÎÍP"SUJmDJBMRVFUFWFMVHBSOVN
DFOUSPDVMUVSBMFN4ÍP1BVMPTJNFRVBMPQSPCMFNB
3FʼPOEPTFBTTJNGPSTFSÈPmNEPQSØQSJPEPOPNF
DIGITO_Book.indb 47
10/8/2006 07:17:27
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
0QFSBÎÍP 1JSBUB
QPS)FSOBOJ%JNBOUBT
0RVFWFNBTFSVNBPQFSBÎÍPQJSBUB &NQSJODÓQJPUSBUBTF
EFVNBDPOUFYUVBMJ[BÎÍPEPNPNFOUPCSBTJMFJSPRVFQPTTJCJMJUPV
BFYQMPTÍPEFQSPKFUPTDPMBCPSBUJWPTFNFSHFOUFT6NBCVTDBEB
QSÈUJDBOVNBNCJFOUFEFDBPTFPSEFN"MHVNBTBCʽSBÎÜFTQP
EFNTFSNBJTCFNUSBCBMIBEBT&NVJUBTWF[FTSFWJʽBTBVEJUBEBT
FNPEJmDBEBT"mOBMFʽBNPTBUVBOEPEFOUSPEFVNBUFDOPMPHJB
BJOEBEFTDPOIFDJEB/ÍPUFNPTDFSUF[BEBQPUFODJBMJEBEF
&OUFOEP B SFEF DPNP VN TJʽFNB NVUBOUF & TÍP UBOUPT PT
QPOUPTEFWJʽBRVFQSFmSPBCSJSVNEFCBUFFNWF[EFNFBQPJBS
FN JEJPTTJODSBTJBT 6N RVFCSBDBCFÎB EFTNPOUBEP 1BSUFT KPHB
EBTEFTNPOUBEBT6NQFEBÎPEPDÏVVNBNPOUBOIBVNBWJÍP
QBTTBOEP+VOUBSUPEBTFTTBTJNBHFOTQBSBDSJBSVNOPWPEFTFOIP
NPOUBOEP VNB OPWB SFBMJEBEF /B XFC GB[FNPT CSJDPMBHF %FT
NBOUFMBNPTPDPOIFDJNFOUPFNQBSUFTEFTDPOFYBTFSFDSJBNPT
DPNVNBGPSNBQBSUJDVMBS$BEBVNGB[PTFVQSØQSJPNVOEP
1FOTPRVFFTTFDPODFJUPGB[TFOUJEP)FJEFHHFS
iQSJWJMFHJBPGVUVSPQPSRVFÏFʽBQSPKFÎÍPQBSBPEFWJSF
PHPMQFEBEFWPMVÎÍPOPFNCBUFDPNBNPSUFRVFMÈFʽÈ
FRVFPMFWBBQFOTBSFËBVUPDPOTDJFOUJ[BÎÍP0IPNFN
QPEF FOUÍP JOUSPEV[JS FTTF DPOIFDJNFOUP FYJʽFODJBM OP
QSPKFUPEFTVBWJEBFBTTJNTFBQSPQSJBSEBFYJʽÐODJBGB
[FOEPBFGFUJWBNFOUFTVBUPSOBOEPTFBVUÐOUJDPOÍPNBJT
VNFOUFTFNSBÓ[FTw
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1BSBOÍPDBJSOPTDBTVÓTNPTOPTDMJDIÐTFOBCBCBRVJDFDPUJEJBOB
$0#3" 3VCFN 2 .BSUJO )FJEFHHFS IUUQXXXDPCSBQBHFTOPNCSGDIFJEFHHFS
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DIGITO_Book.indb 48
10/8/2006 07:17:27
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
"mOBMBFYQFSJÐODJBWJSUVBMÏQFTTPBM%FQFOEFEBWPOUBEF
EPJOUFSMPDVUPSEFFTDPWBSNFSDBEPT#SJODBSEFMFWBSOPTTPTEF
TFKPTBTÏSJP&DPNFTTBTFSJFEBEFFODBSPBSFEFDPNPVNDPOT
DJFOUFDPMFUJWPRVFGVODJPOBDPNSFHSBTEJGFSFOUFTEPDPOWFODJP
OBM/ÍPGB[TFOUJEPUFOUBSEJWJEJSBWJEBFNDPOUÐJOFSFTEPTBCFS
1SFmSPUFOUBSFOYFSHBSPUPEPSJ[PNÈUJDP/ÍPBQFOBTBÈSWPSF
"TTJN B 0QFSBÎÍP 1JSBUB Ï VNB DPOWFSTBÎÍP FN SFEF 6N
UJQPEFJOUFSDPOFYÍPRVFBDPOUFDFFNUFNQPSFBM6NBDPOWFS
TBÎÍP FOHBKBEB & QSJODJQBMNFOUF DPN VNB FYQFʹBUJWB FYJT
UFODJBM PUJNJʽB FN SFMBÎÍP ËT QPTTJCJMJEBEFT EF NVEBOÎBT F EF
SFWPMVÎÜFT " 0QFSBÎÍP 1JSBUB GBWPSFDF P EJÈMPHP 6NB SFMBÎÍP
RVF TØ Ï QPTTÓWFM RVBOEP IÈ VNB DPNQSFFOTÍP JOFRVÓWPDB EP
RVFÏ-JOLBOJB/PMJOLFʽÈBNFOTBHFN"/PWB&IUUQXXX
OPWBFJOGCS
P .BSLFUJOH )BDLFS IUUQXXXNBSLFUJOHIBDLFS
DPNCS
P 1SPKFUP .FUÈGPSB IUUQXXXQSPKFUPNFUBGPSBPSH
P.FUB3FDJDMBHFNIUUQNFUBSFDJDMBHFNPSH
FP$PMBC IUUQ
DPMBCJOGP
GPSBNTÍPPVFʽÍPEFTFOWPMWJEPTOFTTFBNCJFOUFEB
iSFWPMVÎÍP OÍP UFMFWJTJPOBEBw $PN VN FOGPRVF QSØQSJP RVF NVJ
UBTWF[FTOÍPFYQMJDBDPNPUBNCÏNBQSFTFOUBVNBEJSFÎÍPEJGF
SFOUF EF DBEB 0QFSBÎÍP 1JSBUB &TTB PQFSBÎÍP OÍP FʽÈ FOTJNFT
NBEBOBUFDOPMPHJB4ÍPQFTTPBTRVFFʽÍPQBSUJDJQBOEPEFVNB
HSBOEF DPOWFSTBÎÍP & NVJUBT EFMBT OFN TBCFN EJTTP JOUFSOFU Ï
VNBUFDOPMPHJBBTTÓODSPOBPOEFUVEPQBSFDFEJGFSFOUF/PFOUBO
UPTÍPQFTTPBTTFSFMBDJPOBOEPDPNPVUSBTQFTTPBT&TTFÏPNPUF
/ÍPFYJʽFDPMBCPSBÎÍPTFNHFOFSPTJEBEF
/ÍPFYJʽFDPMBCPSBÎÍPTFNHFOFSPTJEBEF/ÍPFYJʽF-JOLBOJB
TFNHFOFSPTJEBEF&ʽPVBCFSUPQBSBDPOWFSTBSDPNRVBMRVFSQFT
TPB EP NVOEP " JOUFSOFU NF EÈ FTTB QPTTJCJMJEBEF $PMBCPSBÎÍP
UFNBWFSDPNQSPKFUPTEFJOUFSFTTFDPNVN6NJODFOUJWPËCVTDB
EFJOGPSNBÎÍPSFMFWBOUF"ÓÏRVFFOUSBPiFTDPWBSNFSDBEPTwRVFN
OÍPFTDPWBPTNFSDBEPTOÍPWBJDPOTFHVJSDPNQSFFOEFSRVFPNVO
EPFʽÈNBJTDPMFUJWP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 49
10/8/2006 07:17:28
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
.BTFTTFDPMFUJWPOÍPEFʽSØJPTVKFJUP7JWFNPTVNDPMFUJWP
EFJOEJWJEVBMJEBEFT0VTFKBPOFUXPSLEFFHPUSJQT 1PJTOBXFC
QPEFNPTQFSDFCFSBGPSÎBEBTQVCMJDBÎÜFTJOEJWJEVBJT1PJTBQV
CMJDBÎÍPEFBSUJHPTFJEÏJBTBVNCBJYPDVʽPFPFOHBKBNFOUPEF
QFTTPBTSFVOJEBTBUSBWÏTEFDIBUTMJʽBTEFEJTDVTTÍPIPNFQBHFT
FGØSVOTOPTBQPOUBVNEJGFSFODJBM
i-JOLBSwiMJOLBSwFiMJOLBSw&TTBÏBNÈYJNBEFʽFOPWPNVO
EP i-JOLBSw QPS HFOFSPTJEBEF QPJT TBCFNPT RVF HFOUJMF[B HFSB
HFOUJMF[Bi-JOLBSwQPSRVFUFNPTJOUFSFTTFTDPNVOTDPNQFTTPBT
EFWFSEBEF1FTTPBTRVFQFOTBNBNBNCSJODBNOBNPSBNFUÐN
mMIPT&TTFTmMIPTDPOUJOVBOEPiMJOLBOEPwTVBTWJEBTËTPVUSBTWJ
EBTi-JOLBSwUFNPCKFUJWPT3FDVQFSBSBWP[QFSEJEB#VTDBSOBT
FOUSFMJOIBTEJHJUBJTVNMBQTPEFFʼFSBOÎB6NBIVNBOJEBEFNBJT
IVNBOB-JOLBOJBÏBFWPMVÎÍPDPMBCPSBUJWB
*TTPQBSFDFØCWJP.BTNVJUBTWF[FTOÍPBHJNPTEFTTBGPSNB
$SJBNPT DBSBQVÎBT QBSB OPT FTDPOEFS 1FRVFOPT BUPT TÍP JNQPS
UBOUFT QBSB TVCWFSUFS P DPUJEJBOP & TÍP FTTFT QFRVFOPT BUPT EF
HFOFSPTJEBEFRVFBMJNFOUBNBSFWPMVÎÍPEJHJUBM
i"WJEBÏNVJUPDVSUBQPSRVFOØTNPSSFNPT2VBOEP
FʽBNPT TP[JOIPT SFnFUJOEP QBSBNPT QBSB QFOTBS OB
RVJMP RVF Ï SFBMNFOUF JNQPSUBOUF /PTTBT DSJBOÎBT OPT
TPT BNJHPT BNBOUFT F OPTTBT QFSEBT "T DPJTBT NVEBN & NVEBOÎBT TÍP TFNQSF EPMPSPTBT 1FTTPBT EJNJOVFN
TVBTWJEBTNVEBNTFBWFMIBWJ[JOIBOÎBOÍPÏNBJTBRVJ
MPRVFDPʽVNBWBTFS$SJBOÎBTmDBNEPFOUFTNFMIPSBN
mDBNFOUFEJBEBTOPTFOFSWBN&MFTDSFTDFNPVWJOEPOPUÓ
DJBTEPNVOEPNVJUPNBJTIPSSPSJ[BOUFTEPRVFPTBOUJHPT
DPOUPTEFGBEBTw
7JWFNPT FʽF NPNFOUP EF FCVMJÎÍP 0 QFOTBNFOUP GFSWF "
IUUQXXXCV[[JOFJOGPNBSLFUJOHIBDLFSJOEFYQIQ JUFNJEDBUJE"DFTTP
FNKVM
-0$,&$*OUFSOFU"QPDBMZQTP*O8&*/#&3(&3%BWJEFUBM5IF$MVFUSBJO.BOJGFTUP5IF
&OEPG#VTJOFTTBT6TVBM1FSTFVT#PPLT
DIGITO_Book.indb 50
10/8/2006 07:17:28
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
DBCFÎBFTRVFOUB"TJEÏJBTEFʽSPFNTFVTMJNJUFTFTFUPSOBNMJWSFT
QBSBPNVOEP6NUVSCJMIÍPEFMBWBFʼBMIBNFEPOBTJOUFSGBDFT
DVMUVSBJT
"FSBEBDPOFYÍP
7JWFNPTFNSFEF3FEFEFBNJHPTEFQBSFOUFTGBNÓMJBOFHØ
DJPTFOHFOESBEBTOPTSFMBDJPOBNFOUPTiDPOWFSTBDJPOBJTwEBTQFT
TPBTDPNVOT"SFEFÏPQSJODÓQJPEFVNBTPDJFEBEFRVFFNFSHF
RVBOEPBHFOUJMF[BHFSBHFOUJMF[B.BTFʽBNPTWJWFOEPVNQSP
DFTTPEFJOUFSTFDÎÍP/ÍPFOUSFBDVMUVSBEFNBTTBTFBDVMUVSBEF
SFEFNBTFOUSFJEÏJBTFUFPSJBTEJGFSFOUFT
%BWJE8FJOCFSHFSFOUFOEFBXFCDPNPVNNVOEPDPNQBS
UJMIBEP RVF FʽBNPT DPOʽSVJOEP KVOUPT &TTF QSPDFTTP EF DPOT
USVÎÍP TFSJB DBSBʹFSJ[BEP QPS VNB SVQUVSB EPT DPOUÐJOFSFT EP
UFNQPFFʼBÎPPVBiEFTDPOUFJOFSJ[BÎÍPEBNFUBGÓTJDBQBESÍPw /FTTF TFOUJEP B JOUFSOFU QPEF TFS FOUFOEJEB DPNP VN OPWP MV
HBS6NBNCJFOUFEJGFSFOUF*OUFSOFUOÍPÏBQFOBTVNBOPWBNÓEJB
VNDBOBMEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP&YJʽFWJEBJOUFMJHFOUFQPSUSÈTEFDBEB
NPOJUPS&FTTFOPWPMVHBSÏQSPQÓDJPQBSBBTDPOWFSTBÎÜFTFDPNP
DPOTFRàÐODJB QBSB VNB TPDJFEBEF DPMBCPSBUJWB 6N OPWP CPN
TFOTPFNFSHFEBJNFOTJEÍPEPTIVCT
*OUFSOFU OÍP UFN OBEB B WFS DPN DPNQVUBEPSFT 5FN B WFS
DPNQFTTPBT%FOBEBBEJBOUBNQSPHSBNBTJODSÓWFJTUFDOPMPHJBEF
CPMTPPVRVBJTRVFSPVUSPTBQMJDBUJWPTTFBTQFTTPBTOÍPFʽJWFSFN
WJWFOEPDPOWJWFOEPFQBSUJDJQBOEPEFTTFMVHBSGFJUPEFDBCPTTJMÓ
DJPFUBNCÏNEFUFDOPMPHJBTFNmP
"JOUFSOFUEFQFOEFEBUFDOPMPHJBQBSBDSFTDFSFnPSFTDFS.BT
OÍPÏQFMPWJÏTEBUFDOPMPHJBRVFQPEFNPTQFOTBSFFYQMJDBSBSFWP
MVÎÍPEJHJUBM&TTBTUFDOPMPHJBTTÍPNFJPTRVFOPTMFWBNQBSBPJOm
OJUPFBMÏN.FJPTEFUSBOTMBÎÍPEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPEFJOUFSBÎÍPOP
TFOUJEPRVFOPTQPTTJCJMJUBNPUSÉOTJUPPWJWFSFOUSFJEÏJBTDVMUVSBT
JOGPSNBÎÍPFDPOIFDJNFOUPEJWFSTPT
%FTEFPTÏDVMP9*9HSBOEFQBSUFEPFTGPSÎPDJFOUÓmDPUFNTJEP
8&*/#&3(&3%BWJE5IF)ZQFSMJOLFE.FUBQIZTJDTPGUIF8FCIUUQXXXIZQFSPSH
DPNNJTDNFUBQIZTJDTJOEFYIUNM"DFTTPFNKVM
DIGITO_Book.indb 51
10/8/2006 07:17:28
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
BQMJDBEBOPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEFNFJPTEFUSBOTMBÎÍPFDPNVOJ
DBÎÍPPVTFKBEFOPWBTGPSNBTEFDPOFʹBSQFTTPBT$BSSPTBWJ
ÜFTSÈEJPFUFMFWJTÍPEFVNBDFSUBGPSNBFODVSUBNBEJʽÉODJB
FOUSFPTTFSFTIVNBOPT$BSSPTBWJÜFTSÈEJPFUFMFWJTÍPBPNFT
NPUFNQPTFDPOʽJUVFNFNQPEFSPTPTJOʽSVNFOUPTFʽSBUÏHJ
DPTQFMPTRVBJTDJSDVMBNJEÏJBTFNPEPTEFWJEB"JOUFSOFUTFHVF
OFʽB NFTNB MJOIB TFSWF QBSB DPOFʹBS QFTTPBT JEÏJBT NPEPT
EF WJEB F QSPEVÎÍP TPDJBM 8FJOCFSHFS EFOPNJOB FTTF FTGPSÎP
DPNPBFSBEBDPOFYÍPFNCPSBPVUSPTUFSNPTQBSFÎBNEFTDSFWFS
JHVBMNFOUF FʽFT UFNQPT NBSDBEPT QFMB DPNVOJDBÎÍP JOGPSNB
ÎÍPDPOFYÍP
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NBÎÍPBJOUFSOFUÏNBJTBCSBOHFOUF&MBOÍPBQFOBTBQSPYJNBBT
QFTTPBT&MBDSJBVNOPWPMVHBSEFDPOWJWÐODJB"JOUFSOFUÏVN
NVOEPEJGFSFOUFEBRVFMFOPRVBMDSFTDFNPT
5FNQP F FʼBÎP OÍP UÐN P NFTNP TJHOJmDBEP RVF BQSFOEF
NPTOBTFYQFSJÐODJBTDPNVOTPVNFTNPDPNPTEFNBJTNFJPTEF
DPNVOJDBÎÍP0NFJPGÓTJDPDBNJOIBQBSBBWJSUVBMJEBEF&BWJSUV
BMJEBEFDBNJOIBQBSBBSFBMJEBEF0QBSBEPYPBTTJNTFUSBOTGPSNB
FNQBSBEJHNB
*OUFSOFUOÍPEFQFOEFBQFOBTEFDPNQVUBEPSFTNBTOFDFTTJUB
EBUFDOPMPHJBQBSBFʽBCFMFDFSPʽBUVTRVPWJSUVBM4FNNFJPTEF
BDFTTPmDBSFNPTNBSHJOBJTËTPDJFEBEFWJSUVBM%FNPDSBDJBTJOUFS
DPOFʹBEBT QBSB FYJʽJS QSFDJTBN EF BDFTTP JSSFʽSJUP QBSB HBSBO
UJSTF FORVBOUP UBJT /FTTF DPOUFYUP B UFOEÐODJB Ï RVF IBKB DPO
WFSHÐODJBEFUFDOPMPHJBTOPTFOUJEPEFPQFSBSBQBTTBHFNFOUSFB
UFDOPMPHJBBOUFSJPSQBSBBEJHJUBMJEBEFEBSFEF5FMFGPOFTDPOWFSTBN
DPNBSFEFFOWJBOEPFSFDFCFOEPJOGPSNBÎÜFT5FMFWJTÜFTEFWFN
GB[FS P NFTNP 0T QPSUÈWFJT JODMVJOEP DFMVMBSFT F 1%"T EFWFSÍP
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BPNVOEPWJSUVBMPOEFQPTTBTFSQPTTÓWFMBDFEFSËTJOGPSNBÎÜFTF
iCMPHBSwTVBTBOÈMJTFTSFUSPBMJNFOUBOEPBSFEF
"UVBMNFOUFVUJMJ[BNPTVNBUFDOPMPHJBRVFSFNPOUBBNBJTEF
8&*/#&3(&3 %BWJE8IZ 0QFO 4QFDUSVN .BUUFST5IF &OE PG UIF #SPBEDBTU /BUJPO
IUUQXXXHSFBUFSEFNPDSBDZPSHGSBNJOH@PQFOTQFDUSVNIUNM "DFTTP FN KVM
DIGITO_Book.indb 52
10/8/2006 07:17:28
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
BOPT1PSRVFQSPQPSBWBOÎPT 4JNQMFTBWBOÎPTTJHOJmDBNCBSB
UFBNFOUPFNBTTJmDBÎÍPEBUFDOPMPHJB"TTJNBHSBOEFTBDBEB
FʽÈFNEBSWB[ÍPBFTTBDPOFʹJWJEBEF#VTDBSPQPUFODJBMQBSB
JODSFNFOUBS P JOUFSSFMBDJPOBNFOUP EPT NFSDBEPT PV CB[BSFT
QBSBVTBSPUFSNPEF&SJD3BZNPOEFORVBOUPNFEJBÎÜFTFOUSF
QFTTPBTQSPEVÎÍPQSPEVUPTFTJHOPT
&OUÍP Ï JNQPTTÓWFM EFTWJODVMBS DJCFSDVMUVSB EF JOUFMJHÐODJB
DPMFUJWBFEBDBUBMJTBÎÍPEFTTBTJOUFMJHÐODJBTQFMBJOUFSOFU1PSUSÈT
EFDBEBDPNQVUBEPSIÈVNTFSIVNBOPCVTDBOEPVNBOPWBGPS
NBEFBQSFOEFSQSPEV[JSTFFYQSFTTBSFOTJOBSBQSPWFJUBSFQSPT
QFSBS&IVNBOPTTÍPUBNCÏNTPOIPTTFOUJNFOUPTFDPOUSBEJÎÜFT
OÍPBQFOBTSB[ÍPDÏSFCSPFNÈRVJOB+ÈEJTTFSBNRVFEFOUSPEF
OØT IÈ NVMUJEÜFT 5BNCÏN KÈ EJTTFSBN RVF TPNPT TÓNCPMPT PV
TJHOPT)PKFQPEFNPTEJ[FSRVFTPNPTMJOLT-JOLTRVFTFDPOFD
UBNDPNPVUSPTMJOLT
4PGUXBSFMJWSFFNÓEJBUÈUJDB
"BEPÎÍPEPTPGUXBSFMJWSFQFMPHPWFSOPGFEFSBMÏSFBM6NB
BGSPOUBBPNPOPQØMJP 0VBDPNQSFFOTÍPEFRVFPDPOIFDJNFO
UPMJWSFQPEFTFSVNBTBÓEBWJÈWFMQBSBBTPCSFWJWÐODJBEP5FSDFJSP
.VOEP "UFDOPMPHJBMJWSFÏVNHSBOEFBUBMIPQBSBPGVUVSP/ÍP
ÏOFDFTTÈSJPFʼFSBSQFMBCPBWPOUBEFEBQPMÓUJDBJNQFSJBM"BQSP
QSJBÎÍPFBPDVQBÎÍPEFFʼBÎPTBDPOUFDFNEFNBOFJSBFNFSHFOUF
RVBOEPPDPOIFDJNFOUPQFSUFODFËNVMUJEÍP
/ÍPUFOIPBJOUFOÎÍPEFGB[FSQSPTFMJUJTNPTPCSFFTTBHVJOBEB
QSØTPGUXBSFMJWSFDPNPBMHVOTTFUPSFTWÐNGB[FOEP$SFJPRVFFTTF
QSPDFTTPOÍPEFWFSJBTFSQPMÓUJDPQBSUJEÈSJP.VJUPQFMPDPOUSÈSJP
TPGUXBSFMJWSFDPNPPQSØQSJPOPNFEFmOFÏMJWSF6NQBUSJNÙOJP
EBIVNBOJEBEFRVFEFWFTFSUSBUBEPMPOHFEBTBNBSSBTEPQPEFS
4ÍPBTDPNVOJEBEFTBTQFTTPBTFOWPMWJEBTOFTTFQSPDFTTPEFT
DFOUSBMJ[BEP F OÍP VN PV PVUSP QBSUJEP VNB PV PVUSB FNQSFTB
1SPHSBNBEPSFTQFOTBEPSFTVOJWFSTJUÈSJPTQSPGFTTPSFTHFʽPSFTTP
DJBJTFOmNQFTTPBTRVFFʽÍPDPOFʹBEBTOÍPQSFDJTBNFʼFSBSQFMP
TJOBMWFSEFEPHPWFSOP0VQFMBEFNBOEBEBTDPSQPSBÎÜFT1PEFNPT
BHJSQPSOØTNFTNPT"PQÎÍPQFMPTPGUXBSFMJWSFÏJNQPSUBOUFQBSB
DIGITO_Book.indb 53
10/8/2006 07:17:29
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
BTOPTTBTDPNVOJEBEFT&OUÍPWBNPTGBMBSTPCSFJTTP"UÏDBOTBS
SFQFUJSFSFQFUJS1FMBOPTTBMJCFSEBEF
0#SBTJMOÍPBQFOBTPHPWFSOPCSBTJMFJSP
UFNBQPTTJCJMJEB
EFEFDSJBSQSPEVUPTFTFSWJÎPTDPNVNBUFDOPMPHJBEJʼPOÓWFM
BUPEPTOVNBNCJFOUFDPMBCPSBUJWPPOEFBTNFMIPSFTDBCFÎBT
EPNVOEPFʽÍPDPNQSPNFUJEBTDPNFTTFNPWJNFOUPFEFEJDBN
TVBT IBCJMJEBEFT QBSB EJTTFNJOBS VNB OPWB GPSNB EF EFTFOWPM
WJNFOUP EF TPGUXBSFT F EF USBCBMIBS DPMBCPSBUJWBNFOUF DPN P
DPOIFDJNFOUP/FʽFNVOEPEFDØEJHPTMJWSFTOÍPFYJʽFKPHPEF
QPEFS&YJʽFBQFOBTPMJWSFnVYPEPTBCFS
0 TPGUXBSF MJWSF KÈ Ï VNB SFBMJEBEF QBSB P VTVÈSJP iEFGBVMUw
QFTTPBTRVFVUJMJ[BNVNBNCJFOUFHSÈmDPDMJFOUFEFFNBJM.1
RVFJNBEPSEF$%QMBOJMIBTFMFUSÙOJDBTFPVUSPTBQMJDBUJWPTEFVTP
DPUJEJBOP/ÍPDPOTJEFSPTPGUXBSFMJWSFTVCʽJUVUPEPTPGUXBSFQSP
QSJFUÈSJP4ÍPFRVJWBMFOUFTFDPNQMFNFOUBSFTTPCPQPOUPEFWJʽB
NBDSPFDPOÙNJDP/PFOUBOUPmMPTPmDBNFOUFPTPGUXBSFMJWSFUFN
VNB SFMBÎÍP EF SVQUVSB QBSBEJHNÈUJDB OB TPDJFEBEF NPEFSOB ²
VNOPWPNPEFMPEFQSPEVÎÍP$PMBCPSBÎÍPFNWF[EFJOWFʽJNFO
UPEFDBQJUBM(FOFSPTJEBEFFNWF[EFDPODPSSÐODJB
0TPGUXBSFMJWSFOPFOUBOUPOÍPQSPQPSDJPOBQFSTJBEFTBQSP
QSJBÎÍPNFOUBM&TTFÏVNQSPDFTTPRVFUFNNBJTBWFSDPNBMJCFS
EBEFEFDPOIFDJNFOUPEBRVBMPTPGUXBSFMJWSFÏCBTJDBNFOUFVN
CPNFYFNQMP.BTOÍPTFKBNPTJOHÐOVPT0TMBUJGÞOEJPTDVMUVSBJT
TFBSSBOKBNNFTNPEFOUSPEPTNPWJNFOUPTEFTPGUXBSFMJWSF²QPS
JTTPRVFQSFmSPGBMBSFNEFTDFOUSBMJ[BÎÍPFNWF[EFEFNPDSBUJ[BÎÍP
/BWFSEBEFTPGUXBSFMJWSFÏVNBUFOEÐODJBJOFYPSÈWFM/ÍPÏ
OFDFTTÈSJPEJHMBEJBSNPTDPOUSBPʽBUVT RVPQSPQSJFUÈSJP0NPWJ
NFOUPQFMPTPGUXBSFMJWSFOÍPQPEFTFSDPOUJEP/ÍPÏVNDÉOUJDP
EFWJUØSJBQSFNBUVSP²MØHJDPRVFFYJʽFNGPSÎBTNVJUPQPEFSPTBT
DPNJOUFSFTTFFNCSFDBSBBTDFOTÍPEPDPOIFDJNFOUPMJWSF/FHSJ
EFmOFBBÎÍPEP*NQÏSJPEFNBOFJSBQSJNPSPTB"NVMUJEÍPIJQFS
DPOFʹBEBFNFSHFDPNPVNDPOUSBQPEFS&TTFDPOUSBQPEFSTÍPBT
DPOWFSTBÎÜFT QSFTDSJUBT QFMP .BOJGFʽP $MVFUSBJO TÍP BT MJOIBT EF
DPNBOEPQSPQPʽBTQFMPTNPWJNFOUPTEPTPGUXBSFMJWSF&TTBSFEF
TØQPEFTFSRVFCSBEBQFMBOFHBÎÍPEPBDFTTP*TTPOÍPNFQBSFDF
DIGITO_Book.indb 54
10/8/2006 07:17:29
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
QSPWÈWFM1PJTBJOUFSOFUQPSVNMBEPQPTTJCJMJUBUPEBBBMHB[BSSB
EBNVMUJEÍPQPSPVUSPGBWPSFDFPJNQÏSJPDBQJUBMJʽB&TTFÏP
QBSBEPYPEPTÏDVMP99*
" DPMBCPSBÎÍP Ï VN QSPDFTTP RVF OÍP OBTDFV DPN P DPN
QVUBEPS&ʽÈOBCPDBEPQPWPSPOEBPTBTGBMUPTQPFJSFOUPTEBT
QFSJGFSJBT.BTUFNPTRVFTFSKVʽPTDPNBUFDOPMPHJB"DBUBMJTB
ÎÍPEBDPMBCPSBÎÍPOÍPÏVNBDBTPFNEFTFOWPMWJNFOUP²VNB
SFBMJEBEF WJSUVBM 0 (/6-JOVY OBTDFV DSFTDFV BNBEVSFDFV F
BHPSBBUJOHFPPSHBTNPUFDOPMØHJDP6NBFSBDPMBCPSBUJWBFʽÈ
OPTQSFQBSBUJWPTQBSBPPSHBTNPEPDPOIFDJNFOUPMJWSF
"OPWBDSJBUVSBÏUÈUJDB6NB5";nVUVBOUF
'B[BMHVNUFNQPRVFUFNPTTVHFSJEPRVFPDBQJUBMJTNPFʽÈ
TPGSFOEP VN QSPDFTTP EF SVQUVSB BUSBWÏT EBT DPOWFSTBÎÜFT EB
SFEF&TTBBmSNBÎÍPQBSFDFJOHÐOVB&UBMWF[VNSFDPSUFMFWJBOP
RVFOPTBQPOUBQBSBVNBWFSEBEFBOVODJBEB3FBMNFOUFRVBOEP
BOBMJTBNPT EF GPSB EFTWJODVMBEPT EBT JEÏJBT SFDPSSFOUFT QBSFDF
VNBHSBOEFVUPQJB5FOUPQSPWBSPDPOUSÈSJP3FEFQSFTTVQÜFFO
HBKBNFOUPFJNBOÐODJB
1PSUBOUP QBSB FOUFOEFS FTTB SVQUVSB UFNPT RVF NPOUBS VN
DFOÈSJPQBSBBDPOUFYUVBMJ[BÎÍPEPRVFTJHOJmDBDPOWFSTBÎÍP/ÍP
ÏUÍPEJGÓDJMEFmOJSFTTFNPWJNFOUP;POBTQJSBUBTFNFSHFNEFVNB
SFEFDBUBMJTBEBQFMBDPOFʹJWJEBEFDJCFSOÏUJDB)BLJN#FZEFOPNJ
OB FTTF GFOÙNFOP DPNP 5"; 5FNQPSBSZ "VUPOPNPVT ;POF
&TTFCBSVMIPEBT5";FTJEFOUJmDBFBQPOUBQBSBBTNVUBÎÜFTQSPWP
DBEBTQPSVNBTPDJFEBEFRVFDPNFÎBTFOTJWFMNFOUFBBDSFTDFOUBS
VNWJÏTDPMBCPSBUJWPBPTNFJPTEFQSPEVÎÍP
5";TJHOJmDB[POBBVUÙOPNBUFNQPSÈSJB4ÍPMVHBSFTOPFʼBÎP
OPUFNQPFOBTJEÏJBTRVFFTDBQBNEPTQPEFSFT0VNFMIPSJOWJ
TÓWFJTBPTQPEFSFTEVSBOUFBMHVNUFNQPFEFVNBNBOFJSBOVODB
BCTPMVUB‰KÈRVFOÍPFYJʽFiMJCFSEBEFUPUBMw5";FTTÍPFʼBÎPT
OPTRVBJTQFTTPBTEFTFOWPMWFNBVUPHPWFSOPT
FFYQBOEFNEFTFKPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 55
10/8/2006 07:17:29
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
NVOJEBEFTMJWSFTBTTPDJBÎÜFT"5";OPTGB[SFUPNBSBJEÏJBEF
JNQFSNBOÐODJB
&TTBJNQFSNBOÐODJBÏVNBBUJUVEFEFVNBTPDJFEBEFDPOFD
UBEB6NBEFTDPOʽSVÎÍPQBSBVNBBHMVUJOBÎÍPDPNVNBPVUSB
FʽBCJMJEBEF "TTJN OÍP EÈ QBSB FOUFOEFS FTTF OPWP NPNFOUP
TPC B ØUJDB F DPOWFOÎÜFT EP WFMIP QBSBEJHNB DBQJUBMJʽB " JN
QFSNBOÐODJBÏVNBʼFʹPEBFTRVJ[PGSFOJBJOGPSNBDJPOBM/FHSJ
F)BSEUDIBNBNEFNVMUJEÍPFTTFNPOʽSPPOUPMØHJDPRVFBnPSB
EFCBJYPQBSBDJNBQBSBPFOGSFOUBNFOUPEPQPEFSJNQFSJBM
i$PNPFNUPEPTPTQSPDFTTPTJOPWBEPSFTPNPEPEF
QSPEVÎÍPRVFFNFSHFÏJOʽBMBEPDPOUSBBTDPOEJÎÜFTEBT
RVBJTFMFEFWFTFMJCFSBS0NPEPEFQSPEVÎÍPEBNVMUJ
EÍPÏJOʽBMBEPDPOUSBBFYQMPSBÎÍPFNOPNFEPUSBCBMIP
DPOUSBBQSPQSJFEBEFFNOPNFEBDPPQFSBÎÍPFDPOUSB
BDPSSVQÎÍPFNOPNFEBMJCFSEBEF"VUPWBMPSJ[BPTDPS
QPTOPUSBCBMIPTFSFBQSPQSJBEBJOUFMJHÐODJBQSPEVUJWB
NFEJBOUF B DPPQFSBÎÍP F USBOTGPSNB B FYJʽÐODJB FN MJ
CFSEBEF"IJʽØSJBEBDPNQPTJÎÍPEFDMBTTFFBIJʽØSJB
EBNJMJUÉODJBUSBCBMIBEPSBEFNPOʽSBNBNBUSJ[EFʽBT
TFNQSF OPWBT F BJOEB BTTJN EFUFSNJOBEBT SFDPOmHVSB
ÎÜFT EF BVUPWBMPSJ[BÎÍP DPPQFSBÎÍP F BVUPPSHBOJ[BÎÍP
QPMÓUJDBDPNPVNFGFUJWPQSPKFUPTPDJBMw
" FTRVJ[PGSFOJB BUJOHF BTTJN TFV MVHBS OB FʽSVUVSB QPMÓUJDB
/ÍP TPNPT JOEJWÓEVPT 0 DPSQP OÍP EJWJEJEP GPJ FTDPSSBÎBEP QPS
'SFVE "T NVMUJQMJDJEBEFT EF TJOHVMBSJEBEFT GPSNBN B NVMUJEÍP
IJQFSDPOFʹBEB
0iTFSwEFJYBPDFOUSPEBFYJʽÐODJB0DBSUFTJBOJTNPOÍPFYQMJDB
NBJTPOPTTPNVOEP&ʽÈMFOUBNFOUFTFOEPEFJYBEPOPTFVMVHBS
0QFOTBNFOUPIVNBOPFʽÈFNUSBOTGPSNBÎÍPFNUFNQPSFBM/ÍP
NBJTQFOTBNPTQBSBQPEFSFYJʽJS"MJÈTDPNPEJ[.VSJMP.FOEFT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 56
10/8/2006 07:17:30
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
1FOTBNPTSJ[PNBT/ÍPTØOBTSBÓ[FTRVFTFCJGVSDBNDSFT
DFNBMFBUPSJBNFOUFTFNDPNBOEPFDPOUSPMF0SJ[PNBOPTNPT
USBPDPNQPSUBNFOUPEBTSFEFTPOEFBUSBNBEFOØTOÍPNBJT
JEFOUJmDBPTFSPDPSQPPBVUPS4PNPTVNQSPEVUPSJ[PNÈUJDP
.VMUJEÜFTEFOUSPEFUPEPTOØT%FOUSPFGPSBGPSBFEFOUSP0
DPSQPOÍPUFNMJNJUF
"NÈRVJOBFʽÈJODPSQPSBEBBPOPTTPEFʽJOP6TBNPTBNÈ
RVJOBDPNPEJʽFOTÍPEPIPNFN
² DPNQMJDBEP #FN FTRVFÎB BRVJMP RVF P GB[ TF FOYFSHBS
DPNPTFSIVNBOP&ʽBNPTOPTSFGFSJOEPBVNBPVUSBUSBEJÎÍP
mMPTØmDB*TTPJNQMJDBOBNBOFJSBEFTFOUJSNPTBWJEB1BSBRVF
UBOUPSBDJPOBMJTNP 1PSRVFQFOTBSOPIPNFNDPNPDFOUSPEP
NVOEP &QBSBRVFUBOUPFTGPSÎP 0DPSQPTFEJʽFOEFQBSBVN
UPEP"TSFMBÎÜFTDPSQPNÈRVJOBFUPEBTBTSFMBÎÜFTRVFEFSJWBN
EFTTBTBQSPYJNBÎÜFT
OPTGB[FNFOUFOEFSRVFOÍPNBJTJNQPSUB
EJGFSFODJBSBTQBSUFT0TFSOBUVSBMBRVFMFEFʼSPWJEPEPTNBMFT
UFDOPMØHJDPT KBNBJT FYJʽJV 0V NFMIPS OÍP FYJʽF EFTEF RVF BT
GVOÎÜFT EP IPNFN TF EJʽFOEFN OB SFMBÎÍP DPN P BNCJFOUF &
JTTPEBUBEBJEBEFEBQFESBMBTDBEB/PTTBDVMUVSBÏIÓCSJEBNFʽJ
ÎBFNJTDJHFOBEB4PNPTUPEPTmMIPTEBTQVUBT
#SBTJMÏIBDLFS
&NʾFIBDLFS&UIJDBOEUIFʼJSJUPGUIFJOGPSNBUJPOBHF1FLB
)JNBOFOJEFOUJmDBPIBDLFSBTTJN
i"RVFʽÍPQSJODJQBMFOUÍPQBTTPVBTFSDPNPTFSJBTFPT
IBDLFSTDPNFÎBTTFNBTFSBOBMJTBEPTTPCVNBQFSʼFʹJWB
NBJTBCSBOHFOUF0RVFTJHOJmDBPEFTBmPMBOÎBEPQPSFMFT 4PCFTTBØUJDBBQBMBWSBIBDLFSÏVUJMJ[BEBQBSBEFTDSFWFS
VNBQFTTPBDPNVNBEFUFSNJOBEBPCTFTTÍPQFMPUSBCBMIP
SFMBÎÍPFTTBRVFFʽÈmDBOEPDBEBWF[NBTBQBSFOUFOB&SB
EB*OGPNBÎÍP%FTTFQPOUPEFWJʽBBÏUJDBEPTIBDLFSTÏ
VNBOPWBÏUJDBEFUSBCBMIPRVFEFTBmBPDPNQPSUBNFOUP
)*."/&/ 1FLLB 5IF IBDLFS FUIJD BOE UIF TQJSJU PG UIF JOGPSNBUJPOBM BHF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 57
10/8/2006 07:17:30
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
FN SFMBÎÍP BP USBCBMIP DPOGPSNF FYQMJDB .BY 8FCFS
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"MÏNEBÏUJDBEPUSBCBMIPPTFHVOEPBʼFʹPÏBÏUJDBEP
EJOIFJSP‰VNBʼFʹPEFmOJEPQPS8FCFSDPNPPVUSP
DPNQPOFOUFEBÏUJDBQSPUFʽBOUF²DFSUPRVFPDPNQBS
UJMIBNFOUPEBTJOGPSNBÎÜFTNFODJPOBEPOBEFmOJÎÍPEB
ÏUJDBEPTIBDLFSTOÍPÏBGPSNBQSFEPNJOBOUFQFMBRVBM
TFGB[EJOIFJSP"PDPOUSÈSJPBTQFTTPBTHBOIBNEJOIFJSP
OBNBJPSQBSUFEPTDBTPTRVBOEPEFUÐNBJOGPSNBÎÍPw
$POUJOVBOEP OFTTB MJOIB EF SBDJPDÓOJP )JNBOFO EFmOF P
NVOEP IBDLFS F TVBT NPUJWBÎÜFT QFMP EFTFKP EF DPOʽSVJS BMHP
QBSBBDPNVOJEBEF"MHPRVFTFKBWBMPSPTP"SFQVUBÎÍPBQBSFDF
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QFMPDBQJUBMJTNP4UBMMNBOQPEJBQSJPSJ[BSPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEF
VNESJWFSQBSBBJNQSFTTPSB&RVFCSBSDPNPTNPEFMPTEBJOEÞT
USJBEFTPGUXBSF/P#SBTJMFMFNPSSFSJBEFGPNF
" PSJHJOBMJEBEF EBT DPOWFSTBÎÜFT RVF BDPOUFDFN OP CBJYP IF
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PTCSBTJMFJSPTEFTDPCSFNPBUBMIPQBSBPGVUVSP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 58
10/8/2006 07:17:30
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
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VNWFSEBEFJSPNVSPEF#FSMJNRVFEJWJEFBTPDJFEBEFFNDBʽBT
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QSPEVUPSFTFEPTDPOTVNJEPSFTEPCFNFEPNBM/ÍPBDSFEJUP
OVNBTPDJFEBEFUÍPNBOJRVFÓʽB"TTJNBNVMUJEÍPIJQFSDPOFD
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BEPUBEBQFMPNPWJNFOUPEPTPGUXBSFMJWSF
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NBOEPFDPOUSPMF&ʽÈTVSHJOEPVNBDPOTDJÐODJBJOFRVÓWPDBEF
RVFBDPOʽSVÎÍPEFCBJYPQBSBDJNBUFNNVJUPQBSBPGFSFDFSQBSB
P EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP EP QSPDFTTP DPMFUJWP 6NB TPDJFEBEF RVF TP
CSFWJWFFTFSFDSJBOBTVBQSØQSJBEJWFSTJEBEF
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DPNQVUBEPSDPOFʹBEPOBSFEFFDPNVNQPVDPEFDPOIFDJNFOUP
UFNBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFQBSUJDJQBSWPMVOUBSJBNFOUFEFBMHVOTQSPKF
UPTJNQPSUBOUFT"TTJNPOPWPNVOEPFʽÈQSPOUPQBSBPVTVÈSJP
TJD
mOBM&TFNEÞWJEBÏBNFMIPSPQÎÍP
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(JTFMF #FJHVFMNBO TVHFSF RVF B JOUFSGBDF OÍP Ï BQFOBT VNB
NFNCSBOBRVFTFQBSBPFʼBÎPEPDJCFSFʼBÎP"JOUFSGBDFÏVNB
DIGITO_Book.indb 59
10/8/2006 07:17:30
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
FʼVNB RVF BHSFHB B SFMBÎÍP OVN FʼBÎP JOGPSNBDJPOBM -FW
.BOPWJDIGB[FTTBEJʽJOÎÍPEBJOUFSGBDFTPCVNBØUJDBDVMUVSBM
.BOPWJDI UBNCÏN OÍP DPOTJEFSB B JOUFSGBDF VNB NFNCSBOB
"MHPFOUSFVNBDPJTBFBPVUSB*OUFSGBDFÏFYQMJDBEBOPÉNCJUP
EBDVMUVSB"TTJNQBSBFYQMJDBSFTTFNPNFOUPEFGFSWVSBUFNPT
RVFUFOUBSGB[FSVNBQBVTBQBSBEFSJWBSFFYUSBQPMBSBDVSWBEF
NVUBÎÜFTRVFFʽBNPTQSFTFODJBOEP.BOPWJDIVUJMJ[BPUFSNP
JOUFSGBDFDVMUVSBMQBSBEFTDSFWFSBTNBOFJSBTRVFPTVTVÈSJPTJOUF
SBHFNDPNPDPNQVUBEPSFTFHVF
i$PNPBEJʽSJCVJÎÍPEFUPEBTBTGPSNBTEFDVMUVSBTF
UPSOB CBTFBEB OPT DPNQVUBEPSFT OØT FʽBNPT BVNFO
UBOEPBSFMBÎÍPDPNPTEBEPTQSFEPNJOBOUFTEBJOUFSGBDF
DVMUVSBM‰UFYUPTGPUPHSBmBTmMNFTNÞTJDBTBNCJFOUFT
WJSUVBJT&NSFTVNPOÍPFʽBNPTNBJTOPTSFMBDJPOBOEP
DPNPTDPNQVUBEPSFTNBTDPNBDVMUVSBDPEJmDBEBFN
GPSNBEJHJUBMw
&TTBBmSNBÎÍPUFNUVEPBWFSDPNBJEÏJBEPBHFODJBNFOUP
DPMFUJWPEBFOVODJBÎÍP%FMFV[FF(VBUUBSJEJ[FN
i"UÏ NFTNP B UFDOPMPHJB FSSB BP DPOTJEFSBS BT GFSSB
NFOUBTOFMBTNFTNBTFʽBTTØFYJʽFNFNSFMBÎÍPËTNJT
UVSBTRVFUPSOBNQPTTÓWFJTPVRVFBTUPSOBNQPTTÓWFJT0
FʽSJCPFOHFOESBVNBOPWBTJNCJPTFIPNFNDBWBMPRVF
FOHFOESBBPNFTNPUFNQPOPWBTBSNBTFOPWPTJOʽSV
NFOUPT"TGFSSBNFOUBTOÍPTÍPTFQBSÈWFJTEBTTJNCJPTFTF
BNÈMHBNBTRVFEFmOFNVNBHFODJBNFOUPNBRVÓOJDPOB
UVSF[BTPDJFEBEF1SFTTVQÜFNVNBNÈRVJOBTPDJBMRVFBT
TFMFDJPOFFBTUPNFFNTFVQIZMVNVNBTPDJFEBEFTFEFm
OFQPSTFVTBNÈMHBNBT&EBNFTNBGPSNBFNTFVBʼFD
UPDPMFUJWPPVTFNJØUJDPPBHFODJBNFOUPOÍPSFNFUFBVNB
#&*(6&-."/ ( "ENJSÈWFM NVOEP DÓCSJEP IUUQXXXQVDTQCS_HCUFYUT
DJCSJEJTNPQEG"DFTTPFNKVM
."/07*$)-5IFMBOHVBHFPGOFXNFEJB.*5
DIGITO_Book.indb 60
10/8/2006 07:17:31
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
QSPEVUJWJEBEFEFMJOHVBHFNNBTBSFHJNFTEFTJHOPTB
VNBNÈRVJOBEFFYQSFTTÍPDVKBTWBSJÈWFJTEFUFSNJOBN
P VTP EPT FMFNFOUPT EB MÓOHVB &TTFT FMFNFOUPT BTTJN
DPNPBTGFSSBNFOUBTOÍPWBMFNQPSFMFTNFTNPT)È
PQSJNBEPEFVNBHFODJBNFOUPNBRVÓOJDPEPTDPSQPT
TPCSF BT GFSSBNFOUBT F TPCSF PT CFOT QSJNBEP EF VN
BHFODJBNFOUP DPMFUJWP EB FOVODJBÎÍP TPCSF B MÓOHVB F
TPCSFBTQBMBWSBT&BBSUJDVMBÎÍPEPTEPJTBʼFʹPTEP
BHFODJBNFOUPTFGB[QFMPTNPWJNFOUPTEFEFʽFSSJUPSJB
MJ[BÎÍPRVFRVBOUJmDBNTVBTGPSNBT²QPSJTTPRVFVN
DBNQP TPDJBM TF EFmOF NFOPT QPS TFVT DPOnJUPT F TVBT
DPOUSBEJÎÜFTEPRVFQFMBTMJOIBTEFGVHBRVFPBUSBWFT
TBN6NBHFODJBNFOUPOÍPDPNQPSUBOFNJOGSBFʽSVUV
SBFTVQFSFʽSVUVSBOFNFʽSVUVSBQSPGVOEBFFʽSVUVSB
TVQFSmDJBM NBT OJWFMB UPEBT BT TVBT EJNFOTÜFT FN VN
NFTNPQMBOPEFDPOTJʽÐODJBFNRVFBUVBNBTQSFTTVQP
TJÎÜFTSFDÓQSPDBTFBTJOTFSÎÜFTNÞUVBTw
%FTTB NBOFJSB DSFJP RVF B JOUFSOFU PV NFMIPS P FʼBÎP JO
GPSNBDJPOBMEFSJWBEPOÍPQPEFTFSFOTJNFTNBEPOBUFDOPMPHJB"
UFDOPMPHJBBQPOUBQBSBPJODSFNFOUPEPFʽBEPEFSFMBÎÜFTFOUSF
BTQFTTPBT"SFEFTØFYJʽFQPSDBVTBEBTSFMBÎÜFT&OÍPPDPOUSÈ
SJP%BWJE8FJOCFHFSEJ[
i#FNBRVJUFNPTEPJTNVOEPT/PNVOEPSFBMBTQFT
TPBTTÍPTFQBSBEBTQFMBEJʽÉODJB1PSDBVTBEBWBʽJEÍP
EB UFSSB EJGFSFOUFT DVMUVSBT TF EFTFOWPMWFSBN 1FTTPBT WJ
WFNFNQBÓTFTTFQBSBEPTEJWJEJEPTQPSGSPOUFJSBTFËTWF
[FTQPSNVSPTDPNTPMEBEPTFBSNBT/BXFCBTQFTTPBT
DBNJOIBNKVOUBT‰TFDPOFʹBN‰QPJTFʽÍPJOUFSFTTB
EBTOBTNFTNBTDPJTBT&MFTTFQSFPDVQBNDPNBTNFTNBT
DPJTBT0NVOEPSFBMÏTPCSFDPNPBTEJʽÉODJBTBQBSUBN
BTQFTTPBT"XFCÏTPCSFDPNPPDPNQBSUJMIBNFOUPEPT
%&-&6;&((6"55"3*'.JM1MBUÙT1PTUVMBEPTEFMJOHàÓTUJDBQ
DIGITO_Book.indb 61
10/8/2006 07:17:31
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
JOUFSFTTFT KVOUBN BT QFTTPBT "HPSB TF B DPOFYÍP F B
QSFPDVQBÎÍPOPTGB[FNIVNBOPTFOUÍPBXFC‰DPOT
USVÓEBQFMPTIZQFSMJOLTFFOFSHJ[BEBQFMPJOUFSFTTFFQFMB
QBJYÍPEBTQFTTPBT‰ÏVNMVHBSPOEFQPEFNPTTFSNF
MIPSFTQFTTPBT&ÏQBSBJTTPRVFTFSWFBXFCw
i-JOLBOEPw FTTB DPOʽSVÎÍP EF VN iNVOEP NFOUBMw OVN
EBEPFʼBÎPJOGPSNBDJPOBMQFSDFCFNPTBXFCDPNPVNFʼBÎP
EFBHFODJBNFOUPDPMFUJWP5POJ/FHSJF.JDIFM)BSEUOVNBJEÏJB
RVFWBJEFFODPOUSPËTPDJFEBEFEPDPOUSPMFBmOBMFTTFÏPBHFO
DJBNFOUPEPDBQJUBMJTNP
EJ[FN
i/ØTEFWFNPTDPNQSFFOEFSBTPDJFEBEFEPDPOUSPMFOP
DPOUSBʽFDPNPTFFTTBTPDJFEBEFRVFTFEFTFOWPMWFOB
QFSJGFSJBEBNPEFSOJEBEFFTFBCSFQBSBPQØTNPEFSOP
POEFPTNFDBOJTNPTEPDPNBOEPTFUPSOBNTFNQSFNBJT
AEFNPDSÈUJDPTFNBJTJNBOFOUFTOPDBNQPTPDJBMEJʽSJCV
ÓEPBUSBWÏTEPTDÏSFCSPTFEPTDPSQPTEPTDJEBEÍPTw
"JNBOÐODJBBQBSFDFDPNPVNBGPSÎBFOHBKBEB&N.BSLFUJOH
IBDLFS‰BSFWPMVÎÍPEPTNFSDBEPTBQSFTFOUBNPTBOFDFTTJEBEFEF
iFTDPWBSNFSDBEPTwDPNPVNQSFTTVQPʽPIBDLFSQBSBPDVQBÎÍPF
BQSPQSJBÎÍPEPTFʼBÎPTJOGPSNBDJPOBJTEFEJDBEPT&OUFOEBFTTFT
FʼBÎPT DPNP PT MPDBJT POEF BT QFTTPBT TF SFÞOFN OP DJCFSFʼB
ÎP4ÍPPTNJDSPNFSDBEPTBTDPNVOJEBEFTWJSUVBJTCMPHTMJʽBTEF
EFCBUFT TPGUXBSFT TPDJBJT F PVUSBT GPSNBT EF BÎÍP 0 i.BOJGFʽP
$MVFUSBJOwBQSFTFOUBBUFTFEFRVFiPTNFSDBEPTTÍPDPOWFSTBÎÜFTw
i6NB QPEFSPTB DPOWFSTBÎÍP HMPCBM DPNFÎPV "USBWÏT EB JOUFSOFU
QFTTPBT FʽÍP EFTDPCSJOEP F JOWFOUBOEP OPWBT NBOFJSBT EF DPN
QBSUJMIBSSBQJEBNFOUFDPOIFDJNFOUPSFMFWBOUF$PNPVNSFTVMUBEP
EJSFUPNFSDBEPTFʽÍPmDBOEPNBJTFʼFSUPT‰FNBJTFʼFSUPTRVF
BNBJPSJBEBTFNQSFTBTw
8&*/#&3(&3 %BWJE 4NBMM 1JFDFT -PPTFMZ +PJOFE B VOJmFE UIFPSZ PG UIF XFC
1FSTFVT#PPLT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 62
10/8/2006 07:17:31
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
&NBJTFʼFSUPTRVFBWFMIBGPSNBEFDPNQBSUJMIBNFOUPEF
GB[FSQPMÓUJDBFEFBHFODJBNFOUP*NBOÐODJBFBHFODJBNFOUPDP
MFUJWPUÐNUPUBMBEFSÐODJBDPNBTPDJFEBEFFNSFEF
/FHSJ F )BSEU BQPOUBN QBSB B NVMUJEÍP DPNP JNBOFOUF
DPNPVNDPODFJUPEFDMBTTFFDPNPVNDPODFJUPEFQPEFS
i$POUSBUPEPTPTBWBUBSFTEBUSBOTDFOEÐODJBEPQPEFS
TPCFSBOPFOPNFBEBNFOUFEPiQPWPTPCFSBOPw
PDPO
DFJUPEFNVMUJEÍPÏPEFVNBJNBOÐODJBVNNPOʽSPSF
WPMVDJPOÈSJPEBTTJOHVMBSJEBEFTOÍPSFQSFTFOUÈWFJTQBSUF
EBJEÏJBEFRVFRVBMRVFSDPSQPKÈÏVNBNVMUJEÍPFQPS
DPOTFHVJOUF B FYQSFTTÍP F B DPPQFSBÎÍP ² JHVBMNFOUF
VNDPODFJUPEFDMBTTFTVKFJUPEFQSPEVÎÍPFPCKFUPEFFY
QMPSBÎÍPFʽBEFmOJEBDPNPFYQMPSBÎÍPEBDPPQFSBÎÍP
EBTTJOHVMBSJEBEFTVNEJʼPTJUJWPNBUFSJBMJʽBEBNVMUJ
EÍPQPEFSÈBQFOBTQBSUJSEFVNBUPNBEBQSJPSJUÈSJBEP
DPSQPFBMVUBDPOUSBBTVBFYQMPSBÎÍPw
/FTTF TFOUJEP B JOUFSOFU USB[ OPWJEBEFT DPNP KÈ EJTTFNPT
1FSNJUF QFSDFCFS FTTBT TJOHVMBSJEBEFT F FOUFOEFS RVF FTTB NVMUJ
EÍPNPOʽSVPTBQPUFODJBMJ[BPEFCBUF
&N8PSMEPG&OET%BWJE8FJOCFSHFSF%PD4FBSMTDPMPDBN
i2VBOEP PMIBNPT QBSB VN QPʽF WFNPT SFEFT DPNP
mPT&WFNPTFTTFTmPTDPNPQBSUFEFTJʽFNBTPTJʽFNB
UFMFGÙOJDPPTJʽFNBEFFOFSHJBFMÏUSJDBPTJʽFNBEF57B
DBCP.BTBJOUFSOFUÏEJGFSFOUF/ÍPÏmBÎÍP/ÍPÏVN
TJʽFNB&OÍPÏVNBGPOUFEFQSPHSBNBÎÍP"JOUFSOFUÏ
VNNPEPRVFQFSNJUFBUPEBTDPJTBTRVFTFDIBNBNSFEF
DPFYJʽJS F USBCBMIBS FN DPOKVOUP ² VNB *OUFSOFU JOUFS
SFEF
MJUFSBMNFOUF0RVFGB[BA/FUTFSA*OUFSÏPGBUPEF
RVFFMBÏBQFOBTVNQSPUPDPMP‰PQSPUPDPMPJOUFSOFU*1
‰AJOUFSOFU1SPUPDPM
QBSBTFSNBJTQSFDJTP6NQSPUPDPMP
/&(3*"OUPOJP5PXBSETBOPOUPMPHJDBMEFmOJUJPOPGNVMUJUVEFIUUQXXXOBEJSPSH
OBEJSJOJUJBUJWBHQTQBDFNVMUJUVEFIUN"DFTTPFNKVM
DIGITO_Book.indb 63
10/8/2006 07:17:31
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
Ï VN BDPSEP TPCSF DPNP GB[FS DPJTBT GVODJPOBSFN FN
DPOKVOUP &TTF QSPUPDPMP OÍP FʼFDJmDB P RVF BT QFTTP
BTQPEFNGB[FSDPNBSFEFPRVFQPEFNDPOʽSVJSOB
TVBQFSJGFSJBPRVFQPEFNEJ[FSPVRVFNQPEFEJ[FS0
QSPUPDPMPTJNQMFTNFOUFEJ[TFWPDÐRVFSUSPDBSCJUTDPN
PVUSPTÏBTTJNRVFTFGB[4FWPDÐRVFSDPOFʹBSVNDPN
QVUBEPS‰PVVNDFMVMBSPVVNBHFMBEFJSB‰ËJOUFSOFU
WPDÐUFNRVFBDFJUBSPBDPSEPRVFÏBJOUFSOFUw
&TTFQSPUPDPMPOÍPBQFOBTJOʽBMBPDPOUSPMFy
1SPUPDPMP
Ï GVOEBNFOUBMNFOUF B UFDOPMPHJB EF JODMVTÍP F B BCFSUVSB Ï B
DIBWFQBSBFTTBJODMVTÍP "DVMUVSBIBDLFSQFSDFCFBJNBUVSJEBEF
EFTTFTQSPUPDPMPTFQSPQÜFVNBOPWBÏUJDBFVNCPNTFOTPRVF
OÍPWFNSPNQFSPTQBSBEJHNBTRVFBJOEBOÍPFYJʽFNNBTTJN
GPSKBSVNOPWPNPEFMP&TTFTBSHVNFOUPTFJEÏJBTNFMFWBNBQFO
TBSOBJOUFSOFUDPNPVNFʼBÎPEFBHFODJBNFOUPNBTRVFUPSOB
QPTTÓWFJTTBMUPTBDFOUVBEPTUBOUPEBNVUBÎÍPÏUJDBDPNPEBBÎÍP
EJSFUBOBNJDSPGÓTJDBEPQPEFS
/FTTBFʼVNBJOGPSNBDJPOBMFNFSHFNOPWBTGPSNBTEFJOUFSB
ÎÍP-JʽBTEFEJTDVTTÍPCMPHTnPHTPSLVUTNFOTBHFOTJOʽBOUÉOFBT
PV RVBMRVFS PVUSB GFSSBNFOUB RVF DPOFʹF HSVQPT &TTFT HSVQPT
GPSNBNGPDPTEFNPWJNFOUPTTPDJBJT2VBOUPNBJTFOHBKBEPGPSP
QSPKFUPNBJTJOUFOTBTFSÈBBÎÍPDPMFUJWB&TTFGV[VÐJOGPSNBDJPOBM
UPSOBQPTTÓWFMBDBUBMJTBÎÍPEPBHFODJBNFOUPDPMFUJWP
0 FGFJUP Ï SJ[PNÈUJDP " JOGPSNBÎÍP DPMB OP BHFODJBNFOUP &
WJDFWFSTB /VNB NVMUJEÍP IJQFSDPOFʹBEB P DPOIFDJNFOUP MJWSF
UFOEFBTFFYQBOEJS/PFOUBOUPBQSÈUJDBEPDPOIFDJNFOUPMJWSF
USB[ B SFCPRVF VNB TÏSJF EF OPWPT QBSBEJHNBT RVF EJBMPHBN FN
UFNQP SFBM DPN PT FOVODJBEPT RVF BUÏ BHPSB EFSBN TVʽFOUBCJMJ
EBEF mMPTØmDB Ë IVNBOJEBEF &ʽBNPT QSFTFODJBOEP NVEBOÎBT
ESÈʽJDBT OPT EFCBUFT TPCSF QSPQSJFEBEF JOUFMFʹVBM MJCFSEBEF EF
4&"3-4%PD8&*/#&3(&3%BWJE8PSMEPGFOET5SBEVÎÍPCSBTJMFJSB.VOEPEFQPOUBT
5SBEVÎÍP EF 3BJOFS #SPDLFSIPGG IUUQXXXCSPDLFSIPGGOFUCCWJFXUPQJDQIQ U
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DIGITO_Book.indb 64
10/8/2006 07:17:32
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
FYQSFTTÍPOBTQPMÓUJDBTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP&ʽBNPTBQFOBTOPJOÓ
DJPEFTTBSFWPMVÎÍPOÍPUFMFWJTJPOBEB
0QFSBÎÍPQJSBUB
6N QSPKFUP DPMBCPSBUJWP TF GB[ DPN VN FTGPSÎP DPMFUJWP
6NBPQFSBÎÍPWPMVOUÈSJBFFOHBKBEB/ÍPÏQPTTÓWFMFʽBCFMFDFS
WÓODVMPTFOUSFFTTBBÎÍPDBØUJDBDPNPTNÏUPEPTEFBENJOJʽSB
ÎÍPUSBEJDJPOBJT5PEBWF[RVFUFOUBNPTBENJOJʽSBSDBÓNPTOB
BSNBEJMIB EP WFMIP NVOEP 6NB BENJOJʽSBÎÍP WPMUBEB QBSB P
OFHØDJP&OÍPQBSBPTQSPKFUPT
&N 6UPQJBT QJSBUBT 1FUFS -BNCPSO 8JMTPO EJ[ i0T QJSBUBT
FNFʽBEPQVSPTFBQSPYJNBNNVJUPEPDPNVOJTNP1FSJUPTRVF
PTWÐFNDPNPQSPUPDBQJUBMJʽBTFʽÍPDPNFUFOEPVNHSBOEFFO
HBOP0TQJSBUBTOÍPTFFODBJYBNOBEFmOJÎÍPNBSYJʽBEFACBO
EJUJTNPTPDJBMJʽPÏ3FWPMVDJPOÈSJPQSJNJUJWP
QPSRVFOÍPUÐN
DPOUFYUPTPDJBMw
6NBTPDJFEBEFQJSBUBFOUÍPOÍPFSBVNBTPDJFEBEFJHVBMËT
PVUSBT"MHPEJGFSFOUFBDPOUFDJBFOUSFNPVSPTSFOFHBEPTFIFSF
HFT²JOUFSFTTBOUFPCTFSWBSRVFTFUSBUBWBEFVNBTPDJFEBEFRVF
GB[JBPQPTJÎÍPBPʽBUVTRVPWJHFOUFËÏQPDB
"TDPOEJÎÜFTJEFBJTJODMVÓBNQSPYJNJEBEFDPNSPUBTNBSJOIBT
DPOIFDJEBTOBUJWPTFOBUJWBT
BNJʽPTPTJTPMBNFOUPFHSBOEFEJT
UÉODJB EF UPEB BVUPSJEBEF F SFBMJEBEF EF QPUÐODJB FVSPQÏJB VN
BHSBEÈWFM DMJNB USPQJDBM F UBMWF[ VN QPʽP DPNFSDJBM PV UBWFSOB
POEF QVEFTTFN HBʽBS P CVUJN &ʽBWBN QSFQBSBEPT QBSB BDFJUBS
MJEFSBOÎB UFNQPSÈSJB FN TJUVBÎÍP EF DPNCBUF NBT FN UFSSB QSF
GFSJBNBMJCFSEBEFBCTPMVUBNFTNPBPQSFÎPEBWJPMÐODJB/BCVTDB
QFMPCVUJNFʽBWBNEJʼPʽPTBWJWFSPVNPSSFSQFMBEFNPDSBDJB
SBEJDBMDPNPQSJODÓQJPPSHBOJ[BEPS.BTOPEFTGSVUFEPCVUJNJO
TJʽJBNOBBOBSRVJB
"TBÎÜFTQJSBUBTBQSFTFOUBWBNVNBMUPHSBVEFBVUPOPNJB.FT
NPBMJEFSBOÎBEFOUSPEFOBWJPTFSBBMHPRVFʽJPOÈWFM"FʼBEBDP
MBCPSBUJWBTVCWFSUJBBIJFSBSRVJB
%FTTBGPSNBQFOTPOVNOBWJPDPNPVNBDÏMVMBNPUJWBEBQBSB
BMDBOÎBSVNPCKFUJWP/PDBTPQJSBUBFSBBQJMIBHFNEFPVUSPTOBWJPT
DIGITO_Book.indb 65
10/8/2006 07:17:32
1PMÓUJDBTEP4BNQMFS
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NVJUBTCBOEFJSBTEJGFSFOUFTQBSBMVEJCSJBSPTPQPOFOUFT
QBSBP
NBS.BTPNBJTJNQPSUBOUFFSBBDBQBDJEBEFEFUPNBEBEFEF
DJTÍPBVUÙOPNBFBJOGPSNBÎÍP0OBWJPQJSBUBFSBJOEFQFOEFOUF
$POUBWBBQFOBTDPNTVBTQSØQSJBTBSNBT
&ʽBNPTDPNFÎBOEPBWJWFSOVNBTPDJFEBEFFNSFEF&PUFS
SPSPTQBSUJEPTQPMÓUJDPTFBQJSBUBSJBTFNQSFTFWBMFSBNNFMIPS
EBSFEFEPRVFBTPDJFEBEFDPODFCJEBTPCBHMØSJBEBDVMUVSBEF
NBTTB&FʽBNPTDPNFÎBOEPBQFSDFCFSRVFQBSBWJWFSFNSFEF
UFNPTRVFFOYFSHBSTFVTNFBOESPT
/VNBTPDJFEBEFFNSFEFPTQSPKFUPTTÍPNVMUJGBDFUBEPT1P
EFNPTDPOʽSVJSQPSNVJUPTWJFTFTEJGFSFOUFT&VBQSFOEJGB[NVJ
UPUFNQPOÍPBNBSEFNBJTBRVJMPRVFGBÎP"NPPTPCKFUJWPTNBT
TFJRVFOFʽBWJEBUVEPÏFGÐNFSP&DPNFTTBJEÏJBQPTTPDPOWJWFS
NFMIPSDPNBNPSUF&BTTJNDPNBDBSBʹFSÓʽJDB5";
5VEP UFN TFV mN " DPNVOJDBÎÍP USBEJDJPOBM BRVFMB FN
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QSFTTVQPʽPT EF VNB PSHBOJ[BÎÍP FN SFEF 1FOTP QJSBUB &N DÏ
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BMUBNFOUFEFTDFOUSBMJ[BEP1PJTUVEPEFQFOEFEBPSHBOJ[BÎÍPFEB
BVUPOPNJBEPHSVQPEFUPNBSBTEFDJTÜFT6NHSVQPBVUÙOPNP
WBJFOUFOEFSDPNNBJTTFHVSBOÎBBOFDFTTJEBEFFBGPSNBEFHFʽÍP
EFEFOUSPQBSBGPSB"BOBSRVJBTØÏCFNTVDFEJEBRVBOEPÏVN
PCKFUJWPBTFSWJWJEP.BTDÏMVMBTQSFDJTBNEFPVUSBTDÏMVMBTQBSBTF
EFTFOWPMWFSFN0TQJSBUBTTØQVEFSBNFYJʽJSQPJTIBWJBNNVJUPTF
NVJUPTOBWJPT$BEBRVBMDPNTVBQSØQSJBBVUPOPNJB.BTPHSVQP
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EF HFʽÍP .VJUB JOGPSNBÎÍP nVJOEP FOUSF BT QBSUFT & QSJODJQBM
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DIGITO_Book.indb 66
10/8/2006 07:17:32
0QFSBÎÍP1JSBUB
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HVBSEB0RVFGÙSBSFWPMVDJPOÈSJPBHPSBÏCBOBM&MFEJ[RVFBT
QFTTPBTQBSUJDJQBNEFTTBIJUFDIHJGUFDPOPNZPVTFKBVNBFDP
OPNJBPOEFPTCFOTFʽÍPEJʼPOÓWFJTUÍPBCVOEBOUFNFOUFRVF
nVFNMJWSFNFOUF6NBFDPOPNJBRVFEFDFSUBGPSNBSFHFBQSÈ
UJDBEPDPOIFDJNFOUPMJWSF1BSBNVJUBTQFTTPBTBiHJGUFDPOPNZw
ÏTJNQMFTNFOUFPNFMIPSNÏUPEPEFDPMBCPSBÎÍPOPFʼBÎPDJ
CFSOÏUJDP/FTTBFDPOPNJBNJʽBEBSFEFPBOBSDPDPNVOJTNPTF
UPSOPVVNBSFBMJEBEFEPDPUJEJBOP $PMBCPSBÎÍPÏBQBMBWSBEPTÏDVMP99*-JOVT5PSWBMETPDSJB
EPS EP -JOVY DBVTPV VN BMWPSPÎP FOPSNF BP MJCFSBS P DØEJHP
OVNBMJʽBEFEFCBUFTi3FMFBTFFBSMZBOESFMFBTFPGUFOwQBTTPVB
SFEFTFOIBSVNNPEFMPEFQSPEVÎÍP$PMBCPSBÎÍPDPNPDBQJUBM
TPDJBM$PMBCPSBÎÍPQBSBGB[FSRVBMRVFSDPJTBRVFPEFTFKPQSPWP
RVF$PMBCPSBÎÍPDPNPDPOEJÎÍPEFTPCSFWJWÐODJB
&OUSB B JOUFSOFU & QPS JODSÓWFM RVF QPTTB QBSFDFS FTTB GFSSB
NFOUBGF[VNFʽSBHPOBTJEJPTTJODSBTJBTEPTQPEFSPTPT"JOUFSOFU
ÏNBRVÓOJDBQPJTSFDSJBVNQPEFSOÙNBEFOPÉNBHP6NQPEFS
RVFTFSFDSJBBDBEBJOʽBOUF$BUBMJTBEPTQFMPTOØTEBTSFEFT6NB
SFWJSBWPMUBBDPOUFDFOPTEPHNBTPDJEFOUBJT0OEFTFMJBUSBOTDFO
EÐODJBBHPSBTFFOYFSHBFTFWJWFBJNBOÐODJB
#"3#300,35IF)J5FDI(JGU&DPOPNZIUUQTVCTPMDIVTVCTPM@DPOUSJCVUPST
CBSCSPPLUFYUIUNM"DFTTPFNKVM
DIGITO_Book.indb 67
10/8/2006 07:17:32
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 68
10/8/2006 07:17:33
OÍPÏQPTTÓWFMTPDJFEBEF
EFDPOUSPMFFEFMFV[F
QPS"OESF-VJT-B4BMWJB
PQSPDFTTP
i"I&YDMBNPVPJOʼFUPSRVFKÈFʽBWBKVOUPËQPSUB‰WPDÐ
OÍPDPNQSFFOEFVCFN²WFSEBEFRVFFʽÈEFUJEPNBTJTTP
EFOFOIVNNPEPMIFJNQFEFEFDVNQSJSBTTVBTPCSJHBÎÜFT
/ÍPEFWFNPEJmDBSBTVBWJEBIBCJUVBMw
'SBO[,BGLB
PVUEPPSTQMBDBTQVCMJDJUÈSJBTQSPHSBNBTEFUWMPHPUJQPTDPNFS
DJBJTFNFʽSVUVSBTNFUÈMJDBTFOPSNFTEWETFWITCBODBTEFKPSOBMF
TVBTNJMIBSFTEFSFWJʽBTKPSOBJTHVJBTyWIGVIGDFMVMBSFTDPNQVUB
EPSFTCBODPTEFEBEPT
DPOUSPMFSFNPUPUWTPGÈEBTBMBTFQBTTBSNPTVNEJBBDPNQB
OIBOEPBQSPHSBNBÎÍPEBUFMFWJTÍPBCFSUBIEPi#PNEJBwBP
i'JNEFOPJUFwUBMWF[PCTFSWFNPTVNBTJUVBÎÍPQBSBEPYBMPEFTFO
WPMWJNFOUPUFDOPMØHJDPEBTNÈRVJOBTEFJOGPSNBÎÍPQSPQPSDJPOPV
QPSFYFNQMPVNTJʽFNBDBQB[EFUSBOTNJUJSTJOBJTUFMFWJTJWPTDPN
BMUPBMDBODFNBTVNNFTNPQBESÍPEFUSBOTNJTTÍPTFNQSFSFOPWB
EPOBBCVOEÉODJBEFiJOGPSNBÎÜFTwRVFOPTDIFHBN
PMIBNPTBTJUVBÎÍPBUSBWÏTEFTTFQBSBEPYPQPJTBTTPDJBNPTBMFJ
UVSBEFUFYUPTEPmMØTPGP(JMMFT%FMFV[FTPCSFBiTPDJFEBEFEPDPO
USPMFwDPNVNBQSÈUJDBDJOFDMVCJʽBEJGFSFODJBEBEJ[%FMFV[FFOUÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 69
10/8/2006 07:17:33
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
iP NVOEP NPEFSOP Ï BRVFMF FN
RVF B JOGPSNBÎÍP TVCʽJUVJ B OB
UVSF[BwJNBHFNUFNQPQUS
CS
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FʼJSJUVBMJ[BBOBUVSF[BNBTSJWBMJ[BDPNFMBÏ
VNBQFSEBEFNVOEPÏPNVOEPFMFNFTNPTF
QPOEPBAGB[FSDJOFNBVNDJOFNBRVBMRVFS
ÏPRVFDPOʽJUVJBUFMFWJTÍPRVBOEPPNVOEP
TF QÜF B GB[FS RVBMRVFS DJOFNB F RVF DPNP
WPDÐEJ[AOBEBNBJTBDPOUFDFBPTIVNBOPTÏ
DPN B JNBHFN RVF UVEP BDPOUFDF UBNCÏN
TFQPEFSJBEJ[FSRVFPQBSOBUVSF[BDPSQPPV
QBJTBHFNIPNFNDFEFVMVHBSBPQBSDJEBEF
DÏSFCSP B UFMB OÍP Ï NBJT VNB QPSUBKBOFMB
QPS USÈT EB RVBMy
OFN VN RVBESPQMBOP
OPRVBMy
NBTVNBNFTBEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTTP
CSFBRVBMBTJNBHFOTEFTMJ[BNDPNPAEBEPTw
DPOWFSTBÎÜFTQUSCS
iÏFNOPTTBWJEBTPDJBMRVFPTJʽFNBKBOFMBFYUFSJPSUFOEF
B TFS TVCʽJUVÓEP QFMP TJʽFNB BQPTFOUP GFDIBEPNFTB EF
JOGPSNBÎÍPOØTMFNPTPNVOEPNBJTRVFPWFNPTwDPOWFS
TBÎÜFTQUSCS
FʽBNPT FN DPOUBUP EJSFUP DPN VN DBPT FYDFEFOUF EF JOGPS
NBÎÍPOÍPNBJTPCTFSWBNPTBOBUVSF[BNBTQPSUPEPMBEPNFTBT
EFJOGPSNBÎÍPPTQSPEVUPTEPTBOVODJBOUFTPDJOFNBFʽBUÓʽJDBT
QFTRVJTBT DJFOUÓmDBT SFWJʽBT KPSOBJT TJUFT ÓOEJDFT EF WBMPSFT UFMF
WJTÍPy
FYDFTTPEFJOGPSNBÎÍPQPSRVFTÍPBCVOEBOUFTTÍPWÈSJBT
FNJTTPSBT WÈSJBT SFWJʽBT TJUFT QSPEVUPTy F DBØUJDB QPSRVF FʽÍP
UPEBTMÈTFNmMUSPTÏTØFOUSBSFTDPMIFSFDPNQSBSBSFWJʽBBCDy
F OJTTP DPOTJʽF P HPMQF QSJODJQBM EB NÓEJB B QSPGVTÍP EF JOGPSNB
ÎÍPEBTNÓEJBTGPSNBVNDBPTEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTFBTQSØQSJBTNÓEJBTTF
FODBSSFHBNEFEBSQSPMPOHBNFOUPFTFOUJEPBPDBPTPSHBOJ[BOEP
DIGITO_Book.indb 70
10/8/2006 07:17:33
OÍPÏQPTTÓWFMTPDJFEBEFEFDPOUSPMFFEFMFV[F
DPOUSPMFT JOUFSQSFUBUJWPT PT DPOUSPMFT JOUFSQSFUBUJWPT MBOÎBN VOJ
WFSTBJT EF DPNVOJDBÎÍP BT PQJOJÜFT EF FʼFDJBMJʽBT iP DBSSP NBJT
DPNQBʹPEPNFSDBEPwiPTBCÍPFNQØRVFMBWBNBJTCSBODPwPT
SFQØSUFSFTRVFFʽÍPMÈQBSBWFSiFTTBÏBWFSEBEFEPTGBUPTwy
JOGPSNBÎÍP BCVOEBOUFDPOUSPMFTJOUFSQSFUBUJWPT TÍP NPWJNFO
UPTEBTNÓEJBTFMBTTFSQFOUFJBNDPNPQFOTB%FMFV[F$POUSPMFDPO
UÓOVPEFSPUBÎÍPSÈQJEBPEJOIFJSPDPNQSBBUFDOPMPHJBPTEPOPT
EPTFRVJQBNFOUPTEJ[FNiFVEJHPPRVFRVFSPwFDPNPUPEPNVO
EPRVFSWFOEFSPTFVTBCÍPUFNTFBTTJNVNBFNQSFTBEFDPNVOJ
DBÎÍPUFDOPMPHJBEFJOGPSNBÎÍPFBOVODJBOUFT
iPNBSLFUJOHÏBHPSBPJOʽSVNFOUPEFDPOUSPMFTPDJBMFGPS
NBBSBÎBJNQVEFOUFEFOPTTPTTFOIPSFTy
PIPNFNOÍP
ÏNBJTPIPNFNDPOmOBEPNBTPIPNFNFOEJWJEBEPwDPO
WFSTBÎÜFTQUSCS
iÏRVFBUFMFWJTÍPÏBGPSNBBUSBWÏTEBRVBM
PT OPWPT QPEFSFT EF ADPOUSPMF UPSOBNTF
JNFEJBUPTFEJSFUPTwDPOWFSTBÎÜFTQUS
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iRVFSTFGVOEBSVNADPOTFOTPNBTPDPOTFOTPÏ
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BmMPTPmBwDPOWFSTBÎÜFTQUSCS
iy
BUFMFWJTÍPBQFTBSEBTUFOUBUJWBTJNQPSUBOUFTFFNCPB
QBSUFWJOEBTEPTHSBOEFTDJOFBʽBTOÍPCVTDPVTVBFʼFDJmDJ
EBEFOVNBGVOÎÍPFʽÏUJDBNBTOVNBGVOÎÍPTPDJBMGVOÎÍP
EFDPOUSPMFFEFQPEFSPOEFSFJOBPQMBOPNÏEJPRVFSFDVTB
UPEBBBWFOUVSBEBQFSDFQÎÍPFNOPNFEPPMIPQSPmTTJPOBMw
DPOWFSTBÎÜFTQUSCS
iIPKFÏBJOGPSNÈUJDBBDPNVOJDBÎÍPBQSPNPÎÍPDPNFSDJBM
RVF TF BQSPQSJBN EPT UFSNPT ADPODFJUP F ADSJBUJWP F FTTFT
ADPODFJUVBEPSFTGPSNBNVNBSBÎBBUSFWJEBRVFFYQSJNFP
BUP EF WFOEFS DPNP P TVQSFNP QFOTBNFOUP DBQJUBMJʽB P
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DIGITO_Book.indb 71
10/8/2006 07:17:34
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
%FMFV[FFOUÍPEJ[RVFOBTPDJFEBEFEFDPOUSPMFBGPSNBEFDPO
USPMBSPTIPNFOTÏPGBTDÓOJPEPNBSLFUJOHOPTFOUJEPEFRVFTPNPT
BVUÙNBUPT GBTDJOBEPT QFMBT NBSDBT QFMPT QSPEVUPT QFMBT FʽSFMBT
EBUWy(JMCFSUP'FMJTCFSUP7BTDPODFMPTDIBNBPNPNFOUPBUVBMEF
AJNQFSJBMJTNP WJEFPmOBODFJSP 'FSOBOEP 4PMBOBT EF AIPNPHFOFJ[B
ÎÍPEPJNBHJOÈSJP%FMFV[FDIBNBSÈEFADPOTFOTPEPTVOJWFSTBJTEF
DPNVOJDBÎÍPBDPNVOJDBÎÍPTFGB[QBTTBSQPSEJTDJQMJOBDSJBEPSBEF
DPODFJUPTFUFOUBFʽBCFMFDFSPDPOTFOTPDPNPPMIPQSPmTTJPOBMB
NFSDBEPSJBFBPQJOJÍPEPKPSOBMJʽBPQMBOPNÏEJPFBNFEJPDSJ[B
ÎÍPEPDJOFNBFPHPMQFDFOUSBMEPQPEFSDPOUSPMBEPSÏPDMJDIÐ
iQPSVNMBEPBJNBHFNFʽÈTFNQSFDBJOEPOBDPOEJÎÍPEF
DMJDIÐ QPSRVF TF JOTFSF FN FODBEFBNFOUPT TFOTØSJPNPUP
SFTQPSRVFFMBQSØQSJBPSHBOJ[BPVJOEV[TFVTFODBEFBNFO
UPT QPSRVF OVODB QFSDFCFNPT UVEP P RVF IÈ OB JNBHFN
QPSRVFFMBÏGFJUBQBSBJTTPQBSBRVFOÍPQFSDFCBNPTUVEP
QBSBRVFPDMJDIÐOPTFODVCSBBJNBHFNy
DJWJMJ[BÎÍPEB
JNBHFN OBWFSEBEFVNBDJWJMJ[BÎÍPEPDMJDIÐOBRVBMUP
EPT PT QPEFSFT UÐN JOUFSFTTF FN OPT FODPCSJS BT JNBHFOT
GPSÎPTBNFOUFFNOPTFODPCSJSBNFTNBDPJTBNBTFNFO
DPCSJSBMHVNBDPJTBOBTJNBHFOTwJNBHFNUFNQPDJOFNB
Q
iFOmNPGVOEPEPQPÎPEBWFSHPOIBGPJBUJOHJEPRVBOEPB
JOGPSNÈUJDBPNBSLFUJOHPEFTJHOBQVCMJDJEBEFUPEBTBT
EJTDJQMJOBT EB DPNVOJDBÎÍP BQPEFSBSBNTF EB QSØQSJB QB
MBWSBDPODFJUPFEJTTFSBNÏOPTTPOFHØDJPTPNPTOØTPTDSJB
UJWPTOØTTPNPTPTDPODFJUVBEPSFT4PNPTOØTPTBNJHPTEP
DPODFJUPOØTPTDPMPDBNPTOPTDPNQVUBEPSFT*OGPSNBÎÍP
F DSJBUJWJEBEF DPODFJUP F FNQSFTB VNB BCVOEBOUF CJCMJP
HSBmBKÈyPNBSLFUJOHSFUFWFBJEÏJBEFVNBDFSUBSFMBÎÍP
FOUSFPDPODFJUPFPBDPOUFDJNFOUPNBTFJTRVFPDPODFJUPTF
UPSOPVPDPOKVOUPEBTBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTEFVNQSPEVUPIJʽØ
SJDPDJFOUÓmDPBSUÓʽJDPTFYVBMQSBHNÈUJDPy
FPBDPOUFDJ
NFOUPBFYQPTJÎÍPRVFQÜFFNDFOBBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTEJWFSTBT
FBUSPDBEFJEÏJBTËRVBMTVQPʽBNFOUFEÈMVHBSPTÞOJDPT
BDPOUFDJNFOUPTTÍPBTFYQPTJÎÜFTFPTÞOJDPTDPODFJUPTQSP
DIGITO_Book.indb 72
10/8/2006 07:17:34
OÍPÏQPTTÓWFMTPDJFEBEFEFDPOUSPMFFEFMFV[F
EVUPTRVFTFQPEFWFOEFSPNPWJNFOUPHFSBMRVFTVCʽJUVJV
BDSÓUJDBQFMBQSPNPÎÍPDPNFSDJBMOÍPEFJYPVEFBGFUBSBm
MPTPmBPTJNVMBDSPBTJNVMBÎÍPEFVNQBDPUFEFNBDBSSÍP
UPSOPVTFPWFSEBEFJSPDPODFJUPFPBQSFTFOUBEPSFYQPTJUPS
EPQSPEVUPNFSDBEPSJBPVPCSBEFBSUFUPSOPVTFPmMØTPGP
PQFSTPOBHFNDPODFJUVBMPVPBSUJʽBDPNPBmMPTPmBFTTB
WFMIBTFOIPSBQPEFSJBBMJOIBSTFDPNPTKPWFOTFYFDVUJWPT
OVNB DPSSJEB BPT VOJWFSTBJT EB DPNVOJDBÎÍP QBSB EFUFS
NJOBS VNB GPSNB NFSDBOUJM EP DPODFJUP DFSUBNFOUF Ï
EPMPSPTPEFTDPCSJSRVFADPODFJUPEFTJHOBVNBTPDJFEBEFEF
TFSWJÎPTFEFFOHFOIBSJBJOGPSNÈUJDBQPSÏNRVBOUPNBJT
BmMPTPmBUSPQFÎBFNSJWBJTJNQSVEFOUFTFTJNQMØSJPTNBJT
FMBPTFODPOUSBFNTFVQSØQSJPTFJPQPJTFMBTFTFOUFQSFQB
SBEB QBSB SFBMJ[BS B UBSFGB DSJBS DPODFJUPT RVF TÍP BOUFT
NFUFPSJUPT RVF NFSDBEPSJBT FMB UFN BUBRVFT EF SJTP RVF
BMFWBNËTMÈHSJNBTBTTJNQPJTBRVFʽÍPEBmMPTPmBÏP
QPOUPTJOHVMBSPOEFPDPODFJUPFBDSJBÎÍPTFSFNFUFNVN
BPPVUSPwPRVFÏBmMPTPmB QUSCS
iUBMWF[PTKPSOBMJʽBTUFOIBNVNBQBSUFEFSFʼPOTBCJMJEBEF
OFTTBDSJTFEBMJUFSBUVSBÏØCWJPRVFPTKPSOBMJʽBTGSFRàFOUF
NFOUF FTDSFWFSBN MJWSPT NBT RVBOEP FTDSFWJBN MJWSPT FO
USBWBNOVNBPVUSBGPSNBRVFOÍPBEPKPSOBMEFJNQSFOTB
UPSOBWBNTFFTDSJUPSFTBTJUVBÎÍPNVEPVQPSRVFPKPSOBMJʽB
BERVJSJV B DPOWJDÎÍP EF RVF B GPSNB MJWSP MIF QFSUFODF EF
QMFOPEJSFJUPRVFFMFOÍPUFNOFOIVNUSBCBMIPFʼFDJBMB
GB[FSQBSBDIFHBSBFTTBGPSNBGPJJNFEJBUBNFOUFFFORVBO
UPDPSQPSBÎÍPRVFPTKPSOBMJʽBTDPORVJʽBSBNBMJUFSBUVSB
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DBEB VN QBSFDF F QBSFDF B TJ NFTNP QSFOIF EF VN MJWSP
CBʽBRVFUFOIBVNBQSPmTTÍPPVTJNQMFTNFOUFVNBGBNÓMJB
VNQBJEPFOUFVNDIFGFBCVTJWPFTRVFDFTFRVFBMJUFSBUVSB
JNQMJDBQBSBUPEPNVOEPVNBCVTDBFVNFTGPSÎPFʼFDJBJT
VNB JOUFOÎÍP DSJBEPSB FʼFDÓmDB RVF TØ QPEF TFS GFJUB OB
QSØQSJB MJUFSBUVSB TFOEP RVF FMB OÍP FʽÈ EF NPEP BMHVN
FODBSSFHBEBEFSFDFCFSPTSFTÓEVPTEJSFUPTEFBUJWJEBEFTFEF
DIGITO_Book.indb 73
10/8/2006 07:17:34
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
JOUFOÎÜFTNVJUPEJGFSFOUFTÏVNBATFDVOEBSJ[BÎÍPEPMJWSP
RVFUPNBPBʼFʹPEFVNBQSPNPÎÍPQFMPNFSDBEPwDPO
WFSTBÎÜFTQUSCS
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DBÎÍPBSFDPSSÐODJBEPTDMJDIÐTBUFMFWJTÍPFBQVCMJDJEBEFBGB[FS
RVBMRVFSDJOFNB
FPTDPOUSPMFTJOUFSQSFUBUJWPTWJNPTRVFBEPNFT
UJDBÎÍPQFMPDPOTFOTPBHFQPSDSJBÎÍPEFVOJWFSTBJTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP
ANBJTCSBODPANBJTDPNQBʹPy
OVNNVOEPNFTBEFJOGPSNBÎÍP
SFQFUJSPQBSBEPYPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPUFDOPMØHJDPEBTNÈRVJOBTEF
JOGPSNBÎÍP QBESPOJ[BÎÍP EB GPSNB EF USBOTNJTTÍP QBSBEPYBM QPS
FYFNQMP OP DBTP EB UW EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP UFDOPMØHJDP GB[ DIFHBS B
UPEPTBTFNJTTPSBTNBTOÍPIÈFYQMPSBÎÍPEPQPUFODJBMFʽÏUJDPTFKB
SFUSBOTNJUJOEPTFKBDSJBOEPQPEFNPTEJ[FSFOUÍPRVFBTNÓEJBTDPO
USPMBNBUPEPTOÍPQSPCMFNBUJ[BOEPBTJOGPSNBÎÜFTRVFWFJDVMBN
GBMUBWBOPTDSJBÎÍPRVFTFKBVNWB[JPOFTTFTJʽFNBKÈRVFOÍPTPNPT
DJOFBʽBTËNBOFJSBEF(PEBSE%PT4USBVCEF(MBVCFS3PDIBPVEF
4ZCFSCFSHyBQFOBTFYJCJNPTmMNFT
DIFHPVBIPSBFOUÍPEFGBMBSEPOÍPÏQPTTÓWFMOBVOJWFSTJEBEFFʽB
EVBMEFDBNQJOBTKÈFYJʽFNQSPKFUPTDPNVTPEJGFSFODJBEPEFNÓEJBT
DJOFDMVCF F SÈEJP PT SFDVSTPT UFDOPMØHJDPT WÐN EBÓ NBT USBOTGPS
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DPN BQSFTFOUBÎÍP EF CBOEBT FPV EKT BÓ DPN VNB DFSUB EPTF EF
FYQFSJNFOUBMJTNPDPNFÎBNPTBNVTJDBSmMNFTEJGFSFOUFNFOUFEF
DSJBSVNBNÞTJDBQBSBVNmMNFPVBSSBOKBSmMNFQBSBBNÞTJDBRVF
TFUFNm[FNPTFYQFSJNFOUBMJTNPTSFVOJOEPSFQFSUØSJPTJNBHFOTF
TPOTRVFTFFOUSFDSV[BWBNEPJTFYFNQMPTVNBWF[FEJUBNPTHPMTEF
1FMÏFFYJCJNPT(BSSJODIBBMFHSJBEPQPWPEF+PBRVJN1FESPEF"O
ESBEFDPNEJTDPUFDBHFNEFTBNCBNVJUPTDPNGVUFCPMDPNPUFNB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 74
10/8/2006 07:17:35
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UBOUBTQPUFODJBMJEBEFTDSJBEPSFTRVBOUPBMJUFSBUVSBEFGVO
UBPVPVUSPTNPEPTEFFYQSFTTÍPJʽPOÍPÏWFSEBEFDPN
FGFJUPTFPBVEJPWJTVBMDIFHBSBTVCʽJUVJSPMJWSPOÍPTFSÈ
FORVBOUP NFJP EF FYQSFTTÍP DPODPSSFOUF NBT FORVBOUP
NPOPQØMJPFYFSDJEPTQPSGPSNBÎÜFTRVFTVGPDBNUBNCÏN
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FOUSFBTQPUÐODJBTDSJBEPSBTOPBVEJPWJTVBMBTTJNDPNPOB
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TPBT TF FYQSJNBN NBT BSSBOKBSMIFT WBDÞPMPT EF TPMJEÍP
FEFTJMÐODJPBQBSUJSEPTRVBJTFMBTUFSJBNFOmNBMHPB
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iGBDFËTGPSNBTQSØYJNBTEFVNDPOUSPMFJODFTTBOUFFNNFJP
BCFSUPÏQPTTÓWFMRVFPTDPOmOBNFOUPTNBJTEVSPTOPTQB
SFÎBNQFSUFODFSBVNQBTTBEPEFMJDJPTPFCFOFWPMFOUFBT
QFTRVJTBTTPCSFPTAVOJWFSTBJTEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPUFNSB[ÜFT
EFTPCSBQBSBOPTEBSBSSFQJPTÏWFSEBEFRVFNFTNPBOUFT
EBTTPDJFEBEFTEFDPOUSPMFUFSFNFGFUJWBNFOUFTFPSHBOJ[B
EP BT GPSNBT EF EFMJORàÐODJB F EF SFTJʽÐODJB EPJT DBTPT
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DPNVOJTNP DPODFCJEP DPNP APSHBOJ[BÎÍP EF JOEJWÓEVPT MJ
WSFTOÍPTFJUBMWF[NBTJTTPOÍPEFQFOEFSJBEFBTNJOPSJBT
SFUPNBSFNBQBMBWSBUBMWF[BGBMBBDPNVOJDBÎÍPFʽFKBN
BQPESFDJEBT FʽÍP JOUFJSBNFOUF QFOFUSBEBT QFMP EJOIFJSP
OÍPQPSBDJEFOUFNBTQPSOBUVSF[BÏQSFDJTPVNEFTWJPEF
DIGITO_Book.indb 75
10/8/2006 07:17:35
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
GBMBDSJBSTFNQSFGPJDPJTBEJʽJOUBEFDPNVOJDBSPJNQPS
UBOUFUBMWF[WFOIBBTFSDSJBSWBDÞPMPTEFOÍPDPNVOJDBÎÍP
JOUFSSVQUPSFT QBSB FTDBQBS BP DPOUSPMFw DPOWFSTBÎÜFT Q
USCS
BTJUVBÎÍPQBSBEPYBMOÍPÏVNBDPOUSBEJÎÍPPQPTJÎÍPNBTNBO
EBEPJTTFOUJEPTBPNFTNPUFNQPQBSEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTFÏBOBUVSF
[BEPQSPCMFNÈUJDPDBSSFHBSNBJTRVFVNBJOGPSNBÎÍPFBÓOÍPTF
USBUBEFFOUSFWÈSJBTJOGPSNBÎÜFTFTDPMIFSBNFMIPSPVBNBJTWFS
EBEFJSBNBTBUBSFGBÏJNQMJDBSBTJOGPSNBÎÜFTFUJSBSEFMBTSFMBÎÜFT
GVHBTSFWFSCFSBÎÜFFTSFTTPOÉODJBTyQSPCMFNBUJ[BSÏQBSFDJEPDPN
DPMPDBSQBSBEPYPTQSPCMFNÈUJDPFQBSBEPYPTÍPGPSNBTEJGFSFOUFT
EFMJEBSDPNFTTBBCVOEÉODJBEFJOGPSNBÎÍPEJGFSFOUFTEPTVOJWFS
TBJTFEPDPOTFOTP
FVDPNFDFJQPSNPOUBSVNDJOFDMVCFBQSFUFOTÍPFSBQSPHSBNBS
PTQSØQSJPTmMNFTRVFTFRVFSJBBTTJʽJSQFTRVJTBNPTSFMBDJPOBNPT
mMNFTQPSBMHVNNPUJWPFFYJCJNPT/JMTPO(VJMIFSNF5ÞMJPF1BVMP
GB[FNSÈEJPTVSHJSBNJEÏJBTOPWBTOÍPTFSJBUBNCÏNCBDBOBFYJCJS
BPBSMJWSFDPNTPNBOUFTQBSBRVFBTQFTTPBTDPOWFSTBTTFNTFEJT
USBÓTTFNBOUFTEFWFSPmMNFQPSTFSBCFSUPTFNMVHBSFTQSÏWJPTFSB
EBEBBPTQBSUJDJQBOUFTDPNQMFUBBMFBUPSJFEBEFQBSBFʽBCFMFDFSVNB
SFMBÎÍP FʼFʹBEPSmMNF OVODB iBw SFMBÎÍP FʽBOEBSUJ[BEB QBESP
OJ[BEB EP DJOFNB QPMUSPOB BUSÈT EF QPMUSPOB TPNCSBT QSPKFUBEBT
OPGVOEPEBTBMBNBTTFNQSFiVNwUJQPEFSFMBÎÍPSFMBÎÜFTEPUJQP
FODPʽBEPOBÈSWPSFTFOUBEPOPDIÍPDBNJOIBOEPFNQÏDPOWFS
TBOEPEBOÎBOEPy
OBTFYJCJÎÜFTBPBSMJWSFDPNTPNBNÞTJDBUBNCÏNGPJTFNPT
USBOEPVNNFJPQBSBFYQMPSBÎÍPKÈRVFBPNPOUBSBFʽSVUVSBUÏD
OJDBPTJOBMEFWÓEFPÏTFQBSBEPEPTJOBMEFTPNFʽFQBTTBOEPQPS
FRVJQBNFOUPTRVFQPEFNBDSFTDFOUBSJOGPSNBÎÜFTËTKÈQSFTFOUFT
OPTmMNFTUVEPNVEPVRVBOEPEJWJEJNPTPTTJOBJTEFÈVEJPFWÓEFP
RVFWJOIBNEPmMNFFSFFMBCPSBNPTQSPQPʽBTEFTPNBTFYQFSJÐO
DJBTDPNDFOBTEFGVUFCPMFEFTBNCBFEFEFTFOIPBOJNBEPFEFKB[[
GPSBNQSPQPʽBTRVFTVSHJSBNEBFYQFSJNFOUBÎÍPEFBDSÏTDJNPEF
TPNPTTPOTEFNVJUPTmMNFTSFGPSÎBNPTFOUJEPKÈDPOUJEPOBJNB
HFNOÍPSFQSFTFOUBOEPBTTJNVNBDPNQMFYJEBEFNBJPSEFTFOUJEP
DIGITO_Book.indb 76
10/8/2006 07:17:35
OÍPÏQPTTÓWFMTPDJFEBEFEFDPOUSPMFFEFMFV[F
BPDPMPDBSPVUSPTPNOBTJNBHFOTMJUFSBMNFOUFFʽÈWBNPTUSBCBMIBO
EPDPNPBVEJPWJTVBMBDPNQMFYJEBEFEPFʼBÎPJOGPSNÈUJDPPQBS
EFTFOUJEPTPQSPCMFNÈUJDP
iBT OPWBT JNBHFOT KÈ OÍP UÐN FYUFSJPSJEBEF FYUSBDBNQP
UBNQPVDP JOUFSJPSJ[BNTF OVN UPEP UÐN NFMIPS EJ[FOEP
VNEJSFJUPFVNBWFTTPSFWFSTÓWFJTFOÍPQBTTÓWFJTEFTVQFS
QPTJÎÍPDPNPVNQPEFSEFTFWPMUBSTPCSFTJNFTNBTFMBT
TÍP PCKFUP EF VNB QFSQÏUVB SFPSHBOJ[BÎÍP OB RVBM VNB
OPWB JNBHFN QPEF OBTDFS EF RVBMRVFS QPOUP EB JNBHFN
QSFDFEFOUFwJNBHFNUFNQPQUSCSB
iNBT RVBOEP P RVBESP PV B UFMB GVODJPOBN
DPNPRVBESPEFCPSEPNFTBEFJNQSFTTÍPPV
EFJOGPSNBÎÍPBJNBHFNOÍPQÈSBEFTFSFDPS
UBSFNPVUSBJNBHFNEFTFJNQSJNJSBUSBWÏTEF
VNB USBNB BQBSFOUF EF EFTMJ[BS QBSB PVUSBT
JNBHFOT OVNB AQSPGVTÍP JODFTTBOUF EF NFOTB
HFOTFPQSØQSJPQMBOPBTTFNFMIBTFNFOPTB
VNPMIPRVFBVNDÏSFCSPTPCSFDBSSFHBEPRVF
TFN QBSBS BCTPSWF JOGPSNBÎÜFT Ï B EVQMB DÏ
SFCSPJOGPSNBÎÍPDÏSFCSPDJEBEFRVFTVCʽJUVJ
P PMIP OBUVSF[Bw JNBHFNUFNQP Q US CS
iP WJTVBM F P TPOPSP OÍP SFDPOʽJUVFN VN UPEP NBT FOUSBN
OVNBSFMBÎÍPAJSSBDJPOBMTFHVOEPEVBTEJSFÎÜFTEJTTJNÏUSJDBT
BJNBHFNBVEJPWJTVBMOÍPÏVNUPEPÏVNBAGVTÍPEPSBTHP
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BEJTKVOÎÍPFBEJWJTÍPEPWJTVBMFEPTPOPSPWÍPTFSQSFDJ
TBNFOUFJODVCJEBTEFFYQSJNJSFTTBDPNQMFYJEBEFEPFʼBÎPJO
GPSNÈUJDPÏFMBRVFUBOUPTVQFSBPJOEJWÓEVPQTJDPMØHJDPRVBOUP
UPSOBJNQPTTÓWFMVNUPEPVNBDPNQMFYJEBEFOÍPUPUBMJ[ÈWFM
AOÍPSFQSFTFOUÈWFMQPSVNÞOJDPJOEJWÓEVPFRVFTØFODPOUSBSF
QSFTFOUBÎÍPOPBVUÙNBUPwJNBHFNUFNQPQUSCS
DIGITO_Book.indb 77
10/8/2006 07:17:35
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
OPTTBTFYQFSJÐODJBTDPNPOÍPÏQPTTÓWFMGPSBNFOUÍPBUSÈTEFTTB
DPNQMFYJEBEFEPFʼBÎPJOGPSNÈUJDPBDSFTDFOUBOEPTPOTËTJNBHFOT
OÍP TF USBUB EF DPNVOJDBÎÍP EF CVTDBS P DPOTFOTP F B IPNPHFJ
OJ[BÎÍP EP JNBHJOÈSJP F BTTJN UJSBNPT VTP iNFOPSw EB UFDOPMPHJB
DPOʽJUVJOEPWBDÞPMPTEFJOGPSNBÎÍPOPTJʽFNBNBJPSQSPCMFNBUJ
[BNPTBQSØQSJBGPSNBEFFYJCJSmMNFTQBSBEFMBFYUSBJSVNBPVUSB
QPʽVSBBOUFBDPNVOJDBÎÍPSFUJSBNPTEPTNFDBOJTNPTUÏDOJDPTVN
VTP iNFOPSw OÍP QPS TFS JOGFSJPS NBT iNFOPSw QPS OÍP TFS DPNP
PTTJʽFNBTiNBJPSFTwBTHSBOEFTDPSQPSBÎÜFTEFCSPBEDBʽJOHOBT
EBRHPPHMFXBSOFSEJTOFZGPYHMPCPTJMWJPTBOUPTFPVUSBTHSBOEFT
FNJTTPSBTEJʽSJCVJEPSBTUSBOTNJTTPSBTOPiNBJPSwQPSRVFTÍPDPO
HMPNFSBEPT EF BUJWJEBEF HMPCBM DPOʽJUVJOEP VN TJʽFNB NVOEJBM
EFDPOUSPMFNBJPSOPTFOUJEPEFRVFBUÏQFRVFOBTUWTEFFTDPMBTF
VOJWFSTJEBEFTPVEFHSVQPTEFFNQSFTÈSJPTEFNVOJDÓQJPTQFRVFOPT
PVQSPKFUPTEFDJOFNBJUJOFSBOUFTTFHVFNVNDFSUPQBESÍPEFRVB
MJEBEFFʽFTJNVNQBESÍPEFRVBMJEBEFiNBJPSw
NFOPSFOUÍPGVHJOEPEFTTFNBJPSÏJNQPSUBOUFOPUBSRVFBQJSB
UBSJBÏQBSUFEBBUJWJEBEFSFTJʽFOUFPCWJBNFOUFRVFDJEBEFEFMFʽF
FPTDBNFMÙTBJOEBOÍPTÍPPTCBMVBSUFTEFVNBSFWPMVÎÍPQPSWJSKÈ
RVFQJSBUFJBNBTHSBOEFTNBTSFWFOEFNGB[FNEFTFVUSBCBMIPB
SFJUFSBÎÍPEPTQSFTTVQPʽPTEPDBQJUBMJTNPFMFTOÍPDSJBNVNVTP
NFOPSQBSBPGSVUPEBQJSBUBSJBBQJSBUBSJBQSFDJTBUBNCÏNQBTTBS
QFMPTFVVTPiNFOPSwFOUÍPSFʽBEJ[FSRVFFORVBOUPBDFTTPFSF
EJʽSJCVJÎÍPEFJOGPSNBÎÍPOÍPWJPMBNPTPTEJSFJUPTEFBVUPSBQFOBT
BDFMFSBNPTPEPNÓOJPQÞCMJDPEBTPCSBTBWFMPDJEBEFEJUBOPTTBTSF
MBÎÜFTDPNPNVOEPUSFNCBMBTVQFSTÙOJDPTBVUPFʽSBEBTCBOEB
MBSHBDBJYBFMFUSÙOJDPESJWFUISVyQPSRVFFʼFSBSBOPTQBSBB
PCSBDBJSFNEPNÓOJPQÞCMJDPFTFSEFMJWSFBDFTTP ÏDPNPTFGÙTTF
NPTQJSBUBTQPJTOÍPEFTFKBNPTVNBFNQSFTBJOUFSNFEJBOEPOPTTB
SFMBÎÍPDPNPBVUPSKÈRVFOÍPGB[FNPTVNVTPDPNFSDJBMGPSNBM
EBPCSBOÍPWBNPTWFOEFSHMBVCFSPVCV×VFMQFMBTFTRVJOBT
OÍP
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DJWJMJ[BÎÍPFNDVSTPEFOUSPEBBOUJHBOÍPÏDSJNFÏOFDFTTÈSJBUPEB
VNBOPWBKVSJʼSVEÐODJB
DIGITO_Book.indb 78
10/8/2006 07:17:36
OÍPÏQPTTÓWFMTPDJFEBEFEFDPOUSPMFFEFMFV[F
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FODPOUSPDPNBEPOJSBO WÓEFPTBMBEFFʼFSBDPN
DIPSJOIPTFDIPSÜFT EKFSPEBEFTBNCB
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QPUF FYJCJÎÍP7)4QSPKFUPSEF
NLJOTNFJTFOʽFJO WÓEFP mMNFT NVTJDBEPT
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TBMBEFFʼFSBDPNEK
BTDFOTPS QBSB P DBEB FYJCJÎÍP7)4QSPKFUPSEF
WÓEFPTBMBEFFʼFSBDPN
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TBNCBT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 79
10/8/2006 07:17:36
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JNBHFOTFTPOT
QSPQPʽB
GJMNFT NVEPT F EFTFOIPT NVTJDBEPT PV EJTDPUFDBEPT EV
SBOUFBTFTTÍP
EPDVNFOUÈSJPTNVTJDBJT‰RVFQPEFNPVOÍPTFSFNNPEJmDB
EPTEVSBOUFBTFTTÍP
EPDVNFOUÈSJPTFCBOEBTPVEK
mMNFTDPNTBMBTEFFʼFSBNVTJDBJT
JNQMJDBÎÜFTUÏDOJDBT
BPNPOUBSBFʽSVUVSBQBSBFYJCJSmMNFTGPJOFDFTTÈSJPTFQBSBSP
TJOBMEFWÓEFPEPTJOBMEFÈVEJPEJWJEJNPTPTTJOBJTQPJTPEFWÓEFPÏ
FYJCJEPEJSFUPOBUFMBFPEFÈVEJPQBTTBQFMPNJYFSFBTTJNFOUSBOB
FʽSVUVSBEFTPNRVFQPEFBDSFTDFOUBSOPWBTTPOPSJEBEFTËJNBHFN
CBOEBTFPVEKT
FTTFFTRVFNBOPTGF[OPTBQSPYJNBSEPQFSÓPEP
JOJDJBMEPDJOFNB
RVBOEPUFDOJDBNFOUFOÍPFSBQPTTÓWFM
JOTFSJSUSJMIBOBQSPEVÎÍPEPTmMNFTFFMFTFSBNNVTJDBEPTBPWJWP
OBTTBMBTEFFYJCJÎÍPQPSNÞTJDPTOPTTBTQFTRVJTBTTFEJWJEJSBNFN
NVTJDBSmMNFTNVEPTFSFDPNCJOBSTPOPSJEBEFTBMÏNEBEFTDPCFSUB
BDJNBSFGFSJEBPVUSBJNQMJDBÎÍPUÏDOJDBÏEFDPSSFOUFEBTFYQFSJÐO
DJBTOPOÍPÏQPTTÓWFMQSJWJMFHJBNPTPVTPEFUPEPFRVBMRVFSFRVJ
QBNFOUPEJʼPOÓWFMQBSBQSJODJQBMNFOUFTJNQMJmDBSBFʽSVUVSBEF
FYJCJÎÍPQBSBGBDJMJUBSTVBNPOUBHFNFNRVBMRVFSMVHBSQPSRVBMRVFS
VNBUVBMNFOUFOPOÍPÏQPTTÓWFMGB[FNPTUSBOTNJTTÜFTEFJNBHFOT
F TPOT QBSB NPʽSBS DPNP TF GB[FN FTTBT USBOTNJTTÜFT VUJMJ[BS PT
FRVJQBNFOUPT QBSB QSPEV[JS USBOTNJUJS F SFUSBOTNJUJS JNBHFOT F
TPOTBPNFTNPUFNQPFNRVFQSPDVSBNPTFYQMJDBSDPNPPQÞCMJDP
QSFTFOUFQPEFUBNCÏNNPOUBSTVBTQSØQSJBTFYJCJÎÜFT
QSPQPʽB
FYJCJÎÜFT EF mMNFT DPN SFDPNCJOBÎÜFT DSJBUJWBT EF JNBHFOT F
TPOTSFDPNCJOBSFYQMPSBSBTQPTTJCJMJEBEFTEFKVOUBSTPNCBOEBT
EKTNVTJDBSmMNFTNVEPTJOUFSBÎÍPDPNJNBHFOT
FJNBHFOTmMNFT
NVEPTEPDVNFOUÈSJPTBOJNBÎÜFTEFTFOIPTDVSUBTQSPHSBNBTEF
UWmMNFTNVEPTy
QSFGFSFODJBMNFOUFBPBSMJWSFFFNFʼBÎPTQÞCMJDPTQSBÎBTFTDP
MBTVOJWFSTJEBEFTSFQBSUJÎÜFTy
DIGITO_Book.indb 80
10/8/2006 07:17:36
OÍPÏQPTTÓWFMTPDJFEBEFEFDPOUSPMFFEFMFV[F
UPEPTPTFRVJQBNFOUPTEJʼPOÓWFJT‰VTBSFRVJQBNFOUPTDBTFJ
SPTDPNPFNJTTPSFTEFJOGPSNBÎÜFT‰DBEBFYJCJÎÍPÏBEFNPOʽSB
ÎÍPEFDPNPNPOUBSVNNFDBOJTNPEFFYJCJÎÍP
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SFDPNCJOBÎÍP DSJBUJWB ‰ BDSFTDFOUBS TPOT BP TPN PSJHJOBM EB
JNBHFNÏVNBDSÏTDJNPEFJOGPSNBÎÍPHFSBOEPVNBOPWBDPNCJ
OBÎÍPJNBHFNTPNmMNFTNVEPTFNTVBQSØQSJBFʽSVUVSBFYJHFN
RVFBJOTFSÎÍPEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTTPOPSBTTFKBEFTTBGPSNBmMNFTNV
EPTQFSNJUFNRVFNÞTJDPTMJWSFNFOUFFTDPMIBNiUFNBTwPViDMJNBTw
QBSBBDPNQBOIBSBTJNBHFOTTÍPDPOIFDJEBTBTQBSUJUVSBTQBSBNPO
UBSPTDMJNBTNBTBJNQSPWJTBÎÍPÏFMFNFOUPJOUSÓOTFDPËFYJCJÎÍPEP
mMNFNVJUPTEFTFOIPTBOJNBEPTBMHVOTEPDVNFOUÈSJPTQSPHSBNBT
EFUWFBUÏmMNFTUBNCÏNQPEFNQBTTBSQPSFTTBJNQSPWJTBÎÍPHF
SBOEPBTTJNVNBSFDPNCJOBÎÍPEFJNBHFOTFTPOTDSJBNTFOPWBT
BTTPDJBÎÜFTBQBSUJSEFVNSFQFSUØSJPCBTF
TBMBEFFʼFSBDPNBNCJFOUBÎÍPTPOPSB‰TBMBEFFʼFSBÏPNP
NFOUPBOUFTEFQPJTFOPJOUFSWBMPEBTFYJCJÎÜFTQSJODJQBJTOPRVBM
EKTGB[FNBNCJFOUBÎÜFTTPOPSBTHFSBMNFOUFPTPNEJTDPUFDBEPUFN
BmOJEBEFUFNÈUJDBDPNBTJNBHFOTNBTBTJOUFSWFOÎÜFTTPOPSBTQP
EFNDSJBSDPNCJOBÎÜFTTFNQSFOPWBTBJEÏJBÏRVFPQÞCMJDPFOUSF
OPDMJNBEBTFYJCJÎÜFTFBQSFDJFPUSBCBMIPEPEKRVFEFGPSNBQMBOF
KBEBPVEFJNQSPWJTPJOUFSBHFDPNBTJNBHFOTFYJCJEBT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 81
10/8/2006 07:17:36
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QBSUJDJQBNBUJWBNFOUFFFʽÍPEJSFUBNFOUFMJHBEPTBPRVFBRVJ
GPJFTDSJUPTPCSFPOÍPÏQPTTÓWFMOJMTPOGFSSFJSBHVJMIFSNFCBUFMPDIJ
QBVMP KPTÏ F UÞMJP DFOF SFʼPOTBCJMJ[PNF QFMP RVF TF UFOUPV SFMB
DJPOBSDPNHJMMFTEFMFV[FTFNKFTVTFPTWBMEPTNVJUPOÍPÏQPTTÓWFM
OÍPTFSJBQPTTÓWFMUPEPTPTEJSFJUPTDFEJEPTDPQJFNQSJODJQBMNFOUF
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CJCMJPHSBmB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 82
10/8/2006 07:17:36
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NBUFSJBMJEBEFWJTVBM"TJNBHFOTNBOJQVMBEBTBPWJWPQPEFNUFSTJEP
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BTQFDUPTTFOTPSJBJTDPNPEFTFOUJEP‰FPFTQBÎPPOEFBDPOUFDFNBTGFTUBTDPNFTUÓ
NVMPTWJTVBJTDPNPMV[FTFTUSPCPTDØQJDBTFGVNBÎB
DIGITO_Book.indb 83
10/8/2006 07:17:37
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
NBTBPWJWPPVUSBTQSFQBSBEBTFNCBODPTEFJNBHFOTQSFWJBNFOUF
FMBCPSBEPT UBNCÏN TÍP QSPDFEJNFOUPT EPT 7+T OB DSJBÎÍP EF TFV
CBODPEFEBEPT6NBNBSDBOBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPEBTQPÏUJDBTÏPUSÉO
TJUPFOUSFmHVSBÎÍPFBCʽSBÎÍP*NBHFOTmHVSBUJWBTUFOEFNËBCʽSB
ÎÍPFBBCʽSBÎÍPTVHFSFDFOBT0mHVSBUJWPEFTMPDBTFRVFSTFSJUNP
FPSJUNPEBBCʽSBÎÍPTVHFSFVNBGPSNBMJ[BÎÍPmHVSBUJWB&NTVNB
UFNPTPUSÉOTJUPFOUSFFʽBUVUPTFRVBMJEBEFTBVEJPWJTVBJTRVFBPT
QPVDPTFYQMJDBSFNPT
0DFOÈSJPÏBOPJUFBGFʽBPBDPOUFDJNFOUPÞOJDP)ÈVNBQSP
QPʽBEFFODPOUSPEPQÞCMJDPPSFJOPEPMÞEJDP1SPDVSBTFPQBʹP
EFQSB[FSFMB[FS0VWJSNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDBEBOÎBSFQPSRVFOÍPWFS
EFSFMBODFBMHVNBTJNBHFOT"JOEBOÍPTFQPEFEJ[FSRVFPTIBCJUVÏT
EBTGFʽBTFʽÍPBMJQBSBWFS%JGFSFOUFNFOUFEFJSBPDJOFNBQPVDPT
TBFNEFDBTBQBSBWJWFSSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTQSPQPʽBTQFMPT7+TQFMP0V
USP%FVNBNBOFJSBHFSBMBRVFMFRVFGSFRàFOUBBGFʽBTBJQSBGB[FS
TVBQSØQSJBIJʽØSJBTFNDPNQSPNJTTPEPFODPOUSPDPNPPVUSPmD
DJPOBMDPNPPVUSPUSBWFʽJEPEFJOGPSNBÎÍP"JNBHFNÏVNBEBT
BUSBÎÜFT"JNBHFNÏVNFʽÓNVMPÏVNEPTDPNQPOFOUFTEBOPJUF
"QSJODÓQJPJOUFSFTTBBPQÞCMJDPPSJUNPTPOPSP0SJUNPWJTVBMÏVN
BEFOEPiGB[QBSUFEPQBDPUFw
"JNBHFNOÍPÏBQSJODJQBMDPOWJEBEBQBSBBGFʽBNBTTFNPʽSB
FTFGB[WFSPDBTJPOBMNFOUFQSPWPDBWBJBTPVNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTEFBQPJP
&MBUFNEJWFSTBTGPSNBTFSJUNPTBQSFTFOUBTFTFHVOEPBRVFMFRVF
BDPNBOEBTFHVOEPBRVFMFRVFBNBOJQVMB&NFʽBEPEFBUFOÎÍP
EFTBUFOUBPGFʽFJSPTFFODPOUSBDPNJNBHFOTFFNNÍPTBUFOUBT
FʽBTTFGB[FNBPWJWPOVNSJUNPQBTTÓWFMEFPDVQBSBDFOBEFTF
GB[FSQSFTFOUF0SJUNPÏUFNQPSFBMTJODSPOJBTFOTPSJBM"TJNBHFOT
TÍPPSFQFSUØSJPEFUPEBBHBNBEFJNBHFOTmYBTFEFJNBHFOTFN
NPWJNFOUPmHVSBUJWBTPVBCʽSBUBTBDVNVMBEBTBPMPOHPEBIJʽØ
SJBEBDSJBÎÍPJDPOPHSÈmDB
"T JNBHFOT mYBT HBOIBN NPWJNFOUP QFMP DJOUJMBS EB MV[ QFMB
TPCSFQPTJÎÍP EF DBNBEBT EF JNBHFOT QSPQPSDJPOBEB QPS TPGUXBSF
QBSBNBOJQVMBÎÍPBPWJWP0NPWJNFOUPWFNEPDIPRVFFOUSFBTDB
NBEBTFQFMBTVDFTTÍPBTQSPKFÎÜFTQSPWPDBNTBUVSBÎÍPIPSJ[POUBM
NFOUFOBTFRàÐODJBUFNQPSBMFWFSUJDBMNFOUFQPSTPCSFQPTJÎÍP)È
DIGITO_Book.indb 84
10/8/2006 07:17:37
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
BJOEBPDIPRVFEPDJOUJMBSEBTMV[FTEBQJʽBPVEPTTPGUXBSFT"T
JNBHFOTFNNPWJNFOUPTVHFSFNBVTÐODJBEFNPWJNFOUPQFMPTQSP
DFEJNFOUPTBEPUBEPTOBNBOJQVMBÎÍPBPWJWP.PWJNFOUPTDPSUBEPT
QPSMV[FTFQPSDPOUSBUFNQPTWJTVBJTJOUFSSPNQFNBDPOUJOVJEBEFEF
VN QSFUFOTP NPWJNFOUP FʼFDVMBS SFGFSFODJBEP " TÓOUFTF EP NP
WJNFOUP GPJ BMDBOÎBEB DPN BT QSJNFJSBT FYQFSJÐODJBT EF QSPEVÎÍP
EF JNBHFOT BOJNBEBT QPS .VZCSJEHF B DPOUSBQFMP PT 7+T PQFSBN
TVBEFDPNQPTJÎÍP/ÍPJOUFSFTTBNBJTPNPWJNFOUPNJNÏUJDPTVB
EFDPNQPTJÎÍPÏDIBNBEBQBSBQSPWPDBS0EFTMPDBNFOUPEPNPWJ
NFOUPIBCJUVBMQSPWPDBFʽSBOIBNFOUPQSPEV[DIPRVFTSFUJOJBOPT
FTFNÉOUJDPTQFMBJOʽBVSBÎÍPEFPVUSBRVBMJEBEFOBJNBHFNDPNP
SFTVMUBEPEBBMUFSBÎÍPEFTFVNPWJNFOUPVTVBM0NPWJNFOUPEF
FMFNFOUPDPOʽJUVUJWPEBJNBHFNQBTTBBTFSFMFQSØQSJPBJNBHFN
&ʽBNPTEJBOUFEBJNBHFNDIPRVFEBJNBHFNSJUNP0DIPRVF
WJTVBMDPOUVEPOÍPÏQSJWJMÏHJPPVFYDMVTJWPEBNPOUBHFNEPT7+T
&JTFOʽFJO UBNCÏN EFOPNJOB EF NPOUBHFN EF DIPRVFT B NPO
UBHFN JOUFMFʹVBM QFOTBEB FN OBSSBUJWBT DPN FOSFEP F JNBHFOT
mMNBEBTEFNPOUBHFNEFDIPRVFT1BSBPDJOFBʽBFTTFTDIPRVFT
QPEFNTFSHSÈmDPTEFWPMVNFEFFTDBMBFEFTFOUJEP/PDBTPEPT
7+TFOUSFUBOUPPDIPRVFÏQPSBTTJNEJ[FSVNEPTQJMBSFTEBDPN
QPTJÎÍPJNQSPWJTBDJPOBM²QPTTÓWFMTVʽFOUBSRVFPTDIPRVFTTÍPP
QSJODÓQJPNFTNPEPUSBCBMIPEPT7+T0SJUNPÏPVUSPQSJODÓQJPEB
NPOUBHFNOPNFBEBQPS&JTFOʽFJONPOUBHFNSÓUNJDB&TTBÏBUÓQJ
DBNPOUBHFNEFVNBQFSTFHVJÎÍP.BTFNOPTTPDBTPRVBOEPOPT
SFGFSJNPTBPSJUNPFʽBNPTQFOTBOEPFNVNBBQSPYJNBÎÍPDPNB
NÞTJDBFNVNBJNBHFNQPVDPEFOPUBUJWBGFJUBQBSBTFSWJʽBFN
BNCJFOUFEJʼFSTJWP.VJUBTWF[FTPRVFFYJʽFÏVNBJOTJOVBÎÍPEF
JNBHFNFOUSFMV[FTQSFWBMFDFBBCʽSBÎÍPBFWBOFTDÐODJB.FTNP
OBT mHVSBÎÜFT JDPOPHSÈmDBT PV PCWJBNFOUF JDÙOJDBT IÈ P DIPRVF
RVFDSJBSÈBBCʽSBÎÍPTFNBJOUFOÎÍPEFRVFFMFTJSWBBPVUSPmNRVF
OÍPBQSPNPÎÍPEFVNBEBOÎBEFGPSNBT
DIGITO_Book.indb 85
10/8/2006 07:17:37
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
%FFʼBÎPUFNQPBUFNQPFʼBÎP
*NBHFOT BCʽSBUBT TÍP VNB DPOʽBOUF OB QJʽB &YJʽF HSBOEF
RVBOUJEBEFEFUJQPTEFJNBHFOTFQSPQPTJÎÜFTBTTPDJBUJWBTJODMVTJWF
BMHVNBTTPCSFDPEJmDBEBTDPNSFGFSFODJBMEFTFOUJEPFWJTVBMNVJUP
EJSFUP RVF SFJUFSBN VNB GPSNVMBÎÍP UFSDFJSB EF OPÎÜFT NBSDBEBT
FNFOVODJBEPTBVEJPWJTVBJTEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPEFNBTTBGB[FOEPVN
VTPQSFWJTÓWFMEBJEÏJBBPMBOÎBSNÍPEPTJHOPWJTVBMTFKBFMFQBMBWSB
NBSDBTMPHBOPCKFUPPCSBEFBSUFPVNFTNPFʽJMPPVFTDPMBHSÈm
DB.BOUÐNPTFOUJEPQSJNÈSJP/ÍPTFNJʽVSBN
0SJUNPÏVNFYDFMFOUFQSPWPDBEPSEFNJʽVSBT²DMBSPRVFB
FTDPMIBBQSPQSJBEBEBDPNCJOBÎÍPEFJNBHFOTFPTFVUSBUBNFOUP
DPNQÜFNBNJʽVSB"TNJʽVSBTTFEÍPOPQMBOPØQUJDPFEBTJHOJm
DBÎÍP"TEFTJHOJmDBÎÍPUÐNFʽSFJUBSFMBÎÍPDPNBTQVSBNFOUFØQUJ
DBT0DJOUJMBSEFMV[FTFNHFSBMCSBODBTÏQSPEV[JEPQFMPTTPGUXBSFT
EPT7+TFQFMBJMVNJOBÎÍPEBGFʽB7+TRVFTFVUJMJ[BNEFQSPHSBNBT
EFFEJÎÍPDPNPP'JOBM$VUOÍPDPOUBNDPNQMVHJOTQBSBDPMPDBS
RVBESPTGSBNFTCSBODPTFOUSFBTJNBHFOTEPTGSBNFTEFVNMPPQJOH
0QJTDBSBJOEBBTTJNBDPOUFDFOFTTFDBTPQFMBEFTDPOUJOVJEBEFEP
NPWJNFOUPQFMBJOUFSSVQÎÍPCSVTDBEBFWPMVÎÍPEPHFʽPPVEFTMP
DBNFOUPFQPSMV[FʽSPCPTDØQJDBFSBJPTMBTFSSFDVSTPTSFDPSSFOUFT
OBBNCJFOUBÎÍPEBTGFʽBT"ÓNFTNPBJNBHFNTJNCØMJDBmHVSBUJWB
PUFSDFJSPEBUSJDPNJBEPTJHOPEF1FJSDFUFOEFËBCʽSBÎÍPBNFB
ÎBDBJSQBSBBQSJNFJSF[B*TTPTFEÈQFMPQJTDBSFQFMBBCʽSBÎÍPEP
TFOUJEPDPOʽJUVÓEPQPSNFUÈGPSBT0TÓNCPMPQBTTBBTFSQPÏUJDPIÈ
VNBJOWFSTÍPVNFʽPVSPEBEFOPUBÎÍP"OPSNBEPTJHOPÏRVFT
UJPOBEBQFMBQSPYJNJEBEFDPNPVUSPTJHOPRVFDPMPDBFNRVFʽÍP
TFVTFOUJEP0TEPJTTFBOVMBNTFQSPWPDBNUSBOTGPSNBNTF$PNP
OBQPFTJBBTJHOJmDBÎÍPDJSDVMBTFNMVHBSPTFOUJEPQFSNBOFDFBCFS
UP)ÈVNTJHOPQPÏUJDPQPSRVFBOPWBTJOUBYFQSPEV[JVSVÓEPVNB
"SFGFSÐODJBBUFSDFJSPBRVJÏOBUVSBMNFOUFËBSRVJUFUVSBQFJSDFBOBEFDBUFHPSJ[BÎÍPEB
FYQFSJÐODJBFGB[RVFTUÍPEFNPEPDFOUSBMBPTTFOUJEPTDPEJmDBEPTFTUJQVMBEBNFOUFF
RVFDJSDVMBNOBBDFJUBCJMJEBEFHFSBM
/PWBNFOUFBSFGFSÐODJBÏËTDBUFHPSJBTEBFYQFSJÐODJBUBJTDPNPGPSNVMBEBTQPS1FJSDF
.FTNPËDVTUBEFBMHVNBSFQFUJÎÍPBQSJNFJSF[BÏBFYQFSJÐODJBOÍPSFnFUJEBEPGFOÙ
NFOPDPOTUJUVJOEPVNBRVBTFJOEJ[JCJMJEBEFDPNQBSÈWFMËiQVSF[BwEBTFNPÎÜFTTFOUJEBT
TFNBDPOTDJÐODJBEBTFOTBÎÍP"UFSDFJSF[BQPSPVUSPMBEPHBSBOUFBEFOPUBÎÍPEPTFOUJ
EPFTUJQVMBEPTPDJBMNFOUFJTTPTJHOJmDBBRVJMPQPSRVFTFJRVFJTTPTJHOJmDBBRVJMP
DIGITO_Book.indb 86
10/8/2006 07:17:38
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
BHSBNBUJDBMJEBEFRVFQSPQJDJBPCZQBTTEPKÈDPOmHVSBEPQBSBBRVJ
MPRVFFʽÈQBSBTFDPOmHVSBSEPTFSQBSBPWJSBTFS
/P#SBTJMIÈVNBUFOEÐODJBEFUSBCBMIPTmHVSBUJWPTUBOUPEFTF
OIPTRVBOUPJNBHFOTQSPEV[JEPTQPSQSPDFTTPTEFDBQUBÎÍPDPNP
PWÓEFP"MHVOT7+TDSJBNJNBHFOTBCʽSBUBTBMVTJWBTBGPSNBTEBOB
UVSF[BBPCKFUPTEPFʼBÎPVSCBOPPVNFTNPQSPQÜFNGPSNBTBO
USPQPNØSmDBT0HSVQPQBVMJʽB#JKBSJGPSNBEPQPSBSRVJUFUPTUFN
DPNPQSPDFEJNFOUPEFUSBCBMIPBEFTDPOUSVÎÍPQFMBTPCSFQPTJÎÍP
EFMJOIBTTFUBTDÓSDVMPTFNNPWJNFOUP[JHVF[BHVFTFUPEBTPSUFEF
HSÈmDPTTPCSFJNBHFOTmHVSBUJWBT"TDJEBEFTFPNPWJNFOUPDPUJEJB
OPEFQFTTPBTFNFJPTEFUSBOʼPSUFWBSJBEPTTÍPUFNBTSFDPSSFOUFT
FNTVBTBQSFTFOUBÎÜFT"PTVQPʽPDBPTVSCBOPEPUSÉOTJUPBHSFHB
TFPDBPTEBTMJOIBTDPSUBOEPBUFMBFNEJWFSTBTEJSFÎÜFTFDSJBOEP
QPOUPT EF GVHB FN EJʽJOUPT MVHBSFT EB UFMB 5SBUBEBT FN EJWFSTPT
NBUJ[FTBDFNQPSDFOUPBTJNBHFOTTBUVSBEBTFOUSBNFTBFNOBmHV
SBÎÍPEFTFODBSOBEBTEFRVBMRVFSWÓODVMPOBUVSBMJʽBDFEFNMVHBSB
GPSNBTFʽJMJ[BEBTBPSJUNPBPTVQFSFʽÓNVMP0#JKBSJUBNCÏNKPHB
GSBTFT F JNBHFOT DPN DPOPUBÎÍP QPMÓUJDB OFTTFT DBTPT FOUSBN FN
DFOBFMFNFOUPTMÞEJDPTQFMBNBOFJSBDPNPBTRVFʽÜFTTÍPBQSFTFO
UBEBT0EFTJHOOÍPFTWB[JBBQPMÓUJDBPVQSPEV[FGFJUPEFFʽFUJ[BÎÍP
P BDBCBNFOUP EBT JNBHFOT TVCNFUJEBT BP QSPHSBNB "GUFS &ĊFʹT
GVODJPOBDPNPQBMBWSBTEFPSEFNDPNSFWFSCFSBÎÍPOBQJʽB
+ÈOPTTFUTEPNJOFJSP7+NQBSOÍPIÈmHVSBT7BMFMFNCSBSRVF
NQBSDPʽVNBTFBQSFTFOUBSTFNQSFDPNP%+5FF&MFTGB[FNPJN
QSPWJTPDPNDPOIFDJNFOUPQSÏWJPEPCBODPEFEBEPTVNEPPVUSP
7+F%+DPOUSPMBNTFVTCBODPTEFEBEPTBQBSUJSEFVNBQMBDB.*%*
NQBS VUJMJ[B P QSPHSBNB 3FTPMVNF RVF MIF QPTTJCJMJUB B TPCSFQP
TJÎÍPEFUSÐTDBNBEBTEFJNBHFOTFBBMUFSBÎÍPBPWJWPEFQBSÉNF
USPTDPNPDPSWFMPDJEBEFQPTJÎÍPOBUFMBRVBOUJEBEFEFQJTDBEBT
‰UJQPʽSPCP‰BMÏNEFFGFJUPTiQSÏTFUBEPTwNBJTØCWJPTDPNPB
NVMUJQMJDBÎÍPEFVNNFTNPGSBNFFNNPWJNFOUPPVmYPOBUFMB
&TTFTPGUXBSFFBVUJMJ[BÎÍPEFFGFJUPTWJTVBJTNFOPTHBʽPTQFMPVTP
FYDFTTJWPOBT57TDPOGFSFËBQSFTFOUBÎÍPVNSJUNPBmOBEPFTVSQSF
FOEFOUF"FWPMVÎÍPEBTMJOIBTTVHFSFVNDBNJOIPQBSBPPMIBSDPN
KPHPTEFQFSʼFʹJWBEFQSPGVOEJEBEFEFDBNQPEFDPSFTFGPSNBT
DIGITO_Book.indb 87
10/8/2006 07:17:38
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
FNNPWJNFOUPQSPQPOEPVNBFWPMVÎÍPEPPMIBSOPFʼBÎP"FWP
MVÎÍPTVSQSFFOEFFNQBSUFEFWJEPBPNPWJNFOUPFEJSFÎÍPEBGPSNB
FWPMVJOEPDPNPMJOIBTQFSʼFʹJWBFRVFCSBEBQSØQSJBMJOIBFWPMV
UJWBFFNKPHPTØQUJDPTRVFTVHFSFNTFOUJEPFʼBDJBM0QBTTFJPQFMB
UFMBQFEFRVFTFCVTRVFBMHPOPGVOEPTJNVMBTFBQSPGVOEJEBEFEF
DBNQPQFMPNPWJNFOUPEFVNUSBÎPQBSBPGVOEP"JNBHFNCSJODB
EFUSÐTOPFʼBÎPEFEVBT&MBÏVNBGPSNBUFNQPSBMJ[BEBFNUSÐT
EJNFOTÜFTÏSJUNP0UFNQPEBJNBHFNFYJʽFFOUSFPVUSBTNBOFJ
SBTQFMBWBSSFEVSBEPPMIBSOBNFTNB2VBOEPmHVSBUJWBTQPEFNPT
QFOTBSFNDFOBTFNOBSSBUJWBTQFSDPSSJEBTQFMPPCTFSWBEPS/FTTBT
JNBHFOTBCʽSBUBT‰PSHÉOJDBTPVHSBmTNPT‰IÈVNDPOWJUFËOB
WFHBÎÍPËDPOUFNQMBÎÍP
$POUFNQMBÎÍP 0SJUNPTFBQSFTFOUBFNHFSBMBOTJPTPSÈQJEPF
SFQFUJUJWP*NBHFOTTVHFʽJWBTJOEJDBNFʼBDJBMNFOUFPVQFMPUSBÎP
MVHBSFT SFDPOIFDÓWFJT /ÍP TF USBUB EF mHVSBT NBT EF BMVTÍP DPOT
USVÓEB QFMP EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP EF GPSNBT OP FʼBÎP QFMP SJUNP EBT
GPSNBT"CVTDBQPSTJHOJmDBÎÍPQSPDVSBUSBEV[JSBTGPSNBTQSPDVSB
BOÈMPHPTWJTVBJTBJNBHFNÏBCFSUBDPNPBTOVWFOTOPDÏVTVHFSFN
mHVSBT"TDPSFTBTGPSNBTFBFWPMVÎÍPEBTJNBHFOTHSÈmDBTQPEFN
TFSFGFSJSBBVUPSFTPVFʽJMPTOBTBSUFTWJTVBJT&ʽBNPTDIBNBOEPEF
FTDPMBPDPOʽSVUJWJTNPPTUJQPTEFHSBmTNPTFPWFSNFMIPEB3ÞTTJB
SFWPMVDJPOÈSJBB#BVIBVTQJOUPSFTDPNPPFʼBOIPM+VBO.JSØ.BT
RVBOEPP7+TFJNQÜFOBQJʽBÏNBJTQFMPSJUNPFQFMBTVHFʽÍPEF
mHVSBTFNFOPTQFMBNFOÎÍPËFTDPMBËRVBMTFSFGFSF0DPOWJUFEB
BQSFTFOUBÎÍPÏEFVNBFYQFSJÐODJBEPFʼBÎP&NUFSNPTTFNJØUJDPT
FʽBNPTEJBOUFEFVNQVSPRVBMJTTJHOPFʽFTFSFMBDJPOBBPKPHPEBT
GPSNBTRVFBOUFDFEFNPTFOUJEPFPHPWFSOBNEFBMHVNNPEP
&TTBTJNBHFOTBCʽSBUBTTVHFSFNVNBOÍPmMJBÎÍPËSFQSFTFOUB
ÎÍPUBMDPNPQFOTBEBOBmMPTPmBNPEFSOB/BSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPUSBEJ
DJPOBMPTJHOVNTFSFGFSFBVNTJHOBUVNËNFEJEBRVFPBTTJOBMBEP
ÏBOUFSJPSBPTJHOPRVFFMFQSPEV[FRVFBFMFTFSFGFSF0QFOTBNFO
UPSFQSFTFOUBDJPOBMQPSUBOUPQPʽVMBBBOUFSJPSJEBEFEPSFGFSFOUF
QBSBRVFBSFMBÎÍPEFSFGFSÐODJBTFBUVBMJ[FFTFKBSFJOUFSQSFUBEBQFMP
SFDFQUPS EFTTF TJHOP &ODBJYBTF OFTTB QFSʼFʹJWB B USBEJDJPOBM USJ
DPUPNJBQSPQPʽBQPS1FJSDFQBSBPTJHOPFNTVBSFMBÎÍPDPNPPC
DIGITO_Book.indb 88
10/8/2006 07:17:38
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
KFUPÓDPOFÓOEJDFTÓNCPMP/FTTBNBOJGFʽBÎÍPUSJQBSUJUFEBSFMBÎÍP
TÓHOJDB DPN P PCKFUP DBEB TJHOP EFQFOEF EB FYJʽÐODJB EP PCKFUP
QBSBBFMFTFSFGFSJSNPEBMNFOUFPÓDPOFQSFDJTBUFSFNTJUSBÎPTEP
PCKFUPPÓOEJDFQSFDJTBEPPCKFUPQBSBBQPOUBSEJSFDJPOBEBNFOUFQBSB
BMHPKÈDPOIFDJEPPTÓNCPMPÏPPCKFUPSFGFSJEPBVUPNBUJDBNFOUF
OB FTGFSB EP DPOIFDJEP 0 TÓNCPMP TFSJB QPSUBOUP BRVJMP RVF
SFJUFSBPPCKFUPFDPOʽJUVJBCBTFEFVNBFʽÏUJDBEPSFDPOIFDJNFOUP
QVSBUFSDFJSF[B
/BTBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTEPT7+TDPNNBOJQVMBÎÍPBPWJWPEPUFNQP
EBTJNBHFOTFEFQBSÉNFUSPTEFDPSHSÍPTFUDPTÓNCPMPJOʽBVSB
NVJUBTWF[FTVNBFʽÏUJDBEPFʽSBOIBNFOUP$PNPKÈGSJTBEPPTFO
UJEP TF EFTMPDB PV OFN DIFHB B TF DPOʽJUVJS 0 7+ 1BMVNCP Ï VN
FYFNQMPEFFʽJNVMBÎÍPDPNPCBOBM1BMVNCPVUJMJ[BTFEFÓDPOFT
TJNQMFTDPNPQPSFYFNQMPHMPCPTUFSSFʽSFTDPNVOTEFMJWSPTJOGBO
UJTHSBWVSBTFʽJMJ[BEBTFNBSDBTEFDPSQPSBÎÜFT&NTVBBQSFTFOUB
ÎÍPPRVFNBJTJOUFSFTTBÏBNVEBOÎBEBTDPSFTEPGVOEPPSJUNP
EBTVDFTTÍPEBTmHVSBTFEFSFUÉOHVMPTGPSNBOEPRVBESJDVMBEPTDPN
DPSFTDFNQPSDFOUP0TRVBESBEPTSFDVSTPOPSNBMNFOUFVUJMJ[BEPT
OBT57TQBSBPDPSUFFOUSFSFQPSUBHFOTBRVJFYJʽFNQPSTJTØEF
SFDVSTP QBSB QBTTBHFN USBOTGPSNBTF FN NBUSJ[ EP USBCBMIP 0T
RVBESJDVMBEPT UÐN EJWFSTBT QSPQPSÎÜFT QPEFN TFS BQFOBT RVBUSP
F OFTTF DBTP WJBCJMJ[BN B DPFYJʽÐODJB EF RVBUSP JNBHFOT EJʽJOUBT
FNGVOEPTDPNDPSFTEJGFSFOUFT0THSBOEFTRVBESBEPTTFFTGBDFMBN
FKÈOÍPTÍPJNBHFNNBTQPOUPTQJTDBOEPQJYFMT$PNPQBJOÏJTMV
NJOPTPTOBTSVBTBTQSPKFÎÜFTEF1BMVNCPmOHFNNPʽSBSTVBNB
UFSJBMJEBEFmOHFNUSB[FSVNBJOGPSNBÎÍP/ÍPIÈNBJTJOGPSNBÎÍP
QSPEVUPTFFNCMFNBTDPOIFDJEPTTFHVFNWB[JPT4FNmOTQPMÓUJDPT
BTUFMBTTÍPUFʽFNVOIPNBUFSJBMEPFʽJMIBÎBSEFTFOUJEPTFTWB[JBEPT
QFMBTVQFSFYQPTJÎÍPEFmHVSBÎÜFTSFEVOEBOUFT
0BDÞNVMPEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTWB[JBTUBNCÏNÏEFʽSVÓEPQFMBTV
DFTTÍPEFÓDPOFTOÍPIÈNPWJNFOUPOBJNBHFNNBUSJ[FMFUSBCBMIB
DPNGSBNFTNBTBWFMPDJEBEFQSPNPWFNPWJNFOUPFHFSBBBCʽSB
ÎÍPEFUPEBFRVBMRVFSmHVSB/BEBmDBNVJUPUFNQPOBUFMBFB
TVDFTTÍPOÍPÏHSBUVJUBÏSJUNBEBÏNVTJDBM"SMJOEP.BDIBEPBP
TFSFGFSJSBPSJUNPEPWJEFPDMJQFDPNQBSBPBPTiQBESÜFTEFFʽJNV
DIGITO_Book.indb 89
10/8/2006 07:17:39
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
MBÎÍPSFUJOJBOBNVJUPTFNFMIBOUFTBPTQBESÜFTSÓUNJDPTEBNÞTJDB
PRVFPTBQSPYJNBEBRVFMBJDPOPHSBmBQVMTBOUFRVF/BN+VOF1BJL
USBOTGPSNPVFNBSUFFFYQSFTTÍPEFVNBTFOTJCJMJEBEFDPOUFNQPSÉ
OFBw1BSBPBVUPSPTWÓEFPTNVTJDBJTEF1BJLBOUFDFEFNPWJEFPDMJQF
F P WJEFPDMJQF Ï BOUFDFTTPS EPT 7+T 5FNPT BRVJ VNB HFOFBMPHJB B
DPOmHVSBSBQSFWBMÐODJBEPSJUNPEPTFOTÓWFMEBFʽJNVMBÎÍPDPNP
QPSUB EF BDFTTP BP QÞCMJDP " UFMB EFTDBSOBEB Ï VNB TVDFTTÍP EF
TVHFʽÜFTEFTJUVBÎÜFTRVFTFNPWJNFOUBNOPUFNQP0TFOUJEPÏ
KPHBEPQBSBGPSBEBUFMBQBSBGPSBEBGFʽBFMFFʽÈOPEJÈMPHPEBT
TVHFʽÜFT EF TJUVBÎÜFT DPMPDBEBT QFMP SJUNP DPN B DPNVOJDBÎÍP
EF NBTTB &TTFT iQBESÜFT EF FʽJNVMBÎÍP SFUJOJBOBw TÍP FYQSFTTÍP
EFVNBiOPWBTFOTJCJMJEBEFw"DPMPDBÎÍPEPBVUPSÏQFSUJOFOUFBP
FʽBEPEBBSUFEPFOUSFUFOJNFOUPFEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPFYQFSJNFOUB
EPTOPDPUJEJBOPEFʽFJOÓDJPEFTÏDVMP/BTGFʽBTDPN7+TUBNCÏN
DPOIFDJEBTDPNPIZQFBOPWJEBEFQPEFTFSQFOTBEBFNEVBTEJSF
ÎÜFTBWFMPDJEBEFFNRVFTFTVDFEFNBTJNBHFOTFBQSFWBMÐODJBEP
FʽÓNVMPNVMUJNPEBMEPTTFOUJEPTTPCSFBDPOʽSVÎÍPEFFOVODJBEPT
BDBCBEPTPVTFKBDPODMVTJWPT
$PN PT 7+T IÈ VNB JNBHFN RVF TF FʽSVUVSB DPNP VN nVYP
&TTBOPÎÍPGPJUSBCBMIBEBQPS3BZNPOE8JMMJBNTQBSBQFOTBSVNB
DBSBʹFSÓʽJDBHFOÏSJDBEBUFMFWJTÍP"QSPHSBNBÎÍPEB57DPNPVN
nVYP Ï B NJʽVSB EF QSPHSBNBT QVCMJDJEBEF FUD FN VNB NFTNB
FʽBÎÍP/PDBTPEPT7+TFʽBNPTEJBOUFEPnVYPDPNPQSJODÓQJP)È
VNNJʽVSBEFWJEPËOBUVSF[BEPFWFOUPFEBJNBHFNQPJTTÍPiKVO
UBEBTwJNBHFOTEFEJʽJOUBTOBUVSF[BTRVBMJEBEFTFDPNQSPQPʽBT
EFFOVODJBÎÍPPVOÍPFOVODJBÎÍP0nVYPÏUBNCÏNVNBQSPQPʽB
EPNPWJNFOUPEBBQSFTFOUBÎÍPDPNPVNUPEP4FRàÐODJBTBDPOUF
DJNFOUPT FN TJ BCBOEPOBN PT QSJODÓQJPT EB DJOFNBUPHSBmB EF FO
SFEPPVNFTNPEP[BQQJOHF[JQQJOHEBUFMFWJTÍPQBSBTFJOʽBVSBS
DPNPRVBESPTIÈVNBFWPMVÎÍPBQBSUJSEPRVBESPmYPDPNPOP
DBTPFYFNQMBSEF7+1BMVNCPBDJNBEFTDSJUP
0 EJGFSFOUF OB SFQFUJÎÍP WFN QSJPSJUBSJBNFOUF EP RVBESP /P
."$)"%0"SMJOEP3FJOWFOÎÍPEPWJEFPDMJQF*O"UFMFWJTÍPMFWBEBBTÏSJP4ÍP1BVMP
&EJUPSB4FOBDQ
*EFN
DIGITO_Book.indb 90
10/8/2006 07:17:39
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
DBTP EF JNBHFOT HSBWBEBT ‰ FN UFTF mHVSBUJWBT DPNP UFSDFJSPT
QFJSDFBOPT‰ÏPDPSUFCSVTDPEFRVBESPTPTBMUPPDBTJPOBOEPVNB
QFSEBBNBJTOBDPOUJOVJEBEFEBDFOB&MBFʽÈOPNPWJNFOUP5SB
UBTFEPnVYPDPNPVNFMFNFOUPFʽSVUVSBMEPNPWJNFOUPFOÍP
DPNP VN SFDVSTP B VN SFQFSUØSJP QSÏFYJʽFOUF VNB BQSPQSJBÎÍP
QØTNPEFSOB 0 nVYP BRVJ Ï DPNP VN KPHP EF DPOʽSVÎÍP F EFT
DPOʽSVÎÍPEFVNBWJTVBMJEBEFEPNPWJNFOUPTFKBQFMBTVCʽJUVJÎÍP
EBTFRàÐODJBQFMPRVBESPFNNPWJNFOUPTMFOUPTPVTVQFSSÈQJEPT
TFKBQFMPDPSUFEPNPWJNFOUPOPNFJPFQBTTBHFNQBSBPVUSPQPOUP
TFKB‰OVNBUFSDFJSBBMUFSOBUJWBNBJTDPNVNFOUSFPT7+T‰QFMB
BDFMFSBÎÍPEBJNBHFN
-VJ[%VWB7+QBVMJʽBDPNUSBKFUØSJBQFMBWJEFPBSUFFNTFVUSB
CBMIP7FSNFMIP4BOHVFJOʽBVSBUFNQPTQFMBNBOJQVMBÎÍPEPNP
WJNFOUP /FTTF DBTP DPOʽSØJ JOUFOTJEBEFT QFMB QBSBEB QFMB JOUFS
SVQÎÍPEPNFTNP"CBTFEF7FSNFMIPTBOHVFTÍPBTJNBHFOTEF
VNDBTBMFEFFOEPTDPQJB7JTDFSBMDPNFTFNmHVSBEFMJOHVBHFN
B BTTPDJBÎÍP EB JNBHFN EP DBTBM DPN B FOEPTDPQJB QSPQPSDJPOB
MFJUVSBT EF VNB EPS QPÏUJDB B QPFTJB WFN OÍP BQFOBT EB JNBHFN
CFNDPNQPʽBNBTEPSJUNPJNQSFTTPOBNBOJQVMBÎÍP&MFFʽÈUSB
CBMIBOEPGSBNFBGSBNFTPNPTTVSQSFFOEJEPTQFMPNPWJNFOUPEF
VNQÏOBQPÎBEFTBOHVFPVQPSVNDBSJOIPEFTBKFJUBEP"QPVDB
TVBWJEBEFEPDBSJOIPÏSFTVMUBEPEPTBMUPQSPWPDBEPQFMBGBMUBEF
BMHVOTGSBNFTPNPWJNFOUPÏEFTDPOUÓOVPÏCSVTDPFTVBWFQPJTB
NBOJQVMBÎÍPÏTVUJMMFWF6NTBMUP"DFOBBWBOÎBWFMP[ÏJNBHFN
MV[QFSDPSSFUPEPPNPWJNFOUPEPDBTBMQBSBFʽBDJPOBSFNPVUSP
NPNFOUPEBRVFMBTJUVBÎÍPPVFNPVUSBTJUVBÎÍP4FOPTFYFNQMPT
BOUFSJPSFTUÓOIBNPTBDPNQPTJÎÍPEFNPWJNFOUPQFMBTVDFTTÍPEF
GSBNFTBRVJBEFDPNQPTJÎÍPWFNEPTTBMUPTEPNPWJNFOUP
® MFWF[B EB NBOJQVMBÎÍP PQÜFTF B GPSÎB EF SFQSFTFOUBÎÍP EB
JNBHFN/FTTBQSPKFÎÍP%VWBDSJPVJNBHFOTMJNQBTJMVNJOBEBTTF
HVOEPCPBTDPOWFOÎÜFTUÏDOJDBT1BSUFTFEFVNBDFOBTJUVBÎÍPEVSB
WFSNFMIPTBOHVFQØTUSBHÏEJB
RVFUFNOBWFMPDJEBEFEBJNBHFNF
OBTVʼFOTÍPEBmHVSBCSBODPTPCSFQSFUP
VNBTVBWJEBEFQPÏUJDB
&TTFUSBCBMIPEF%VWBÏEFFMFQPVDPUJOIBEBWFMPDJEBEFWJTVBM
EF RVF USBUBNPT QFMP DPOUSÈSJP " TJUVBÎÍP GFDIBEB FʽÈ Ë FʼFSB
DIGITO_Book.indb 91
10/8/2006 07:17:39
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
EPOPTTPPMIBSQBSBDPODMVJSBMHPPVNFMIPSFʼFSBRVFOPTTBPMIBS
DPOTJHBDPOWJWFSDPNBMHPRVFOÍPÏEBPSEFNEBDPODMVTÍPÏVNB
QSPQPTJÎÍPTFNTPMVÎÍP"JNBHFNOÍPFWPMVJQBSBRVBMRVFSUJQPEF
SFWFMBÎÍPQFMPDPOUSÈSJP%VWBVUJMJ[BFMFNFOUPTGPSUFTRVFTVSHFN
EF NBOFJSB QPVDP PV OBEB DMBSB QPVDP USBOTMÞDJEB TÍP OVCMBEPT
DPNPBMHVOTTPOIPT4FPDBTBMFNRVFʽÍPTVHFSFVNBTJUVBÎÍPEB
RVBMUFNPTSFGFSÐODJBTDPODFJUVBJTPQÏEBNPÎBOPTBOHVFFPDBTBM
TPCVNBRVBOUJEBEFFOPSNFEFÈHVBDBJOEPUFOEFNBEFTDBSOBSB
DFOB/PWBNFOUFRVBMJEBEFTFNEFVNBTJUVBÎÍPBDPOUFDJNFOUP"
mHVSBÎÍPBTFSWJÎPEPOÍPmHVSÈWFMEBRVJMPSFQSFTFOUBOEPSFTJʽFË
SFQSFTFOUBÎÍP
/BTNÈRVJOBTØQUJDBTUBJTDPNPQSBYJOPTDØQJPPV[PPUSØQJPDP
OIFDJEBTUBNCÏNDPNPCSJORVFEPTmMPTØmDPTBQBTTBHFNFOUSFBT
JNBHFOTFSBCSVTDBQPSTFUSBUBSEFVNBTVDFTTÍPEFEFTFOIPTQSP
DVSBOEPJOʽBVSBSBDPNQPTJÎÍPEFVNNPWJNFOUPDPOUÓOVP)PKF
BT JNBHFOT EPT 7+T QSPNPWFN B EFDPNQPTJÎÍP EP NPWJNFOUP EF
JNBHFOTHSBWBEBTQFMPTBMUPQSPWPDBEPQFMBNBOJQVMBÎÍPDPNPOP
USBCBMIPEP7+%VWB/PDBTPEF1BMVNCPQBSBmDBSOFTTFTFYFN
QMPTPNPWJNFOUPÏSFTVMUBEPEFTÓOUFTFTEFMV[FTFDPSFT/PTEPJT
DBTPTSFUPSOBNPTBPNPWJNFOUPQPSTJBPNPWJNFOUPDPNPQSJODÓ
QJPQBSBBJNQSFTTÍPEBDFOB
"CʽSBUPEFNBTTB
3FDFOUFNFOUF OP mN EP BOP EF F JOÓDJP EF GPSBN
PSHBOJ[BEBTFYQPTJÎÜFTOPT&ʽBEPT6OJEPTFOB'SBOÎBTPCSFBQSF
TFOÎB EB NÞTJDB OBT BSUFT WJTVBJT TFKBN FMBT BSUFTBOBJT TFKBN NF
EJBEBTQFMBUFDOPMPHJB"FYQPTJÎÍPBNFSJDBOBFYJCJEBJOJDJBMNFOUF
OP.VTFVEF"SUFEF-PT"OHFMFTGPJEFOPNJOBEBi7JTVBM.VTJD4Z
OBTFʽIFTJBJO"SUBOE.VTJD4JODFwFBGSBODFTBOP$FOUSPEF
"SUF(FPSHF1PNQJEPVi4POT-VNJÒSFT6OFIJʽPJSFEVTPOEBOT
MBSUEV99FTJÒDMFw"TEVBTFYQPTJÎÜFTQSPQVOIBNVNEJÈMPHPFOUSF
JNBHFNFTPNQSJWJMFHJBWBNTJUVBÎÜFTOBIJʽØSJBEPDJOFNBFNRVF
QSFEPNJOBNJNBHFOTBCʽSBUBTOBTUFMBTOBQJOUVSBJNBHFOTRVFTV
HFSFNNPWJNFOUP%BTBSUFTQMÈʽJDBTFʽBWBNQSFTFOUFTUSBCBMIPT
EFQJOUPSFTDPNP"VHVʽP(JBDPNFUUJ7BTTJMZ,BOEJOTLZ1BVM,MFF
(FPSHFT #SBRVF .PSHBO 3VTTFMM +BDLTPO 1PMMPDL BCʽSBDJPOJTNP
DIGITO_Book.indb 92
10/8/2006 07:17:39
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
QSJODJQBMNFOUFPSHÉOJDPEFGPSNBTDPNPNPWJNFOUP&TTBTFYQPTJ
ÎÜFTTÍPPUFʽFNVOIPEBSFUPNBEBEFVNPMIBSRVFCVTDBVNNFJP
FYQSFTTJWPFNPVUSP
"WJTVBMJEBEFEFTTBTJNBHFOTÏNVTJDBM²PNPWJNFOUPTVHFSJEP
EFHPUBTSJTDPTDPSFTFGPSNBTRVFUSBEV[FNBNÞTJDB1PSRVFB
JNBHFNBCʽSBUBÏNBJTNVTJDBMEPRVFBmHVSBUJWB "MHVOTBSUJʽBT
QMÈʽJDPTDPNP'SBODJT1JDBCJBBmSNBNTFSBNÞTJDBDPNPBQJOUVSB
" SFQSFTFOUBÎÍP FTRVFNÈUJDB EBT JNBHFOT BQSFTFOUB VNB RVBMJEB
EFDPNPBNÞTJDBTFNMFUSBÏVNQSJNFJSPÏVNTFOUJNFOUPOÍP
IÈVNUFNBNBTFYQMPSBÎÍPEFGPSNBT²VNBGPSNBFWPMVJOEPOP
UFNQP/BNÞTJDBUFNPTPNPWJNFOUPUFNQPSBMJ[BEPBIBSNPOJB
P SJUNP FWPMVJOEP UFNQPSBMNFOUF P UFNQP BTTJN DPOʽJUVJOEP B
NÞTJDBJOʽBVSBOEPBDPNPVNHFʽP/BQJOUVSBBCʽSBUBPNPWJ
NFOUPUFNQPÏFʼFDJBMJ[BEPFBDPOʽJUVJÎÍPEPUSBCBMIPTFEÈOB
DPOUFNQMBÎÍP"JNBHFNFYJʽFJOEFQFOEFOUFNFOUFEFVNSFGFSFO
DJBMDPNPOPTFYFNQMPTEPT7+TTÍPRVBMJEBEFT
0T mMNFT FYJCJEPT OBT FYQPTJÎÜFT SFJUFSBN P RVF FʽBNPT EJ
[FOEPTÍPUSBCBMIPTBCʽSBUPTDPNPPTEF-FO-ZF8BMUFS3VUUNBO
0TLBS'JTDIJOHFS/PSNBO.BD-BSFO+PIO+BNFT8IJUOFZ7JLJOH
&HHFMJO)BOT3JUDIFS4UBO#SBLIBHFFBWJEFPBSUFEPDPSFBOP/BN
+VOF1BJLFEF4UFJOBF8PPEZ7BTVMLB&ʽFTUBNCÏNUSB[FNVNB
JNBUFSJBMJEBEFQSØYJNBËEPTPN5ÐNFNDPNVNBBCʽSBÎÍPFN
BMHVOTDBTPTVNBDFSUBFWPMVÎÍPEBGPSNB3JNBTBVEJPWJTVBJT"QF
MBN QSJODJQBMNFOUF QBSB VNB FʽÏUJDB PV NFTNP WJWÐODJB F CFN
NFOPTQBSBVNBMØHJDBQBSBVNFODBEFBNFOUP5FNPTOPWBNFOUF
nVYPFOÍPTFRàÐODJBEFGBUPTFNVNFOSFEP/PDBTPEPDJOFNB
VNBFWPMVÎÍPOBSSBUJWBEFUFSNJOBEBBQSJPSJQPJTBBSUJDVMBÎÍPEBT
TFRàÐODJBTFYJʽFQBSBTFSWJʽBFNPSEFNUFNQPSBM7FSFʽFTmMNFT
USB[BSFQFUJÎÍPEFVNBGPSNBFYQFSJNFOUBEB
"WJEFPBSUFFNmHVSBTDPNPPDBTBM4UFJOBF8PPEZ7BTVMLBKÈ
QSPEV[JBNBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTBPWJWPDPNDÉNFSBTBCFSUBTFQFMBUSBOT
GPSNBÎÍP EB WJCSBÎÍP TPOPSB FN JNBHFN "JOEB IÈ P JNQSPWJTP
/ÍP FTUBNPT SFBMJ[BOEP VNB DPNQBSBÎÍP FN UFSNPT EF WBMPSFT NBT QFOTBOEP VNB
FYQSFTTÍP QPÏUJDB RVF UFN NBUFSJBMNFOUF F QPS QSJODÓQJP FTUÏUJDP B FYQFSJNFOUBÎÍP B
JOWFOÎÍPFBEFTUSVJÎÍPGPSNBM
DIGITO_Book.indb 93
10/8/2006 07:17:40
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
NBTVNJNQSPWJTPEJGFSFOUFOÍPBQBSUJSEFVNCBODPEFJNBHFOT
FEFQSPHSBNBTNBTEBUSBOTGPSNBÎÍPEBNBUFSJBMJEBEFTPOPSBFN
JNBHFNQBSBTFSNBJTDMBSBTJOUFUJ[BEPSFTEFTPOTUFNTVBTDVSWBT
USBOTGPSNBEBTFNJNBHFOTTJOBJTEFWÓEFPUBNCÏN/FTTFDBTPUF
NPT VNB NFTNB GPOUF FYQSFTTJWB FYJCJEB FN EPJT NFJPT " DFOB
UBNCÏNÏPVUSBFʽBNPTFNFʼBÎPTDPNOPUBÎÍPEFBSUFFOÍPEF
WJWÐODJBOÍPEFMB[FS
"DJEBEFNJEJÈUJDBFBDPOUSBJOGPSNBÎÍP
"DFOBFMFUSÙOJDBFTFVT7+TF%KTÏVNBDPOUFDJNFOUPEBTOPJUF
VSCBOBT"DJEBEFDPOUJOVBBDFTBFNMFUSFJSPTSVBTFCPBUFT"DVM
UVSBVSCBOBFNJNBHFOTUFYUPTFTPOTUFNOBTOPJUFTPQBMDPQBSBB
EFʽSVJÎÍPPVPSFQSPDFTTBNFOUPEBTJHOJmDBÎÍPFNHFSBM"BmSNB
ÎÍPDPSSFOUFEFBOBMJʽBTFFʽVEJPTPTEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPTPDJBMEFRVF
BFSBEBJOEVʽSJBMJ[BÎÍPDFEFVMVHBSËFSBEBJOGPSNBÎÍPFODPOUSB
OFTTFNFJPFYQSFTTJWPUFSSFOPQBSBQFOTBSNPTBDJSDVMBÎÍPFBBQSP
QSJBÎÍPEBDVMUVSBEFNBTTB%FOPWPUFNPTnVYPOFTTFDBTPDPNP
SFDVSTPBVNSFQFSUØSJPQSÏFYJʽFOUFÓDPOFTQSFʽFTBTFDPOʽJUVJS
DPNP TFOUJEP OÍP DIFHBN B TF BUVBMJ[BS QFSNBOFDFN QSFHOBOUFT
%FJOGPSNBÎÍPBKPHPTWJTVBJTFTFNÉOUJDPTRVBOEPPTFOUJEPDIFHB
BTFDPOʽJUVJS$POUSBJOGPSNBÎÍPQFMPFYDFTTPEFTÓNCPMPTDPNVTP
QSFWJBNFOUFQSFWJʽP/ÍPTFUSBUBOPDBTPEFJOUFSWFOÎÍPOBTJNB
HFOTDPNPFSBVTVBMOBDPOUSBJOGPSNBÎÍPQSBUJDBEBQPSNJMJUBOUFT
QPMÓUJDPT F EF NJDSPQPMÓUJDBT " DPOUSBJOGPSNBÎÍP Ï FTWB[JBNFOUP
QFMPDIPRVF
&ʽBNPTOPTSFGFSJOEPBJNBHFOTDPEJmDBEBTQBSBVTPTVSCBOPT
DPNVUJMJEBEFTEJʽJOUBTDPNPTJOBMJ[BÎÍPEFTFHVSBOÎBVSCBOBFEF
USÉOTJUPÓDPOFTEFFYUJOUPSFTEFJODÐOEJPFEFNBUFSJBMSBEJPBUJWPF
GSBTFTDPNBWJTPTRVFGB[FNQBSUFEPSFQFSUØSJPEF7+TDPNP4QFUUP
EP#JKBSJFEPHSVQPNJOFJSP'"2FOUSFPVUSPT$PNPKÈIBWÓBNPT
NFODJPOBEPPTÓNCPMPÏBRVJMPRVFSFJUFSBPPCKFUPTFDPOʽJUVJCB
TFBEPFNVNBFʽÏUJDBEPSFDPOIFDJNFOUP"MHVOTTFOUJEPTKÈFʽÍP
USBCBMIBEPTOBTJNBHFOTJTTPÏØCWJPRVBOEPQFOTBNPTFNUFSNPT
TFNJØUJDPT²OFTTFNBSEFTJHOPTRVFFTTFTDSJBEPSFTEPBVEJPWJTVBM
"MHVNBT GFTUBT DPNP BT SBWFT BDPOUFDFN FN TÓUJPT F MVHBSFT BGBTUBEPT EPT DFOUSPT
VSCBOPTNBTTFVQÞCMJDPÏNFUSPQPMJUBOP
DIGITO_Book.indb 94
10/8/2006 07:17:40
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
OBWFHBN &TTB DBSBʹFSÓʽJDB EF OPTTB ÏQPDB QPEF TFS VUJMJ[BEB OB
QSPEVÎÍP EF USBCBMIPT GVOEBEPT QFMB SFQFUJÎÍP 3FQFUJÎÍP OÍP Ï
OFDFTTBSJBNFOUFSFEVOEÉODJBFNFʽSVUVSBTNBJTUSBEJDJPOBJTQPEF
TFSVNEBEPEBFʽSVUVSBOBSSBUJWBRVFKPHBDPNBQSØQSJBOBSSBUJWB
DPNPFOSFEPDPNPEBEPQBSBFʽBCFMFDFSPQBʹPDPNPFʼFʹB
EPS/PT7+TTFNFYDFÎÍPDPOIFDJEBBUÏBHPSBFʽÈOBSFQFUJÎÍPB
CBTFEBQPÏUJDBRVFFTHPUBFSFJOʽBVSBOPWPTTFOUJEPT
"SFQFUJÎÍPEPT7+TÏEFVNNFTNPGSBNFPVEFQFRVFOBTDF
OBTFNRVFIÈCBTJDBNFOUFBFWPMVÎÍPEFVNBTJUVBÎÍPNPWJNFOUP
$IBNPEFTJUVBÎÍPNPWJNFOUPBOEBNFOUPTEFVNBFODFOBÎÍPFY
QMÓDJUBOPBQFMPNFTNPTFNTPNPVFʽBOEPGPSBEFVNBTFRàÐODJB
FODBEFBEBFNUFSNPTDBVTBJTPTFOUJEPEBDFOBFʽÈEJUPEFOPWP
VNB TJUVBÎÍP EF SFDPOIFDJNFOUP &N VN TFU EP HSVQP &NCPMFY
VNBKPWFNFTFEVUPSBHBSPUBPGFSFDFVNBNBÎÍ0GFSFDFFTFSFDV
TBFNSJUNPTFDPNGSBNFTEJGFSFOUFT"PDBCPEFBMHVOTNJOVUPT
B PGFSUB Ï WB[JB &N UFSNPT TFNJØUJDPT BQSPWFJUBNTF PT TÓNCPMPT
KÈ JOʽBVSBEPT OB SFJUFSBÎÍP FN MPPQ QBSB B DSJBÎÍP EF VN QSPDFT
TPEFEFTFODBSOBÎÍPPVSFFODBOUBNFOUP
EBJNBHFNEPDPUJEJBOP
® NFEJEB RVF P 7+ SFUPNB PV SFDSJB JNBHFOT EF VNB JNBHFCBTF
QPS FMF QSPEV[JEB PV QPS FMF SFDBQUVSBEB EP NBS EF TJHOPT F
QSPEV[DPNFMBTBMHPDPNPVN%/"SFDPNCJOBOUFFMFQSPNPWFB
PʽSBOFOJF /FTTF QSPDFTTP EF QSPEV[JS P FʽSBOIBNFOUF GBNJMJBS
EFTMPDBTFBSFMBÎÍPSFQSFTFOUBDJPOBMEPSFGFSFOUFPCKFUP
QBSBBSF
GFSÐODJBFQSPQÜFTFOPMVHBSEPNFSPSFDPOIFDJNFOUPVNSFFODBO
UBNFOUPEPCBOBMQFMBiGBOUBTNBUJ[BÎÍPwEPPCKFUP$PNFGFJUPP
BʼFʹPHFSBMEBTJNBHFOTOPBNCJFOUF7+ÏPEFCSVYVMFJP0iFʽSP
CPwÏVNFMFNFOUPEBGFʽBBDPOUSJCVJSQBSBPCSVYVMFJPOÍPBQFOBT
EBQSPKFÎÍPNBTEPQÞCMJDP"JNBHFNQJTDBFNWFMPDJEBEFBMUFSBEB
PNPWJNFOUPEBTQFTTPBTOBQJʽBÏDPOUJOVBEPOBUFMB1ÞCMJDPFN
NPWJNFOUPVOJGPSNFUFMBTFNDBEÐODJBQBTTÓWFMEFQSFWFS"SJHPS
$PODFJUPEFFTUSBOIBNFOUPVNGB[FSFTUSBOIPBQBSUJSEPDPOIFDJEP0UFSNPGPJQSP
QPTUPQFMPTGPSNBMJTUBTSVTTPTOBTFHVOEBEÏDBEBEPTÏDVMP99DPNPBRVJMPRVFNBSDB
PEJTDVSTPQPÏUJDPFNDPOUSBTUFDPNBTPVUSBTEJTDVSTJWJEBEFTQPTTÓWFJT$VSJPTBNFOUF
'SFVESFGFSFTFBPNFDBOJTNPEPVNIFJNMJDI‰PFTUSBOIBNFOUFGBNJMJBSPVEJSÓBNPT
OØTPGBNJMJBSNFOUFFTUSBOIP‰DPNPBMHPSFTTVSHJEPEPQSØQSJPQSPDFTTPBOBMÓUJDPJF
EBiOBSSBUJWJ[BÎÍPwEBNFNØSJBEBFYQFSJÐODJB
DIGITO_Book.indb 95
10/8/2006 07:17:40
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
OÍPUFNPTDPNJTTPBNFSBSFQFUJÎÍPEPNFTNPNBTBJOTJʽÐODJB
OBJNBHFNRVBJNBHFN0UFNQPEFTTBGPSNBOÍPÏDSJBEPBQBSUJS
EBSFGFSÐODJBQPOUPBQPOUPËQSFUFOTBMJOFBSJEBEFUFNQPSBMRVFFY
QFSJNFOUBNPTOPDPUJEJBOP0UFNQPEPVOJWFSTP7+ÏPEPMPPQP
FUFSOPSFUPSOPPTFNQSFQSFTFOUFRVFTFTVDFEFFNPVUSP
$SJBTF QPS NFJP EP MPPQ VNB OBSSBUJWJEBEF OFN MJOFBS OFN
IJQFSUFYUVBMNBTVNBNFTNBIJʽØSJBRVFTFFOHBʽBEFOUSPEFTJ
OVN NJTFFOBCZNF BVUØʹPOF 0 RVF Ï HFSBEP OFTTF QSPDFTTP Ï
VNTJNVMBDSPEFTFRàÐODJBVNOBSSBUJWPRVFOÍPOBSSBNBTSFQFUF
DPNPOVNQFSÓPEPDIFJPEFPSBÎÜFTTVCPSEJOBEBTBEFQFOEÐODJB
RVFFMFUFNEFTJNFTNPFEBBSUJDVMBÎÍPDPNPPVUSPTJNVMBDSPEFMF
RVFGPJFMFOPMPPQJOHBOUFSJPS'BMBNPTEFVNBFʼÏDJFEFDMPOBHFN
EPEFTJHVBMRVFTFSFQFUFJHVBMNFOUFEFTJHVBMBOEPBJHVBMEBEFJHVB
MBOEPPEFTJHVBM
" TJOUBYF EB JNBHFN EP 7+ Ï NFUPOÓNJDB KVʽBQPTJUJWB F OÍP
UFNRVFOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFPCFEFDFSBOFOIVNBQSPQPʽBNFUBGØSJDB
‰OPTFOUJEPEFMFWBSQBSBBMÏN‰RVFSFTHBUBTFOUJEPTFPTSFJUFSB
0RVFUFNPTBRVJFNPVUSBTQBMBWSBTOÍPÏNBJTBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍP
DFOUSBEBOPSFQSFTFOUBEPQSFWBMFOUFOBUSÓBEFÓDPOFÓOEJDFTÓNCPMP
0RVFTFDPMPDBÏVNBEJNFOTÍPTÓHOJDBCBTFBEBOBQSJNFJSF[B‰OB
RVBTFJOFGBCJMJEBEFEPQSFTTFOUJEPEPOÍPQFOTBEP‰FQPSUBOUP
OBQVSBQSFTFOUBÎÍP0RVFTFNBOJGFʽBQFMPTJHOPÏFMFNFTNPF
OÍP NBJT TFV PCKFUP &N WF[ EF ÓDPOF WFNPT BQFOBT PT USBÎPT PT
RVBMJTTJHOPT&NWF[EBJOEJDBÎÍPEBQSFTFOÎBEPPCKFUPQFMPÓOEJDF
UFNPTBQFOBTBQSFTFOÎBEPTJOTJHOPPRVBTFÓOEJDF&NWF[EBSF
MBÎÍPGPSÎPTBFGPSÎBEBDPNPPCKFUPRVFPTÓNCPMPJOʽBVSBUFNPT
BQFOBTBMFNCSBOÎBEFRVFWÈSJPTEBRVFMFTTJHOPTTÍPPNFTNPSFJ
UFSBEPOBTVBGPSNBEFMFJPMFHJTTJHOP
0 UFNQP OPMPPQ Ï P TJNVMBDSP EP MJOFBS RVF Ï FMF NFTNP TJ
NVMBDSPEFVNPVUSPUFNQPEPRVBMOFNBOBSSBUJWBEÈDPOUB&TTF
UFNQPBUFNQPSBMNFOUFUFNQPSBMQPEFTFSVNEPTGBUPSFTSFʼPOTÈ
WFJTQFMPUSBOTFSFMØHJPRVFPIJQOPUJ[BEPSGB[CBMBOÎBSFNGSFOUFB
OPTTPTPMIPT²DVSJPTPRVFFTTBTFYQFSJNFOUBÎÜFTTVSKBNEPQPO
UPEFWJʽBIJʽØSJDPRVBTFRVFDPODPNJUBOUFNFOUFDPNPDIBNB
EP UFNQP TÓODSPOP EBT SFMBÎÜFT IJQFSNJEJÈUJDBT DPJTB RVF NVJUPT
DIGITO_Book.indb 96
10/8/2006 07:17:40
$JOUJM¬OTJBTWJTVBJTQFMPT7+T
QFOTBEPSFTJEFOUJmDBNDPNPQSPDFTTPWJTÓWFMEFQSFTFOUJmDBÎÍPEB
FYQFSJÐODJB OB DPOUFNQPSBOFJEBEF 0V FN PVUSBT QBMBWSBT VNB
QBTTBHFNEPFʼBÎPUFNQPQBSBPUFNQPFʼBÎPDBNJOIPBOVODJB
EPQFMPEFTFʼFSPEBRVFMFTRVFWÐFNBBOJRVJMBÎÍPEPFʼBÎPQFMB
EJHJUBMJ[BÎÍPEBFYQFSJÐODJB$VSJPTBNFOUFFTTFEFTFʼFSPEBQFSEB
EPFʼBÎPÏTVCʽJUVÓEPQPSNFJPEBBÎÍPEP7+QFMBBOTJFEBEFHF
SBEBQFMBSFQFUJÎÍPMPPQUFNQPSBMEPFʼBÎPEPDPUJEJBOPOPFʼBÎP
EBGFʽB
#JCMJPHSBmB
#&/+".*/ 8BMUFS 4PCSF BMHVOT UFNBT FN #BVEFMBJSF 5SBE
EJWFSTPT BVUPSFT *O 0T QFOTBEPSFT 4ÍP 1BVMP 7JʹPS $JWJUB
Q
;*-$;&3 +VEJUI 0SH
7JTVBM .VTJD 4ZOBTFʽIFTJB JO "SU BOE
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MFWBEBBTÏSJP4ÍP1BVMP&EJUPSB4FOBDQ
1*/50 +VMJP 0 SVÓEP F PVUSBT JOVUJMJEBEFT #FMP )PSJ[POUF
"VUÐOUJDB
7*3*-*01BVM0FʼBÎPDSÓUJDP&BTQFSʼFʹJWBTEPUFNQPSFBM
5SBE1BVMP3PCFSUP1JSFT3JPEF+BOFJSP&EJUPSB
@@@@@@"NÈRVJOBEFWJTÍP5SBE1BVMP3PCFSUP1JSFT3JPEF
+BOFJSP+PTÏ0MZNQJP
8*--*".43BZNPOE5FDIOPMPHZBOE$VMUVSBM'PSN/:4DIP
DLFO
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4POT -VNJÒSFT 6OF IJʽPJSF EV TPO EBOT MBSU EV YYF TJÒDMF
1BSJT&EJUJPOTEV$FOUSF1PNQJEPV
DIGITO_Book.indb 97
10/8/2006 07:17:41
8PSLJOQSPHSFTTT
QFSGPSNBODFWKJOHXJSFMFTT
%Fi1FSGPSNBODFT1BOPQUJDBEBTBA$ZCPSH1BOPQUJDBOEP
‰.BOJGFʽPwPVBFMBCPSBÎÍPEFVNNBOJGFʽP
NVMUJNJEJÈUJDPPi.BOJGFʽP1BOØQUJDPw
QPS.JMFOB4[BmS
1PSPOEFWPDÐQBTTBFODPOUSBTFVNPMIBSTPCSFWPDÐ6NPMIBS
FMFUSPNFDÉOJDPFQPSUSÈTEFTTFPMIBSVNPVUSPPMIBSyIVNBOP&
UVEPPRVFUFNPTBGB[FSÏTPSSJSi4PSSJBWPDÐFʽÈTFOEPmMNBEPwF
FMFTQSPMJGFSBNyFUFQFSTFHVFN
#FOUIBN‰PJOWFOUPSEPi1BOØQUJDPwOPTÏDVMP9*9‰BQSFTFO
UPVTFVTJʽFNBBSRVJUFUÙOJDPQFOJUFODJÈSJP
QPEFOEPTFSFʽFOEJEP
BRVBMRVFSVTPCBTFBEPOPTQSJODÓQJPTEFDPOUSPMFFQSPEVUJWJEBEF
FNVNBTPDJFEBEFDBQJUBMJʽB1BSBPOEFWPDÐPMIBFÏPMIBEP 2VFN
WÐ RVFN 2VFN QFSTFHVF RVFN 2VFN WJHJB RVFN iy
" FmDÈ
DJB EP 1BOØQUJDP SFTJEF QPSUBOUP OB EFʼFSTPOBMJ[BÎÍP EP QPEFS
OBTVBUSBOTGPSNBÎÍPFNQVSBmHVSBHFPNÏUSJDBVNBBSRVJUFUVSB
FYFNQMBSEFRVFUPEPTQBSUJDJQBNFNBMHVNBJOʽÉODJBw
i1FSGPSNBODFT 1BOPQUJDBEBT QFSGPSNBODFWKJOHXJSFMFTTw USBCB
MIP NVMUJNJEJÈUJDP FMBCPSBEP F iFYQPʽPw QFMP DPMFUJWP NN OÍP Ï
DPOGFUFUPNBUBNCÏNDPNPSFGFSÐODJBPTiIPNFOTTBOEVÓDIFwRVF
QFSBNCVMBNQSPQBHBOEPEJWFSTPTTFSWJÎPTQFMBDJEBEFEF4ÍP1BV
MP%FTTBNBOFJSBGB[TFDPNRVFBBSUFQFSGPSNBODF
OÍPTPNFOUF
TBJB ËT SVBT SFGFSFODJBOEP P DPUJEJBOP EP TFS VSCBOP NBT UPSOFTF
JOUFSBUJWBFDPOWJEBUJWB
ËRVFMFTRVFUSBOTJUBNQFMPFʼBÎPQÞCMJDP
FOFNTFNQSFTFBUSFWFNBBEFOUSBSVNBHBMFSJBVNNVTFVPVVNB
JOʽJUVJÎÍPEFBSUF4JNVMUBOFBNFOUFBPCSBQSFʽBTFBTFEV[JSJOJCJS
FBBVUPDPOTDJFOUJ[BSPTUSBOTFVOUFT
0TSFBMJUZTIPXTUFMFWJTJWPTTÍPIPKFP1BOØQUJDPËTBWFTTBTPOEF
BT QFTTPBT TF QSFEJʼÜFN B TFSFN WJHJBEBT F EFTTB NBOFJSB PCUFS
PTUÍPGBNPTPTiNJOVUPTEFGBNBwQSPQBHBEPTQPS"OEZ8BISPM
."$)"%0"SMJOEP.ÈRVJOBFJNBHJOÈSJP4ÍP1BVMP&EVTQQ
DIGITO_Book.indb 98
10/8/2006 07:17:41
8PSLJOQSPHSFTTTQFSGPSNBODFWKJOHXJSFMFTT
OPTBOPTEF&NOPTTBBUVBMTPDJFEBEFNJEJÈUJDB‰TÏDVMP99*
‰ DPOUBCJMJ[BNPT iDJODP TFHVOEPTw " OPÎÍP EF UFNQP NVEPV OB
&SBEB*OGPSNBÎÍPEP$POUSPMFEB7JHJMÉODJBBMJBEBBP&ʼFUÈDVMPB
EÏDBEBEFÏQBTTBEBNBTEFJYPVGPSUFCFSÎPTPDJPmMPTØmDPBP
BUVBMNPNFOUPFNRVFWJWFNPT
4F QSJNFJSBNFOUF P i.BOJGFʽP 1BOØQUJDPw TF EFʽJOPV B iDBSUJ
MIBSwVNBTPDJFEBEFEBWJHJMÉODJB‰QSFHBEBEF#FOUIBNB'PVDBVMU
‰GPJQFSBOUFPQÞCMJDPFNNFJPËJOUFSBUJWJEBEFEFi1FSGPSNBODFT
1BOPQUJDBEBTwRVFPNBOJGFʽPTFDPOTPMJEPV'PJPGFFECBDLEPQÞ
CMJDPBPJOUFSBHJSDPNBPCSBRVFEFVBFMBVNSFBMDPODFJUPEBFSB
FNRVFWJWFNPTOFʽFJOÓDJPEPTÏDVMP99*
&NVNBQFRVFOBUFMBEJHJUBMJNBHFOTDBQUBEBTBPWJWPTÍPNJYB
EBTFNUFNQPSFBMFUBNCÏNQSPKFUBEBTFNVNiÏDSBOBSRVJUFUÙOJ
DPwBPQÞCMJDPDPBCJUBNPFʼBÎPJOUFSWFOÎÜFTTPOPSBTFVNBOPWB
NBOFJSBEFDPNQSFFOTÍPÏFOUÍPGPSNVMBEB&TTBSFUØSJDBJNBHÏUJDB
BMJOHVBHFNEBTJNBHFOT
PVNFMIPSBSFUØSJDBBVEJPWJTVBMQFSGPS
NÈUJDBBQSFTFOUBOÍPTPNFOUFBQBSBOØJBEPTFSVSCBOPRVBOUPBFT
UBSTFOEPWJHJBEPDPNPUBNCÏNTVBFTRVJ[PGSFOJBDBOEFOUFBÓFʽÈB
NFUBNPSGPTFEPIPNFNDPOUFNQPSÉOFPPQBOØQUJDPEFVNTFSOP
iOPWPNVOEPwBOFVSPTFFOUSFEPJTTÏDVMPTP99FP99*
BTFEVÎÍP
EFWJHJBSFEFTFSWJHJBEPDPOʽBOUFNFOUF
" GSBTF OB QMBDB i4PSSJB WPDÐ FʽÈ TFOEP mMNBEPw OÍP DIFHB B
BUFSSPSJ[BSOPFYBUPNPNFOUPFNRVFBQFTTPBmMNBEBTFWÐDPBE
KVWBOUF‰PVQSPUBHPOJʽB‰EFTTFUSBCBMIP"PDPOUSÈSJPUPSOBTF
JSPOJDBNFOUFVNQFRVFOPUFBUSPEFBQBSFOUFTWJSUVEFTFEFTTBNB
OFJSBTFBEFRVBQFSGFJUBNFOUFBPDPODFJUPEF#FOUIBNi01BOØQUJ
DPÏBOUFTEFUVEPVNBFTDPMBEFWJSUVEFTPOEFQFSTPOBHFOTPEJP
TPTFODFOBNEJBSJBNFOUFPESBNBEBQVOJÎÍP$PNPUBMFMFEFWFTFS
BCFSUPËWJTJUBÎÍPQÞCMJDBEFWFTFSVNMPDBMEFJOʽSVÎÍPVNUFBUSP
FEVDBUJWPQBSBPOEFPTQBJTMFWBNFNQBTTFJPPTTFVTmMIPTy
w
0QPEFSDFOUSBMJ[BOUFEP1BOØQUJDPDPNPBJEÏJBEFVN#JH#SP
UIFSEFTDFOUSBMJ[BTFOBFSBDPOUFNQPSÉOFBNJEJÈUJDBUSBOTGPSNBO
EPP FN VNB WFSEBEFJSB $BTB EPT "SUJʽBT i1PS MÈ QBTTBSÍP DVSJP
TPT USBOTFVOUFT QBSFOUFT EPT QSJTJPOFJSPT BNJHPT EPT JOʼFUPSFT
."$)"%0"SMJOEP0QDJUQ
DIGITO_Book.indb 99
10/8/2006 07:17:41
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
FPVUSPTPmDJBJTEBQSJTÍPDBEBVNEFMFTBOJNBEPQPSVNNPUJWP
EJGFSFOUFw
5BOUP B BSUF RVBOUP PT IPNFOTTBOEVÓDIF PV IPNFOT QMBDBT
DBNJOIBNFOUSFPQÞCMJDPFPQSJWBEPOÍPTPNFOUFOVNBDBSBʹF
SÓʽJDBVSCBOPBSRVJUFUÙOJDBDPNPUBNCÏNTPDJPFDPOÙNJDBRVFN
WJHJB RVFN PV TFS QBOPQUJDBEP BUSJCVJ FN VNB FTGFSB QÞCMJDB F
QSJWBEBBRVFʽÍPEFVNBTPDJFEBEFEJTDJQMJOBEBQFMPUFNPSWFSTVT
BSFDPNQFOTB
" PCSB XPSL JO QSPHSFTT i1FSGPSNBODFT 1BOPQUJDBEBT QFSGPS
NBODFWKJOHXJSFMFTTwUFOUB‰BQBSUJSEBUFDOPMPHJBËEJʼPTJÎÍPOB
TPDJFEBEFVSCBOBDÉNFSBTEFWJHJMÉODJBUFMB-$%USBOTNJTTPSFTTFN
mPQBSBJNBHFOTFTPNNFTBNJYFS
FEPVTPEFTPGUXBSFMJWSFQBSB
FEJÎÍPBPWJWPEFTTBTJNBHFOTWKJOH
‰FYQSFTTBSTFOVNUFSNPBV
EJPWJTVBMQFSGPSNÈUJDPVNBSFUØSJDBBMÏNWFSCBM4FBmMPTPmBOPT
USB[ P QFOTBS MJOFBS B BSRVJUFUVSB GSBʹBM RVF QFSNJUF B SFBMJ[BÎÍP
OÍPMJOFBSDPHOJUJWBBBSUFDPNPBÎÍPNVMUJNJEJÈUJDBEFDPOUFʽBÎÍP
KVOUPËTPDJFEBEFFNRVFWJWFNPTBWJHJMÉODJBBMJBEBBPFʼFUÈDVMP
4FBNFOTBHFNBVUPDPOTDJFOUJ[BEPSBEFNNOÍPÏDPOGFUFDPN
i1FSGPSNBODFT 1BOPQUJDBEBTw Ï DPNQSFFOEJEB y B JOUFSBÎÍP FNJT
TPSSFDFQUPS UPSOBTF P NFJP F EFʽF OBTDF P XPSL JO QSPHSFTT EP
USBCBMIPPCSBFNRVFʽÍPFTVBTSFDPODFJUVBMJ[BÎÜFT
#&/5)".JO."$)"%0"SMJOEP0QDJUQ
DIGITO_Book.indb 100
10/8/2006 07:17:41
0DJOFNBDPNPQSFTUB
ÎÍPEFTFSWJÎP3BEJP&EJU
QPS$JOF'BMDBUSVB
i"DVMUVSBFORVBOUPGPSFODBSBEBTJNQMFTNFOUFDPNPCFN
TJNCØMJDPEFVNHVFUPOVODBQPEFSÈGB[FSGSFOUFBPDBQJ
UBMCFNTJNCØMJDPVOJWFSTBMw
3PCFSU)BEBXBZ
&YJʽFN EVBT MØHJDBT TBVEÈWFJT QPS USÈT EP TVCTÓEJP QÞCMJDP EF
CFOT DVMUVSBJT " QSJNFJSB Ï B EP GVOEP EF QSFWJEÐODJB EBRVFMFT
TÓNCPMPT PCTPMFUPT RVF PT mMIPT BNFBÎBN DPOʽBOUFNFOUF NBO
EBSQBSBPBTJMP1FOTFOPGPMDMPSFOPTSJUNPTQPQVMBSFTOBGFʽBEB
DPMIFJUBEBCFUFSSBCB
"PVUSBÏBEPJOWFʽJNFOUPBMPOHPQSB[PFNVNBUÏDOJDBDVMUV
SBMJODJQJFOUFQBSBRVFFMBQPTTBDSFTDFSFTFFʽBCFMFDFSEFNBOFJSB
BVUÙOPNB²PDBSBʹFSÓʽJDPDBTPEPDJOFNBCSBTJMFJSPRVFGVODJPOB
ËDVʽBEFMFJTEFJODFOUJWPOBFʼFSBOÎBEFVNEJBTFSJOEÞʽSJB
0HSBOEFQSPCMFNBÏRVFFNCPSBQSPMJGFSFTVCTÓEJPQÞCMJDPQBSB
B QSPEVÎÍP BVEJPWJTVBM OÍP P IÈ QBSB B EJGVTÍP OFN QBSB B FYJCJ
ÎÍPFPDJOFNBBDBCBEFRVBMRVFSGPSNBSFGÏNEPDJSDVJUPJOTBMVCSF
EPT NVMUJQMFYFT %FTTB NBOFJSB OÍP IÈ DPNP P mMNF DVNQSJS TFV
QBQFMPFʼFʹBEPSOÍPTFJOUFSFTTBBQPOUPEFBSDBSDPNPTDVʽPT
EFSFBMJ[BÎÍPFPQSPEVUPSTFBQFHBBPJODFOUJWPQÞCMJDPDPNPVN
SBQB[GPSNBEPËNFTBEBEPTQBJT
"QPMÓUJDBDVMUVSBMTFEFEJDBUBOUPBmOBODJBSQSPEVUPTRVFQBSF
DFJHOPSBSRVFBDVMUVSBÏOBWFSEBEFVNFNBSBOIBEPEFQSPDFTTPT
‰BmOBMEFRVFTFSWFBQSPOUBSPmMNFTFOÍPGPSQBSBFYJCJMP
0OEFGBMIBP&ʽBEPNFDFOBTNBJPSEBOPTTBTÏUJNBBSUFPNVO
EPQBSFDFGVODJPOBSTP[JOIPBUSBWÏTEFQSÈUJDBTRVFKÈGPSBNRVB
MJmDBEBT DPNP NÓEJB BUJWJTNP QJSBUBSJB F PVUSPT OPNFT GFJPT NBT
RVFOÍPFʽÍPMPOHFEPRVFÏPDJOFNBFNTVBGPSNBNBJTQVSBB
JOWFOÎÍPIVNBOB
DIGITO_Book.indb 101
10/8/2006 07:17:42
*NBHFN"ÎÍP
"TTJNDPNPBDÉNFSB.JOJ%7EFNPDSBUJ[BBmMNBHFNFBJMIB
OÍPMJOFBSBFEJÎÍPBJOUFSOFUBQSPYJNBBEJʽSJCVJÎÍPDJOFNBUPHSÈ
mDBEFDBEBVNEFOØTFDFSUBTUFDOPMPHJBTEJHJUBJTDBTFJSBTUPSOBN
QPTTÓWFMFNVMBSVNBTBMBEFFYJCJÎÍPDPNRVBMJEBEFØUJNBEFTPN
FJNBHFN‰IBKBWJʽBBFYQFSJÐODJBSFDFOUFEPHSVQP$IBTLJRVF
DPOTFHVJV PYJHFOBS P DJSDVJUP DJOFNBUPHSÈmDP QFSVBOP DPN VNB
SFEF EF NJDSPDJOFNBT RVF DVʽBN JOmOJUBNFOUF NFOPT RVF VN
DVSUBNFUSBHFNDBEBVN
1PSPVUSPMBEPTFSJBCPNRVFPTSFBMJ[BEPSFTBDFJUBTTFNP%JW9
EBNFTNBGPSNBRVFPTNÞTJDPTBQSFOEFSBNBVTBSP.1FQFS
EFTTFNPQVEPSEFMBOÎBSTFVTmMNFTTPCDPQZMFGUPVVNBEBTWÈSJBT
MJDFOÎBT$SFBUJWF$PNNPOTRVFQFSNJUFNBMJWSFDØQJBEJʽSJCVJÎÍP
FFYFDVÎÍPEBPCSBQBSBmOTOÍPDPNFSDJBJT
"PDPOUSÈSJPEPRVFQPTTBQBSFDFSFTTBTMJDFOÎBTOÍPTJHOJmDBN
QSFKVÓ[PQBSBPTSFBMJ[BEPSFT&NQSJNFJSPMVHBSFMBTTJNQMFTNFOUF
DPOGPSNBNPEJSFJUPEPBVUPSËFDPOPNJBJOFWJUÈWFMEBSFEF/PDBTP
FʼFDÓmDPEBBUVBMFʽSVUVSBCSBTJMFJSBEFEJʽSJCVJÎÍPDJOFNBUPHSÈ
mDBQPVDPPVOFOIVN
MVDSPBEWÏNEBFYJCJÎÍPEPmMNF/ÍPIÈ
FʼBÎPQBSBDVSUBTNFUSBHFOTOBTTBMBTDPNFSDJBJTFQBSBJOHSFTTBS
OPDJSDVJUPEPTGFʽJWBJTPSFBMJ[BEPSUFNRVFEFDFSUBGPSNBQBHBS
‰BQPʽBHFNBDØQJBoTFNUFSBDFSUF[BEFTFSTFMFDJPOBEPFNVJUP
NFOPTEFSFDFCFSRVBMRVFSDPJTBQPSJTTP0TMPOHBTNFTNPRVBOEP
DIFHBN BPT DJOFNBT EF TIPQQJOH OÍP DPOTFHVFN MVDSP OBT CJMIF
UFSJBTBNFOPTRVFIBKBVNJOWFʽJNFOUPNBDJÎPFNQVCMJDJEBEF0
GBUPSEFTDBTPBCSFQSFDFEÐODJBQBSBVNBFʼÏDJFQFSWFSTBEFEBSXJ
OJTNPFNRVFBTDPUBTEFFYJCJÎÍPTFQSFʽBNBHBSBOUJSVNNFSDB
EPJOGBMÓWFMQBSBPCMPDLCVʽFSOBDJPOBM
/PmNEBTDPOUBTPSFBMJ[BEPSSFDFCFQFMBEJSFÎÍPPVQSPEVÎÍP
FOÍPQFMPTEJWJEFOEPTEFFYJCJÎÍP4FVNBJPSMVDSPDPNBFYJCJÎÍP
ÏNFTNPPEFGB[FSDPOIFDFSTVBPCSBQBTTBSTVBNFOTBHFNQBSBP
NBJPSOÞNFSPQPTTÓWFMEFFʼFʹBEPSFTFUBNCÏNTFGB[FSDPOIFDFS
QPSFMB‰RVFNTBCFBTTJNBCSJOEPQPSUBTQBSBPVUSPTUSBCBMIPT
1PSJTTPPMJDFODJBNFOUPFNDPQZMFGUOÍPÏVNBRVFʽÍPEFWÍ
KVʽJÎBTPDJBMNBTEFFʽSBUÏHJBQBSBGPNFOUBSBNCPTPTFYUSFNPTEP
DJSDVJUPDJOFNBUPHSÈmDP-JWSFEBTQJDVJOIBTCVSPDSÈUJDBTPTmMNFT
DIGITO_Book.indb 102
10/8/2006 07:17:42
0DJOFNBDPNPQSFTUBÎÍPEFTFSWJÎP3BEJP&EJU
OBDJPOBJTQPEFSJBNDJSDVMBSMJWSFNFOUF‰FFGFUJWBNFOUFDJSDVMBSJBN
BUSBWÏTEBJOUFSOFUoDPOʽJUVJOEPVNWBʽPNBUFSJBMEFBDFSWPQBSB
BTTBMBTEFFYJCJÎÍPOÍPDPNFSDJBJT
%BÓBmHVSBEPBUSBWFTTBEPSTFUPSOBPCTPMFUBFBDJSDVMBÎÍPEF
DVMUVSB‰BDVMUVSBFNTJUSPDBTJNCØMJDBEFFYQFSJÐODJBT‰EFJYBEF
UFSVNQSFÎP0FJYPFDPOÙNJDPEPDJOFNBTFEFTMPDBBTTJNDPNP
PSFBMJ[BEPSHBOIBBPGB[FSBPCSBPFYJCJEPSHBOIBBPFGFUJWBNFOUF
FYJCJMBQSFʽBOEPVNTFSWJÎPRVFFOWPMWFEFTEFBDVSBEPSJBEPmM
NFBUÏBMPHÓʽJDBEFNPOUBHFNEBTBMBEFQSPKFÎÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 103
10/8/2006 07:17:42
$POEJÎÍP JNQFS
NBOFOUF EP TJHOJ
mDBEPEFQSPEV[JSWÓEFP
QPS²SJLB'SBFOLFM
/PEFDPSSFSEBNJOIBUSBKFUØSJBFNBSUFTQMÈʽJDBTJOJDJBEBFN
FEFTEFRVFNFFOWPMWJDPNBMJOHVBHFNEFWÓEFPFN
UFOIP UJEP B OFDFTTJEBEF EF USPDBS JOGPSNBÎÜFT DPN WJEFPBSUJʽBT
GPSB EP #SBTJM QBSB QBSUJMIBS JNQSFTTÜFT PSHBOJ[BS FWFOUPT F QSJO
DJQBMNFOUFUSPDBSUSBCBMIPTDSJBOEPVNOFUXPSLKVOUPDPN$BSMP
4BOTPMP
PRVFOPTDBQBDJUBBFOUFOEFSVNQPVDPNBJTTPCSFFTTB
MJOHVBHFN QSPEV[JEB OFTTF NPNFOUP 7JEFPBSUJʽBT RVF DPOTVNJ
SBN57FRVFBQSFOEFSBNBVTBSBJOUFSOFUFDPOʽSVÓSBNTFVTQSØ
QSJPTTJUFTQBSBFTDSFWFSFUSPDBSJOGPSNBÎÜFT*TTPÏBFSBEBIJQFS
NÓEJBEBUSPDBEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTGSBHNFOUBEBTEBWJTÍPEPNVOEP
DPNPSFBMUJNFEBOFDFTTJEBEFEFPCUFSJOGPSNBÎÜFTQBSBQPEFSTF
TFOUJSQBSUJDJQBOUFEPHMPCPTFNBOUFSMJHBEPOBTOPUÓDJBTQBSBQP
EFSSFJOUFSQSFUBSJOGPSNBÎÜFT
"DPNQBOIBNPT BT OPUÓDJBT QSPEV[JEBT QBSB DSJBS JOUFSFTTF FT
QFUBDVMBSJ[BOEPPTBDPOUFDJNFOUPTGB[FOEPVTPEFTVQFSMBUJWPT
F
GPNFOUBOEP VNB SFBMJEBEF B TFS WFOEJEB QPS QPOUPT EF BVEJÐODJB
GPSÎBOEPVNTFOTBDJPOBMJTNPFMBCPSBEPDPODFJUVBMNFOUFHSBÎBTBPT
SFOEJNFOUPTEFBOÞODJPTFYJCJEPT
6NDJOFNBRVFFYQMPSBVNDFOÈSJPEFNÈRVJOBTQPUFOUFTRVF
TFDIPDBNTFNQSFBÎÜFTDPNQJʽPMBTTJMFODJPTBTBSNBTSÈQJEBTF
FmDJFOUFT FYUSBUFSSFʽSFT BNPSPTPT RVF BNBN DSJBOÎBT F QPEFN
TBMWÈMBTBQSFEPNJOÉODJBEFPSHBTNPTGBMTPTFNMPPQJOHIPSBT
FNUSBOTFVNBFUFSOBDPNVOIÍPEFDPSQPTPVBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEF
USBOTDFOEFS QFMP BVNFOUP EPT TFJPT F QFMB GSJDÎÍP EF DPSQPT RVF
FYJʽFNBQFOBTQPSRVFTFFYJCFNDPNPVNBFWPDBÎÍPEBCFʽJBMJEB
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GVHBPOEFÏNFMIPSFTRVFDFSEFTBQBSFDFSNBJTVNQPVDP"QBSFDFS
DIGITO_Book.indb 104
10/8/2006 07:17:42
$POEJÎÍPJNQFSNBOFOUFEPTJHOJGJDBEPEFQSPEV[JSWÓEFP
FʽBSTFNQSFGSFOUFBDÉNFSBTFYJʽJSBUPEPNPNFOUPDPNPQFSTP
OBMJEBEFBUVBOUFPVTVHFSJSVNFTRVFDJNFOUPDPMFUJWPFTRVFDFSPV
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&ODPOUSBNPTBJEÏJBEFRVFCSBEFnVYPIJʽØSJDPIBWFOEPSPN
QJNFOUPTCSVTDPTEBDPOEJÎÍPEFDPOUJOVJEBEFFNBSUFPOEFBNBOJ
GFʽBÎÍPEFOPWPTNFEJVOTFGFSSBNFOUBTJOTFSJOEPOPWPTDØEJHPTF
JOnVFODJBOEPEFWJEPBJTTPOPWBTBÎÜFTNVEBOEPDPOʽBOUFNFOUF
EFBDPSEPDPNBTDJSDVOʽÉODJBTEFPSHBOJ[BÎÍPTPDJBMFFDPOÙNJDB
0T DPOʽBOUFT VQHSBEFT UÏDOJDPT F P BVNFOUP EF QPTTJCJMJEB
EFTQBSBDSJBÎÍPHFSBNOPTBSUJʽBTVNJOUFSFTTFQFMPEFTBmPNBT
UBNCÏNGSVʽSBÎÍPQBSBFʽFTRVFTFWÐFNPCSJHBEPTBFʽBSTFNQSF
FOHBKBEPTFNBQSFOEFSBVTBSOPWPTTPGUXBSFTOPWPTGPSNBUPT*TTP
UFNBWFSDPNVNNFSDBEPEFQSPEVUPTRVFPCSJHBPDPOTVNJEPSB
DPNQSBSVNBOPWBNFSDBEPSJBTFOÍPBNFTNBQPEFBDBCBSJODPN
QBUÓWFMDPNPOPWPTJʽFNBPQFSBDJPOBM
"TFOTBÎÍPÏEFRVFMJEBNPTDBEBWF[NBJTDPNJNBHFOTFÏDMB
SPRVFPNBJPSJOUFSFTTFEBWFJDVMBÎÍPEFTTBTJNBHFOTRVFTÍPNBJT
FNBJTJNQFSNBOFOUFTÏDBEBEJBNBJTSÈQJEPPTBOÞODJPTTPNFN
BQØTVNNÐTPVNFOPTVNBWFSEBEFJSBGÈCSJDBEFOÍPTFOUJEPTSFB
MJEBEFDSJBEBBSUJmDJBMNFOUFQBSBPTWBMPSFTEFWFOEBFMVDSP"THSBO
EFTJOUFMJHÐODJBTEPNBSLFUJOHDPNBDPOEJÎÍPEFDSJBSOFDFTTJEBEFEF
DPNQSB0QSB[FSQFSNBOFOUFEBJNBHFNEFWJUBMJEBEFFEFFUFSOB
QPUÐODJBFCSBODVSBMJNQF[B
BMNFKBEPT"FmDJÐODJBFBSBQJEF[DPN
UPUBMBVUPOPNJBOVNNVOEPCSBODPMJHIUGBTIJPOTVUJMUFSOPFGFMJ[
&YJʽFN HSVQFMIPT EFTFOWPMWFOEP QSPDFTTPT EJGFSFOUFT EF QSP
EVÎÍP EF JNBHFOT NFTNP RVF FTTBT JNBHFOT TFKBN BQSPQSJBEBT F
UPNBEBTQBSBVTPEPTJʽFNBDPNFSDJBMDSJBOEPFNPQPTJÎÍPVNB
DMBTTFRVFOÍPQPEFDPOTVNJSFTTFTIVNBOPTJODBQB[FTEFPCUFSPC
KFUPTNÈHJDPTFEFTFTFOUJSOPUPQPOPDPOGPSUPEPTQVGFT&ʽFT
FʽÍPDPOEFOBEPTËQFOBNÈYJNBEFDPOWJWFSDPNSPʽPTDBSJDBUVSB
EPTBVTÐODJBEFTJOHVMBSJEBEF
&YJʽF P JOUFSFTTF EF QSPEV[JS JNBHFOT RVF TF PQPOIBN B FTTF
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WPDÐNBOJQVMBDPNQBMBWSBTFTFOUJEPBTJNBHFOTDBQUBEBTFFEJUB
DIGITO_Book.indb 105
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*NBHFN"ÎÍP
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JNBHFOT QSPEV[JEBT OB JOUFSOFU EJBSJBNFOUF F FYUSBJ EFTTB HSBOEF
NBTTBPVDPJTBFBJOEBQPEFMJEBSDPNPUFYUPPRVFQPTTJCJMJUBUÐ
OVFTMFJUVSBTEFTFOUJEP
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UBÎÍPDPNBMJOHVBHFNFTDSJUBQSPEV[JOEPBNCJHàJEBEFOÍPDPNP
WFSEBEFJSBPVGBMTBQPSTFSTFNQSFGBMTBFTVKFJUBËEVWJEB
NBTDPN
VNEJTDVSTPRVFOÍPÏJNQPTJUJWP0VTPEBUFDIOÏQBSBUJSBSOPTTB
TFOTBÎÍP EF TFHVSBOÎB NBT RVF QPTTB HFSBS TFNQSF VN FʽSBOIB
NFOUPNFTNPRVFPTFOUJEPTFKBBBUJWBÎÍPEPCBOBMDBTPFTTFSF
DFQUPSRVFJSBDPNQBSUJMIBSEBFYQFSJÐODJBEPBSUJʽBQPJTPNVOEP
EFBVEJUØSJPTQPEFGPSOFDFSNBJPSTFOTBÎÍPEFDPOGPSUPFDPOEJÎÍP
EFTFSQSFNJBEP&ORVBOUPPNVOEPEBWJEFPBSUFUSB[VNBEFTDJEB
OVBTFEFQBSBOEPDPOUSBBJNBHFNFOÍPBUSBWÏTEBJNBHFNQPSFTTB
JNBHFNTFSQSFUFOTBNFOUFVNBCSFDIBEPNVOEPFNRVFTPNPT
DPOEFOBEPT B QBSUJDJQBS FOUÍP TFSÓBNPT TVKFJUPT UPDBEPT QPS FTTB
JOUFOÎÍPEFSFJOWFOUBSFEFʽSVJSQBESÜFTQSÏFʽBCFMFDJEPTQBSBJO
TFSJSPVUSPTQBESÜFTRVFFYJʽJSJBNBUSBWÏTEFVNBSFTTJHOJmDBÎÍPEP
FʽBCMJTINFOUDPNQSBWFOEBMVDSP
UFSÓBNPTPQSJWJMÏHJPEFGB[FS
QBSUFEFVNBTPDJFEBEFRVFFYBMUBDPOʽBOUFNFOUFBBMFHSJBFVGPSJB
FJNQVMTPEBOFDFTTJEBEFEFDPNQSB
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FBNFBÎBEPSBRVBTFDPNPVNFYÓMJPEBGFMJDJEBEFPNVOEPEPTRVF
OÍPTPGSFNUÐNUVEPFCSJMIBNTFNQSFBUÏRVBOEPNPSSFNEBÓB
JOGBOUJMJEÏJBEFVNSFEVUPPOEFBBMFHSJBFPTPSHBTNPTFNMPPQJOH
OÍPJOWBEFNPOEFBRVFMFTRVFUÐNEÞWJEBTFBnJÎÜFTTFSJBNCFN
WJOEPT OÍP QPTTP FTRVFDFS EBRVFMB JNBHFN EP VÓTRVF TBCPSFBEP
QFMPWFMIPTÈCJPRVFUFNFYQFSJÐODJBFEJOIFJSPQPSJTTPSFWFMBVNB
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2VBMPTFOUJEP 5BMWF[OBEBSDPOUSBBNBSÏEPTDVSUBTBWFMIB
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HFSBSSFTJʽÐODJBFEFQPJTTFSDIBNBEPEFFMJUJʽBFBDVTBEPEFQSP
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PVU
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DIGITO_Book.indb 106
10/8/2006 07:17:43
$POEJÎÍPJNQFSNBOFOUFEPTJHOJGJDBEPEFQSPEV[JSWÓEFP
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DPOʽBOUF DPOEJÎÍP DSÓUJDB RVF NF USBSJB VNB TFOTBÎÍP EF GB[FS
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EF DØEJHPT BQSFFOEJEPT BOUFSJPSNFOUF NBT RVF QPTTBN TFS FYQBO
EJEPT &TTFT DØEJHPT QPEFSJBN BQBSFDFS EF PVUSB NBOFJSB DSJBOEP
EVCJFEBEFBPFYQPSPQBESÍPDPOʽBOUFEFTVCWBMPSFTBQSFTFOUBEPT
OB NÓEJB /PT TFOUJNPT SFʼPOTÈWFJT QFMB BQSFTFOUBÎÍP EPT USBCB
MIPTRVFQSPEV[JNPTNFTNPRVFPCTDVSPTFDPNNÞMUJQMBTMFJUVSBT
FOmNNFTNPBTTJNTPNPTQSJWJMFHJBEPTQPSSFQFOTBSOFTTBTQPTTJCJ
MJEBEFTEFMJOHVBHFNSFTTJHOJmDBSEFTFKBSPVUSBTJNBHFOTQPEFOEP
FYJʽJS OP BWFTTP QPJT FN OPTTB iDBPUJEJBOJEBEFw QPEFNPT FNJUJS
VNBCSFDIBQBSBPPVUSPRVFTFSJBPSFDFQUPSEBJOGPSNBÎÍPPOEF
FTTBJOGPSNBÎÍPOÍPÏQVSBPI
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QPTTJCJMJEBEF EF BMUFSOBS TJHOJmDBEPT F KPHBS DPN FMFT KPHBS KPHBS
KPHBSDPNPUFNQPDPNPTTJHOPTDPNBNFOTBHFNDPOTVNPEF
OPWBTNFOTBHFOTNBTTFNNBOJGFʽBSVNMVHBSTFHVSPBTFSBMDBO
ÎBEPDPNPBDBTBQSØQSJBPTFHVSPEFWJEBFTBÞEFBJEÏJBEFQMFOB
SFBMJ[BÎÍPVOJEBEFIBSNPOJB
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RVFTFFODPOUSBOBUFMBTFNQSFGB[FOEPUPEPTPTQBQÏJTFDBEBEJB
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TFSÓBNPTJOWBEJEPTQFMBTFOTBÎÍPEFQSPUFÎÍPJOEV[JEPTBPFTRVFDJ
NFOUPEFUVEPEFJYFPQBQBJDVJEBSQBSBWPDÐ
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TJHOJmDBOUFTFTJHOJmDBEPTQFMBGSBHNFOUBÎÍPEBJNBHFNJEFBMJ[BEB
DPOUBNJOBEBQFMBTVCKFUJWJEBEFEPBSUJʽBFTVBMFJUVSBEPTTFOUJEPT
UBNCÏNEJʽBOUFEFVNBBQSFFOTÍPJNFEJBUBFGÈDJMDBEBWF[NBJT
QSØYJNBEBJEÏJBEBEFHVʽBÎÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 107
10/8/2006 07:17:43
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DIGITO_Book.indb 108
10/8/2006 07:17:44
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WJEPTDPNBJOUFOÎÍPEFSFQSPEV[JSFBMUFSBSPTPNGPTTFNFDÉOJDBPV
FMFUSJDBNFOUF*OJDJBMNFOUFUSBUBSFNPTFNFʼFDJBMEBRVFMFTJOWFOUPT
JOWFOUPSFTNÞTJDPTFNPWJNFOUPTRVFEJBMPHBSBNEJSFUBNFOUFDPN
B NVTJDPMPHJB NBJT FʼFDJmDBNFOUF BRVFMFT RVF JOUSPEV[JSBN SBEJ
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UFTTPCSJOIPTEBSFWPMVÎÍPJOEVʽSJBMmMIPTEP0DJEFOUFQØTHVFSSB
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EF NBOJGFʽP 3VTTPMP BQPOUB QBSB VNB OPWB EJSFÎÍP EFʼFSUBEP
OPTQBSBBTUSBOTGPSNBÎÜFTEPNVOEPNPEFSOPSFDIFBEPEFOPWBT
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0.PWJNFOUP'VUVSJʽBDPNPCSBTOBMJUFSBUVSBFOBTBSUFTQMÈT
UJDBTBUFOUBWBUBNCÏNQBSBPTPNFQBSBBNÞTJDB6NBNÞTJDB
RVFSFUSBUBTTFPTFVUFNQPPVNFMIPSRVFm[FTTFVTPEFTTBOPWB
OBUVSF[BVNBOBUVSF[BVSCBOB
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WJEPTNBJTBUFOUPTRVFPTPMIPTFEFHVʽBSFNPTFOUÍPP
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FQVMTBNDPNVNBJOEJTDVUÓWFMBOJNBMJEBEFPQBMQJUBSEBT
WÈMWVMBTPWBJFWFNEPTÐNCPMPTPTSBOHJEPTEBTTFSSBT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 109
10/8/2006 07:17:44
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BTFYQFSJÐODJBTEPTFSIVNBOPDPNBTNÈRVJOBTJOUFOTJmDBSBNTF
OBEJSFÎÍPEFQSPQPSVNOPWPDPODFJUPNVTJDBMBCSJOEPVNEJÈMPHP
EJSFUPDPNPTDPODFJUPTDMÈTTJDPTRVFEFmOJBNPRVFEFWFSJBPVOÍP
EFWFSJBTFSFSBPVOÍPFSBNÞTJDB
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NVJUP UFNQP BCSJHPV PT FYQFSJNFOUPT EF 1JFSSF 4IBFĊFS RVF FN
EFmOJSJBTVBTFYQFSJÐODJBTEBTFHVJOUFNBOFJSB
i5PNBS QBSUJEPT DPNQPTJDJPOBMNFOUF EPT NBUFSJBJT PSJVO
EPT EP EBEP TPOPSP FYQFSJNFOUBM FJT P RVF DIBNP QPS
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QPOUVBSBEFQFOEÐODJBFNRVFOPTFODPOUSBNPTOÍPNBJT
FNSFMBÎÍPBBCʽSBÎÜFTTPOPSBTQSFDPODFCJEBTNBTDPN
SFMBÎÍPBGSBHNFOUPTTPOPSPTFYJʽFOUFTDPODSFUBNFOUFF
DPOTJEFSBEPT DPNP PCKFUPT TPOPSPT EFmOJEPT F ÓOUFHSPT
NFTNPRVBOEPFTPCSFUVEPTFFMFTFTDBQBNEBTEFmOJÎÜFT
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RVBOUJEBEFEFSVÓEPT&TTFTTPOTFʽÍPPDPSSFOEPUPEPPUFNQPFFN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 110
10/8/2006 07:17:44
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QBTTBTTFNBTFSNÞTJDBCBʽBWBPSEFOÈMPTQBTTBOEPBTTJNEFVN
TPNQVSBNFOUFGÓTJDPQBSBVNTPNDVMUVSBMTPNNVTJDBMËNFEJEB
RVFTFUFNBJOUFOÎÍPEFPVWJSFQSPEV[JSNÞTJDB4IBFĊFSBEPUBSÈ
VN SFDVSTP NVJUP VUJMJ[BEP BP MPOHP EF TFVT FYQFSJNFOUPT CBTF
BOEPTFOBSFQFUJÎÍPEPNFTNPGSBHNFOUPTPOPSP‰PVWJMPTFN
TJPTSVÓEPT
QFSDFCFOEPTVBUFYUVSBNBUÏSJBFDPS3FQFUJOEPFTTF
GSBHNFOUPPFWFOUPQBTTBWBBDPOʽJUVJSNÞTJDB
0 FNCBUF DPODFJUVBM DPN B NVTJDPMPHJB SFBMJ[PVTF EFWJEP B
4IBFĊFSDVMUJWBSDFSUPSFQÞEJPËTQBSUJUVSBTNVTJDBJTBTRVBJTDPO
TJEFSBWBVNBBCʽSBÎÍPFDPNP#MBDLJOHQFSDFCFSÈNBJTUBSEFQPS
TFS B QBSUJUVSB TPNFOUF VNB EJSFUSJ[ BQSPYJNBEB Ë SFBMJ[BÎÍP EB
PCSB'PJKVʽBNFOUFPBEWFOUPEBNÞTJDBDPNPBSRVJWPBNÞTJDB
HSBWBEB QBSB TVB QPʽFSJPS SFQSPEVÎÍP RVF QFSNJUJV B BCFSUVSB
EFTTBEJTDVTTÍP
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‰BQBSUJUVSBTJHOJmDBOUF‰OÍPIBWFSJBNÞTJDBFTJNMJUFSBUVSB"P
FNQFOIBSTF FN NBOJQVMBS PT iPCKFUPT TPOPSPTw BUSBWÏT EF EJʽPS
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EF TJHOJmDBEP BUSBWÏT EB JNQPTTJCJMJEBEF EF SFDPOIFDFS P NBUFSJBM
GPOUFTJHOJmDBOUF
DPNP-FPQPME4UPLPXTLJKÈFNEFTFKBWBB
QPTTJCJMJEBEFEFDSJBSEJSFUBNFOUFTPCSFPTPNFOÍPTPCSFPQBQFM
0CKFUJWP FʽF NBJT QFSTFHVJEP BUSBWÏT EPT SFDVSTPT EFTFOWPMWJEPT
QFMB NÞTJDB FMFUSÙOJDB ‰ BQBSFMIPT RVF QSPEV[JBN TPN F OÍP PT
DBQUBWBNEFGPSBQBSBEFQPJTNBOJQVMÈMPTTPOTTJOUÏUJDPTTJOUFUJ[B
EPSFTQBSBGBMBSEFGPSNBNBJTQPQVMBS
0NÏSJUPEBNÞTJDBDPODSFUBFOUÍPOÍPGPJPGBUPEFUFSUSB[JEP
ËUPOBBTEJWFSTBTQPTTJCJMJEBEFTFNVMUJUVEFEFSFDVSTPTEPTBQBSB
UPTFMFUSPBDÞʽJDPTKÈDPOIFDJEPTBOUFTNFTNPEB**(SBOEF(VFSSB
NBTTJNPGBUPEFSFWFMBSOPWPTIPSJ[POUFTOPDBNQPNVTJDBMBHPSB
BDFTTÓWFJTQFMBJOWFOÎÍPEBHSBWBÎÍPNBHOÏUJDB&OmNDPNPQFOTBS
BNÞTJDBEFOUSPEBiFSBEBSFQSPEVʹJCJMJEBEFUÏDOJDBwBDJEBEFFO
RVBOUPOBUVSF[BFORVBOUPOBUVSF[BIVNBOB
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#-"$,*/(+PIO.VTJD$VMUVSFBOE&YQFSJFODF4FMFDUFE1BQFST$IJDBHP6OJWFSTJUZ
PG$IJDBHP
DIGITO_Book.indb 111
10/8/2006 07:17:45
4POTF4JTUFNBT
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iTPNFOUFTFJODPSQPSPVËTFʽSVUVSBTNVTJDBJTBPMPOHPEBIJʽØSJB
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NVTJDBJTVNBWF[RVFTFDPOTJEFSBWBNÞTJDBBQFOBTBRVJMPRVFQV
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EFEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPUFDOPMØHJDPQPTTJCJMJUBSBNBDSJBÎÍPEBNÞTJDB
DPODSFUBFFMFUSÙOJDB/PWPTIPSJ[POUFTKÈQSPDMBNBEPTQFMPTGVUV
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SÓUNJDB
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PDJEFOUBM RVF TF WPMUB QBSB TVB DPOʽBOUF USBOTGPSNBÎÍP ‰ F B
UFDOPMPHJBPDJEFOUBMGPSBNSFTTJHOJmDBEBTFSFBQSPQSJBEBTQFMPVOJ
WFSTPDVMUVSBMOFHSP*OTJʽPRVFUBMGFOÙNFOPOÍPQPTTVJNÍPÞOJDB
6NSFDFOUFUSBCBMIPOBÈSFBEBTPDJPMPHJBJOUJUVMBEPEFi#MBDL
"UMBOUJDw GB[ SFGFSÐODJB B VN FOPSNF DJSDVJUP DVMUVSBM OFHSP RVF
WFNTFOEPUSBÎBEPEFTEFRVBOEPPQSJNFJSPOBWJPOFHSFJSPBUSBDPV
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3FUJSBEP EF TFV VOJWFSTP F USBOʼPʽP B VNB OPWB SFBMJEBEF
UBOUP NBUFSJBM RVBOUP TJNCØMJDB P OFHSP SFDSJPV TFV SFGFSFODJBM
DVMUVSBM QBSUF ÓOUJNB EP TFV TFS WBMPSFT QSPGVOEPT RVF OÍP TÍP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 112
10/8/2006 07:17:45
%JÈTQPSBSÓUNJDB‰UÏDOJDBDPNPGFSSBNFOUBEFNVOEJBMJ[BÎÍP
USPDBEPT GFJUP WFʽFT " FTTFT WBMPSFT USBEJDJPOBJT GPSBN BDSFTDJEPT
PVUSPT GPTTF QFMB JNQPTJÎÍP EP NFJP OBUVSBM VUJMJ[BÎÍP EF PVUSBT
NBUÏSJBTQSJNBTQBSBBQSPEVÎÍPEFVNBDVMUVSBNBUFSJBMBEPÎÍP
EFPVUSPTSFGFSFODJBJTHFPHSÈmDPT
GPTTFVNBNBOFJSBEFFTDBNPUFBS
EJBOUFEPTCSBODPTTVBTDSFOÎBTFIÈCJUPTBQSPYJNBÎÍPEFTVBSFMJ
HJÍPËSFMJHJÍPDBUØMJDB
" EJÈʼPSB OFHSB JOJDJBMNFOUF GPSÎBEB QFMP CSBODP OÍP DPSSFT
QPOEFTJNQMFTNFOUFBVNBHSBOEFSFHJÍPHFPHSÈmDBPOEFTFJOʽB
MBSBNGPDPTEBDVMUVSBOFHSB1BVM(JMSPZBUFOUBRVFFTTFHSBOEFDJS
DVJUPDPSSFʼPOEFBVNJOUFOTPnVYPDVMUVSBMPOEFOÍPGB[TFOUJEP
TBJSFNCVTDBEFSBÓ[FT‰UFOEÐODJBUÍPGPSUFEBBOUSPQPMPHJB‰EF
mOJEPSBTEFVNFJYPDFOUSBMRVFBPMPOHPEPUFNQPFFʼBÎPGPSBN
TFNPEJmDBOEP
0MJWSPBQPOUBQBSBVNBOPWBQSPQPʽBEFJOUFSQSFUBÎÍPFNRVF
TFEFWFUFSFNDPOUBPnVYPFPSFnVYPDVMUVSBM²KVʽBNFOUFOFTTF
USÉOTJUPJOUFSDPOUJOFOUBMi"UMÉOUJDP/FHSPw
POEFBTEJWFSTBTNBOJ
GFʽBÎÜFTEBDVMUVSBOFHSBTFJOUFSQFOFUSBNFJOUFSJOnVFODJBNRVF
MPDBMJ[BSFNPT F NFMIPS BOBMJTBSFNPT BT EJWFSTBT NBOJGFʽBÎÜFT OF
HSBTNVJUPMPOHFEFRVFSFSMPDBMJ[BSTVBGPOUFPSJHJOBM
4JUVBEPOFTTFDPOUFYUPFODPOUSBTFPRVFDIBNPEFiUSBEJÎÍPEP
CFBUwUFOEPDPNPFYQPFOUFTDVMUVSBTNVTJDBJTUBJTDPNPPNBSBDB
UVQFSOBNCVDBOPPCVNCBNFVCPJNBSBOIFOTFFPTBNCB‰OP
DBTPCSBTJMFJSP‰RVFFOUSFPVUSPTTÍPGSVUPTEFTTBEJÈʼPSBOFHSB
RVFUFNDPNPFʽSVUVSBQSFEPNJOBOUFPSJUNPRVBOEPDPMPDBEPT
FNGPDPPTJOʽSVNFOUPTBCBTFNVTJDBMQBSBBTNFMPEJBTWPDBJT
.VJUBTEFTTBTDVMUVSBTRVFiDPOWJWFNwDPNBTUSBOTGPSNBÎÜFT
SBEJDBJTEFOPTTBTPDJFEBEFBJOEBQSFTFSWBNDBSBʹFSÓʽJDBTRVFDB
NJOIBNOBDPOUSBNÍPEPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPDBQJUBMJʽBTFKBBUSBWÏT
EBGPSNBÎÍPEFMBÎPTEFTPMJEBSJFEBEFDPNVOJEBEF
TFKBOBGPSNB
EFTVBTNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTFQSPDFTTPTEFDSJBÎÍPRVFOÍPTFFORVBESBN
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TBOFTTBNBMIBNVOEJBM
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DIGITO_Book.indb 113
10/8/2006 07:17:45
4POTF4JTUFNBT
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DJPOBJTw &TTB BQSPQSJBÎÍP EJ[ SFʼFJUP BPT BQBSBUPT EF SFQSPEVÎÍP
NPEFSOPTRVFQSPQPSDJPOBSBNVNBNBJPSQPQVMBSJ[BÎÍPEPTNFJP
FMFUSPBDÞʽJDPTBUÏFOUÍPVUJMJ[BEPTQPSVNBFMJUFJOUFMFʹVBMQBSBB
QSPNPÎÍPEFVNEFCBUFDJFOUÓmDPBDFSDBEBNÞTJDB‰NVTJDPMPHJB
‰PVFNBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTRVFJOUFODJPOBWBNQSPNPWFSVNBOPWBDPO
DFQÎÍPEFNÞTJDBFSVEJUB
0 QSPDFTTP TPDJPDVMUVSBM EB EJÈʼPSB OFHSB FN NFJP BPT QSP
DFTTPTEFNVOEJBMJ[BÎÍPDVMUVSBMQSPDFTTPFʽFRVFUPSOBSPUJOFJSPT
DFSUPTIÈCJUPTQSÈUJDBTFPCKFUPTEBDJWJMJ[BÎÍPPDJEFOUBMDBQJUBMJʽB
IPSBEPUSBCBMIPIPSBEPMB[FSSPEPWJBTDPNQVUBEPSFTTFNÈGPSPT
NPʽSPVTFFYUSFNBNFOUFJOWFOUJWPFPSJHJOBMBPQPSBTNÍPTOBT
DSJBÎÜFTRVFEFTEFPDPNFÎPEPTÏDVMP99HBOIBWBNDPSQP
5FNPTFOUÍPOPTBOPTBFMFUSJmDBÎÍPEPCMVFTEBOEPPSJHFNBP
SIZUINBOECMVFT+ÈOPTBOPTKBNBJDBOPTRVFEFTEFBEÏDBEBEF
QSPNPWFSBNVNJOUFOTPNPWJNFOUPDVMUVSBMBPSFEPSETPVOE
TZʽFNEFJYBSBNEFVTÈMPDPNPTJNQMFTSFQSPEVUPSTPOPSPQSJWBEP
5BJTBQBSFMIPTSFQSPEV[JBNEVSBOUFBTi%BODFIBMMTwNÞTJDBTRVFQFMB
QSJNFJSBWF[OBDVMUVSBQPQVMBSFSBNQSPEV[JEBTFNJYBEBTFNFʽÞEJP
HBOIBOEPSFDPOIFDJNFOUPGSFOUFËTQFSGPSNBODFTEFCBOEBTBPWJWP
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DBOPEJTTFNJOBBTUÏDOJDBTEFEJTDPUFDBHFNQBSBHBSPUPTEP#SPOY
HVFUPOFHSPEF/PWB:PSL
TVSHJOEPEFTTFFODPOUSPPSBQFBVUJMJ[B
ÎÍPEPUPDBEJTDPTDPNPJOʽSVNFOUPNVTJDBMNBOFKBEPDPNUÏDOJ
DBTIPKFUSBEJDJPOBJTCBUJ[BEBTEFiTDSBUDIwFiCSFBLCFBUw
&N%+TEP#SPOYDPNFÎBNBVUJMJ[BSPWJOJMDPNPVNBSRVJ
WPNVTJDBMEFPOEFTFFYUSBFNQFEBÎPTiTBNQMFTw
QBSBBDPOʽJUVJ
ÎÍPEFVNBOPWBNÞTJDB²EFTTFQSPDFTTPRVFHBOIBTFOUJEPBUSJCVJS
ËiIPVTFwFNBJTUBSEFBPiKVOHMFwBQPʽVSBEFSFMFJUPSFTEFVNBUSB
EJÎÍPFMFUSÙOJDBQPQVMBS"IPVTF
EFTFOWPMWJEBFN$IJDBHP
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DPOʽJUVJVNBSFMFJUVSBEFEJWFSTBTUFOEÐODJBTNVTJDBJTOFHSBT
FʼBMIBEBTQFMPNVOEPFOUSFFMBTPSFHHBFPEBODFIBMMFJODMVTJWFP
GVOLEFNFBEPTEPTBOPTEF
DIGITO_Book.indb 114
10/8/2006 07:17:46
%JÈTQPSBSÓUNJDB‰UÏDOJDBDPNPGFSSBNFOUBEFNVOEJBMJ[BÎÍP
&TTFCSFWFBQBOIBEPEFFʽÏUJDBTNVTJDBJTDPOmHVSBVNDJSDVJUP
NVTJDBMSÓUNJDPQBSUJDVMBSPOEFBTDBSBʹFSÓʽJDBTUÏDOJDBTEFOPTTB
TPDJFEBEF TF FWJEFODJBN DMBSBNFOUF .FTNP TF GPSNPT BUSÈT EBT
PSJHFOTEFTTBTNÞTJDBTTØJOUFSQSFUBSFNPTNFMIPSTVBTSFGFSÐODJBT
JOnVÐODJBT F TÓNCPMPT TF WPMUBSNPT OPTTB BUFOÎÍP QBSB P JOUFOTP
USÉOTJUPDVMUVSBMRVFDPOmHVSBPDIBNBEPi"UMÉOUJDP/FHSPw
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TBTPDJFEBEFBDPOPUBÎÍPEFBMHPEJʽBOUFFFʽSBOIPBPIPNFN0
EFCBUFÏFSHVJEPQFMBTBMBTNBJTDPOTFSWBEPSBEFBSUJʽBTRVFWÐFN
OB SFQSPEVÎÍP B QFSEB EB VOJDJEBEF F TJOHVMBSJEBEF EB PCSB 1SJO
DJQBMNFOUFOBÈSFBEBTIVNBOJEBEFTQFSDFCFTFDFSUPSFQÞEJPBPT
BWBOÎPTUÏDOJDPTRVFP0DJEFOUFDPORVJʽPVTFOEPUBMQSPDFTTPP
DVMQBEPEFOPTTBBMJFOBÎÍP&ʽBSÓBNPTDBEBWF[NBJTMPOHFEBOPTTB
OBUVSBMQPTJÎÍPEFQSPEVUPSFT‰OPTFOUJEPEFTBCFSFBDPNQBOIBS
DPNDJÐODJBPTQSPDFTTPTEFDSJBÎÍP‰QBSBDBEBWF[NBJTVNBDSFT
DFOUFEFQFOEÐODJBEBTNÈRVJOBT1BTTBSÓBNPTFOUÍPQBSBBDPOEJ
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)FJEFHHFS BOVODJB VN iBSSB[PBNFOUP JNQPʽP QFMB DJWJMJ[BÎÍP
EBT NÈRVJOBTw)FJEFHHFS BQVE "SMJOEP
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VNQSPHSFTTPUÏDOJDPFVNBFʽBHOBÎÍPOPQMBOPDVMUVSBM/ÍPRVF
SPEJ[FSBRVJRVFUBJTDSÓUJDBTOÍPTFKBNEFTFKÈWFJTQPJTBmOBMTÍP
QSPCMFNBT RVF NFSFDFN SFnFYÍP VNB WF[ RVF P TJʽFNB DBQJUBMJT
UBJNQMJDBFNVNBQSPEVÎÍPJODFTTBOUFEBEFTJHVBMEBEFTPDJBMFN
FTDBMBQMBOFUÈSJBUFOEPBUÏDOJDBDPNPGFSSBNFOUB
.BTOÍPQPEFNPTEBÓJOWBMJEBSUPEBSFMBÎÍPFOUSFIPNFOTFNÈ
RVJOBTQPJTÏBQSØQSJBUÏDOJDB‰FTFVDPOʽBOUFEFTFOWPMWJNFOUP
‰RVFDPOʽJUVJUSBÎPGPSUFEFOPTTBDVMUVSBVNBiDVMUVSBPDJEFOUBM
VSCBOBw 4BCFS EPNÈMB UBMWF[ TFKB B UBSFGB NBJT EJGÓDJM " EJÈʼPSB
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0TFYFNQMPTNFODJPOBEPTBOUFSJPSNFOUFJOEJDBNRVFBNÈRVJOB
OÍPSFQSFTFOUBOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFEPNJOBÎÍP0IPNFNNBOUFWFTF
OBQPTJÎÍPEFQSPEVUPSi6NWFSEBEFJSPQPFUBEPTNFJPTUFDOPMØHJ
DPTÏKVʽBNFOUFBRVFMFRVFTVCWFSUFBGVOÎÍPEBNÈRVJOBNBOFKBO
EPBOBDPOUSBNÍPEFTVBQSPEVUJWJEBEFQSPHSBNBEBwBFYFNQMP
DIGITO_Book.indb 115
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4POTF4JTUFNBT
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VNJOʽSVNFOUPNVTJDBM
0TQSPEVUPSFTEPUFDOPFEPKVOHMFQPSFYFNQMPTÍPNJʽVSBEF
BSUJʽBFFOHFOIFJSPQPJTMJEBNEJSFUBNFOUFDPNBDSJBÎÍPBUSBWÏT
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UBTNÞTJDPTPVDJFOUJʽBT
"UÏDOJDBTFNQSFFʽFWFBMJBEBBPIPNFNFUPEPBWBOÎPUÏDOJ
DPDPSSFʼPOEFVBBMHVNBUSBOTGPSNBÎÍPOPQMBOPDVMUVSBMFBTTJN
UBNCÏNTFEÈOPPVUSPTFOUJEP
"EJÈʼPSBSÓUNJDBÏVNFYFNQMPEFDPNPBUSBWÏTEFHFSBÎÜFTP
VOJWFSTPOFHSPGPJDSJBEPFSFDSJBEPTFKBRVBMGPTTFPBNCJFOUFDVMUV
SBMFNRVFFʽJWFTTFIBCJUBOEP
"USBWÏTEPBDFMFSBEPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEBTGPSÎBTUÏDOJDBTEFOPT
TBTPDJFEBEFDPOTFHVJSBNFYQPSTVBTFʽÏUJDBTBSUFTNÞTJDBTWBMPSFT
FOmNPFNBSBOIBEPNBUFSJBMFTJNCØMJDPRVFEFMJOFJBVNBDVMUVSB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 116
10/8/2006 07:17:46
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DIGITO_Book.indb 117
10/8/2006 07:17:47
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CPOTQSPEVUPSFTOP#SBTJMVNDJSDVJUPHSBOEFEFGFʽBTFCPBUFTF
VNQÞCMJDPDSFTDFOUFPQSPDFTTPFʽÈFNBOEBNFOUP4ÍPQPVDBT
BTQSPEVÎÜFTRVFOÍPTPBNDPNPDØQJBTBJOEBRVFCFNFYFDVUBEBT
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EFQFOEFOUF&YBUBNFOUFQPSOÍPUFSBNBSSBTPVSFHSBTÏRVFPGVOL
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BʼFʹPTDIBNBNBBUFOÎÍPBQSPEVÎÍPNVTJDBMRVFSFWFSUFTVBT
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QSØQSJPHÐOFSPFDPOIFDFSTVBTPSJHFOTÏGVOEBNFOUBMQBSBFOUFOEFS
DPNPPGVOLOBTDFVDSFTDFVFBMDBOÎPVBNBUVSJEBEFNFSFDFOEPP
UÓUVMPEFQSJNFJSBNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDBPSJHJOBMNFOUFCSBTJMFJSB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 118
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"SFEFJOEJ
WJTÓWFMEPGVOL
DBEÍPFPGVOLBNFSJDBOPGFJUPOPTBOPTEFFNWÈSJPTMVHBSFTP
UFSNPGVOLHBOIPVVNBEFOEPWJSBOEPOPNFDPNQPʽP/PSFʽP
EP#SBTJMÏiGVOLDBSJPDBwOB&VSPQBÏiGBWFMBGVOLwFOPT&6"ÏiCSB
[JMJBOCBJMFGVOLwDBEBMVHBSUFOUBBDIBSVNKFJUPEFFYQMJDBS
&ORVBOUPQBSBVOTPBEFOEPÏVNBRVFʽÍPNFSBNFOUFEJEÈUJDB
QSÈUJDB EPJT FʽJMPT DPN B NFTNB EFOPNJOBÎÍP DPNQMJDBN P FO
UFOEJNFOUP
QBSBPVUSPTÏRVFʽÍPEFQVSJTNPFQSFDPODFJUPi*TTP
OÍPQPEFUFSPNFTNPOPNFEPGVOLTFUFOUJʽBwEJ[FNDPNPTFP
QSØQSJPGVOLUJWFTTFBMHPEFQVSP"DPOUSPWÏSTJBFNUPSOPEPOPNF
TFSWF QBSB JMVʽSBS VNB DPOʽBOUF OB IJʽØSJB EP GVOL BT PQJOJÜFT
EJWJEFNTFFOUSFPBNPSFPØEJPSBSBNFOUFIÈJOEJGFSFOÎB
&TTBEJTDVTTÍPFUPEBTBTPVUSBTBCFNEBWFSEBEF
QPVDPJN
QPSUB QBSB B NVMUJEÍP RVF IÈ BOPT TBDPEF BP TPN EP CBUJEÍP FN
UPEPTPTDBOUPTEP3JPEF+BOFJSP1BSBFTTFT‰FQBSBPTRVFUBQBN
PTPVWJEPTUBNCÏN‰OÍPFYJʽFEÞWJEB'VOLÏTJOÙOJNPEFTPN
EFNBTTBVSCBOPDPOUFNQPSÉOFPEFVNBNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDBPSJHJ
OBMNFOUFCSBTJMFJSB
%PGVOLBPGVOL
"UFOUBUJWBEFSFOPNFBSPGVOLBMÏNEFJOÞUJMÏEFTOFDFTTÈSJB0
GVOLUFNVNBMJHBÎÍPQSØYJNBDPNPTPVM/FTTFTFOUJEPDPOIFDFS
VNQPVDPEPDFOÈSJPPOEFPFʽJMPTVSHJVÏJNQSFTDJOEÓWFMQBSBDPN
QSFFOEFSTFOÍPPGVOLQFMPNFOPTEFPOEFWFNFTTFOPNFBQSJODÓ
QJPUÍPEJʽBOUFEFEFTDSFWFSPRVFTFPVWFTBJOEPEBRVFMBTUPSSFTEF
DBJYBTEFTPNDVʼJOEPHSBWFTRVFGB[FNUVEPUSFNFS
"SBJ[EPTCBJMFTGVOLFʽÈOPTCBJMFTRVFBDPOUFDJBNOPTTVCÞS
CJPTEP3JP/BQSJNFJSBNFUBEFEPTBOPTEFGFʽBTEFCMBDL
NVTJDDIBNBEBTEFCBJMFTCMBDLBOJNBWBNPTDMVCFTFBTRVBESBT
EFTBNCBEBQFSJGFSJBDBSJPDBUPDBOEPNVJUPTPVMFGVOLOPSUFBNF
SJDBOP ² EFTTB ÏQPDB RVF WÐN FRVJQFT EF TPN DPOIFDJEBT DPNP
4PVM(SBOE1SJY$BTI#PY$VSUJTPN1JQPTF'VSBDÍP)BWJB
UBNCÏNPTCBJMFTEFDPDPUBEFEJDBEPTBPSPDLQSPHSFTTJWPFBPTPVM
DPNPP#BJMFEB1FTBEBEPTBOUPMØHJDPT#JH#PZF"EFNJS-FNPTOP
$BOFDÍP
/P DPNFÎP P QÞCMJDP EFTTFT CBJMFT FSB CFN EJWJEJEP UBOUP OP
RVFTJUP NVTJDBM RVBOUP OP HFPHSÈmDP &ORVBOUP PT CBJMFT CMBDL nP
DIGITO_Book.indb 119
10/8/2006 07:17:47
4POTF4JTUFNBT
SFTDJBNOPTVCÞSCJPPTEFDPDPUBKVʽJmDBOEPPOPNFEPNJOBWBN
B[POBTVM0CWJBNFOUFFTTBTFQBSBÎÍPOÍPEVSPVNVJUPUFNQP/P
#SBTJMEFVNKFJUPPVEFPVUSPBTDPJTBTTFNQSFBDBCBNTFNJʽVSBO
EP/FTTFDBTPBNÞTJDBGPJPDBUBMJTBEPS
)BWJB FWFOUPT TFNBOBJT FN EJWFSTPT CBJSSPT EB [POB OPSUF EP
3JPRVBTFTFNQSFMVDSBUJWPTBQPOUPEFBMHVNBTFRVJQFTUSB[FSFN
BSUJʽBTJOUFSOBDJPOBJT6NBFYUFOTBSFEFEFCBJMFTTFFʽFOEJBQFMB
DJEBEFTFOEPGSFRàFOUBEBFQFSDPSSJEBQPS5JN.BJB(FPSHF,JOH
$PNCP F NVJUPT PVUSPT OPNFT IPKF DPOTBHSBEPT FN JOÓDJP EF
DBSSFJSB0NBQBEFTTFDJSDVJUPTFSWJVEFCBTFQBSBBMHPNVJUPNBJPS
RVFWJSJBBTFHVJS
/P mOBM EB EÏDBEB EF OP BVHF EB EJTDP NVTJD B NÞTJDB
EFEJTDPUFDBDIFHPVEFSSVCBOEPUVEP1SJNFJSPGF[TVDFTTPOPTCBJ
MFT EF DPDPUB /P TVCÞSCJP FOUSFUBOUP EFNPSPV VN QPVDP NBJT
QSBFNQMBDBS4ØRVBOEPBSUJʽBTEPTPVMDPNP,PPMBOEUIF(BOH
F0+BZTm[FSBNJODVSTÜFTQPSFTTBÈSFBTVSHJVVNFʽJMPDIBNBEP
EJTDPGVOLBQSPYJNBOEPBQFHBEBEPFʽJMPEBCMBDLNVTJDUSB[FOEP
EFWPMUBPHSPPWFPTNFUBJTBTMJOIBTEFCBJYPPTHSBWFT2VBOEP
JTTPPDPSSFVPTEPJTCBJMFTPTCMBDLFPTEFDPDPUBQBTTBSBNBUP
DBSPNFTNPUJQPEFNÞTJDB/BEBNBJTKVʽPRVFQBTTBTTFNBUFSP
NFTNPOPNFCBJMFGVOL
$PNP UPEB NPEB B EJTDP NVTJD UBNCÏN QBTTPV F DPN FMB B
NBJPSQBSUFEPTCBJMFTEB[POBTVMTFNQSFËFʼFSBEPBDPOUFDJNFO
UPEBWF[/PTVCÞSCJPOPFOUBOUPPTCBJMFTDPOUJOVBSBNBDPNQB
OIBOEPPQSPDFTTPEFEJHJUBMJ[BÎÍPEBTPVMNVTJD
1BODBEÍP
/PJOÓDJPEPTBOPTEFPTTPOTTJOUFUJ[BEPTEF/VNCFSTEPT
BMFNÍFTEP,SBGUXFSLGB[JBNTVDFTTPOBTQJʽBTEPTCBJMFT1PSÏN
EFTEFBRVFEBEPTPVMFNFTNPEPEJTDPGVOLOÍPUJOIBTVSHJEPOBEB
DPN P NFTNP QPUFODJBM QBSB UJSBS BT QFTTPBT EF DBTB QBSB EBOÎBS
&TTFIJBUPEVSPVBUÏ1MBOFU3PDLEP"GSJLB#BNCBBUBBVNNBSDPEP
IJQIPQFEPFMFʹSPFODPOUSBSTFVDBNJOIPBUÏBTGBWFMBTDBSJPDBT0
FʽSBHPEBTCBUJEBTFMFUSÙOJDBTFEPHSBWFBDBDIBQBOUFEFTTBNÞTJDB
OBTQJʽBTGPJDPMPTTBMTPCSFUVEPFNVNSBQB[DIBNBEP'FSOBOEPEB
.BUUBIPKFNVOEJBMNFOUFDPOIFDJEPDPNP%+.BSMCPSP
DIGITO_Book.indb 120
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"SFEFJOEJ
WJTÓWFMEPGVOL
/PT &6" 1MBOFU 3PDL JOʼJSPV EJWFSTPT BSUJʽBT 7JFSBN GBJYBT
DPNP%POU4UPQUIF3PDLF*UT"VUPNBUJDEP++'BE4VQFSTPOJD
EP'SFFʽZMFJHVBMNFOUFBCVTBOEPEPTFGFJUPTEBCBUFSJBFMFUSÙOJDB
53 RVF OÍP EFNPSBSBN B DIFHBS QPS BRVJ TFOEP NVJUP CFN
SFDFCJEPTOPTCBJMFT/BTFRàÐODJBWFJPP.JBNJCBTTFʽJMPNBSDBEP
QPS GSFRàÐODJBT TPOPSBT NVJUP NVJUP HSBWFT F QFMP WJTVBM F MFUSBT
FYQMPSBOEPBTFOTVBMJEBEFGFNJOJOBËTWF[FTEFGPSNBDPOTJEFSBEB
NBDIJʽB0-JWF$SFXGPJUBMWF[PQSJODJQBMFYQPFOUFEFTTFTPN
4VBTMFUSBTRVBTFQPSOPHSÈmDBTSFOEFSBNVNBDPUBSB[PÈWFMEFQSP
CMFNBTQBSBBCBOEB%FWJEPBFTTBJOnVÐODJBBQFTBSEBCBSSFJSBEB
MÓOHVBPGVOLBDBCBSJBIFSEBOEPPTNFTNPTQSPCMFNBTNBJTUBSEF
/PTFHVOEBNFUBEFEBEÏDBEBEFPTCBJMFTGVOLBUSBÓBN
NVMUJEÜFT$POUVEPTFOEPVNGFOÙNFOPMPDBMJ[BEPOPTTVCÞSCJPT
BJOEBOÍPEFʼFSUBWBBBUFOÎÍPOFNEBNÓEJBOFNEBDMBTTFNÏEJB
&TTFGBUPSJODMVTJWFNPʽSPVTFDSVDJBMQBSBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEP
GVOL0EFTJOUFSFTTFEBQBSUFNBJTBCPOBEBEBTPDJFEBEFFWJUPVRVF
IPVWFTTFJOUFSGFSÐODJBPVRVBMRVFSGPSNBEFDFOTVSBPVEJSFDJPOB
NFOUP OP RVF FʽBWB TVSHJOEP "MÏN EJTTP PCSJHPV P NPWJNFOUP
GVOLBDSJBSVNFTRVFNBJOEFQFOEFOUFEBTHSBOEFTHSBWBEPSBTFEB
NÓEJBGBUPSSFʼPOTÈWFMOÍPTØQFMBBVUPOPNJBNBTUBNCÏNQFMB
TPCSFWJWÐODJBEPGVOLBUÏIPKF
"UÏFOUÍPFNCPSBVNBHSBOEFRVBOUJEBEFEFEJTDPTEF.JBNJ
CBTTGPTTFNDPOTVNJEPTOP#SBTJMBJOEBOÍPIBWJBTVSHJEPOBEBMPDBM
GFJUPBRVJ$PNPPQÞCMJDPJOUFSFTTBEPUBOUP%+TRVBOUPPVWJOUFT
FʽBWB DPODFOUSBEP OBT [POBT NBJT QPCSFT EB DJEBEF PCWJBNFOUF
BEJmDVMEBEFEFBDFTTPBFRVJQBNFOUPTEFQSPEVÎÍPFSBQBSUFEP
QSPCMFNB QBSB JTTP BDPOUFDFS .BT B JEÏJB FYJʽJB P DBMEP FʽBWB
FOHSPTTBOEP
4PN#SBTJM
&NPBOUSPQØMPHP)FSNBOP7JBOOBQVCMJDPV0NVOEPGVOL
DBSJPDBVNFʽVEPTPCSFFTTFVOJWFSTPBUÏFOUÍPQBSBMFMPRVFFYJʽJB
OP3JP'PJBUSBWÏTEFTTFFʽVEPRVFB[POBTVMFBHSBOEFNÓEJBDP
NFÎBSBNBTFEBSDPOUBEFFOPSNJEBEF0DPOUBUPEF)FSNBOPDPN
PGVOLGPJUBNCÏNEFUFSNJOBOUFQPSPVUSPNPUJWPGPJFMFRVFNEFV
B.BSMCPSPTVBQSJNFJSBCBUFSJBFMFUSÙOJDBVNB#PTT%3&SBP
DIGITO_Book.indb 121
10/8/2006 07:17:48
4POTF4JTUFNBT
JOÓDJPEPGVOLCSBTJMFJSPDPNPDPOIFDFNPTIPKF
"QSJNFJSBNÞTJDBGFJUBQPS.BSMCPSPGPJBi.FMÙEBNVMIFSGFJBw
EFQPJTFNWFJPBDPNQJMBÎÍP'VOL#SBTJMDPNEJWFSTPTBSUJT
UBT VN TVDFTTP FʽSPOEPTP 0VUSP QSPEVUPS (SBOE .BʽFS 3BGBFM
UBNCÏNMBOÎPVVNEJTDPOPNFTNPBOP/ÍPTFUSBUBWBEFNFSB
DØQJBEP.JBNJCBTTRVFBMJNFOUPVPCBJMFQPSNVJUPTBOPT&YJʽJB
BMHPEFEJGFSFOUFOBRVFMFTPN0TPNNFUÈMJDPUJOIBVNHSBWFBJOEB
NBJTQSFTFOUFBQSPEVÎÍPFSBNBJTTFDBPTFGFJUPTNBJTTJNQMFT"
QSJODJQBMEJGFSFOÎBOPFOUBOUPFSBPVUSBBHPSBBTNÞTJDBTFSBNFN
QPSUVHVÐT
0UPSOPVTFOPWPJOʽSVNFOUPVNNFJPEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPQBSB
BTGBWFMBT(FOUFRVFBQFTBSEFKBNBJTUFSTFHVSBEPVNNJDSPGPOF
UJOIBNVJUPPRVFGBMBSFFODPOUSPVPWFÓDVMPQFSGFJUPQBSBFYUFSOBS
TFVT QFOTBNFOUPT 3ÈQJEP EJSFUP F QSJODJQBMNFOUF TFN JOUFSNF
EJÈSJPTRVFQVEFTTFNmMUSBSBNFOTBHFN"GBWFMBQPEJBFOmNGBMBS
EF TFVT QSPCMFNBT TFVT TPGSJNFOUPT F UBNCÏN EF TVBT BMFHSJBT F
EP PSHVMIP EF WJWFS FN DPNVOJEBEF HFSBOEP DMÈTTJDPT DPNP P
i3BQ EB GFMJDJEBEFw EF ,ÈUJB F +VMJOIP 3BʽB DBOUBEP QFMB EVQMB
$JEJOIPF%PDB
$PNPQBTTBSEPUFNQPUFOEPBDFTTPBFRVJQBNFOUPTNFMIPSFT
DPNPCBUFSJBTFMFUSÙOJDBTFTBNQMFSTPGVOLDPOUJOVPVTFVQSPDFTTP
BOUSPQPGÈHJDP&MFNFOUPTEBDVMUVSBNVTJDBMCSBTJMFJSBEPTBNCBBP
DBOEPNCMÏGPSBNTFOEPBCTPSWJEPTFOSJRVFDFOEPFUSB[FOEPQFS
TPOBMJEBEFQSØQSJBQBSBTPOPSJEBEF
&ʽÏUJDBGBWFMBEB
%FTEFPQSJODÓQJPQPSUFSTPGSJEPQPVDBTJOUFSGFSÐODJBTEFNFJPT
EJUPT NBJT DVMUPT P GVOL QPTTVJ DBSBʹFSÓʽJDBT NVJUP QSØQSJBT "
BQSPQSJBÎÍPEBBMUBUFDOPMPHJBQPSQFTTPBTDPNQPVDPBDFTTPBFEV
DBÎÍPGF[DPNRVFQPVDBTSFHSBTPVOFOIVNBGPTTFNTFHVJEBTTJN
QMFTNFOUFQPSRVFOÍPIBWJBVNB
/FTTF TFOUJEP P GVOL OÍP Ï VN DBTP JTPMBEP )È BMHP EF TJNJ
MBS FOUSF P SJUNP DBSJPDB F GFOÙNFOPT NVTJDBJT RVF WÐN TVSHJOEP
BPSFEPSEPNVOEPOBTÞMUJNBTEÏDBEBTDPNPPSFHHBFEJHJUBMEP
EBODFIBMM KBNBJDBOP P SFHHBFUØO QBOBNFOIPQPSUPSJRVFOIP P
LVEVSV BOHPMBOP P CBOHISB JOEJBOP F NFTNP P UFDOP CSFHB QBSB
DIGITO_Book.indb 122
10/8/2006 07:17:48
"SFEFJOEJ
WJTÓWFMEPGVOL
FOTF&NUPEPTFTTFTFʽJMPTBTGBDJMJEBEFTQSPNPWJEBTQFMBSFWPMVÎÍP
EJHJUBM‰QFMPNFOPTPTRVFFWFOUVBMNFOUFGPSBNQBSBSOBTDMBTTFT
NFOPTGBWPSFDJEBTEBTTPDJFEBEFT‰GPSBNEFUFSNJOBOUFTQBSBPTFV
DSFTDJNFOUP
1SPEVUPSFTNVTJDBJTEPQSJNFJSPNVOEPEFVNBNBOFJSBPVEF
PVUSBTFNQSFUJWFSBNBDFTTPËUFDOPMPHJB%PQPOUPEFWJʽBNVTJ
DBMFTTBSFWPMVÎÍPEJHJUBMQÙEFTFSNBJTGBDJMNFOUFTFOUJEBOPTQBÓTFT
TVCEFTFOWPMWJEPTPVFNEFTFOWPMWJNFOUP2VFNBOUFTOVODBUJOIB
WJʽPVNDPNQVUBEPSIPKFTBCFVUJMJ[ÈMPNJOJNBNFOUFPCBʽBOUF
QBSBGB[FSTVBTQSØQSJBTNÞTJDBT
"FʼFSBGPJMPOHBQPSJTTPBGPNFEFDPOIFDJNFOUPFBWPOUB
EFEFQSPEV[JSTÍPFOPSNFT/BTGBWFMBTFODPOUSBSOPWBTVUJMJEBEFT
QBSBPCKFUPTÏDPJTBEPEJBBEJBWBMFBMFJEPEFʼFSEÓDJPNÓOJNP%B
NFTNBNBOFJSBDPNPVNCVSBDPOFHSPTVHBOEPUVEPBTVBWPMUB
OPGVOLVUJMJ[BTFRVBMRVFSDPJTBFNGBWPSEBNÞTJDB"TTJNOÍPÏ
BOPSNBMPVWJSTBNQMFTEFʾF$MBTI1SJODFʾF4NJUITÈSJBTJUBMJB
OBTPV-BZP#VTIXBDLBTFSWJOEPEFCBTFOBTQSPEVÎÜFTiGVOLFJSBTw
/ÍPTFUSBUBEFDJUBÎÍPPVEFNPOʽSBÎÍPEFDPOIFDJNFOUP‰NVJ
UBTWF[FTPTQSPEVUPSFTOFNTBCFNRVFBSUJʽBTTÍPFTTFT0RVFJN
QPSUBÏBTPOPSJEBEFFPRVFJTTPWBJDBVTBSOPSFTVMUBEPmOBM
"DPNCJOBÎÍPFOUSFBGBMUBEFDSJUÏSJPTDMBSPTRVBOUPBPRVFQPEF
PVOÍPGB[FSQBSUFEFVNBNÞTJDBFPGBUPEFOÍPTFQSFPDVQBSFN
BHSBEBSOJOHVÏNRVFOÍPBTJQSØQSJPÏPGBUPSSFʼPOTÈWFMQFMBDB
SBʹFSÓʽJDBNBJTNBSDBOUFEPGVOLBPSJHJOBMJEBEF4ÍPNJʽVSBTUÍP
JNQSPWÈWFJTUBOUPTFMFNFOUPTKVOUPTRVFOÍPIÈDPNPTPBSOBEB
NFOPTEPRVFOPWP1PSJTTPPGVOLÏFOYFSHBEPQSJODJQBMNFOUFOP
FYUFSJPS
DPNPBNÞTJDBFMFUSÙOJDBHFOVJOBNFOUFCSBTJMFJSB'FJUBOP
#SBTJMEFVNBNBOFJSBÞOJDBFRVFTØQPEFSJBUFSTVSHJEPBRVJ
&TTBBVTÐODJBEFMØHJDBPVSFGFSÐODJBTQSÏFʽBCFMFDJEBTÏNVJUBT
WF[FTBGPOUFEPQSFDPODFJUPVNEPTQSJODJQBJTPCʽÈDVMPTEPGVOL
4PCSFUVEPFOUSFBDMBTTFNÏEJBTFNQSFEFQFOEFOUFEFVNBWBMFY
UFSOPQBSBBDFJUBSBMHPDPNPCPN
4FNOFVSPTF
&TTF QSFDPODFJUP Ï FN QBSUF SFʼPOTÈWFM QPS PVUSP FʽJHNB
RVFQFSTFHVFPGVOLPEBWJPMÐODJB+VOUPDPNBEJTDVTTÍPTPCSFP
DIGITO_Book.indb 123
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4POTF4JTUFNBT
DPOUFÞEPEBTMFUSBTFTTFÏPQSJODJQBMFOUSBWFEPHÐOFSP&OUSFPT
BDPOUFDJNFOUPTDSVDJBJTFʽÈPBSSBʽÍPOBQSBJBEP"SQPBEPSFN
BOPFMFJUPSBM
7JTJUBSVNCBJMFQPEFBKVEBSBFMVDJEBSQPOUPT
JNQPSUBOUFT&NBDPNQBOIBEPEP%+.BSMCPSPFʽFBVUPSGPJ
BPCBJMFOBDPNVOJEBEFEB'PSNJHBGBWFMBMPDBMJ[BEBOB5JKVDB[POB
OPSUFEP3JP
4VCJOEPPNPSSPVNBTÏSJFEFJOʽSVÎÜFTUJWFSBNRVFTFSTFHVJ
EBT"MÏNEFPCFEFDFSBPTDPNBOEPTEPNPUPRVFJSPRVFGB[JBBFT
DPMUBBUÏPUPQPUPEBTBTKBOFMBTEPWFÓDVMPEFWFSJBNFʽBSBCFSUBT
FBMV[JOUFSJPSBDFTB2VBTFMÈFNDJNBVNBCBSSJDBEBEFMJYFJSBT
mMUSBWBBQBTTBHFNTPCPPMIBSWJHJMBOUFEFSBQB[FTQPSUBOEPQJʽP
MBTDSPNBEBT&SBBDIFHBEB
'PSBEBRVBESBEFFʼPSUFTPOEFBDPOUFDJBPCBJMFSBQB[FTEF
BOPTBOEBWBNDPNGV[JTRVBTFEPTFVUBNBOIP%FOUSPEBRVBESB
UVEPNBJTUSBORàJMP1SPWBWFMNFOUFQPSDPOUBEBWJTJUBEFKPSOBMJʽBT
OÍPIBWJBOFOIVNBBSNBËWJʽB
0FʼBÎPFʽBWBWB[JP%FWJEPËTSFDFOUFTPQFSBÎÜFTQPMJDJBJTOB
SFHJÍPFTTBFSBBQSJNFJSBGFʽBFNEJBT0TRVFGPSBNEBOÎBSBNCF
CFSBNTFEJWFSUJSBNFGPSBNFNCPSB'PSBBFOPSNFRVBOUJEBEFEF
DSJBOÎBTEFTFJTPJUPBOPTEFJEBEFDJSDVMBOEPQFMPMVHBSËTIEB
NBOIÍOÍPIPVWFOBEBGPSBEPOPSNBM/FOIVNBQBODBEBSJBOF
OIVNQSPJCJEÍPOFOIVNBBQPMPHJB
&NCPSBOFOIVNBEBTFRVJQFTEFSFQPSUBHFNQSFTFOUFTFʽJWFT
TFJOUFSFTTBEBOBTJNQMJʽBBTTPDJBÎÍPGVOLUSÈmDPBTBSNBTFʽÍPMÈ
OÍPUFNDPNPJHOPSBS$PNPTFTBCFP3JPÏVNBDJEBEFEJWJEJEB&N
DFSUBTQBSUFT‰FNNVJUBTQBSUFT‰OÍPTFFOUSBTFNBVUPSJ[BÎÍP
EPTiEPOPTwEPMVHBS*TTPOÍPÏFYDMVTJWJEBEFEPTCBJMFTGVOLRVBM
RVFSBUJWJEBEFOVNBGBWFMBEPNJOBEBQFMPUSÈmDPÏBTTJNJODMVJOEP
PTTFSWJÎPTQÞCMJDPTDPNPDPMFUBEFMJYPHÈTFDMBSPQPMJDJBNFOUP
² JNQPSUBOUF FOUFOEFS DPNP P GVOL GPJ QBSBS OFTTF BNCJFOUF
OFN TFNQSF GPJ BTTJN 0 HSBOEF FSSP EP &ʽBEP GPJ B UFOUBUJWB EF
QSPJCJÎÍPEPTCBJMFTOPDPNFÎPEPTBOPTEFOPGSFOFTJQØTBS
SBʽÍPUFMFWJTJPOBEPEP"SQPBEPSRVBOEPQFMBQSJNFJSBWF[PGVOL
GPJ BTTPDJBEP EF NBOFJSB EJSFUB B CBEFSOB F BUJWJEBEFT JMFHBJT BUÏ
IPKFNPUJWPEFEJTDVTTÍPOPTNFJPTBDBEÐNJDPTFKPSOBMÓʽJDPT0C
DIGITO_Book.indb 124
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"SFEFJOEJ
WJTÓWFMEPGVOL
WJBNFOUFQSPJCJSOÍPEFVDFSUP&YQVMTBTEPTDMVCFTOPBTGBMUPBT
GFʽBT GPSBN TF FTDPOEFS OPT NPSSPT %B NBOFJSB RVF BDPOUFDFN
IPKFÏJNQPTTÓWFMmTDBMJ[BS6NBWF[EFOUSPEBTDPNVOJEBEFTOÍPÏ
P&ʽBEPRVFNNBOEB0FTHPUPFTDPSSFOEPQFMBSVBFBRVBOUJEBEF
EFMJYPQFMPTDBOUPTMFNCSBJTTPBUPEBIPSB
0T CBJMFT TÍP GSFRàFOUBEPT UBOUP QPS USBCBMIBEPSFT B NBJPSJB
RVBOUPQPSCBOEJEPT"QSFTFOÎBEFUSBmDBOUFTOÍPTJHOJmDBRVFB
GFʽBTFKBEFMFTPVQBSBFMFT&MFTPVWFNGVOLDPNPUPEPTNJʽVSBEPT
BMJFTØ0OFHØDJPEPUSÈmDPÏESPHBOÍPNÞTJDB%J[FSRVFPTCBJMFT
TÍPGFʽBTEFCBOEJEPÏVNBHFOFSBMJ[BÎÍPCVSSBFJSSFʼPOTÈWFM&YJT
UFNPTQSPJCJEÜFTGVOLTEFFYBMUBÎÍPBGBDÎÜFTDSJNJOPTBTFOUSFUBO
UPFTTFTTÍPNJOPSJB%FRVBMRVFSGPSNBNFTNPOPTMVHBSFTPOEFP
USÈmDPmOBODJBBTGFʽBTFMFPGB[QPSRVFP&ʽBEPGBMIPVBMJUBNCÏN
1SPJCJSPGVOLGPJDPNCBUFSPFGFJUPOÍPBDBVTB"JOEBRVFUJWFT
TFNDPOTFHVJEPBDBCBSDPNPTCBJMFTPVUSPUJQPEFNÞTJDBBOJNB
SJBBTGFʽBT1PSRVFFMBTDPOUJOVBSJBNBDPOUFDFOEPFRVBMRVFSRVF
GPTTFPHÐOFSPNVTJDBMBTDPJTBTTFSJBNFYBUBNFOUFJHVBJT/ÍPJSJB
EFNPSBS NVJUP BQBSFDFSJB BMHVÏN QSPQPOEP QSPJCJS B NÞTJDB OBT
DPNVOJEBEFT
2VBOEP TF GBMB FN BVTÐODJB EF &ʽBEP OÍP FʽÈTF GBMBOEP TP
NFOUFEFQPMÓDJBNVJUPNFOPTEPWFMIPiTPCFQSFOEFFNBOEBGF
DIBSw0&ʽBEPGBMIPVFDPOUJOVBGBMIBOEPFNRVFʽÜFTTPDJBJTCÈTJ
DBTDPNPFEVDBÎÍPFPQPSUVOJEBEFT'PJFTTBGBMUBEFDPOEJÎÜFTRVF
QSPQPSDJPOPVBHFSNJOBÎÍPEPUBMiQPEFSQBSBMFMPw
&TTBTJUVBÎÍPHFSPVPBNCJFOUFQFSGFJUPQBSBPTDIBNBEPTiCBJMFT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 125
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UPVSBOBDJPOBMNFOUF%FQPJTRVFBPOEBQBTTBBJNQSFOTBFTRVFDF
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VNB JOKFÎÍP EF HÈT 4FKB OPT CBJMFT OBT GBWFMBT PV OBT CBSSBDBT EP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 126
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DIGITO_Book.indb 127
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DIGITO_Book.indb 128
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EPVSCBOPEJWFSTPFNRVFBEJWJTBFOUSFCBJSSPTEFSJDPTFEFQPCSFT
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OPJUF/BTSVBTPVOBTQPSUBTEBTDBTBTBNCVMBOUFTWFOEFNBQJQPDB
BWBTTPVSBPDIFJSPWFSEFBUBQJPDBPDBNBSÍPFPKPSOBMBOVODJBO
EPBTNÓEJBTEPNJOBOUFTEBTGBNÓMJBTBTFMJUFTQPMÓUJDBT"JOGPSNB
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VSCBOBUBMWF[UFOIBEFNBJTQÞCMJDPBNQMJmDBOEPTFBPTPVWJEPTEB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 129
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1FTPÏVNNBSDPIJʽØSJDPRVFSFUSBUBDPNPPTSFTVMUBEPTEBFDP
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USBEJDJPOBMEBTFODBOUBSJBTBNB[ÙOJDBTEBCJPQJSBUBSJBFTDBODBSBEB
EBQBKFMBOÎBEPTGSVUPTFEPTBOJNBJTBTTJNDPNPEPTQJSBUBTEPT
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" QPMÓUJDB DVMUVSBM F UVSÓʽJDB EFTFNCPDB FN DIBWÜFT F DPODIB
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$VMUVSBTBRVFBEBFTVCFʽJNBEBOVNBDJEBEFRVFQSPDVSBGPSBEFMB
TVBTBÓEBOBDJPOBMTVBFYQSFTTÍPQBSBBOBDJPOBMJEBEFNFTNPDPMB
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DBSJCFOIPTBTTJNJMBEPTQFMBBNB[ÙOJBDBCPDMBFÓOEJBUSBOTNJUJEPT
BUSBWÏTEFPOEBTDVSUBTEFSÈEJPQFMPTOBWJPTFQPSWFOEFEPSFTEF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 130
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DIGITO_Book.indb 131
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QFMP KPSOBMJʽB $BSMPT *NQFSJBM CBTFBEP OB QBMBWSB JUBMJBOB DBGØOF
RVF TJHOJmDB TVKFJUP IVNJMEF UPMP F WJMÍP "P mN EB EÏDBEB FTTF
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$PNBOFDFTTJEBEFEFEJWVMHBÎÍPPCSFHBQBTTBBVUJMJ[BSTFEPTTJT
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EPSFTQFTTPBJTFEBTDÉNFSBTEFWÓEFPGBDJMJUBOEPTVBBRVJTJÎÍPTFN
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#SFHB1PQSFÞOFVNBTÏSJFEFUFYUPTTPCSFPCSFHBQSPEV[JEPTQPSKPSOBMJTUBTQSPEVUPSFT
FDPNQPTJUPSFTMPDBJT
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TVBDIFHBEBBPOPSEFTUFCSBTJMFJSP'0/5"/&--"'FSOBOEP"FTUÏUJDBEPCSFHBDVMUVSB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 132
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&ʼBÎP<OBWF>‰NBOJGFʽBÎÍPDPMFUJWBEPBQBSFMIBNFOUPNJEJÈUJDP
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DPNQPTJUPSFT F QSPEVUPSFT TPNBOEP FMFNFOUPT EB NÞTJDB DBSJCF
OIBQSJODJQBMNFOUFEBT(VJBOBTi0TBSSBOKPTJOUSPEV[JEPTQFMPNB
FʽSP )ÏMJP 4JMWB OB NÞTJDB A#SFHB $BSJNCØ EP ,JN .BSRVFT RVF
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NVJUPNBJTHPʽPTPEFEBOÎBSCSFHBFDPNJTTPNVJUPNBJTGÈDJMQSP
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$PNP SFTVMUBEP EBT SFDPNCJOBÎÜFT EJHJUBJT EB EÏDBEB BOUFSJPS
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FYQMPSBOEPGFSSBNFOUBTOPDPNQVUBEPS0CSFHBBDFMFSBEPVUJMJ[BTF
EFWFSTÜFTEBNÞTJDBQPQJOUFSOBDJPOBMEFGPSNBJOUFHSBMBEBQUBO
EPWFSTPTDBOUBEPTFNQPSUVHVÐTFOUSFPJOHMÐTEBNÞTJDBPSJHJOBM
PVQBSDJBMNFOUFFYQMPSBOEPBDPMBHFNBTBNQMFBHFNFPSFNJY0
UFDOPCSFHBVUJMJ[BTFUBNCÏNEFJOʽSVNFOUPTQSÏHSBWBEPTBCBO
EB5FDOPTIPXGPJBQJPOFJSBFNBQSFTFOUBSTFDPNVNBFʽSVUVSBEF
CBOEBFEBOÎBSJOPTUPDBOEPPSFQFSUØSJPTØEFUFDOPCSFHB²BEJGF
SFOÎBQBSBBPVUSBWBSJBÎÍPFMFUSÙOJDBEPSJUNPRVFÏPDJCFSUFDOP
POEFUVEPÏQSPDFTTBEPQFMPDPNQVUBEPS
0RVFTFPVWFOBTDPNQJMBÎÜFTEF$%3TFOBTGFʽBTÏVNBNBT
TBTPOPSBNÞTJDBTJOUFUJ[BEBRVFTFNJʽVSBËTWJOIFUBTMBOÎBEBTF
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F PT %+T TÍP BOVODJBEPT EFTTB GPSNB EBOEP FYQSFTTÍP B VNB QSP
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IPNFOBHFN B VNB BQBSFMIBHFN FʼFDÓmDB P TPN DJSDVMB DPN PT
EFWJEPT DSÏEJUPT OBT MFUSBT F WJOIFUBT &TTB TÓOUFTF F B QSBUJDJEBEF
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#SFHBUQEG"DFTTPFNKVO
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UPSJBJOEFY@QSPKFDBPBTQ"DFTTPFNKVO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 133
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4POTF4JTUFNBT
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NBUPEJHJUBMRVFDIFHBNBPT%KTFRVFTFFʼBMIBNFNDPNQJMBÎÜFT
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/BGFʽBSBEJPGÙOJDBTPCPDPNBOEPEP%+IÈBMÙTDBSJOIPTPTBP
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OBWFTEFDPNBOEPRVFQSPKFUBNBQFSGPSNBODFGSPOUBMBPQÞCMJDP
DPNUFMÜFTEFQMBTNBDÉNFSBTEJHJUBJTMV[FTHJSBOEPGVNBDÐQBQFM
QJDBEPDFSWFKBTOPCBMEFFSBJPMBTFS0SFTVMUBEPÏVNBFʽÏUJDBTDJm
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BOPTQSPKFUBBTOBWFTPDFOÈSJPFMFUSÙOJDPFPTJʽFNBIJESÈVMJDP
DPOʽSVJOEP UPEB B FʽSVUVSB RVF BDPQMB PT FRVJQBNFOUPT EFTFO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 134
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EP NVOJDÓQJP 4FV QSPDFTTP DSJBUJWP QBSUF EF VN EFTFOIP RVF IÈ
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BQSFFOEJEBEFGPSNBBVUPEJEBUBQFSNJUFPUSBCBMIPDPNWFUPSFTPV
NFTNPFNCJUNBQTFMFEFmOFGPSNBTDPSFTQMBOPTFQFSʼFʹJWBT
VUJMJ[BOEPP1BJOU#SVTISPEBOEPOPTJʽFNB8JOEPXT
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EPBNPWJNFOUBÎÍPEBDBCJOFEP%+i"FʼBÎPOBWFEPTPNEFDPMBO
EPWBJHJSBOEPDPN%+(JMNBSPQPWPWBJTFCBMBOÎBOEPwUSFDIPEB
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Ï RVBOEP BT OBWFT TPCFN OP DFOÈSJP GVUVSÓʽJDP QBSB EFDPMBS KVO
UBNFOUFDPNBQFSGPSNBODFWJTVBMEP%+QSJODJQBMUPDBOEPPTIJUT
EBUFNQPSBEBEFUFDOPCSFHB&MFBmSNBRVFBDBEBOBWFQSPKFUBEB
RVFS BDPNQBOIBS P SFTVMUBEP OBT GFʽBT B mN EF PCTFSWBS P DPN
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SFMBÎÍPEBQSPGVTÍPEFDPSFTFMV[FTBmNEFDPODFCFSJEÏJBTQBSBVN
BNCJFOUFJNFSTJWP0QSPKFUPOÍPTFSFʽSJOHFBQFOBTËTOBWFTUPEPT
PT FRVJQBNFOUPT FʽÍP BDPQMBEPT B VNB FʽSVUVSB NØWFM F NPEV
MBSFOUSFFʽSVUVSBTNFUÈMJDBTNBEFJSBFmBNFOUPFMÏUSJDP"UFOUPË
BUVBMJ[BÎÍPEPFRVJQBNFOUPFMFUSÙOJDPPBSRVJUFUPEBTBQBSFMIBHFOT
MBOÎBNÍPEBJOWFOUJWJEBEFQBSBEBSTVQPSUFWJTVBMBFTTFDJSDVJUPEF
JOGPSNBÎÍP4VBSFDFOUFJOWFOÎÍPÏPTJʽFNBIJESÈVMJDPEFOPNJOB
EPUFSSBFBSRVFQFSNJUFBEFDPMBHFNEBOBWFEFBUÏUSÐTNFUSPTEF
BMUVSBTFOEPNBJTVNBDPOUSJCVJÎÍPEF+PÍPBPDFOÈSJPGVUVSÓʽJDP
/PTUFMÜFTIÈTFRàÐODJBEFJNBHFOTDPNPVNTMJEFTIPX²PSF
6UJMJ[PPUFSNPGVUVSJOHDPNPSFGFSÐODJBBPTWÓEFPTFBTÏSJFEFQJOUVSBTEPTBSUJTUBT&WB
F"EFMFRVFBCPSEBNGPSNBTEFMJCFSBÎÍPEPTQBSBEJHNBTVOJWFSTBJTFTUBCFMFDJEPT&WB
F"EFMF TÍP HÐNFPT IFSNBGSPEJUBT EB"MFNBOIB FOWJBEPT EP GVUVSP QBSB EJGVOEJS VNB
NFOTBHFN BSUÓTUJDB HMPCBM 0T WÓEFPT FTUÍP EJTQPOÓWFJT OP TÓUJP FMFUSÙOJDP EPT BSUJTUBT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 135
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4POTF4JTUFNBT
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BPWJWPTFMFDJPOBPTDMJRVFTFʼFDJBJT²BNJOVUBHFNEBDFMFCSJEBEF
POEFUPEPTRVFSFNTFWFSOBTUFMBTBTiHBUJOIBTwPHSVQPEFBNJHPT
PTGÍDMVCFT5BUVBHFOTBNPEBFNWFʽFTBTGFʽBTNBSDBOUFTTÍP
EFʽBRVFT EP CBODP EF JNBHFN QSPKFUBEP EVSBOUF BT GFʽBT UVEP
JTTP FOUSF WJOIFUBT WJTVBJT RVF UBNCÏN DPOTBHSBN B NBSDB F TFV
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EFTTBNBOJGFʽBÎÍPDPMFUJWBÏPTJʽFNBEFJEÏJBTFWJEBRVFTFDPO
mHVSBBUSBWÏTEBDVMUVSBFMFUSÙOJDBOVNBSFHJÍPEFEJTDSFQÉODJBTF
JOUFSFTTFTJOUFSOBDJPOBJTDPNPÏBBNB[ÙOJB²EJTTPDJBSBEJTDVTTÍP
EBRVFʽÍPEPHPʽPEPSFDPOIFDJNFOUPOBDJPOBMPVEBRVBMJEBEF
NVTJDBMQBSBGPDBSOBTJOHVMBSJEBEFDVMUVSBMEBSFHJÍP0BSHVNFOUP
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FTTBQFSʼFʹJWBEF.JMUPO4BOUPTFEPDJFOUJʽBTPDJBM0ʹBWJP*BOOJ
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iDPNPJNQBʹPEBNVOEJBMJ[BÎÍPEBDVMUVSBBMJBEBËTOP
WBTGPSNBTEFSFMBÎÍPDPNBUFDOPMPHJBEFJOGPSNBÎÍPP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 136
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BEFRVBÎÍPEFVNNPEFMPNFSDBEPMØHJDPRVFTFSFQSPEV[DPNBT
SFHSBTEPSBDJPOBMJTNPEPNJOBOUF‰PSFTVMUBEPEJTTPÏBEJGVTÍPEP
DBMZQTP DPNP B UFSNJOPMPHJB RVF DBSSFHB FTTF NBSLFUJOH SFQSFTFO
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P TJʽFNB WJWP FN GVODJPOBNFOUP &TTB FNQSFJUBEB OÍP JSÈ SFnFUJS
OFN UÍP QPVDP SFHJʽSBS B DPNQMFYJEBEF EB NJʽVSB DVMUVSBM JOEÓ
HFOPBGSJDBOPBNB[ÙOJDBKVʽBNFOUFQPSRVFFTTBTTÍPJEFOUJEBEFT
RVFIJʽPSJDBNFOUFTÍPGPSNBEBTQFMBPQSFTTÍPFQFMBUPUBMBVTÐODJB
EFSFDPOIFDJNFOUP&TFDPOTJEFSBSNPTVNBQPQVMBÎÍPQPCSFFN
OBEBBTTJʽJEBQFMPTQPEFSFTEP&ʽBEPBBCPSEBHFNTFEÈBJOEBOP
UFSSJUØSJP EPT FYDMVÓEPT 1BSB RVBMRVFS TFHNFOUP EB TPDJFEBEF OB
SFHJÍP Ï OPUØSJP P EJʽBODJBNFOUP EFTTB SFnFYÍP iB GBMUB EF SFDP
OIFDJNFOUPOÍPBQFOBTSFWFMBPFTRVFDJNFOUPEPSFʼFJUPEFWJEP
&MBQPEFJOnJHJSVNBGFSJEBDSVFMBPPQSJNJSTVBTWÓUJNBT0SFDPOIF
DJNFOUPOÍPÏVNBTJNQMFTDPSUFTJBRVFTFGB[ÏVNBOFDFTTJEBEF
IVNBOBWJUBMw
0TQPCSFTFYDMVÓEPTGSVUPTEFTTBNFTNBSBDJPOBMJEBEFDSJBNJODÙ
NPEPTQBSBBHMPCBMJ[BÎÍPQFSWFSTBJEFOUJmDBOEPBQBSUJSEBFTDBT
TF[TVBTOFDFTTJEBEFTEFDPOTVNPFQBSBMFMBNFOUFPSHBOJ[BOEPTFVT
TJʽFNBTEFUÏDOJDBTFQPMÓUJDBTDPNPFNSFʼPʽBTËTBVTÐODJBT
iRVBOEP BT QPQVMBÎÜFT QPCSFT VSCBOBT CSBTJMFJSBT TÍP JH
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TJEBEFT OFTTFT DBNQPT BUSBWÏT EF NFJPT BMUFSOBUJWPT RVF
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TIPQQJOHT TVSHFN PT HSBOEFT ADBNFMØESPNPT GFJSBT EF
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PUSBOʼPSUFDPMFUJWPOÍPBUFOEFËTTVBTOFDFTTJEBEFTTVS
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DIGITO_Book.indb 137
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4POTF4JTUFNBT
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OBT TVSHFN ATPMVÎÜFT QBSB TFVT QSPCMFNBT EF DPOTVNP
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DBFQSJODJQBMNFOUFOBDVMUVSB/ÍPIÈDPNPJNQFEJSBSFQSPEVÎÍP
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QPQVMBS SJWBMJ[BOEP DPN B DVMUVSB EF NBTTBT FN PVUSPT OÓWFJT EF
UÏDOJDB EF DBQJUBM F EF PSHBOJ[BÎÍP 4BCFNPT RVF WJWFNPT DFSDB
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PSBDJPOBMJTNPEFUFSNJOBOUFQSPEV[DPOTVNJEPSFTBOUFTNFTNPEF
QSPEV[JSTFVTQSPEVUPT&TTBiJEFPMPHJ[BÎÍPwÏGVOEBNFOUBEBQFMP
JNQÏSJPEBJOGPSNBÎÍPFQVCMJDJEBEFGB[FOEPDPNRVFTFVTQSPEV
UPT DJSDVMFN GVOEBNFOUBEPT OB QSPQBHBOEB JOTJʽFOUF F FOHBOPTB
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EJTDVSTPFVNBQPMÓUJDBUFSSJUPSJBMJ[BEB*TTPOÍPJNQFEFBSFQSPEV
ÎÍP EBT JEFPMPHJBT NBT OÍP QPEFNPT OPT PQPS F EFTFNCPDBS OB
GSBHJMJEBEFJOEJWJEVBMRVBOEPBQFOBTDPOTFHVJNPTJEFOUJmDBSPRVF
OPTTFQBSBFOÍPPRVFOPTVOFÏQFMBUPNBEBEFDPOTDJÐODJBEBT
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WFMBEPSBEPQSØQSJPNPWJNFOUPEBTPDJFEBEFFOP#SBTJMEPDBQJUB
MJTNPJOGPSNBDJPOBMTFIÈJEFOUJEBEFFBMNBOBDJPOBMFMBFODPOUSBB
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6NB PVUSB RVFʽÍP EF GVOEBNFOUBM JNQPSUÉODJB B TF EFʽBDBS
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5FNPTOPQBÓTVNBTJHOJmDBUJWBFYQSFTTJWJEBEFEFSFEFTDPOFʹBEBT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 138
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&ʼBÎP<OBWF>‰NBOJGFʽBÎÍPDPMFUJWBEPBQBSFMIBNFOUPNJEJÈUJDP
TPDJBSEBJOEÞʽSJBEPDPOIFDJNFOUPFJOGPSNBÎÍP4VBTBCPSEBHFOT
SFNFUFNBBTTVOUPTDPNPBPSHBOJ[BÎÍPDPMFUJWBFDPMBCPSBUJWBP
NPWJNFOUPPQFOTPVSDFRVFʽÜFTEFEJʽSJCVJÎÍPEFDPOUFÞEPTVUJ
MJ[BOEPGFSSBNFOUBTEBTOPWBTNÓEJBTBQSPEVÎÍPEFNÓEJBJOEFQFO
EFOUFFUÈUJDBBTTJNDPNPPTQBSBEJHNBTEBQSPQSJFEBEFJOUFMFʹVBM
DPNP P DPQZMFGU F B MJDFOÎB $SFBUJWF $PNNPOT
)È TJNJMBSJEBEFT
OBCVTDBFOBTQSÈUJDBTEPBQBSFMIBNFOUPNJEJÈUJDPOBSFHJÍPTFSJB
VNBUFOUBUJWBVUJMJ[BOEPVNBTPMVÎÍPDPMPDBEBUBNCÏNQPS.JMUPO
4BOUPT EF QBTTBS EF VNB TJUVBÎÍP DSÓUJDB QBSB VNB WJTÍP DSÓUJDB F
FN TFHVJEB BMDBOÎBS VNB UPNBEB EF DPOTDJÐODJB "NCPT FʽÍP Ë
NBSHFNFNHVFUPTFTFQVMWFSJ[BNQBSBNVMUJEÜFTFNUFSSJUØSJPT
EJʽJOUPT4FPEFCBUFEBJOUFSOBDJPOBMJ[BÎÍPEBBNB[ÙOJBSFNFUFB
VNBBQSPQSJBÎÍPFʽSBOHFJSBWBNPTBNB[POJ[BSPNVOEPFJOUFS
OBDJPOBMJ[BSTVBTWP[FTFFYQSFTTÜFT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 139
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EJWVMHBEBVNBiAPGFSUBFʼFDJBMQBSB%+TwEBiÁ/*$"GÈCSJDBEFWJOJM
EP#SBTJMw1PMZTPN3JPEF+BOFJSP
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FWJEFODJBQSÈUJDBTNJDSPQPMÓUJDBTTVCKBDFOUFTBPEJTDVSTPEPT%+T
"DJUBÎÍPBTFHVJSBQSFTFOUBKÈBMHVOTFMFNFOUPTSFMFWBOUFTEFTTB
VUJMJ[BÎÍPQPS%+TEBNÓEJBFNQSFHBEBFNTVBTBUJWJEBEFTDPNPNBS
DBEPSEFQPEFSIJFSBSRVJBFMFHJUJNBÎÍP5SBUBTFEFVNEFQPJNFOUP
EFVN%+EFUFDIOPBDFSDBEFTVBFYQFSJÐODJBDPNVNUPDBEPSEF
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6NBWFSTÍPBOUFSJPSEFTUFUFYUPTFSWJVEFCBTFËNJOIBBQSFTFOUBÎÍPOB‹3FVOJÍP
EB "TTPDJBÎÍP #SBTJMFJSB EF "OUSPQPMPHJB ‰ 0MJOEB 1FSOBNCVDP #SBTJM
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DIGITO_Book.indb 140
10/8/2006 07:17:53
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0ROBPBDIPDFSUPÏBMHVOTGBMBSFNRAVNEK
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EPVOJEPTUPEPTPTEKTJSJBNVTBSDETNBJTJTTPOBPBDPOUF
DF2VFNRUPDBSNVTJDBFMFUSPOJDBVOEFSHSPVOEOBPQPEF
GFDIBSPTPMIPTPTQSPEVUPSFTGB[FNTVBTNVTJDBTFNWJOJM
BTVBQFTRVJTBNVTJDBMUFNRTFSGFJUBOPWJOJM4BFNUCFN
DETDPMFUBOJBT"MCVOT
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EPWJOJM<y>0RFVUJSPEPNFVTBOPTEFEJTDPUFDBHFN
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DVJEBEPTTBPOFDFTTBSJPT
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DIJODTUBMWF[QFMPEJBNFUSPEPDEPVPQPUFODJPNFOUSPR
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PVQSBOBPTBJSFORVBOUPOVNNLUFDIOJDTWDTPMUBF
OBPNFYFNVJUPJTTPWBMFRVBOEPWDBDIBPQJUDIDFSUPEBT
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DPNSFDVSTPTOPSNBMNFOUFOÍPFODPOUSBEPTFNUPDBEPSFTDPNFSDJBJTNBTOFDFTTÈSJPTËT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 141
10/8/2006 07:17:54
4POTF4JTUFNBT
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VNBSFBMJEBEFwiPE<Ø>MBSÏDBSPwFPT%+TTÍPPCSJHBEPTBTFSFOEFSFN
BNÓEJBTNFOPTEJʼFOEJPTBTFNBJTGBDJMNFOUFSFQSPEVUÓWFJTDPNPP
$%"BmSNBÎÍPEFRVFFMFOÍPUFNiSBJWBPV<Ø>EJPQPSRVFNFTDPMIF
VTBS$%wTVHFSFKÈBDBSHBFNPDJPOBMRVFGSFRàFOUFNFOUFBDPNQBOIB
PTEFCBUFTFNUPSOPEFTTBRVFʽÍPWFMBEBOBTVHFʽÍPEFVNBDFSUB
IJQPDSJTJBEBRVFMFTRVFFTDPMIFNVTBS$%TTVQPʽBNFOUFiGFDIBOEP
PTPMIPTwBPGBUPEFRVFiPTQSPEVUPSFTGB[FNTVBTN<Þ>TJDBTFNWJOJMw
FRVFQPSUBOUPiQBSBVNEKBNFMIPSGPOUFWFNEPWJOJMw
5FNPT KÈ FTCPÎBEP QPSUBOUP P UFNB DFOUSBM EB QSPCMFNÈUJDB
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DPT/PDBTPOPUBNPTBQSPQPTJÎÍPEFVNBIJFSBSRVJ[BÎÍPFOUSFPT
%+TRVFVTBNWJOJMFNTVBTBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTFBRVFMFTRVFVTBN$%T
BQBSUJSEFBSHVNFOUPTRVFFWPDBNUBOUPBTWBOUBHFOTUÏDOJDBTEB
NÓEJBBOBMØHJDBFNSFMBÎÍPËEJHJUBMRVBOUPBTVQFSJPSJEBEFFʽÏUJDB
EBRVFMBFNSFMBÎÍPBFʽB6NPVUSPFNBJMEFPVUSP%+EFUFDIOP
BDSFTDFOUBNBJTFMFNFOUPTSFMFWBOUFTËQSPCMFNÈUJDB
i<6>NBWF[GVJUPDBSFNVNBDJEBEFEPJOUFSJPSBÓDIFHVBO
EPMÈOBIPSBRVFGVJUPDBSWJRVFTØUJOIBDEFTFNQJUDI
BJOEB EBÓ QFSHVOUFJ BP DBSB TPCSF BT NL QR FV UPDBWB
DPNWJOJMFOUÍPFMFEJTTFABJOEBFYJʽFEKTRVFVTBNWJOJM FOUÍPFVGBMFJADMBSPEKQSPmTTJPOBMSFʼFJUBTFVQVCMJDPF
UPDBDPNWJOJMPDESBSBNFOUFÏFDPNPVNBSUJmDJPOP
DPOUSBUPDPOʽBWBUVEPRVFFVJSJBQSFDJTBSEBÓFMFSFʼPO
EFVABIFVOFNMJEJSFJUPBTTJOFJEFVNBWF[QRFʽBWBPDV
QBEPDPNBMHVNBTDPJTBTEBGFʽB<y>GPEBGPJPEKMPDBM
EJTDVUJOEPDPNJHPTPCSFBTAWBOUBHFOTEFVTBSDEEBÓFV
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QBSBJTTPFPCFEFDFUPEPTPTSFRVJTJUPTQBSBQSPQPSDJPOBS
VNTPNEFRVBMJEBEFFOÍPBHSFEJSPPVWJEPEPQVCMJDPF
CMBCMBCMBGBMFJRVFPBDFTTPBPNQÏNVJUPGÈDJMNBTRVF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 142
10/8/2006 07:17:54
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BTFYJHÐODJBTDPOUSBUVBJTEPT%+T&MFOPTJOUFSFTTBQPJTPiEFTSFʼFJUPw
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FʼFDJmDJEBEFTEPWJOJMDPNPPGBUPEFTFSiQSFOTBEPFʼFDJBMNFOUF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 143
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DIGITO_Book.indb 144
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DIGITO_Book.indb 145
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DIGITO_Book.indb 146
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DIGITO_Book.indb 147
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DIGITO_Book.indb 148
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DIGITO_Book.indb 149
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DIGITO_Book.indb 151
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UBNFOUF WBJDPOUJOVBSNVEBOEPFFNSJUNPBDFMFSBEPFRVFNVJ
UPNBJTEPRVFVNBHSBOEF WBSJFEBEFEFQFOTBEPSFTPV BUJWJʽBT F
NFTNPEFHSBOEFTUFNBTFDBVTBTRVFUÐNPDVQBEPBDFOBEFTEFPT
BOPTEFPVEFQPSBTTJNEJ[FSPGBUPSNBJTEFDJTJWPEFTTB
NVEBOÎBUFNTJEPBUFDOPMPHJB"TUSBOTGPSNBÎÜFTOBQBJTBHFNEP
NVOEP UÐN TJEP DPOEV[JEBT NVJUP NBJT QFMBT OPWJEBEFT UFDOPMØ
HJDBTEPRVFQPSRVBJTRVFSSFEFTEFTVCKFUJWJEBEFTPVQPSDBEFJBT
EJTDVSTJWBTRVFUFOIBNQPSWFOUVSBFNFSHJEPBQBSUJSEFTTFDFOÈSJP
/FTTFTFOUJEPQPEFTFEJ[FSQPTTPTFSUPNBEPDPNPVNEBRVFMFT
BRVFNTFBDVTBNEFBQPʽBSOVNEFUFSNJOJTNPUFDOPMØHJDPNBT
DSFJPRVFJTTPTFSJBTJNQMJmDBSEFNBJT BTQPTJÎÜFTRVFWFOIPQSPDV
SBOEPJOWFʽJHBSFBTQFSHVOUBTRVFUFJNPFNDPMPDBS
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EFTTBDPOʽBUBÎÍPQBSBNJNJOFWJUÈWFMEFRVFPBHFOUFEFDJTJWPOB
JOʽBMBÎÍPEBQBJTBHFNQSFTFOUFUFNTJEPBUFDOPMPHJBKÈ EFBMHVOT
BOPTQBSBDÈNFQVTBSFnFUJSTPCSFBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFIBWFSFNCVUJ
EBPVDMBOEFʽJOBNFOUFFNUBMUFDOPMPHJBBMHVNBGPSNBEFVUPQJB
VN QSPKFUP EF NVOEP BCSJHBEP OP VOJWFSTP EF QFOTBNFOUP F EF
TFOUJEPEFPOEFUBJTEJʼPTJUJWPTFNFSHJSBNFNFQBSFDFRVFIÈTJN
BCSJHBEBOPEJHJUBMVNBVUPQJBFVEJSJBRVFÏBVUPQJBEPnVYPQFS
GFJUPEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTPVQPEFSTFJB EJ[FSBVUPQJBEF VNNVOEP
TFNSVÓEP
&OUSFUBOUPVNBUFDOPMPHJBUÍPQPEFSPTBOÍPQPEFSJBEFJYBSEF
QPUFODJBMJ[BSDPNPEFGBUPUFNGFJUPNJSÓBEFTEFNPEPTEFSVÓEPOB
DPOEJÎÍPEFRVFFMFTTFKBNDBQB[FTEFTFGPSNVMBSFNFEFTFGPSNB
MJ[BSFNEFVNNPEPMJWSFEFSVÓEPQBSBVTVGSVJSEPTBHFODJBNFOUPT
BCFSUPT QFMP UFDOPMØHJDP UFNPT FOUÍP B TVCNJTTÍP EP SVÓEP BPT
UFSNPTEPBQBSFMIPVNBFʼÏDJFEFOPJTFMFTTOPJTF&TPC BPOJQSF
TFOÎBEBNFEJBÎÍPEBTUFDOPMPHJBTJOGPSNBDJPOBJTFEBNVMUJQMJDBÎÍP
EFTPSEFOBEBNFTNPEFMJSBOUFEPTEBEPTBTDPJTBTTFQBTTBNDPNP
TFOPTTB FYQFSJÐODJBGPTTFBEFQÈSBSBJPTJOGPSNBDJPOBJTPVmMUSPT
DIGITO_Book.indb 152
10/8/2006 07:17:57
"FSBEPSVÓEPTFNSVÓEP
JOGPSNBDJPOBJTRVFNFSBNFOUFBUFSSBNEFTWJBNPVEÍPTFRàÐODJB
BVNWJPMFOUPnVYPJOGPSNBDJPOBMFBTTJNWJWFNPTUFDOPMPHJDBNFO
UFFYQBOEJEPTFUFDOPMPHJDBNFOUFTJUJBEPTJʽPÏFNSFEF
1FSDFQÎÍPDPOUSBUPDPNPNVOEP
/VNUBM JOUFSFTTF QFMBFYQFSJÐODJBDPOUFNQPSÉOFBUFOIPCVT
DBEP BMHVNBT JEÏJBT TPCSF B QFSDFQÎÍP RVF WPV QSPDVSBS FOUÍP
SFMBDJPOBSËRVFʽÜFTEFQPEFSFUFDOPMPHJB²JOUFSFTTBOUFOFʽFDPO
UFYUPDPOUFNQPSÉOFPSFUPNBSNPTEFVNBNBOFJSBCFNTJOUÏUJDB
FDFSUBNFOUFTJNQMJmDBEPSB
BTSFnFYÜFTTPCSFBQFSDFQÎÍPRVFGF[
.FSMFBV1POUZQBSBSFDPMPDBSBSFMFWÉODJBEPQSPCMFNBQFSDFQUJWP
OBDPOʽJUVJÎÍPEPTFOUJEPEBOPTTBFYQFSJÐODJB1BSB.FSMFBV1POUZ
PTFOUJEPEBFYQFSJÐODJBWJWJEBTFEÈ OFTTFFODPOUSPNFEJBEPQFMB
QFSDFQÎÍPEBDPOTDJÐODJBDPNBTDPJTBTFBTEFNBJTTVCKFUJWJEBEFT
OBJOUFSTVCKFUJWJEBEFEPTOPTTPTNVOEPTTJOHVMBSFTGVOEBNPTFTTB
HSBOEFBMVDJOBÎÍPDPMFUJWBRVFDIBNBNPTiPSFBMw²BQFSDFQÎÍPBP
GB[FSFTTBNFEJBÎÍPRVFFʽBCFMFDFOPTTPDPOUSBUPDPNPNVOEP²
UBNCÏNBQFSDFQÎÍPRVFGVOEBFNNJNBQSØQSJBOPÎÍPEFWFSEBEF
F Ï B QBSUJS EFTTB OPÎÍP OBTDJEB EF VNB DFSUB GÏ DPN RVF JOWJʽP
NJOIBTQFSDFQÎÜFTRVFBmMPTPmBFEFQPJTBDJÐODJBQVEFSBNUSBCB
MIBSOVNNÏUPEPRVFHBSBOUJTTFVNBWFSEBEFiSBDJPOBMwFiNBUFNB
UJDBNFOUFEFNPOʽSÈWFMw"QFSDFQÎÍPÏBTTJNBGVOEBÎÍPEPQFOTB
NFOUPFSFTVMUBOVNBFʼÏDJFEFmMPTPmBTJMFODJPTBFJNQFOTBEBEP
DPUJEJBOPRVFTFPDVMUBQBSBRVFQPTTBNPTUFSVNNVOEPFRVFÏP
GVOEPTPCSFPRVBMTFEFʽBDBNOPTTBTJEÏJBTFOPTTPTBUPT
/ÍP TF USBUB QPSÏN EF FOUSBSNPT FN EFUBMIFT BRVJ TPCSF B
SFnFYÍPEF.FSMFBV1POUZ4PNFOUFHPʽBSJBEFBTTJOBMBSRVFBQBSUJS
EFMB QPEFTF TVHFSJS RVF PT TFOUJEPT B QFSDFQÎÍP
OPT MBOÎBN OP
TFOUJEP EJSFÎÍP
EP NVOEP F TÍP B GVOEBÎÍP EP TFOUJEP TJHOJmDB
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MFBV1POUZ QPSÏN Ï RVF B QFSDFQÎÍP Ï DVMUVSBMNFOUF GPSNBEB P
DPOKVOUP EPOPTTPBQBSBUP TFOTPSJBM QFSNJUFEJWFSTPTBSSBOKPTF P
QSFEPNÓOJP FʼFDÓmDP EB WJTÍP RVF DPOʽJUVJ P NPEP EF QFSDFCFS
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DPOUSBUP DPNPSFBM/BWFSEBEFEJGFSFOUFTQPWPTQPTTVFNDPTNP
DIGITO_Book.indb 153
10/8/2006 07:17:58
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
MPHJBTNBSDBEBTQFMBQSJNB[JBEPNVOEPBVEJUJWPEPNVOEPUÈUJMPV
EPNVOEPPMGBUØSJPDPNPWFNNPʽSBOEPEFTEFPTBOPTEF
PUSBCBMIPEPTBOUSPQØMPHPTDBOBEFOTFT$POʽBODF$MBTTFO%BWJE
)PXFTF"OUIPOZ4ZOOPUU
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"HFODJBOEPBHÐOFTFEPTFOUJEPEBFYQFSJÐODJBBQFSDFQÎÍPÏ
DMBSPUPSOBTFDBNQPEFCBUBMIBBIFHFNPOJB TPCSFPDBNQPQFS
DFQUJWPDPOʽJUVJBIFHFNPOJBTPCSFPTTFOUJEPTRVFBTTVNFPSFBM
QBSBBFYQFSJÐODJBDPNQBSUJMIBEBÏPRVF+BDRVFT3BODJÒSFDIBNBiB
QBSUJMIBEPTFOTÓWFMw1PSVNMBEPJOÞNFSPTDØEJHPTQFSDFQUJWPTDP
UJEJBOPTNBSDBNSFMBÎÜFTEFHÐOFSPEFDMBTTFFEFIJFSBSRVJBTOVNB
FNQSFTBQPSFYFNQMPFORVBOUPBPTVQFSJPSTFQFSNJUFUPDBSPTGVO
DJPOÈSJPTBFʽFTOÍPÏQFSNJUJEPUPDBSPDIFGFFMFÏJOUPDÈWFM$POT
UBODF$MBTTFOEFTDSFWFPNPEPQFSWFSTPDPNPOBTDJSDVOʽÉODJBT
EFHSBEBEBTEBWJEBOPTDBNQPTEFDPODFOUSBÎÍPBTPmDJBJTOB[JʽBT
PʽFOUBWBN FN TVBT WJTJUBT SJDPT QFSGVNFT RVF BT TJUVBWBN OVN
VOJWFSTPRVBTFJOUBOHÓWFMEJBOUFEBJNVOEÓDJFFEBGBMUBEFIJHJFOFB
RVFFSBNTVCNFUJEPTPTQSJTJPOFJSPT PTBSPNBTFSBNFOUÍPTJHOP
EFQPEFS FVNBGPSNBEFUPSUVSB.FOPTPVNBJTTVUJTDØEJHPTQFS
DFQUJWPTEFTTBPSEFNBTTPDJBEPTBIJFSBSRVJBTEFDMBTTFFEFQPEFS
QPEFNTFSFODPOUSBEPTFNUPEPTPTVOJWFSTPTTFOTPSJBJT FNUPEPT
PTOÓWFJTEPWJWJEPFNUPEBTBTTPDJFEBEFT
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ÐODJBQFSDFQUJWBTFEÈEFGPSNBNBJTEFDJTJWBOPDBNQPFYQFSJFODJBM
DPNPVNUPEP4FWFʽJNPTOPTTBBCFSUVSBBPNVOEPEBGÏQFSDFQ
UJWBEFRVFGBMB.FSMFBV1POUZÏOFTTBBCFSUVSBQBSBPNVOEPRVF
DPOʽJUVÓNPTVNBFʼÏDJFEFNPSBEBQFSDFQUJWBPNVOEPEFOPTTB
GBNJMJBSJEBEFPNVOEPFNRVFJOWFʽJNPTOPTTPBGFUP6NFYFNQMP
USJWJBMQPEFFMVDJEBSBRVFʽÍPDBEBVNEFOØTKÈWJWFVBFYQFSJÐODJB
EFBQØTDFSUPUFNQPWJBKBOEPNFTNP RVFFNDPOEJÎÜFT FYUSBPSEJ
OÈSJBTTFOUJSPEFTFKPEFTBCPSFBSVNQSBUPEFTVBUFSSBOBUBMTFOUJS
PDPOGPSUPEPNVOEPEFTVBGBNJMJBSJEBEFDPOmHVSBEBFNVNVOJ
WFSTPEFTFOTBÎÜFTPOEFTFDPOʽJUVJVTVBFYQFSJÐODJB®NFEJEBRVF
UPEPPNVOEPRVFIBCJUBNPTÏIPKFUFSSJUØSJPEFTFOTBÎÜFTJOʽBMB
EPQFMBIJʽØSJBQFMBDVMUVSBFQFMBTJOʽÉODJBTEFQPEFSPNVOEP
DIGITO_Book.indb 154
10/8/2006 07:17:58
"FSBEPSVÓEPTFNSVÓEP
EFOPTTB GBNJMJBSJEBEFTFDPOʽJUVJTFHVOEPPDBNQPQFSDFQUJWPJOT
UBMBEPQPSFTTBIJʽØSJB0TTJHOPTESBNÈUJDPTEBQSFTFOÎBEPQPEFS
DPOʽJUVJOEPVNNVOEPDPOUFNQPSÉOFPTPCSF PRVBMTFQSPKFUBN
EFNPEP QPVDPQFOTBEPPTBGFUPTTÍPQPSVNMBEPBPOJQSFTFOÎB
EFMPHPUJQPTDPSQPSBUJWPTFNFʼBÎPTPVUSPSBQÞCMJDPTRVFDPOmHV
SBNBGBMÐODJBEP &ʽBEPNPEFSOPDPNPQPEFSMFHÓUJNPFNBOBEP
EPQPWPFDPNPCFNOPUBP$SJUJDBM"SU&OTFNCMFFTTFEFTJOUFSFTTF
EP&ʽBEPQFMPTFʼBÎPTQÞCMJDPTFʽÈ EJSFUBNFOUFMJHBEP ËEJTTPMV
ÎÍPEPMPDVTEPQPEFSOBTJOʽÉODJBTOÙNBEFTEBSFEFF QPSPVUSP
BDPOTPMJEBÎÍPEFUPEPVNNVOEPEF TBCPSFTFBSPNBTFFʼBÎPT
DBMDVMBEPTFQMBOFKBEPTRVFDPOʽJUVFNBGVOEBÎÍPEFUPEBBFYQFSJ
ÐODJBDPOUFNQPSÉOFBBHÐOFTFEPTTFOUJEPTWJWJEPTOÍPQFSDFCFNPT
OFOIVNBJOʽÉODJBEPWJWJEPRVFOÍPTFKBNBSDBEBQFMBPOJQSFTFOÎB
DPSQPSBUJWBPVQFMBNFEJBÎÍPUÏDOJDBEFUPEBTBTTFOTBÎÜFT
1FSDFQÎÍPFUFDOPMPHJBUFʽFNVOIPTOPUÈWFJT
4FBDFJUBNPTBTUFTFTEFRVFBQFSDFQÎÍPÏBHÐOFTFEPTFOUJEP
EBFYQFSJÐODJBFEFRVFIÈVNBJOʽÉODJBEFQPEFSSFMBDJPOBEBËIF
HFNPOJB TPCSFPDBNQPQFSDFQUJWPFʽÓNVMPTBMJÈTDBMDVMBEPTDBEB
WF[NBJT TFHVOEP BTNBJTBVʼJDJPTBTFBUFNPSJ[BOUFTUSBUBTF EF
JNQPSVNBTVCKFUJWJEBEFQPSNFJPEPDÈMDVMPEBQFSDFQÎÍPDPNP
TFQBMBWSBTDPNPiGFMJDJEBEFwGPTTFNSFEVUÓWFJTBPVOJWFSTPMJNJUBEP
EPTFYQFSJNFOUPTMBCPSBUPSJBJTFBPT RVFʽJPOÈSJPTQMBOFKBEPT
QFT
RVJTBTEBQTJDPMPHJBFEBOFVSPMPHJB FOUÍPOÍPQPEFNPTEFJYBSEF
OPUBSUBNCÏNBJOUFSWFOÎÍP EFDJTJWBEBTUFDOPMPHJBTEFNFEJBÎÍP
TPCSFPDBNQPQFSDFQUJWP5BMJOUFSGFSÐODJBGPJQSJNFJSBNFOUFOPUB
EBQPS#FOKBNJOOPTFVUFYUPDMÈTTJDPTPCSFBSFQSPEVUJCJMJEBEFFN
RVFBTTJOBMBBQSFTFOÎBEFVNBNPEBMJEBEFFʼFDÓmDBEBQFSDFQÎÍP
NPEFSOB BUFOUB B UVEP P RVF TF SFQFUF JEFOUJDBNFOUF OP NVOEP
BGFJUBËTFʽBUÓʽJDBTFEFʼJEBEFJOWFʽJNFOUPBVSÈUJDPFEBBCFSUVSB
EFVNJODPOTDJFOUFØQUJDP 1BSB#FOKBNJOTBCFNPTBT UFDOPMPHJBT
JOUFSWÐNEFDJTJWBNFOUFOPDBNQPQFSDFQUJWP
6NBBCPSEBHFNEFBMHVNNPEPTFNFMIBOUFGPJBRVFMBDPOEV[JEB
FNUFSNPTSBEJDBJT QPS.D-VIBORVF BTTPDJPV ËTUFDOPMPHJBTBQP
UÐODJBEFJNQPSNPEPTEFQFSDFCFSPNVOEP FFNDPOTFRàÐODJB
DIGITO_Book.indb 155
10/8/2006 07:17:58
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
NPEPTEFPSEFOBS FGPSNBMJ[BSDPOIFDJNFOUP6NØUJNP FYFNQMP
NFOPTDPNVNÏPEBNÈRVJOBEFYFSPYFUPEBBSFPSHBOJ[BÎÍPEP
FOTJOPVOJWFSTJUÈSJPRVFFMBEFUFSNJOPVBQBSUJSEBEÏDBEBEF QPVDPJNQPSUBNRVBJTDPOUFÞEPTGPSBNGPUPDPQJBEPTEPQPOUPEF
WJʽBEF.D-VIBOTBCFNPTBNFOTBHFNEBNÈRVJOBÏBSFPSEFOB
ÎÍPRVFFMBJNQÙTBTNVEBOÎBTEFIÈCJUPFBFDPOPNJBRVFFNUPSOP
EFMBTFDPOʽJUVFN0TNFJPTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP MJWSPmMNFUFMFWJTÍP
DPNQVUBEPS JODJEFN EJSFUBNFOUF TPCSF B QFSDFQÎÍP EFUFSNJOBN
NPEPTEFQFSDFCFSPNVOEPRVFSFCBUFNOPWBNFOUFTPCSFPSFBM
RVFTFSFPSEFOBËTVBJNBHFNFTFNFMIBOÎB
5BNCÏN 7JMÏN 'MVTTFS BUSJCVJV FOPSNF QBQFM BP iEJMÞWJP EBT
JNBHFOTUÏDOJDBTwFNBJTEFVNBVUPSKÈPCTFSWPVPQBSFOUFTDPFOUSF
PSBEJDBMJTNPnVTTFSJBOPFPQFOTBNFOUPEF.D-VIBO1BSB'MVTTFS
BTJNBHFOTUÏDOJDBTDPOʽJUVFNJOEFQFOEFOUFNFOUFEPiDPOUFÞEP
JNQSFTTPwFNTVBT TVQFSGÓDJFTVNBNFOTBHFN DPEJmDBEBFNTFVT
QSPHSBNBTFRVFTFEÈDPNPBVUPNBUJ[BÎÍPEFVNNPEPEFTJHOJ
mDBS F TF BQPEFSBS EP NVOEP "MHP TJNJMBS ËRVJMP RVF .D-VIBO F
'MVTTFSGPSNVMBSBNQPEFTFFODPOUSBSUBNCÏNFN1BVM7JSJMJPQBSB
RVFNBHVFSSBÏFNQSJNFJSPMVHBSVNBHVFSSBQFSDFQUJWB&NUSB
CBMIPTSFDFOUFTQSPDVSFJNPʽSBSBTBmOJEBEFTFNVNBSFPSEFOBÎÍP
EB IJFSBSRVJB EPT TFOUJEPT QSPNPWJEB QFMB DVMUVSB EJHJUBM FN RVF
PPMIBSÏSFQPTJDJPOBEPOVNDBNQPTJOFʽFTJDBNFOUFTBUVSBEPEF
TFOTBÎÜFTTFHVOEPVNNPEFMPQFSDFQUJWPRVFUFOIPDIBNBEPiQFS
DFQÎÍPEJHJUBMw&NTFVTWÓODVMPTQPVDPQFOTBEPTDPNFTTFBSTFOBM
UFDOPMØHJDPRVFIPKFBHFODJBEFNPEPVCÓRVPUPEBTBTJOʽÉODJBTEP
SFBMEPTFYPËHVFSSBEPMB[FSËDJÐODJBFTTBTJOFʽFTJB UFDOJmDBEB
UFNOBWFSEBEFQPVDBSFMBÎÍPDPN FYQFSJÐODJBTUSBEJDJPOBJTFSJUV
BJTEFDVMUVSBTOÍPUFDOPMØHJDBTDPNPRVFSFNDSFSBRVFMFTRVFDPO
mBNJOHFOVBNFOUFOBUSBOʼBSÐODJBEPTVQPSUFEJBOUFEBPSEFNEF
FYQFSJÐODJBRVFJOBVHVSB
"SUFFQPEFSQBTTFJPOPDBNQPEFHVFSSB
'PJOVN QBTTFJPQFMP)ZEF 1BSLMPOESJOPRVF FVmOBMNFOUFF
UBSEJBNFOUFFOUFOEJBTJNQMJDBÎÜFTEBRVJMPRVFTFDIBNBDPOTPMJEB
ÎÍPEBBVUPOPNJBEBBSUFBPMPOHPEPTÏDVMP9*9EFRVFFNFSHJSBN
DIGITO_Book.indb 156
10/8/2006 07:17:59
"FSBEPSVÓEPTFNSVÓEP
BBSUFNPEFSOBBTWBOHVBSEBTFmOBMNFOUFBQSPGVTÍPEFEJTDVSTPT
EFNBUFSJBJTEFBWFOUVSBTFQSPQPTJÎÜFTFʽÏUJDBTFDPODFJUVBJTRVF
DPOmHVSBNBDPNQMFYBQBJTBHFNEBBSUFDPOUFNQPSÉOFBFQFOTP
RVFOFTTFTFOUJEPBTQSPEVÎÜFTQPÏUJDBTRVFFNQSFHBNNBUFSJBJTF
TVQPSUFTUFDOPMØHJDPTOÍPQPEFNTFOÍPQPSSB[ÜFTEFVNBOFDFTTJ
EBEFEFDMBTTJmDBÎÍPRVFÏOPGVOEPFTTFODJBMNFOUFNPEFSOBTFSFN
QPʽBTËQBSUFOVNDBNQPNBJTBNQMPEFQPÏUJDBTDPOUFNQPSÉOFBT
/BWFSEBEFÏFNDPNQBOIJBEFPCSBTRVFOÍPUÐNFNTFVQSPKFUPP
GFUJDIFEBUFDOPMPHJBRVFNFMIPSTFFOUFOEFNBTEJGFSFOÎBTFTPCSF
UVEPBTTFNFMIBOÎBTFOUSFFTTFTUSBCBMIPTRVF BmOBMQFSUFODFNF
NFTNPFWJEFODJBNUFOTÜFTRVFDPOʽJUVFNVNBNFTNBÏQPDB4FSÈ
QPSBDBTPRVFNPEBMJEBEFTCBUJ[BEBTEFQFSGPSNBODFPVJOʽBMBÎÍP
FʽFKBNUÍPGPSUFNFOUFQSFTFOUFTOPTUFSSJUØSJPTUFDOPMØHJDPTFWB
NPTEJ[FSOÍPUFDOPMØHJDPT 0VRVFFTTBTQBMBWSBTUFOIBNTJEPBEP
UBEBTQBSBEFTJHOBSNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTRVFFNFSHFNFNTJODSPOJBDPNP
EFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPQBSRVFEJHJUBM
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QPOTÈWFJTQFMBBENJOJʽSBÎÍPEBTQPTTFTDPMPOJBJTEPJNQÏSJPCSJUÉOJ
DPFEFQSÓODJQFTFQSJODFTBTSFJTFSBJOIBTRVFGPSBNBFODBSOBÎÍP
EFVNDFSUPNPEFMPEFQPEFSRVFQVEFEFGBUPFOUFOEFSVNBDPJTB
OBWFSEBEFCBʽBOUFØCWJBRVFÏPRVBOUPBPCSBEFBSUFFʽFWFIJT
UPSJDBNFOUFWJODVMBEBËQSPEVÎÍPEPTTJHOPTEFEFUFSNJOBEPTEJT
DVSTPTF BVNDBNQPQFSDFQUJWPBTTPDJBEPBFʽBPVBRVFMBPSEFN
EFQPEFSB*HSFKBBOPCSF[BBCVSHVFTJBP&ʽBEPFUDFDPNPBTVB
DPORVJʽBEFVNDBNQPEPUBEPEFVNBDFSUBBVUPOPNJB‰TFNQSF
QSPCMFNÈUJDBJOʽÈWFMFBUSBWFTTBEBQPSUPEBT BTPSEFOTEFJOUFSFT
TFTFEJTDVSTPTNBTFOmNVNBBVUPOPNJBDPNPUFSSJUØSJPOBDVMUV
SBFDPNPDBNQPEFTBCFS‰QFSNJUJVDPNRVFTFQSPEV[JTTFNPT
TJHOPTEFPVUSBTPSEFOTEFEJTDVSTPEFPVUSBTDBEFJBTTJNCØMJDBTEF
PVUSBTPSEFOTFYQFSJFODJBJTFEFTVCKFUJWJEBEFTBMUFSOBUJWBTPVNFT
NPPQPʽBTËRVFMBPSEFN5FSSJUØSJPRVFBCSJHBPJOGPSNBMJ[ÈWFMRVF
BQPOUB QBSB BMÏN EPT MJNJUFT FʽSFJUPT EB MJOHVBHFN F TVBT EFUFS
NJOBÎÜFTUFSSJUØSJPEFWFSEBEFTUSBOTJUØSJBTGSVUPEFFNCBUFTDPN
DPOUFYUPTEFQPEFSFʼFDÓmDPTFEFSFnFYÍPTPCSFBTMJOIBTEFGPSÎB
RVFOPTBUSBWFTTBNFEFUFSNJOBNOPTTPDPUJEJBOPBBSUFQFSNBOFDF
DIGITO_Book.indb 157
10/8/2006 07:17:59
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
QPSJOÞUJMËPSEFNTPCDPOʽBOUFBNFBÎBFDBEBWF[NBJTOFDFTTÈSJB
"HSBOEFMJÎÍPEBBSUFDPOUFNQPSÉOFBGPJUPSOBSPBSUJʽBDPOTDJFOUF
EBTDBEFJBTEJTDVSTJWBTFEPTDJSDVJUPT TFNJØUJDPTBPTRVBJTTFBMJOIB
EBT GBMBT RVF GVOEB BMJNFOUB PV SFWFSCFSB F DPN BT RVBJT EJBMPHB
0EJTDVSTPJOHÐOVPEBFYQSFTTJWJEBEF QPVDPSFnFUJEBDPSSFTFNQSF
PSJTDPEFTFSBQSPQSJBEPDPNPTÓNCPMPEPQPEFSJOʽBMBEPDPNPVQ
HSBEFEJTTJNVMBEPOVNBFSBEBIFHFNPOJBEBTHSBOEFTDPSQPSBÎÜFT
EBT FʽÈUVBT EB OPCSF[B F EP EJTDVSTP EPNJOBOUF 0 FYFNQMP QB
SBEJHNÈUJDPEBSFTJʽÐODJBQFSNBOFDFDVSJPTBNFOUFTFOEPPVSJOPM
B'POUFEVDIBNQJBOBTFQPSVNMBEP(PFCFMMTQFEJBBPTDJOFBʽBT
BMFNÍFTRVFMIFEFTTFNVN 1PUFNLJODPNPPEF&JTFOʽFJOQBSFDF
NBJTEJGÓDJMJNBHJOBS4UBMJOTPMJDJUBOEPBPTBSUJʽBTTPWJÏUJDPTRVFMIF
EFTTFNPTFVVSJOPM
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POUPMØHJDBT EF UFNQP F FʼBÎP "T EJʽÉODJBT EFTBQBSFDFSBN F B
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QFMPVSHFOUFDPNPEJ[(JMMFT-JQPWFUTLZ²DVSJPTPQPSÏNRVF-JQP
WFUTLZOÍPTFEÐDPOUBEBTEFUFSNJOBÎÜFTEBUFDOPMPHJBOBDPOʽJUVJ
ÎÍPEFTTFUFNQPIJQFSNPEFSOP&TPCSFUVEPRVFOÍPUFOIBOPUBEP
RVFPNPNFOUPEFSFMBYBNFOUPEBTUFOTÜFTNPEFSOBT RVFBMFHSF
NFOUFWJWFNPTDPNPBQØTNPEFSOJEBEFSFQSFTFOUPVQSFDJTBNFOUF
PIJBUPFOUSFBEJTTPMVÎÍPEPTSJHPSFTEBPSEFN NPEFSOBGVOEBEB
OPMJWSPFBJOʽBMBÎÍPEFVNBOPWBNPEBMJEBEFEFQPEFSNBJTSJHP
SPTBQFMPDPOUSPMFQFMBWJHJMÉODJBQFMPDÈMDVMP JODFTTBOUFEFUPEBT
BTJOʽÉODJBTEPWJWJEPQFMBQSPEVUJWJEBEFDPNQVMTJWBFQFMPGFUJDIF
EBQSFDJTÍPFEBFmDJÐODJBQFMPDVMUPËBOPSFYJBFËUFDOJmDBÎÍPEPT
BGFUPTFNRVFPTWBMPSFTDIBWFEBPSEFNQSPEVUJWBEBNPEFSOJEBEF
TÍPUSBOTGFSJEPTBPQBSRVFUFDOPMØHJDPRVFEFUFSNJOBBTDPOEJÎÜFT
EPNVOEPIJQFSNPEFSOP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 158
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"FSBEPSVÓEPTFNSVÓEP
JOUFSOFUFTFVTNJMIÜFTEFNPOJUPSFTFʼBMIBEPTQFMPTDJODPDPOUJ
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DPNUPEPTPMIBOEPQBSBUFMBTJEÐOUJDBTFFTDVUBOEPNÞTJDBFNGPS
NBUP .1 $PNP QFOTBS UBM DPOUFYUP QFSDFQUJWP 1PSRVF TVCMJNJ
OBSNFOUFFʽBNPTUPEPTPMIBOEPJODFTTBOUFNFOUFQBSBBTNFTNBT
FʽSVUVSBTEFQJYFMTPOJQSFTFOUFT&OUÍPUBMWF[GPTTFPDBTPEFQFOTBS
FNBMHVNUJQPEFUFSSPSJTNPQFSDFQUJWPDPNPÞOJDBBMUFSOBUJWBQBSB
EFnBHSBS RVBMRVFS SFWPMVÎÍP OPT TFOUJEPT EP WJWJEP RVF TF RVFJSB
QPTTÓWFM&VQFOTPRVFFTTFUJQPEFUFSSPSJTNPPÞOJDPRVFFVDPOTJ
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RVFSFNPTGVHJSEFJNQMJDBÎÜFTQPTTÓWFJTEFTTFUFSNPUÍPDBSSFHBEPF
VNUBOUPTJOJʽSPRVFÏBQBMBWSBUFSSPSJTNPUBMWF[QPTTBNPTBEPUBS
VNUFSNPNBJTCSBOEPRVF ÏBQBMBWSBiHVFSSJMIBwDBCFËBSUFQFS
NBOFDFSOFTTFFʽBEPEFBMFSUBEFBGSPOUBNFOUPEFFOGSFOUBNFOUP
FEFBDPSEBNFOUPRVFÏQSÈUJDBEFVNBJODFTTBOUFHVFSSJMIBDPOUSB
BFOUSPQJBEPDBNQPQFSDFQUJWPUPNBEPBRVJDPNPTBCFNPTDPNP
DBNQPEFQPEFSPOEFTFEFmOFNPTNPEPTEFTJHOJmDBÎÍPEPSFBM
DIGITO_Book.indb 159
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2VBOEP VN QSPEVUPS DVMUVSBM EFDJEF SFBMJ[BS VNB QSPQPʽB
OPWBPV BUÏNFTNPGPSBEPTQBESÜFTDPNFSDJBJT
BDBCBQPSUSBWBS
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TFVTJEFBJT
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UJSBNQSPWFJUPEBFʽBHOBÎÍPNFOUBMEPQBÓTBPMJHBSRVJBPJNQFSJB
MJTNPBDPSSVQÎÍPFPNPOPQØMJPEBDPNVOJDBÎÍP
0&TRVBESÍP4BSDÈʽJDPÏVNHSVQPEFJOUFSWFOÎÍPOBNÓEJBRVF
VTBDPNPGFSSBNFOUBTBMVUBQFMBEFNPDSBUJ[BÎÍPEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPB
BSUFPHPMQFEFNBSLFUJOHFBQSPQBHBOEBHSBUVJUBOBEJWVMHBÎÍPFVTP
EPTWFÓDVMPTBMUFSOBUJWPTDBVTBOEPJNQBʹPOPTNFJPTDPOWFODJPOBJT
-FNCSBNPTBJOEB RVFOFN NFTNPPVTPEFTTFTÏEJʼFOTÈWFM
FNGVOÎÍPEBWJTJCJMJEBEF
QPJTUPEPPFʼBÎPFSFDVSTPQPSNBJT
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iQBTTBSJBwQFMPTQSPDFTTPTOPSNBJTy
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5PEPPHPMQFEFNBSLFUJOHVOJEPBVN EJTDVSTPFOHBKBEPNFT
NPDPNBTNFMIPSFTJOUFOÎÜFTQPTTÓWFJT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 160
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4ØRVFVNFTRVBESÍPGFJUPEFHVFSSJMIFJSPTEFQBQFMTPOTFCZUFT
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SBMIÈNPSUPTFGFSJEPTMVUBNPTQBSBRVFPQÞCMJDPOÍPTFKBBQFOBTBMWP
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QBSB QSPDFTTÈMBT Ï OFDFTTÈSJP BMÏN EF FʽÙNBHP VNBQÐOEJDF EF
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1PJTTBSDBTNPÏDSJUJDBSTPSSJOEP
0T 4BSDÈʽJDPT DVMUJWBN B EFTJMVTÍP DPNP VN TFOUJNFOUP DPO
UFʽBEPS FDPOʽSVUJWPOPTFOUJEPRVFOÍPUFOEPRVFFʼFSBSQPS
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DIGITO_Book.indb 161
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0T4BSDÈʽJDPTTÍPJOEJWÓEVPTGSVʽSBEPTFBVUPDSÓUJDPTQBSPEJBO
EPTFFNUVEPRVFBNÓEJBTVCTFSWJFOUFBPTJʽFNBFQPSUBOUPEF
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PGFSFDFUFNTFOBQBSØEJB OBiBOUSPQPGBHJBw BÞOJDBWJBEFEJTDFS
OJNFOUPQBSBBWFSEBEFJSBDSJBUJWJEBEF&NNFJPBUPEBFTTBiSFDJDMB
HFNwEF SVÓOBTP4BSDÈʽJDP TPSSJEFQFSQMFYBJOEJHOBÎÍPTBUVSBEP
DPNPTBUVBJTNFJPTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPRVFQPSNPUJWPEFGPSÎBNBJPS
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IPSBEFWPUBSUFSFEVDBSTFVTmMIPTF JOUFSBHJSDPOTDJFOUFNFOUFOP
NFJPBNCJFOUFFWPMVJOEPEFʽBiFSBEBTUSFWBTwOÍPNVJUPEJGFSFO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 162
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UJPOBSGÏTwEF1BVMP'SFJSFUFOUBOEPOÍPQFSEFSBUFSOVSBDPNP$IF
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DPOUSJCVFNQBSBRVFBTVCTJʽÐODJBMJUFSÈSJBFMJUFSBMOFTTFQBÓTTFKB
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4DJFODF"VHVʽPEPT"OKPTFVNBJOmOJEBEFBJOEBNBJPSFRVFOÍP
WBJDIFHBSOFNQFSUPEPTDVSSÓDVMPTFTDPMBSFTEPTOPTTPTOFUPT²QPS
JTTPRVF&TRVBESÍP4BSDÈʽJDPMVUBQFMBEFNPDSBUJ[BÎÍPEBDPNVOJ
DBÎÍPFQFMBWJBCJMJ[BÎÍPEFWFÓDVMPTBMUFSOBUJWPTFDPNVOJUÈSJPTRVF
BUSBWÏTEFTFVEFTWÓODVMPDPNBMØHJDBQVSBNFOUFDPNFSDJBMGBÎBN
VNUSBCBMIPEFDPOUSBJOGPSNBÎÍPSFFEVDBÎÍPFNBOVUFOÎÍPEFWB
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BSRVJWPQBSBBTHFSBÎÜFTGVUVSBTSFHJʽSBOEPFQSPDFTTBOEPPTGBUPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 163
10/8/2006 07:18:00
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SF[BTEFGPSNBDBEBWF[NBJTNFEJBEB4FDPOTJEFSBSNPTRVFBNBJP
SJBEBTQFTTPBTRVFGSFRàFOUBNPDJSDVJUPEBBSUFOÍPTFSFMBDJPOB
DPNBSFBMJEBEFEFGPSNBDPUJEJBOBFGFUJWB/PTQSPUFHFNPTEFTTB
SFBMJEBEFBUSBWÏTEBVUJMJ[BÎÍPEFDBSSPTEFQPSUBSJBTHSBEFTKBOFMBT
DPOEPNÓOJPTDFSDBEPTQSÏEJPTEJʽBOUFTEPDFOUSPEBTDBQJUBJT/FN
UPEPTBTTVNFNNBTOÍPÏTFNQSFRVFBTQFTTPBTFODPOUSBNEJʼP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 164
10/8/2006 07:18:01
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TVCʽSBUPEFTFVTQSPEVUPTNFSDBEPSJBTFTFSWJÎPT "MHVOTFYFNQMPT "QVCMJDJEBEFIÈNVJUPTFBQSPQSJPVEFVNB
FʽÏUJDBTVQPʽBNFOUFEPDVNFOUBMCBTFBEBOBiSFBMJEBEFwPVOBTV
QPʽBMFHJUJNJEBEFPGFSFDJEBQPSGBUPTSFBJT‰DPNPFNUFʽFNVOIPT
DPMIJEPTDPNDÉNFSBTUSÐNVMBTDSJBOEPTJOUBYFTEFVNB iQSFDBSJF
EBEFRVFTFQSFUFOEFWFSEBEFw5SBUBTFEFVNBFʽÏUJDBDPOIFDJEB
UPNBEBQPSFNQSÏʽJNPEPTQSPHSBNBTQPMJDJBTEPUJQP"RVJ"HPSB
FNRVFBFRVJQFTFNQSFFOGSFOUBTJUVBÎÜFTEFSJTDPPVUFOTÍP0GBUP
ÏRVFFTTBNFTNBFʽÏUJDBTFFODPOUSBIPKFQSFTFOUFFNBOÞODJPTEF
TBCÍPFNQØFMFUSPEPNÏʽJDPTFOVNBJOmOJEBEFEFQSPEVUPTRVF
OBEB UÐN FN DPNVN DPN QSPDFTTPT EPDVNFOUBJT DBSBʹFSJ[BEPT
QFMBVSHÐODJBPVQFMBQSFDBSJFEBEF
0EFTJHOQPSTVBWF[TFJOʼJSBOBBVUFOUJDJEBEFEFDPJTBTQP
QVMBSFTF FʼPOUÉOFBTOBTMFUSBTNBOVTDSJUBTJNQFSGFJUBTSFQSPEV
)ÈJOÞNFSPTGBUPSFTRVFDPNQSPWBNJTTPIPKFFNEJBFFVUFOIPVNUFYUPCFNNBJT
GPDBMJ[BEPOFTTFUFNB
DIGITO_Book.indb 165
10/8/2006 07:18:01
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
[JOEPDBMJHSBmBTFGPOUFTUPTDBTSFGFSFODJBEBTOBFTDSJUBWFSOBDVMBSF
FʼPOUÉOFBEFVNBQPQVMBÎÍPQBSDBNFOUFBMGBCFUJ[BEB
0TCMPHTDPOʽJUVFNIPKFVNWFÓDVMPEFMFHJUJNBÎÍPKPSOBMÓʽJDB
FMJUFSÈSJB4ÍPEFGBUPVNGFOÙNFOPOJUJEBNFOUFJOʼJSBEPOPPSEJ
OÈSJPDBQB[EFEBSQPEFSBPQPOUPEFWJʽBiDPNVNw"VUÐOUJDPTOB
NFEJEBFNRVFTVHFSFNVNBEFTDFOUSBMJ[BÎÍPEPQFOTBNFOUPJOʽJ
UVDJPOBMJ[BEPFMFT WÐNTFOEPDBEBWF[NBJTBDFTTBEPTDPNPGPOUFT
UÍPPVNBJTDPOmÈWFJTRVFPTWFÓDVMPTEFJOGPSNBÎÍPFʽBCFMFDJEPT
RVF KÈ OÍP NBJT DPOWFODFN OJOHVÏN DPNP KBOFMBT BCFSUBT QBSB B
SFBMJEBEF VN EPT QSPQØTJUPT EB $//
"UFʽBN B QPUFODJBMJ[BÎÍP
EPQSPTBJDPEPiUSJWJBMwFNDPOUSBQPTJÎÍPËiWFSEBEFJEFPMØHJDBwEPT
HSBOEFTJNQÏSJPTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP
"TUFDOPMPHJBTMJHBEBTËTJNBHFOTEF TÓOUFTFOPTQSPNFUJBNBP
MPOHPEPTBOPTEFBDSJBÎÍPEFVOJWFSTPTJNBHJOÈSJPTEFʼSFO
EJEPT EB SFBMJEBEF GPSNBT EF MJCFSUBÎÍP EB WJTÍP JNQPʽB QFMB DÉ
NFSBGPUPHSÈmDBPVEFDJOFNB.FTNPOFTTFDBNQPRVFJODMVJPT
WJEFPHBNFTFPVUSBTGPSNBTJOGPHSÈmDBTPRVFTFQBTTPVGPJEJʽJOUP
EP QSPNFUJEP /B HSBOEF NBJPSJB EPT DPNQVUFSHBNFT FYJʽFOUFT
IPKFUPNBTFFNQSFʽBEBOÍPBQFOBTVNBFʽÏUJDBNBTDPODFJUPTF
TJUVBÎÜFTEFVNBSFBMJEBEFUÓQJDBEPNVOEPNBJTJNFEJBUP&NNVJ
UPTPBWBUBSOÍPÏNBJTVNTVQFSIPNFNNBTVNDJEBEÍPDPNVN
NFNCSPOÍPEBDMBTTFEPTFʼFDJBJTNBTEPTPQSJNJEPT
$BEB WF[ NBJT QSFTFOUFT FN OPTTPT NBJMCPYFT P VOJWFSTP EP
ʼBNTJNVMBGBUPT RVFUBNCÏNTFQSFUFOEFNiSFBMJEBEFw²NFTNP
OBSFEFRVFPTFYFNQMPTTÍPNBJTJNQMBDÈWFJT0TiSFBMJUZQPSOTJUFTw
P (PPHMF MJʽB EPJT NJMIÜFT TFUFDFOUPT F EF[ NJM EFMFT FN NFOPT
EFTFHVOEP
TÍPVNBDBUFHPSJBSFMBUJWBNFOUFOPWBTJNVMBOEP
TJUVBÎÜFTEPJNBHJOÈSJPQPQVMBSFNTVBTNBJTEJSFUBTNBOJGFʽBÎÜFT
HBOHCBOHTBEPMFTDFOUFTRVFGB[FNTFYPQPSEJOIFJSPQBSDFJSBTTF
YVBJTUSB[JEBTEBSVBHBSPUBTMBUJOBTmMNFTEFFʽVQSPGFʽBTVOJWFS
TJUÈSJBTWJ[JOIBTTBGBEBTHBSPUPTFHBSPUBTCÐCBEBTFUD5VEPQBSFDF
DPOWFSHJSFNVNB TÏSJFEFTJUVBÎÜFT WFSEBEFJSBTPVOÍPNBTUPEBT
CVTDBOEPBUPEPDVʽPiQBSFDFSFNSFBJTwDPNPBiSFBMJEBEFw
&OmNTÍPNVJUPTPTFYFNQMPTEFNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTBSUÓʽJDBTDVMUV
SBJTFDPNFSDJBJTRVFDPSSPCPSBSJBNDPNFTTBiJEÏJBwPViEJTDVSTPwFN
DIGITO_Book.indb 166
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*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
UPSOP EP PSEJOÈSJP DVKBT GPSNBT EF SFQSFTFOUBÎÍP EF DFSUB GPSNB
FWJEFODJBNFTTBTVQPʽBPCTFTTÍPVNBFʼÏDJFEFTÓOESPNF$PNP
TFUBMBCPSEBHFNEBSFBMJEBEFFNBMHVOTDBTPTBQFOBTBQFMFBSFBMJ
EBEFNBJTBQBSFOUFPWFSOJ[
QVEFTTFMFWBSOPTBUPDBSVNBTVQPʽB
iWFSEBEFwRVFBOTFJBQFMPSFBM
1PMBSJ[BOEPDPODFJUPT
"QPMBSJ[BÎÍPFOUSFiSFBMwF iSFBMJEBEFwQPEFQSPWPDBSEFCBUFT
CBʽBOUF DPNQMJDBEPT *OUFSFTTB BRVJ JOWFʽJHBS TPCSF DPNP DIFHB
NPTBDPOIFDFSVNBEFUFSNJOBEBSFBMJEBEFTPCSFDPNPBSFBMJEBEF
WFNTFOEPBVUFOUJDBEBDPNPiWFSEBEFJSBwDPNPTFPBVUÐOUJDPQV
EFTTFTFSVNBNFSBDBNBEBEFWFSOJ[BDPOGFSJSMFHJUJNJEBEF
4VFMZ3PMOJLSFTFSWBBQBMBWSBSFBMJEBEFQBSBiBSFBMJEBEFUBMDPNP
FMBFʽÈGPSNBUBEB FFʽSVUVSBEBw $POTFRàFOUFNFOUF3PMOJL EF
mOFPiSFBMwDPNP BMHPiNBJTBNQMPFUBMWF[NBJTJOUBOHÓWFMRVFTF
WJWFDPNPFYQFSJÐODJBTFOTÓWFMw0SFBMTFSJBBMHPRVFKÈFʽÈTFOEP
FYQFSJNFOUBEPFNCPSBOÍPUFOIBTJEPQSFWJBNFOUFFYQSFTTBEPOBT
BUVBJTGPSNBTEFSFBMJEBEFFTVBTSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTWJOEPNFTNPBDPO
nJUBSDPNFMBTi&ʽBGSJDÎÍPTFUPSOBTVCKFUJWBQPSRVFOÍP DBQUBNPT
PNVOEPBQFOBTBUSBWÏTEBQFSDFQÎÍPRVFSFDFCFGPSNBTRVFUSBEV
[JNPTDPNPSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTUBNCÏNDBQUBNPT PNVOEPDPNPVN
DBNQPEFGPSÎBRVFBGFUBOPTTPDPSQPOPRVFIÈEFJOUFOTJWPFOFN
UÍPQFSDFQUÓWFMw"SFBMJEBEFTFSJBBTTJNQBTTÓWFMEFSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFT
FORVBOUPPSFBMTFSJBUSBEV[JEPNVJUPNBJTQPSTFOTBÎÜFT
4F FOUFOEFSNPT RVF BT TFOTBÎÜFT TÍP NBJT QPTTÓWFJT EF TFSFN
FYQSFTTBTOÍPFYBUBNFOUFSFQSFTFOUBEBTIÈBRVJVNBGFOEBPRVF
UFNTJEPVTBEPQBSBSFQSFTFOUBSBSFBMJEBEFQPEFOÍPTFSVNBNBOFJ
SBFmDB[EFUPSOBSTFQBSUFEBSFBMJEBEFDPNVNDPNPTFOÍPFʽJWÏT
TFNPTJOTFSJEPTOBSFBMJEBEFPVDPNPTFFMBOÍPOPTQFSUFODFTTF
&TTB TFOTBÎÍP EF OÍPQFSUFODJNFOUP EF BMJFOBÎÍP UFOEF B SF
QSPEV[JSTF FN EJWFSTPT UJQPT EF BSSFNFEP "MHVOT BOPT BUSÈT VN
30-/*,4VFMZ"XBLFOGSPN-FUIBSHZ"SUBOE1VCMJD-JGFJO4ÍP1BVMPBUUIF$FOUVSZT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 167
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5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
BOÞODJPDIBNPVBNJOIBBUFOÎÍP
5VSJʽBTQPEFNDPNQSBSiQBDPUFEFGÏSJBTTFNUFUPw
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" FNQSFTB ,BNʽSB 5SBWFM EB DJEBEF EF &FNTIBWFO BP OPSUF
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EFMJCSBT‰EF WJWFSDPNPNFOEJHPTOBTSVBTEF-POESFT1BSJT
#SVYFMBT1SBHBF"NʽFSEÍ
$PNP QBSUF EP QBDPUF FMFT SFDFCFN CJMIFUFT QBSB P WÙP EF
WPMUBTÍPEJʽSJCVÓEPTQFMBTDJEBEFTFNQFRVFOPTHSVQPTOBDPN
QBOIJBEFVNHVJB FMFWBEPTBDVJEBS EFTJNFTNPTTFNOFOIVN
EJOIFJSPQPSUSÐTOPJUFT
0TUVSJʽBTFNGÏSJBTSFDFCFNVNTBDPEFEPSNJSBMÏNEFVN
JOʽSVNFOUPNVTJDBMPVNBUFSJBMEFEFTFOIPDPNPRVBMEFWFNUFO
UBSDPOTFHVJSBMHVNEJOIFJSP"QFOBTOBRVBSUB OPJUFFMFTSFDFCFN
BMJNFOUBÎÍP F BDPNPEBÎÍP FNCPSB PT UVSJʽBT RVF BDIBSFN UVEP
NVJUPEJGÓDJMQPEFNJSQBSBVNIPUFMBRVBMRVFSNPNFOUP
0 QSFTJEFOUF EB ,BNʽSB #FSU (BOTTFOT RVF EJTTF UFS WJWJEP
DPNPTFNUFUPFN1BSJTIÈBOPTEFDMBSPVRVFPQBDPUFEFGÏSJBT
TFSJB VNB iBWFOUVSB DSJBUJWBw QBSB QFTTPBT EF OFHØDJP BMHP RVF BT
GBSJBNBJTGPSUFTFNBJTTPDJÈWFJT
6NBQPSUBWP[EBGPSÎBQPMJDJBMEF-POESFTBWJTPVRVFPTUVSJT
UBTQPEFSJBNTFSQSFTPT&MBEJTTFRVFPDPODFJUPEFiUVSJʽBTNFO
EJHPTwFSBOPNFMIPSEPTDBTPTiEFNVJUPNBVHPʽPFOPQJPSEPT
DBTPT QPEFSJB UFS TÏSJBT DPOTFRàÐODJBTw $//DPN 1FUFS8JMLJOTPO
/PUÓDJBT DPNP B EB BHÐODJB EF UVSJTNP IPMBOEFTB QPEFN OPT
MFWBSBQFOTBSFNWÈSJBTRVFʽÜFTBOFDFTTJEBEFEFFYQFSJNFOUBSiPV
USBTSFBMJEBEFTwBOFDFTTJEBEFEFDPOTDJFOUJ[BÎÍPTPCSFBiSFBMJEBEFw
BOFDFTTJEBEFEFFOUFOEFSPRVFÏWJWFSBWJEBEPPVUSPSFMBDJPOBSTF
DPNBTQFTTPBTEFGPSNBEJGFSFOUFBOFDFTTJEBEFEFFMJNJOBSPTNF
EJBEPSFT QFMPNFOPTUFNQPSBSJBNFOUF
DPNP GPSNBEFSFMBDJPOBS
TFNBJTFGFUJWBNFOUFDPNBDJEBEF
IUUQBSDIJWFTDOODPN803-%FVSPQFCSJUBJOIPNFMFTT "DFTTP FN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 168
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*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
%FTTF DPOUFYUP TPCSFTTBFNTF PVUSBT DPOKFʹVSBT DPNP QPS
FYFNQMPBEFRVFFTTBiJEÏJBEFSFBMJEBEFwFʽBSJBTFOEPQFSTFHVJEB
FNDBNQPTBOUFTJOTVʼFJUPTBMÏNEBRVFMFTKÈ DJUBEPTFRVFiSFBMJ
EBEFwTFSJBNFTNPKÈIÈBMHVNUFNQPVNNPEJTNPDPSSFOUF0V
DPNPTFEJTTÏTTFNPTUBMSFBMJEBEFOÍPÏNBJTUBOHÓWFMQPSTJʽFNBT
NFEJBEPSFTQPJTUPEPTQSPEV[JSJBNGBUPSFTFʽFUJ[BOUFT
$PNPTF UPEBUFOUBUJWBEFQSPEV[JSDPOFYÜFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
GPTTFVNBGPSNBEFNFEJBÎÍPBSUJmDJBMOÍPWÈMJEBRVFTFNQSFOPT
EJʽBODJBSJBEFVNBGPSNBEFDPOUBUPFGFUJWP
5BJTDPOTJEFSBÎÜFT UBNCÏN TVHFSFN RVFEFGBUPPFMPFOUSFB
WJEBFBSFBMJEBEFGPJRVFCSBEPDPNPTFBSFBMJEBEFFʽJWFTTFiGPSBw
TFQBSBEBEFOØTFQVEFTTFTFSDPOTVNJEBFOÍPWJWJEB$PNPTFOPT
TB QPTJÎÍP GPTTF JSSFBM F QSFDJTÈTTFNPT OPT QSPUFHFS B NBJPS QBSUF
EPUFNQPEFTTBSFBMJEBEFRVFOPTBGFUBFQPEF OPTDPMPDBSFNDPO
GSPOUPDPNJOUFOTJEBEFTOÍPEFTFKBEBT$POFʹBOEPFTTFGFOÙNFOP
DPNBTOPWBTUFDOPMPHJBTNØWFJTQPEFNPTFʽBCFMFDFSFMPTDPNVN
UJQPEFSFEFFNFSHFOUFRVFOÍPÏWJSUVBMOFNSFBMFDPNCJOBOPWBT
UFDOPMPHJBTRVFUPSOBNQPTTÓWFMBDPNVOJDBÎÍPJOʽBOUÉOFBDPN B
WJEBQÞCMJDBFVSCBOBBUVBM
$PNPHBSBOUJSFTTBDPOFYÍPDPNBSFBMJEBEFBUSBWÏTEBBSUF 0V
BJOEBDPNPFTTBTPCSBTDPMFUJWBTPVOÍPTFSFMBDJPOBNEFGPSNB
FGFUJWBDPNBSFBMJEBEFFRVBMTFVQPEFSEFDPOFʹBSPQÞCMJDPDPN
FTTBSFBMJEBEF
" QSPMJGFSBÎÍP EF QSPEVÎÜFT OFTTB MJOIB iEPDVNFOUBMw EF TJ
NVMBÎÍP ÏBNFVWFSSFTVMUBEPEFDPOFYÜFTFOUSFUFDOPMPHJBGFOÙ
NFOPTEFNFSDBEPFFʽSBUÏHJBTEFMJOHVBHFN²PWJTMVNCSFEFVN
NFDBOJTNPRVFDPOʼJSBQBSBBFYJʽÐODJBEFBMHPRVFPDSÓUJDP+FBO
$MBVEF#FSOBEFUDIBNPVEF iBFTGFSBEPSFBMw RVFTFDPOʽJUVJSJB
BDJNBEF UVEPQFMBQSPHSFTTJWBNFEJBÎÍPEBSFBMJEBEFQFMPTBUVBJT
NFDBOJTNPTEBQSPEVÎÍPDVMUVSBM'PSNBMNFOUFDPOʽJUVÓEBTGBCSJ
DBEBTPVTJNQMFTNFOUFSFWFMBEBTFTTBTWFSTÜFTEBSFBMJEBEFIPKFFN
EJBTPCSFQÜFNTF BPiSFBMwOÍPNBJTDPNPiFʼFUÈDVMPw NBTDPNP
KBOFMBTBCFSUBTDPNPVNnVYPFʽÏUJDPDPNPVNBMJOHVBHFN
IUUQBSDIJWFTDOODPN803-%FVSPQFCSJUBJOIPNFMFTT "DFTTP FN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 169
10/8/2006 07:18:02
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
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WÐNTFFYQBOEJOEPPRVFSFQFSDVUFUBNCÏNFNGPSNBTEFBDFTTP
ËDVMUVSB)ÈBQSPMJGFSBÎÍPEFFYQFSJÐODJBTFWJEFODJBEPSBTEFVNB
SFBMJEBEFRVFVSHF‰ËTWF[FTGBMTFBEBNBTËTWF[FTDPNPJOEÓDJP
EFBMHPiSFBMw
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ÎÍPEFTTFTTJʽFNBT 'BMFNPTFOUÍPEFBSUFNBTEFVNBBSUFRVFTF
EFJYBBGFUBSQFMPDPOUFYUP5PSOBSBNFEJBÎÍPBMHPNBJTUSBOʼBSFOUF
NBJTVNBDPOFYÍP QPTTÓWFMVNBJOUFSGBDFBNJʽPTB FNFOPTVN
PCʽÈDVMPÏVNBEBTUFOUBUJWBTËTRVBJTNFMBOÎPGSFRàFOUFNFOUF
/PBOPEFBQSFTFOUFJBJOʽBMBÎÍP5BYJEFSNJBFPVUEPPS
OB#JFOBMBOPT5SBUBTFEFVNEFNFVTQSJNFJSPTQSPKFUPTFNRVF
FTTBJEÏJBEFJOUFSGBDFDPN BSFBMJEBEFGPJMFWBEBBEJBOUFDPNVNB
NBJPSDPOTDJÐODJBEPRVFFʽBWBGB[FOEP&SBVNUSBCBMIPDPNQPʽP
EF EPJT FMFNFOUPT QSJODJQBJT VN PVUEPPS F VN DBSSP &MF SFQSPEV
[JBVNQBJOFMEPUJQPiUSJFESPwDPNUSÐTGBDFTEVBTEFMBTWJTÓWFJTBP
QÞCMJDP%FVNMBEPGPSBNQSPKFUBEBTJNBHFOTEFFʼBÎPTQÞCMJDPT
WB[JPTFEFTBCJUBEPT%FPVUSPMBEPTJUVBÎÜFTRVFBDPOUFDFNFNFT
QBÎPTQÞCMJDPTNBT RVFTVQPʽBNFOUFTFSJBNNBJTBQSPQSJBEBTFN
FʼBÎPTQSJWBEPT&TTBTJNBHFOTNPʽSBWBNUSÐTTJUVBÎÜFTRVFTFTP
CSFQVOIBNËQSPKFÎÍPEPTFʼBÎPTWB[JPTPSJUVBMEFVNiUSBCBMIPw
GFJUP QPS VN DBSJKFCØ OVNB FODSV[JMIBEB VNB FODPNFOEB EF DBO
EPNCMÏPTBDSJGÓDJPEFVNB HBMJOIB
EPJTUSBWFʽJTTFNBʽVSCBOEP
FNSFHJÜFTQÞCMJDBTFOPCSFT
EBDJEBEFFVNTVKFJUPGVNBOEPDSBDL
4ÍPTJUVBÎÜFTUBCV RVFJODPNPEBNBTPDJFEBEFNBTRVFDPOWJWFN
OPFʼBÎPQÞCMJDPTFNNBJPSFTDPOnJUPT/PDFOUSPEBJOʽBMBÎÍPGPJ
DPMPDBEPFOmNVNDBSSPVNUÈYJRVFGVODJPOBWBDPNPVNBFʼÏDJF
EFFMFNFOUPNFEJBEPSVNBJOUFSGBDFQBSBBTQFTTPBTTFSFMBDJPOBSFN
DPNFTTBTJNBHFOTDPOTJEFSBEBTFYFNQMPTEBCBSCÈSJFVSCBOB"TJ
UVBÎÍPQSPQPʽBQFMPUSBCBMIPTVHFSJB RVFBTQFTTPBTTFDPMPDBTTFN
EFOUSPEPDBSSPQBSBRVFQVEFTTFNWFSNBJTDPNPEBNFOUFBRVFMBT
JNBHFOT DPNVN DPOʽSBOHJNFOUPNFOPSVNBWF[QSPUFHJEBTQPS
FTTFWFÓDVMPEFGSVJÎÍPEBDJEBEF&ORVBOUPFʽBWBNOPDBSSPQPEJBN
UBNCÏN PVWJSWÈSJPTEFQPJNFOUPTEF NPUPSJʽBTEFUÈYJ DPOUBOEP
FYQFSJÐODJBT FYUSFNBT WJWJEBT FN TFV JOUFSJPS EFOUSP EFTTF WFÓDVMP
DIGITO_Book.indb 170
10/8/2006 07:18:02
*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
NFJPBNCÓHVPRVFUFNGVOÎÍPUBOUPQSJWBEBDPNPQÞCMJDB
"TTJNDPNPFNBMHVOTPVUSPTUSBCBMIPTQSPEV[JEPTOPTÞMUJNPT
BOPTIÈFNVNBSFJODJEFOUFQSPDVSBQFMPT MJNJUFTEFGSPOUFJSBT
FOUSFPTVOJWFSTPTQÞCMJDPFQSJWBEP/FTTBTPCSBTJOUFSFTTBFYBUBNFOUF
PQPOUPEFDPOnVÐODJBPDPOUPSOPFNCBÎBEPBT[POBTEFJOUFSTFDÎÍP
6SHÐODJBTBSUFSFBMJEBEF
"HJS FN [POBT EF DPOnJUP DPN P PVUSP FN [POBT NBSHJOBJT F
EFʼSPUFHJEBT FN TJUVBÎÜFT OÍP JOʽJUVDJPOBJT KÈ Ï VNB JOEJDBÎÍP
EFRVFBMHPEJGFSFOUFFʽÈBDPOUFDFOEPOPTJʽFNBEBBSUFFOÍPGPJ
VNBUFOEÐODJBEJUBEBQPSDVSBEPSFTPVHBMFSJBT
/BQSPEVÎÍPBSUÓʽJDBDPOUFNQPSÉOFBBSFMFWÉODJBEBiSFBMJEB
EFwGPSKBVNDFOÈSJPNVMUJGBDFUBEP0BQBSFDJNFOUPEFUSBCBMIPTEF
BSUFRVFTFMBOÎBN TPCSFPTBQBSBUPTEBUFDOPMPHJBQPSUÈUJMPVTFN
mPWFNUPSOBOEP PDPOUFYUPBJOEBNBJTDPNQMFYP"OUFTEFQBSUJS
NPTQBSBVNBBOÈMJTFNBJTFʼFDÓmDBBDFSDBEPTEFTMPDBNFOUPTQSP
EV[JEPTQFMPVTPNBDJÎPEFTTBTUFDOPMPHJBTUBMWF[EFWBNPTMFWBSFN
DPOTJEFSBÎÍPRVFPBVNFOUPEFQSÈUJDBTEFJOUFSWFOÎÍPVSCBOBPV
BUJWJTNPEBNÓEJBTVSHFUBNCÏNEFVNBDPOnVÐODJBBNCÓHVBFOUSF
PQFOTBNFOUPQPMÓUJDPRVFVTBBBSUFDPNPFʽSBUÏHJBFBBSUFRVFTF
MBOÎBOBSFBMJEBEFNBJTEJSFUB DPNBVSHÐODJBEFVNBBÎÍP ‰TFN
FTRVFDFS VNBDFSUBQVCMJDJEBEFRVFTFVUJMJ[BEFBNCPT EBUFDOP
MPHJBFEBQPMÓUJDBQBSBmOTFʽSJUBNFOUFNFSDBEPMØHJDPT&NUPEPT
PTDBNJOIPTBSFBMJEBEFTFUPSOBVN DBNQPEFCBUBMIB PMVHBSEF
FNCBUFFOWPMWFOEPFʽSBUÏHJBTEJWFSTBTËTWF[FTEBBSUFEBQPMÓUJDB
PVEPNBSLFUJOH
0 GFOÙNFOP EPT DPMFUJWPT BSUÓʽJDPT DPMBEPT OP BUJWJTNP UBN
CÏNQPEFFOGBUJ[BSBWJTÍP EFRVÍPJNFSTBOBSFBMJEBEFFʽÈBQSP
EVÎÍPEFBSUFDPOUFNQPSÉOFB'BMPEFEFUFSNJOBEPTQSPKFUPTRVF
QPEFNOPTBQPOUBSNVJUPTBʼFʹPTFNUPSOPEPTDPOnJUPTFOUSFB
BSUFFBOFDFTTJEBEFEFBÎÍPOPBNCJFOUFNBJTJNFEJBUP
i"MHVNBTDPJTBTWPDÐKBNBJTmDBSÈTBCFOEPQFMBNÓEJBwGPJVNB
QSPWPDBÎÍPJNQSFTTBEPHSVQP'PSNJHVFJSP DPMPDBEBFNQPʽFT
EFFMFUSJDJEBEFBP MPOHPEB BWFOJEB#SBTJMFN 4ÍP1BVMPBDJEBEF
IUUQXXXDPNVNDPNEJQIVTBGPSNJHVFJSP"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 171
10/8/2006 07:18:02
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
UFN TJEP TVQPSUF F JOʼJSBÎÍP QBSB WÈSJBT BÎÜFT EFTTF UJQP
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TJPOBOUFDPNPFTTBTJOTDSJÎÜFTOÍPTFmYBSBN FYBUBNFOUFQPSVUJ
MJ[BSFNDPNPTVQPSUFBQSØQSJBNÓEJB"BÎÍPGPJSFQFUJEBFN
EVSBOUFBDIBNBEBiPDVQBÎÍPwEFBSUJʽBTOVNQSÏEJPFGFUJWBNFOUF
PDVQBEPQFMPĞĤĥĔOBBWFOJEB1SFʽFT.BJB$PNPGPSNBEFDIBNBS
BBUFOÎÍPQBSBBʼFʹPTRVFBJNQSFOTBWJOIBTFOFHBOEPBBQPOUBS
DPN SFMBÎÍP Ë DPOEJÎÍP GSBHJMJ[BEB EPT NPSBEPSFT GPSBN BmYBEPT
PT DBSUB[FT DPN PT NFTNPT EJ[FSFT TPCSF PT QBJOÏJT QVCMJDJUÈSJPT
PVUEPPST
RVF DPCSFN B GBDIBEB EP QSÏEJP "MJ BT GSBTFT UBNCÏN
OÍPTPCSFWJWFSBNNVJUP&NDFSDBEFEPJTEJBTOÍPIBWJBNBJTWFʽÓ
HJPTEBDPMBHFN3FDFOUFNFOUFFNVNBNPCJMJ[BÎÍPQSPNPWFOEP
FODPOUSPTFBÎÜFTEFBSUJʽBTFNTPMJEBSJFEBEFBPTNPSBEPSFTEFTTF
NFTNPFEJGÓDJPBHPSBFNGVOÎÍPEBSFJOUFHSBÎÍPEFQPTTFPCUJEB
QFMPQSPQSJFUÈSJP‰RVFTPOFHB*156IÈNBJTEFBOPT
GPJGFJUB
VNBOPWBBÎÍPTPCSFPTQBJOÏJTQVCMJDJUÈSJPT/FTTBÞMUJNBTJUVBÎÍP
BGSBTFBERVJSJVVNBDPOPUBÎÍPEJGFSFOUFVNBWF[RVFPTQBJOÏJTHF
SBNMVDSPBPQSPQSJFUÈSJP‰FIPVWFVNBDPSEPDPNPNPWJNFOUP
QBSBRVFPTQBJOÏJTGPTTFNQPVQBEPTFOÍPTPGSFTTFNJOUFSGFSÐODJBT
0V TFKB FTTF FʼBÎP BÏSFP TF NBOUÏN DPNP VNB QSPQSJFEBEF JO
WJPMÈWFMNFTNPFʽBOEPBQPTTFEPJNØWFMRVFPTVʽFOUBTVʼFOTB
.FTNPRVFOÍPUFOIBNEVSBEPNVJUPJOTFSÎÜFTDPNPFTTBSFWFSCF
SBNOPJNBHJOÈSJPDPMFUJWP
%FGPSNBBOÈMPHBPTMPHBOi0OEF&ʽÈP)PSJ[POUF wDPMPDBEP
FNQBTTBHFOTTVCUFSSÉOFBT FN4ÍP1BVMPQFMPHSVQP$POUSB'JMÏ m
DPVOBNFNØSJBEFNVJUBHFOUF4FNFMIBOUFBPRVFBDPOUFDFDPN
PHSBmUF #SJBO)PMNFTTVHFSFRVFFTTBTJOTDSJÎÜFTOBSFBMJEBEFEJT
UBODJBEBTEPØCWJPQPEFNBERVJSJSPQPUFODJBMEFFOVODJBEPEFVN
IJFSØHMJGPVNBQJʽBQBSBFOUFOEFSBBSUFQSPEV[JEBOFʽFUFNQP
/P QSPKFUP ;POB EF "ÎÍP P HSVQP $POUSB'JMÏ GPJ NBJT MPOHF
0QSPKFUP$BNQBOIBQBSB%FTDBUSBDBMJ[BÎÍPEB1SØQSJB7JEBDSJPV
JODJTÜFTEFDBSÈUFS EVSBEPSFFGFUJWPOBNFNØSJBDPMFUJWB"UFOUPT
PCTFSWBEPSFTEBTDPOUSBEJÎÜFTOBUSBNBVSCBOBPTJOUFHSBOUFTEP
HSVQPDSJBSBNVNBTVQPʽBDBNQBOIBVUJMJ[BOEPVNNFDBOJTNPCB
)0-.&4#SJBO)JFSPHMZQITPGUIF'VUVSF"SUBOE1PMJUJDTJOB/FUXPSLFE&SB;BHSFC
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DIGITO_Book.indb 172
10/8/2006 07:18:02
*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
OBMEFDPOUSPMFCJPQPMÓUJDPFYJʽFOUFOBTPDJFEBEF"TDBUSBDBTNF
UBGØSJDBTPVOÍPTÍPBQBSBUPTEFVNDPOUSPMFFGFUJWBEPQFMBTGPSÎBT
EFQPEFS TPCSFPTDJEBEÍPT"BÎÍPJOJDJBMFRVFEJʼBSPVVNBTÏSJF
EFBDPOUFDJNFOUPTDPSSFMBUPTDPOTJʽJVOBDPMPDBÎÍPEFVNBDBUSBDB
FOGFSSVKBEBTPCSFVNQFEFʽBMOPMBSHPEP"SPVDIFPOEFTFFODPO
USBVNBQSBÎBDPNCVʽPTEFQPFUBT FFTDSJUPSFTDPNP 0MBWP#JMBD
(VJMIFSNFEF"MNFJEBFPVUSPTiOPCSFTwEBMJUFSBUVSBCSBTJMFJSB
1PVDPTDPOTFHVJSBNFYQMJDBSPPDPSSJEP"QSFGFJUVSBEF4ÍP1BVMP
TFNBOJGFʽPVEJ[FOEPRVFJSJBQSPWJEFODJBSBSFUJSBEBPNBJTCSFWF
QPTTÓWFM0GBUPÏRVFBDBUSBDBWJSPVOÍPBQFOBT GBUPNBT QBTTPVB
TFSSFBMNFOUFVNBNFUÈGPSBQBSBNVJUPTEPTQSPCMFNBTFODPOUSBEPT
QFMPTDJEBEÍPTOBDJEBEFEF4ÍP1BVMP0TKPSOBJTQBTTBSBNBOPUJDJBS
PBTTVOUPOBTDPMVOBTEFMFJUPSFTFBUSBWÏTEFTFVTQSJODJQBJTDPMV
OJʽBTRVFʽJPOBOEPBDPOEJÎÍPEFBSUFPVOÍPEPQSPKFUP0HSVQP
MBOÎPVBTRVFʽÜFTi1PSRVBOUBTDBUSBDBTQBTTBNPTEJBSJBNFOUF w
i1PSRVBOUBTOÍPQBTTBNPTBQFTBSEFUFSNPTBTFOTBÎÍPEFQBTTBS w
&OUSFPVUSPTBʼFʹPTEFJOUFSFTTFWBMFSFTTBMUBS PRVBOUPBBÎÍPSF
QFSDVUJVOPTNFJPT EFDPNVOJDBÎÍPDSJBOEPNFTNPJODJEFOUFTFN
UPSOPEP QSPKFUP0DBSUVOJʽB-BFSUFSFUPNPVTFVQFSTPOBHFNIP
NFNDBUSBDBBHPSBJOTFSJEP OPEJTDVSTPEFEFTDBUSBDBMJ[BÎÍPTVHF
SJEPQFMBPCSBEP$POUSB'JMÏ&NKBOFJSPEFNBJTEFTFJTNFTFT
BQØTBBÎÍPB'VWFʽPNBJPSWFʽJCVMBSCSBTJMFJSPVTPVPGBUPDPNP
UFNBEBTVBQSPWBEFSFEBÎÍP1PVDPUFNQPEFQPJTP#BODP*UBÞJO
TFSJVPUFNBFNTFVTBOÞODJPTQVCMJDJUÈSJPTOVNBBUJUVEFUÓQJDBEF
BQSPQSJBÎÍPFPVTVCWFSTÍP EFTFOUJEPEJHBTFEFQBTTBHFN
DPN
PTEJ[FSFTi7FʽJCVMBOEPEFTDBUSBDBMJ[FTVBWJEBBCSBVNBDPOUBOP
*UBÞw.BJTUBSEFFʽVEBOUFTFNQSPUFʽPDPOUSBBUBYBEPWFʽJCVMBS
SFGPSÎBSBNPTFOUJEPEFVTPEBDBUSBDB DPNPPCKFUPEFVTPDPOUSP
MBEPSBPJODFOEJBSVNBDBUSBDBBOUFTEFJOWBEJSVNQSÏEJPEB'VWFʽ
0 DÓSDVMP EF SFMBÎÜFT NÞUVBT TF EFNPOʽSB EF NBOFJSB FYFNQMBS
DPNFTTFQSPKFUPOÍPBQFOBTJOUFSGFSJOEPOPDVSTPEBSFBMJEBEFNBT
DSJBOEPVNBQSØQSJBSFBMJEBEFGBʹVBMFQPUFOUF
IUUQJSBUJPOBMPSHUUUQ5551"DFTTPFNKVO
IUUQJSBUJPOBMPSHNWDFOHMJTIIUNM"DFTTPFNKVO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 173
10/8/2006 07:18:03
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
1SPEVÎÍPEFSFBMJEBEFT
%FGPSNBBOÈMPHB OPFʼBÎPEBTWJSUVBMJEBEFT QSPKFUPTEFOFU
BSU DPNP 5FDIOPMPHJFT UP UIF 1FPQMF EP BSUJʽB FʼBOIPM %BOJFM
(BSDJB"OEVKBS.FKPS7JEB$PSQF.FKPS7JEB#JPUFDIEBBSUJʽB
NFYJDBOB.JOFSWB $VFWBTUÐNDSJBEPPDPSSÐODJBTJHVBMNFOUFJOUF
SFTTBOUFT BPQSPEV[JSFWFOUPTRVFMJEBNEJSFUBNFOUFDPNFʽBGSJD
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RVFGB[FNVNBQPOUFFOUSFPNVOEPSFBMFPWJSUVBM3FEJSFDJPOBOEP
B OBWFHBÎÍP EP VTVÈSJP QBSB MJOLT FYUFSOPT FTTFT USBCBMIPT QSPEV
[FNBTFOTBÎÍPEFRVFBRVJMPRVFBDPOUFDFFNTFTTÜFTPOMJOFOÍPÏ
EJTTPDJBEPEBRVJMPRVFBDPOUFDFOBWJEBiSFBMw
®TWF[FTÏQSFDJTPQMBOUBSVNBTFOTBÎÍPOFHBUJWBQBSBQSPEV[JS
QFOTBNFOUPTDPOʽSVUJWPTFNVNEFUFSNJOBEPDPOUFYUPBMHPBWFS
DPNiDPOTDJFOUJ[BÎÍPw
0 QSPKFUP NFUBXBMMT EF NJOIB BVUPSJB QSPEV[JB FTTB TFOTB
ÎÍPEFEFTDPOGPSUP"TQFTTPBTRVFBDFTTBSBNPUSBCBMIPFNDPNQV
UBEPSFTMPDBMJ[BEPTFNFʼBÎPTQÞCMJDPTPVOPTFVMPDBMEFUSBCBMIP
NVJUBTWF[FTTFBTTVʽBWBN RVBOEPIBWJBPVUSBQFTTPBOBTBMB*TTP
QPSRVFBTKBOFMBTEPKPHPNPWFNTFQBSBPQSJNFJSPQMBOPEBUFMBF
TÍPEJGÓDFJTEFGFDIBSSFWFMBOEPPJOUFSFTTFEPVTVÈSJPQPSTJUFTJMÓDJUPT
PViTVKPTw"ÞOJDB GPSNBEF GFDIBSDPNQMFUBNFOUFUPEBTBTKBOFMBT
ÏVTBOEPVNGPSDFRVJUQBSBPCSPXTFSJOUFJSPFNVJUPTVTVÈSJPTOÍP
GBNJMJBSJ[BEPTDPNPDPNQVUBEPSOÍPTBCFNDPNPGB[ÐMP5FOIP
SFHJʽSPT EFRVFFNDFSUBTTJUVBÎÜFTPNFUBXBMMTDIFHPVBDBVTBS
QÉOJDP"MÏNEJTTPPUSBCBMIPGPJMBOÎBEPKVʽBNFOUFRVBOEPPTFN
QSFHBEPSFT OP 3FJOP 6OJEP BERVJSJSBN QPEFSFT QBSB CJTCJMIPUBS P
USBCBMIP EPTFNQSFHBEPT‰BQBSFDFOEPDPODPNJUBOUFNFOUFDPN
EFCBUFTFQSFPDVQBÎÜFTDPNBQSJWBDJEBEF
&ʽBNPTPCTFSWBOEPPRVBOUPBNÓEJBOÍPTØ SFQSFTFOUBVNB
NFUBXBMMTÏBTJNVMBÎÍPEFVNQPSUBMEFTFSWJÎPTFTDVTPTFEVWJEPTPT&ORVBOUPOB
WFHBQPSFTTFTEPNÓOJPTPTJTUFNBDPMFUBEBEPTEPVTVÈSJPFPTEFWPMWFDPOTUSBOHFOEP
PQÞCMJDPEFVNBDFSUBGPSNBBPNFTNPUFNQPFNRVFUPSOBUSBOTQBSFOUFTBMHVOTNFDB
OJTNPTJOUSVTJWPTMBSHBNFOUFVUJMJ[BEPTOBJOUFSOFU'PJDSJBEPFTTFODJBMNFOUFBQBSUJSEF
FNBJMTDPOTJEFSBEPTTQBNTDPMFDJPOPFYFNQMPTNBJTBCFSSBOUFTIÈVNCPNUFNQP
0
TJUFGVODJPOBDPNPVNBFTQÏDJFEFEFWPMVÎÍPQBSBPEPNÓOJPQÞCMJDPEFVNMJYPEFTQFKBEP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 174
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*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
SFBMJEBEF iQSÐUËQPSUFSw NBT TF UPSOB DBEB WF[ NBJT VNB GPSNB
EF DPOʽSVJS SFBMJEBEFT 4JʽFNBT CBTFBEPT OB NÓEJB OÍP SFUSBUBN
P NVOEP FYJʽFOUF FMFT P TVCʽJUVFN QPS iSFBMJEBEFT NJEJÈUJDBTw
$PNPBT EJGFSFOUFTNÓEJBTGPSNBNFTTBiUFYUVSBEFSFBMJEBEFwÏPV
USBRVFʽÍPRVFWBMFMFWBOUBS
*OUFSGBDFT
'PSNBTEJʽJOUBTEJTTPRVFFʽBNPTDIBNBOEPBRVJEFSFBMJEBEF
UÐNTJEP GPSKBEBTQFMBNÓEJB FBNBOFJSBDPNP MJEBNPTDPNBSFBMJ
EBEFFGFUJWBÏDBEBWF[NBJTNFEJBEBQPSWÈSJPTUJQPTEFJOUFSGBDFT
2VFʽÜFTBEWJOEBTEFTTBSFBMJEBEFPSEJOÈSJBFQSPTBJDBUÐNBGFUBEP
OÍPTPNFOUFBBSUFNBTBQSØQSJBWJEB6NBBSUFFNFʽSFJUBMJHBÎÍP
DPNBʼFʹPTDPUJEJBOPTBMHVOTVSHFOUFTPVUSPTOFNUBOUPT
EFWF
FOGSFOUBS RVFʽÜFT UBNCÏN JNFEJBUBT PGFSFDFOEP DPOFYÜFT F TF
OÍPGPSOFDFOEPSFʼPʽBTQFMPNFOPTMFWBOUBOEPRVFʽÜFTDSVDJBJT
0TJOʽSVNFOUPTEBBSUFQBSBFTTBTJOUFSWFOÎÜFTQPEFNDPOTJʽJSEF
JOUFSGBDFTBMHPRVFOÍPTPNFOUFWBJNFEJBSPTJOEJWÓEVPTOBEJSFÎÍP
EF FʼBÎPT QÞCMJDPT DPNQBSUJMIBEPT ‰ SFBMJEBEF ‰ NBT UBNCÏN
QPEFTVHFSJSDPOTDJFOUJ[BÎÍP
.FTDMBOEP DPODFJUPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPN DPOUFYUP NFEJBÎÍP
UFDOPMØHJDB F VTP EP FʼBÎP FV DIBNBSJB EF iJOUFSGBDFT CBTFBEBT
OB SFBMJEBEFw BMHP QFOTBEP PSJHJOBMNFOUF FN JOHMÐT DPNP iSFBMJUZ
CBTFEJOUFSGBDFTw
FTTBTUFOUBUJWBTEFQSPEV[JSVNBDPOFYÍPNFEJBEB
FOUSFDFSUBTNÈRVJOBTFUSBCBMIPTJOʼJSBEPTQFMBSFBMJEBEF*OUFSGB
DFTCBTFBEBTOBSFBMJEBEFMFWBSJBNFNDPOTJEFSBÎÍPBJOʽBCJMJEBEF
EBNÓEJBRVFʽÜFTDVMUVSBJTJEFOUJEBEFPPVUSPFPFʼBÎPRVFOPT
DJSDVOEB &MBT UBNCÏN QPEFN TFS JOUFSGBDFT EF TJNVMBÎÍP KÈ RVF
VTBNNPEFMPTFODPOUSBEPT OBWJEBSFBMQBSBQSPEV[JSBQSPYJNBÎÍP
FNQBUJBFVNTFOUJEPEFBUFOÎÍP
1PSOÍPDBSSFHBSOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFWBMPSFʽÏUJDPBBSUFQPMÓUJDB
DPN DBSÈUFS BUJWJʽB OÍP TF SFʼBMEB OB MØHJDB DBQJUBMJʽB F OÍP TF
DPOʽJUVJDPNPNFSDBEPQBSBNVJUPTTFRVFSDPNPBSUF
1PSPVUSPMBEPTVBBQSPYJNBÎÍPDPNPTWBMPSFTFʽÏUJDPTTVQPʽB
NFOUFBEJʽBODJBEFTVBTGPSNBTNBJTEJSFUBTFDPOWJODFOUFTEFJOTFS
ÎÍPOBSFBMJEBEF$PNPTFGPTTFNBJTQBTTÓWFMEFDPPQUBÎÍPQPSQBSUF
EFTJʽFNBTNFSDBEPMØHJDPTNBJTQFSWFSTPTFJTTPEFTBVUPSJ[BTTFTFV
DIGITO_Book.indb 175
10/8/2006 07:18:03
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
QPEFSUSBOTGPSNBEPSTVBQPUÐODJBEF FNCBUFFUSBOTGPSNBÎÍPEBSF
BMJEBEF
.BTFNBMHVOTDBTPTOÍPTFUSBUBEFKVMHBSQBESÜFTFʽÏUJDPT
'BMPEFUSBCBMIPTOPTRVBJTBTEJNFOTÜFTQSPDFTTVBJTPVDPODFJUVBJT
OÍP TF BQMJDBN B WBMPSFT BGFSÓWFJT BUSBWÏT EPT WBMPSFTFʽÏUJDPT 5P
NBOEP DPNP FYFNQMP P QSPKFUP .PWJNFOUP EF %FTDBUSBDBMJ[BÎÍP
EPHSVQP$POUSB'JMÏNFODJPOBEPBOUFSJPSNFOUFKVMHBSTFBDBUSBDB
JOʽBMBEB OB QSBÎB QÞCMJDB Ï GFJB PV CPOJUB Ï QFSEFS UPUBMNFOUF P
GPDPEPQPOUPEFBUFOÎÍPTVTDJUBEPQFMBBÎÍPEPHSVQP
0RVFTFPCTFSWBOBQSÈUJDBÏRVFFNOPNFEFVNBNBJPSQSP
YJNJEBEFEPiSFBMwTPCPQSFUFYUPEFFYUSBJSNPTBMHVNBWFSEBEF
EPT NFDBOJTNPT EF NFEJBÎÍP FN OPTTP NVOEP WJWFODJBNPT KÈ
IÈBMHVNUFNQP
VNBOPWBJOEÞʽSJBRVFWFOEFBSFBMJEBEFDPNP
DPOTVNPDPNPNFSDBEPSJB
5PSOBTF OFDFTTÈSJP NFMIPS FOUFOEFS FTTF DPSQP EF SFMBÎÜFT F
TVBTDBNBEBT*OUFSFTTBTBCFSRVBOUP BTNFEJBÎÜFTOPTBQSPYJNBN
PVOPTEJʽBODJBNEBSFBMJEBEF0OEFFʽÈPWFSOJ[RVBMBFʼFTTVSB
EFTTBQFMÓDVMBEFSFBMJEBEFRVFDPCSF UPEBTBTNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTDVMUV
SBJTFBSUÓʽJDBT&TFFTTFWFSOJ[FTDPOEFPSFBMPVPMJCFSUB
3FMBUPmOBM
)ÈQPVDPUFNQPQBSUJDJQFJBUJWBNFOUFEBSFBMJ[BÎÍPEPQSPKFUP
ĔĦēĠRVFBDPOUFDFVEVSBOUFUSÐTmOTEFTFNBOBOPDFOUSPEBDJEBEF
F GPJ VN EFTTFT QSPKFUPT RVF TF MBOÎBN TPCSF FTTF UJQP EF SFMBÎÍP
FOUSF SFBMJEBEF FOUSF TF QSPUFHFS PV TF MBOÎBS BP SJTDP F EFJYBSTF
BGFUBSQFMBSFBMJEBEF$PODFCJEPQFMPTHSVQPT"3FWPMVÎÍP/ÍP4FSÈ
5FMFWJTJPOBEB#JKBSJ$PCBJB $POUSB'JMÏ$PNQBOIJB$BDIPSSBF1FS
EB5PUBMPĔĦēĠGPJQMBOFKBEPDPNPVNEJʼPTJUJWPOÍPFYBUBNFOUF
EFFʼFUÈDVMPNBTEFJOUFSBÎÍPFEJÈMPHPDPN VNUJQPEFQÞCMJDP
FDPNVNBNCJFOUFNBJTPVNFOPTFʼFDÓmDPPDFOUSPEBDJEBEFF
TFVT IBCJUBOUFT BRVFMFT RVF FGFUJWBNFOUF DJSDVMBN BMJ F GB[FN EB
RVFMFBNCJFOUFTVBWJEB5SBUBTFEFVNQÞCMJDPRVFHFSBMNFOUFFʽÈ
ËNBSHFNEFBQSFTFOUBÎÍPBOÍPTFSRVBOEPBQSFGFJUVSBGB[BMHVN
UJQP EF GFʽB OP "OIBOHBCBÞ BT JHSFKBT FWBOHÏMJDBT QSPNPWFN FO
DPOUSPTNVTJDBJTQBSBHSBOEFTNBTTBTPVPVUSBTJOJDJBUJWBTEPHÐOFSP
"JEÏJBJOJDJBMFSBRVFDBEBHSVQPQSPEV[JSJBJNBHFOTQBSBVNBEBT
DIGITO_Book.indb 176
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*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
DJODPGBDFTEPĔĦēĠBTFSFN DPOTJEFSBEBTQBSB QSPKFÎÜFTFNMBSHB
FTDBMBDJODPUFMBTRVBESBEBTEFTFUFNFUSPT
/PmOBMBDBCBNPTQFS
DFCFOEP RVFEFWFSÓBNPTDPOʽSVJSVNEJTDVSTP DPOKVOUPFNDPMB
CPSBÎÍPFOUSFPTHSVQPTFOWPMWJEPTUPEPTKVOUPTOPQSPDFTTPDPNP
VNUPEPFOÍPDBEBHSVQPQFOTBOEPEFGPSNBJOEFQFOEFOUF
2VFSÓBNPT GB[FS VN UJQP EF USBCBMIP FN RVF IPVWFTTF VN
EJÈMPHPNBJTFʽSFJUPDPNFTTFQÞCMJDPRVFTFWÐJOTFSJEPIPKFFN
VNEJTDVSTPEFSFWJUBMJ[BÎÍPEPDFOUSPOBQFSʼFʹJWBEFTFSFYQVMTP
EBMJQPSDPOUBEFVNQSPDFTTPJNJOFOUFEFHFOUSJmDBÎÍP"THSBWB
ÎÜFTQSPEV[JEBTGPSBNSFTVMUBEPTEFNFTFTEFDBQUBÎÍPBUFOUBEF
JNBHFOT GSVUP EF VN DPOWÓWJP DPN HFOUF RVF DJSDVMB QFMP DFOUSP
USBCBMIBOPDFOUSP IBCJUBPDFOUSPFNQSFʽBWJEBBPDFOUSPFRVF
HPʽBSJBEFWJWFSBMJEFGPSNBNBJTEJHOB‰DPNPPQFTTPBMEPĞĤĥĔ
QPS FYFNQMP SFJWJOEJDB &OUÍP CVTDBNPT OPT DPOFʹBS NBJT FʽSFJ
UBNFOUF DPNFTTBSFBMJEBEFQBSBGB[FSDPNRVFPĔĦēĠGPTTFVN
DBOBMVNWFÓDVMPQBSBRVFFMBTQVEFTTFNTFFYQSFTTBS‰DBTPRVJ
TFTTFN .BT OB QSJNFJSB NPOUBHFN OB QSBÎB EP 1BUSJBSDB P RVF
TFNPʽSPVGPJBMHPEJGFSFOUFRVFGVHJVBPFʼFSBEP/FTTBQSJNFJSB
BQSFTFOUBÎÍP BJOEB OÍP EFWJEBNFOUF iFYQFSJNFOUBEBw PĔĦēĠ TF
NPʽSPVVNBFʼÏDJFEFNPOPMJUPJOʽBMBEPOBQSBÎBRVFOÍPEBWB
DPOUBEF VNBJOUFSBÎÍPFGFUJWB0QÞCMJDPJOUFSFTTBEPFNBQSFTFO
UBÎÜFTEFTTFUJQPDPNQBSFDFVEFGPSNBQSFʽJHJPTBNBT PQÞCMJDP
DPNPRVBMNBJTFʼFSÈWBNPTEJBMPHBSTFNPʽSPVBQÈUJDPFYDMVÓEP
EBBQSFTFOUBÎÍP‰QPSNBJTRVFUFOUÈTTFNPTGB[FSDPNRVFBTJNB
HFOTPTSFQSFTFOUBTTFN1BSFDJBRVFIBWJBVNBGFʽBBDPOUFDFOEPMÈ
EFOUSP FOUSF PT NÞTJDPT QFSGPSNFST WJEFPBSUJʽBT F PSHBOJ[BEPSFT
NBTQBSBBRVBMOÍPIBWJBFʼBÎPQBSBVNBDFMFCSBÎÍPNBJTQPQVMBS
/BTBQSFTFOUBÎÜFTTFHVJOUFTUFOUBNPTQSPHSFTTJWBNFOUFNVEBSFTTB
FʽSVUVSBRVFEFmOJUJWBNFOUFOÍPFʽBWBGVODJPOBOEP'PNPTJOTF
SJOEPBMHVOTEJʼPTJUJWPTEF NFEJBÎÍPNBJTJNFEJBUPTFUSBOʼBSFO
UFTDPNPQPSFYFNQMPEJʼPOJCJMJ[BOEPNBJTNJDSPGPOFTFDÉNFSBT
CFNDPNPQFTTPBTSFBMNFOUFEJʼPʽBTBJOUFSBHJSOVNB SFMBÎÍPEJ
SFUBDBSBBDBSBDPNPRVFTFQBTTBWBBPSFEPSEPĔĦēĠ"QPʽBNPT
NBJT FN FWFOUPT EFMJWFTFU JODFOUJWBOEP NBJT TFTTÜFT EFGSFFʽZMF
FNNBJPSQSPYJNJEBEFDPNPSBQDPNPSFQFOUFOPTMBOÎBOEPNBJT
BPJNQSPWJTPNFTNP*TTPQBTTPVBPDPSSFSËTWF[FTTFRVFSTFNIBWFS
DIGITO_Book.indb 177
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5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
VNUFYUPCBTFFNDPOTPOÉODJBDPNPRVFPDPSSJBBDBEBNPNFOUP
NBTFNGVOÎÍPEBSFʼPʽBEPQÞCMJDPFTVBEJʼPOJCJMJEBEFFNJOUF
SBHJSDPNPĔĦēĠ
2VBOEPGBMBNPTOFTTFDPOUFYUPEFSFNJYEFBQSPQSJBÎÍPEFSF
DJDMBHFNOFNTFNQSFOPTEBNPTDPOUBEPRVBOUPJTTPFʽÈQSØYJNP
EFNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTNBJTQPQVMBSFTEFRVFJTTPBDPOUFDFOBTSVBTP
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GPSBN HBOIBOEP OBUVSBMNFOUF B QBSUJDJQBÎÍP EPT WFSEBEFJSPT IBCJ
UBOUFTEPDFOUSPEFTTFQÞCMJDPRVFFʽBWBBMJFNWPMUBBOUFTBQÈUJDP
/BTFHVOEBTFNBOBEFBQSFTFOUBÎÍPOP"OIBOHBCBÞDPOTFHVJ
NPTEBSFTTFQBTTPBEJBOUFNBJTEFSBQQFSTTFNBOJGFʽBSBNDPN
JNQSPWJTPTDPNPT%+TF.$TEPQSPKFUP‰RVFTFWJBNDPNQFMJEPT
BNVEBSBTCBTFTQSFFʽBCFMFDJEBTQPSRVFFTTBGBMBRVFWJOIBEBSVB
PiSFQFOUFwFBNÞTJDBRVFWJOIBNEBQBSUJDJQBÎÍPMFHÓUJNBEPMBEP
EFGPSBEPĔĦēĠEFNBOEBWBFNWÈSJPTNPNFOUPTVNPVUSPUJQPEF
USBUBNFOUP TPOPSP F WJTVBM $PNQSFFOEFS JTTP FN QMFOP QSPDFTTP
GPJ CBʽBOUF SJDP 5ÓOIBNPT RVF CVTDBS PVUSBT DPOFYÜFT FN OPTTP
CBODP EF JNBHFOT PVUSBT DFOBT OÍP OFDFTTBSJBNFOUF BRVFMBT RVF
UÓOIBNPTQMBOFKBEPQBSBBFʽSVUVSBOBSSBUJWB
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FʽBWBBMJSFBMNFOUFQBSUJDJQPVOBNFEJEBFNRVFÓBNPT USB[FOEP
NBJTFMFNFOUPTEF EFOUSPEPĔĦēĠQBSBGPSB0TQFSGPSNFSTF.$T
FʽBWBNNVJUPNBJTFNDPOUBUPDPNPQÞCMJDPFYUFSOPEPRVFDPN
PJOUFSOP"TDÉNFSBTDPNFÎBSBNBGVODJPOBSDPNPNFDBOJTNPTEF
NFEJBÎÍPFGFUJWBFOÍPEFDPOʽSBOHJNFOUP*TTPOPTQFSNJUJBWFSF
TFOUJSPRVFTFQBTTBWBEPPVUSPMBEPEBUFMBEBNFTNBGPSNBDPNP
BCSJBQBSBPQÞCMJDPPDPOWJUFËDFMFCSBÎÍPRVFWJOIBEFEFOUSP
0VTFKBOBQSJNFJSBBQSFTFOUBÎÍPFYJʽJBVNBPQBDJEBEFFWJEFO
UFFOUSFPTFʼBÎPTJOUFSOPFFYUFSOP/ÍPIBWJBEJÈMPHPEJSFUPFOUSF
P FʼBÎP EB QFSGPSNBODF F P EB FʼPOUBOFJEBEF EB SVB /B QSBÎB
EB4ÏBNFEJBÎÍPTFUPSOPVNBJTUSBOʼBSFOUFFFʽBCFMFDFVTFVN
EJÈMPHP QPUFODJBMJ[BEP JODMVTJWF QFMBT DÉNFSBT F NJDSPGPOFT &TTB
SFMBÎÍPBDPOUFDFVEFVNBGPSNBCBʽBOUFiFOFSHJ[BOUFwBMHPRVFTF
FWJEFODJBRVBOEP TFUSBCBMIBDPNPDPOUFYUPFNUFNQPSFBM'BMBS
DIGITO_Book.indb 178
10/8/2006 07:18:04
*OUFSGBDFTDPNBSFBMJEBEF
EFTJOFʽFTJBQPEFSFTVMUBSFNVNEJTDVSTPNFSBNFOUFSFUØSJDPNBT
JTTPUBNCÏNBDPOUFDFVFN CPBNFEJEBUBOHFODJBOEPFTTFTJEFBJT
RVF NVJUB HFOUF BMNFKB OFTTB SFMBÎÍP JNBHFNTPN OP DBTP FʼF
DJBMNFOUFBQBSUJSEPTPN
1FTTPBMNFOUFDPNPėĒĢPVP$PCBJBWF
OIPQBSUJDJQBOEPBUJWBNFOUFEFPVUSBTFYQFSJÐODJBTEFTTBOBUVSF[B
PRVFWFNTFOEPWBMJPTPQBSBBMJBSBʼFʹPTJNQPSUBOUFTFOUSFUFPSJB
FQSÈUJDB4ÍPGPSNBTDPNQMFNFOUBSFTFOÍPFYDMVEFOUFTEFFYQMPSBS
FʽSVUVSBTMJHBEBTËNFEJBÎÍPFOUSFSFBMJEBEFTEJʽJOUBTCFNDPNP
PVUSPT iDPODFJUPT MJHBEPT ËT OPWBT NÓEJBT DPNP BT QPTTJCJMJEBEFT
EFNVMUJTTFOTPSJBMJEBEFPTJEFBJTEFDPOnVÐODJBFOUSFNFJPTMJOHVB
HFOT FGFUJWBNFOUF IÓCSJEBT GPSNBT EF JOUFSBÎÍP F QBSUJDJQBÎÍP EP
QÞCMJDPyw
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MJ[BSVNBPVUSBDPJTBEFGVODJPOBSDPNPVNDBOBMWFJDVMBEPSVNB
JOUFSGBDF EF NFEJBÎÍP RVF QPEF TFS DPMPDBEB B TFSWJÎP EF BMHVÏN
VNBQFTTPBVNHSVQP
&FTTFJOEJWÓEVPPVFTTFHSVQPBMHVÏNRVF
BOTFJBQPSEJ[FSBMHP
QPEFFWFOUVBMNFOUFUPNBSDPOTDJÐODJBEBSFBM
VUJMJEBEFEFTTFTDBOBJT
5FNTFB JNQSFTTÍPNVJUBTWF[FTFRVJWPDBEBEFRVFPTBSUJʽBT
UFSJBNTFNQSFBMHPNBJTJNQPSUBOUFBEJ[FSEP RVFRVBMRVFSPVUSP
$PNPTF FʽFTFNQSFUJWFTTFBQSFSSPHBUJWBEPEJTDVSTPBRVFMFRVF
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QFSHVOUBNPTTFPQÞCMJDPEFGBUPRVFSFTTBJOUFSWFOÎÍPTFPQÞCMJDP
PT IBCJUBOUFT EP DFOUSP QPS FYFNQMP
RVFSFN TF SFMBDJPOBS DPN
FTTFUJQP EFBSUF.BTOÍPTFUSBUBEF EFGFOEFS BRVJVNBBSUFBTTJT
UFODJBMJʽB'BMPEF TJUVBÎÜFTBTTPDJBEBTBPiGB[FSBSUFwFNUFSSFOPT
EFʼSPUFHJEPT&FOWPMWFSPPVUSPÏTFNQSFVNSJTDPRVBOEPTFUFN
BEFWJEBSFʼPOTBCJMJEBEFTPCSFPRVFTFGB[FTPCSFPDPOUFYUP
'PJ QPS NPUJWPT RVF SFTWBMBN QPS RVFʽÜFT EFTTB PSEFN RVF
QBTTFJBGB[FSEPDVNFOUÈSJPTQPSFYFNQMP1PSRVFGB[FSEPDVNFO
UÈSJPTQPEFTFSVNBGPSNBEFBQSFOEFSDPNBSFBMJEBEFVNBGPSNB
EF TF JOTFSJS OVNB SFMBÎÍP DPN P PVUSP DPN P BNCJFOUF PV DPN
VNEFUFSNJOBEPDPOUFYUPRVFOÍPTFDPOIFDF&FTTFQSPDFTTPFTTF
QFSDVSTPQPEFNFUSBOTGPSNBSQPEFNFGB[FSEJGFSFOUFNFGB[FSWFS
BMHPRVFFVOÍPWJBBOUFT& NBJTRVF JTTPQPEFGVODJPOBSDPNPDB
OBMQBSBRVFBMHVÏNTFFYQSFTTF0USBCBMIPDPNNÓEJBTUFNRVFUFS
FTTBNÍPEVQMBFMFUFNRVFQPUFODJBMJ[BSPEJÈMPHP"DPOFʹJWJEBEF
DIGITO_Book.indb 179
10/8/2006 07:18:04
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
OÍPCBʽBÏQSFDJTPQSFFODIFSFTTFDBOBMDPNBMHPRVFWBMIBBQFOB
#JCMJPHSBmB
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30-/*, 4VFMZ &E
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1BSBDIVUFO
DIGITO_Book.indb 180
10/8/2006 07:18:04
4ØPBGPSJTNPBQBSØ
EJBFPQBSBEPYPOPTVOFN
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IÈVNSJUVBMRVFTFSFQFUF %PJTKPWFOTBUJWJʽBTFTDPMIFNDBTBTEB
BMUBCVSHVFTJBCFSMJOFOTFFHSBÎBTBPCMPRVFJPEPTBQBSBUPTEFWJHJ
MÉODJB JOWBEFN BT NBOTÜFT NVEBN UVEP EF MVHBS F EFJYBN VNB
NFOTBHFNHSBmUBEBiPTEJBT EFGBSUVSBFʽÍPDIFHBOEPBPmNBT
TJOBEPFEVLBUPSTw&NTFHVJEBQBSUFNTFNOBEBMFWBS/ÍPTFUSBUB
EFVNBBNFBÎBPVVNBSFWPMUBDPOUSBPTJʽFNB"EVQMBEFiFEV
DBEPSFTw+BOF1FUFSQSPQÜFVNBQFEBHPHJBCBTFBEBOBDPOʽSVÎÍP
EFVNDPOUSBTFOTPEFVNBCTVSEPEFVNEJʼBSBUF"BÎÍPÏDMBSB
DSJBSVNBJOʽBCJMJEBEFEPTTVKFJUPTFEPTPCKFUPT0NVOEPEPCPN
TFOTPFEPTFOTPDPNVNFYQSFTTPOBPSEFNFOPHPʽPEBTDBTBT
CVSHVFTBTBCBʽBEBTVNBWF[SFWJSBEPQFMPBWFTTPTFUPSOBJOʽÈWFM
FFʽSBOIPBQBSFMIPTEFTPNOBHFMBEFJSBQPSDFMBOBTDIJOFTBTOP
WBTPTBOJUÈSJPNØWFJTFNQJMIBEPTPTPGÈCPJBOEPOBQJTDJOBy
0BUPEF JOWBEJSQSPQSJFEBEFTQBSUJDVMBSFTÏDPOTJEFSBEP JMFHBM
.BTOPDPOUFYUPEFVNFʽBEPEFFYDFÎÍPRVBOEPPTEJSFJUPTFʽÍP
TVʼFOTPTOPBSPRVFGB[FS &NCBSBMIBSPTDØEJHPT$SJBSVNQFOTB
NFOUPRVFQBTTFQPSEFCBJYPEBTMFJTSFDVTBOEPBTQPSEFCBJYPEBT
SFMBÎÜFT DPOUSBUVBJT EFTNFOUJOEPBT QPS EFCBJYP EBT JOʽJUVJÎÜFT
QBSPEJBOEPBT i" DPOUFʽBÎÍP IPKF mDPV VN QPVDP NBJT DPN
QMJDBEBw EJ[ +BO Ë BNJHB +VMF OVN EPT EJÈMPHPT EP mMNF 1PʽFSJPS
NFOUF BUSBWÏT EB JOUFSWFOÎÍP EB QSØQSJB +VMF FNFSHF VN DIPRVF
EFHFSBÎÜFTJOFWJUÈWFMʾFFEVLBUPSTDPMPDBGSFOUFBGSFOUFBHFSBÎÍP
EFFPTBUJWJʽBTEPOPWPNJMÐOJP
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DPNVNPGBUPEFJOʽBMBSFNPQBSBEPYPOPQFOTBNFOUP FOBWJEB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 181
10/8/2006 07:18:05
5FPSJBT5ÈUJDBT
QPMÓUJDB0QBSBEPYPUFNVNBGVOÎÍPEFTBVUPNBUJ[BEPSBEBQFSDFQ
ÎÍP EP NVOEP OB NFEJEB FN RVF USBOTGPSNB B QFSNBOÐODJB FN
QVSP EFWJS & TF QPS VN MBEP Ï UÍP EJGÓDJM USBUBS IJʽPSJDBNFOUF PT
NPWJNFOUPTQBSBEPYBJTBPNFTNPUFNQPQPEFNPTBQSPYJNBSNVJ
UPTUFØSJDPTRVFOVODBTFEFmOJSBNBOBSRVJʽBT /JFU[TDIF'PVDBMU
%FMFV[F
EBiNÈRVJOBEFHVFSSBwBOÈSRVJDBDPOUSBPQPEFS
*OʼJSBEPQFMBQFEBHPHJBEPTFEVLBUPSTQSFUFOEFTFBRVJBQFOBT
FUÍPTPNFOUFNBQFBSBMHVNBTSFWFSCFSBÎÜFTQBSBEPYBJTEFNBUSJ[
OJFU[TDIFBOB OBT NBOJGFʽBÎÜFT DPOUFNQPSÉOFBT EF NJEJBUJWJTNP
UFSNPBTTJNEFmOJEPQPS.BUUFP1BTRVJOFMMJ
i0NJEJBUJWJTNPOÍPÏTØVNGFOÙNFOPTPDJBMFQPMÓUJDP SFQSF
TFOUBVNMBCPSBUØSJPEFJOPWBÎÜFTFFYQFSJNFOUBÎÜFTRVFWFSFNPT
TVSHJSOB TPDJFEBEFEPGVUVSP5SBUBTF EFVNQSPUØUJQPPVEFVNB
PmDJOBEFVNBOPWBDVMUVSBFEFVNBOPWBNFOUBMJEBEFEPTGØSVOT
TPDJBJTBPIBDLUJWJTNPEPPSÎBNFOUPQBSUJDJQBUJWPËFDPOPNJBTPMJ
EÈSJBEB EFTPCFEJÐODJBTPDJBMËJOUFSWFOÎÍPQBDÓmDBOPTUFSSJUØSJPT
EB HVFSSB HMPCBM ² VNB OPWB BUJUVEF VN NPEFMP DVMUVSBM VNB
GPSNBNFOUBMRVFDPOTJEFSBNPTDFOUSBMOPIVNBOJTNPEPNVOEP
RVFFʽÈQPSWJS6NQSPUØUJQPNFOUBMRVFBJOEBÏFNCSJPOÈSJPNBT
DBSSFHBEPEFQPUFODJBMJEBEFTSBEJDBMNFOUFJOPWBEPSBTRVFKÈBSSB
OIBSBNBTVQFSGÓDJFEBTQJSÉNJEFTJNQFSJBJTEPQPEFSEPTNFJPTEF
DPNVOJDBÎÍPEBFDPOPNJByw
$PNFDFNPTQPSVNBQJʽBGPSOFDJEBQPS.JDIFM'PVDBVMUFN
OVNBJOVTJUBEBFOUSFWJʽBDPODFEJEBË3FWJʽB.BODIFUF'PV
DBVMUFNTVBTFHVOEBFÞMUJNBWJTJUBBP#SBTJMBVUPEFmOJBTFVN
KPSOBMJʽBi0RVF NFJOUFSFTTBÏBBUVBMJEBEFPRVFTFQBTTBFN
OPTTPSFEPSPRVF TPNPTP RVFBDPOUFDFOPNVOEPw EFDMBSPV
&NTFHVJEBBSSFNBUPV
i"mMPTPmBBUÏ/JFU[TDIFUJOIBDPNP SB[ÍPEF TFSBFUFSOJEBEF
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DBNQPEBmMPTPmB "OUFTPmMØTPGPDPOIFDJBPUFNQPFBFUFSOJEB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 182
10/8/2006 07:18:05
4ØPBGPSJTNPBQBSØEJBFPQBSBEPYPOPTVOFN
EF.BT/JFU[TDIFUJOIBVNBPCTFTTÍPQFMBBUVBMJEBEF1FOTPRVFP
GVUVSPTPNPTOØTRVFGB[FNPT0GVUVSPÏBNBOFJSBDPNPSFBHJNPT
BPRVFTFQBTTBÏ BNBOFJSBDPNPUSBOTGPSNBNPTFNWFSEBEFVN
NPWJNFOUPVNBEÞWJEB4F OØTRVJTFSNPTTFS NFʽSFTEPOPTTPGV
UVSPEFWFNPTDPMPDBSGVOEBNFOUBMNFOUFBRVFʽÍPEPIPKF1PSJTTP
QBSBNJNBmMPTPmBÏVNBFʼÏDJFEFKPSOBMJTNPSBEJDBMw
0SBPQSPKFUPNBJT HFSBMEF/JFU[TDIFFOTJOBOPT(JMMFT%FMFV[F
DPOTJʽFFNJOUSPEV[JSOPVOJWFSTPmMPTØmDPPTDPODFJUPTEFTFOUJEPB
SFMBÎÍPEFBMHVNBDPJTBQBSBDPNBGPSÎBRVFEFMBTFBQPEFSB
FWBMPS
BIJFSBSRVJBEFGPSÎBTRVFTFFYQSJNFNOPPCKFUP
²DPNPTFPiIPKFw
FBiBUVBMJEBEFwEFRVFOPTGBMB'PVDBVMUOBDJUBÎÍPBDJNBQBTTBTTFNB
HBOIBSVNOPWPTFOUJEPFVNSFOPWBEPWBMPSPVUSBOTWBMPS
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QPEFNTFSFOUFOEJEPTEJBOUFEFVNBDSÓUJDBSBEJDBMEPKPHPEFGPSÎBT
DPOUFNQPSÉOFBT6NBmMPTPmBDPOGPSNF/JFU[TDIFEJ[JBSFBMJ[BEBB
iNBSUFMBEBTw.BTRVFUJQPEFKPSOBMJTNPSBEJDBMBPNFTNPUFNQPDSÓ
UJDPFDSJBUJWPEFʼPOUBSJBBQBSUJSEBTNBSUFMBEBTEF/JFU[TDIF
*NFEJBUJTNP
1PʽP RVF OÍP TF QPEF GBMBS FN KPSOBMJTNP TFN BMVEJS B VNB
MJOHVBHFNTVCKBDFOUFUSBUBTFEFCVTDBSFN/JFU[TDIFBOPWJEBEF
EJTDVSTJWBVNBOPWBOBSSBUJWBDBQB[EFJMVNJOBSiBBVSPSBEFVNB
DPOUSBDVMUVSBwFEFVNBDPOUSBmMPTPmB² FYBUBNFOUFJTTPRVFP
mMØTPGP(JMMFT%FMFV[FBQSPGVOEBOBTVBGBMBi1FOTBNFOUPOÙNBEFw
OP$FOUSP$VMUVSBM *OUFSOBDJPOBMEF$FSJTZMB4BMMF/PSNBOEJB
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SBOUFPDPMØRVJPi/JFU[TDIFIPKF wFNKVMIPEF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 183
10/8/2006 07:18:05
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DPMPDBOEPFNYFRVFUPEPTPTNFJPTEFFYQSFTTÍPBOUFSJPSFTw
1BSB(JMMFT%FMFV[FDPOFʹBSPQFOTBNFOUPBPFYUFSJPSÏPRVF
PTmMØTPGPTOVODBm[FSBNNFTNPRVBOEPGBMBWBNEFQPMÓUJDB/ÍP
CBʽBGBMBSEPFYUFSJPSQBSB DPOFʹBS PQFOTBNFOUPEJSFUBNFOUF F
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MJWSP OFN OBT QÈHJOBT QSFDFEFOUFT RVF OÍP DBCF OP RVBESP EP MJ
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SFQSFTFOUBÎÜFT PV EP NPWJNFOUP BCʽSBUP EPT DPODFJUPT "MHVNB
DPJTBTBMUBEPMJWSPFOUSBFNDPOUBUPDPNVNQVSPFYUFSJPSFPRVF
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FYUFSJPSi'SJFESJDI/JFU[TDIFBmSNPVRVFPIBCJUBUEPTHSBOEFTQSP
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JOnVÐODJBGVOEBNFOUBMOBTFYQFSJÐODJBTUFMFNÈUJDBTBMUFSOBUJWBT#FZ
DIFHPVBFTDSFWFSVNNBOJGFʽPEPJNFEJBUJTNP&NTFVPJUBWPJUFN
MÐTFPTFHVJOUF
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OBTEFGBYHSBWBEPSFTEFmUBGPUPDPQJBEPSBT‰FTTBTDPJTBTSFQSFTFO
UBNCPOTCSJORVFEPTNBTUFSSÓWFJTWÓDJPT'JOBMNFOUFOØTQFSDFCFNPT
RVF OÍP QPEFNPT BMDBOÎBS F UPDBS FN OJOHVÏN RVF OÍP FʽFKB QSF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 184
10/8/2006 07:18:06
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DIGITO_Book.indb 185
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VNBBQBSJÎÍPNBT VNTJHOPVNTJOUPNBRVFFODPOUSBPTFVTFOUJEP
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RVFTFEJ[JBPÞOJDPÏUBNCÏNVNFWFOUPQMVSBMBNPSUFEF%FVTÏ
VNBDPOUFDJNFOUPPOEFDBEBTFOUJEPÏNÞMUJQMP²QPSRVFiOJFU[TDIF
OÍPBDSFEJUBOPTHSBOEFTFWFOUPTSVJEPTPTNBTOBQMVSBMJEBEFTJMFO
DJPTBEFTFOUJEPTEFDBEBFWFOUPw
4FPVWJSNPTPVUSPJOUÏSQSFUFBmBEPEF/JFU[TDIFPmMØTPGPJUBMJBOP
(JBOOJ7BUUJNPQFSDFCFSFNPTRVF/JFU[TDIFF)FJEFHHFSOPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 186
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HVMIBOEPQSPGVOEBNFOUFOBTUFPSJBT EP&UFSOP3FUPSOP FEB7PO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 187
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DIGITO_Book.indb 188
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TÏSJFTEJWFSHFOUFT QFMPNFOPT
TPCSFBTRVBJT FMFBUVB UPEBTFNF
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B FYJʽÐODJB EF VN PSJHJOBM F EF VNB DØQJB ² OFʽB EJSFÎÍP RVF Ï
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BSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPUFNBJEFOUJEBEFDPNPFMFNFOUPFVNTFNFMIBOUF
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NVMBDSPUFNPAEÓʼBSDPNPVOJEBEFEFNFEJEBJʽPÏTFNQSFVNB
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DPNPVNMJCFMPDPOUSBBTMFJTEFQBUFOUFTFPGVOEBNFOUBMJTNPEBT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 189
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DIGITO_Book.indb 190
10/8/2006 07:18:07
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DIGITO_Book.indb 191
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DIGITO_Book.indb 192
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DIGITO_Book.indb 193
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DIGITO_Book.indb 194
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DIGITO_Book.indb 195
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DIGITO_Book.indb 196
10/8/2006 07:18:09
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DIGITO_Book.indb 197
10/8/2006 07:18:09
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PTħěTASFTJEFOUFTKPHBTTFNJNBHFOTw&FʼBMIBSBNGSBTFTJOEJHOBEBT
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DBNQBOIBEFDPOTDJFOUJ[BÎÍPEPTEFQVUBEPTFCVSMBOEPBJOBCJMJEBEF
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DPSSFEPSFTEPQSÏEJPPmDJBMVNQSPKFUPEFGPUPHSBmBTFNUBNBOIP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 198
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3JDBSEP3PTBTiVNBNFOTBHFNFmDJFOUFQPEFTFSQBTTBEBTFNOFDFTTJ
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DJUBOEPBGSBTFEFVNBOÙOJNPFTDSJUBOBTSVBTEF1BSJTFNȴȼȹȻ
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DIGITO_Book.indb 199
10/8/2006 07:18:10
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TBOHVFFDBOUBOEPIJOPTEFWJUØSJBTPCSFBUFSSBBCBOEPOBEBBP
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EFTFNUFSSB1PSFOUSFPTCBSSBODPTFCBSSBDPTMFWBOUBEPTÏQPT
TÓWFMRVFWFKBVNBNVMIFSQFRVFOBBCSBÎBOEPIPNFOTTVBEPTF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 200
10/8/2006 07:18:10
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(BNCJBSSBTTVCKFUJWBTFOUSFTFNUFUPFIBDLFST
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EPEBOÎBNBPTTPOTEFnBVUBTIBSQBTFUBNCPSFTFWPDBOEPDPNTFVT
HFʽPTFQJGÉOJDPTBTGPSÎBTPOUPMØHJDBTEBWJEB0IPNFNFYBVʽPEF
UVEP EFSSBNBMIFT NJKP EB TBDBEB BOTJBOEP QFMP TJMÐODJP JNQPTTÓWFM
FORVBOUP B FʼPTB TBSBDPUFJB OB DBMÎBEB " FNFSHÐODJB Ï SVJEPTB F
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SFDJOUP‰BMÓEFSEPTTFNUFUPHSJUBEFEFOUSPEBTOÏWPBTi2VFN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 201
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4VCUFYUP
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PPOJSJTNPEBQSJNFJSB$PNPWBNQJSPTOPUÓWBHPTPTEFʼFKBEPTEP
NVOEPTFBKVOUBNQBSBEFTFʽBCJMJ[BSBDJEBEFQSFUFOEJEBFNPSEFN
JOWFSUFOEPPTNBQBTCVSPDSÈUJDPTPDVQBOEPUFSSJUØSJPTPDJPTPTTF
MBOÎBOEPOBJOWFOÎÍPEFGVUVSPOBCPSEBEPTFVQSØQSJPUFNQPSF
NFNPSBOEPPTFʼBÎPTFTRVFDJEPTEBNFUSØQPMFFUFODJPOBOEP%J
SFJUPT$POʽJUVDJPOBJT*EJPTTJODSBUJDBNFOUF1PʽFSHBEPT
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DBSBCBOEFJSBTBOHVFQBSBMJCFSUÈMBEFTVBDPOʽFMBÎÍPNPSBMJʽB
SFQMFUBEFBTTPDJBÎÜFTEFWJPMÐODJBFNBMEBEF1PSBDBTPPQFSGPS
NFSRVFTFTVʼFOEFOPTHBODIPTEFBÎPVHVFOÍPSFJOWFOUBPT
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SFJOWFOUBJWPT-JCFSUFNTFEPFʽJHNBEPNBMFBQSPYJNBJWPT
EBTBHBEPTWBNQJSPTJNPSUBJTRVFDPOIFDFNBWJCSBÎÍPEB5FS
SB5PNBJPTFʼBÎPTMBOÎBJWPTQFMBHFPHSBmBUSÐNVMBEBDJEBEF
EPSNFOUFFBSSFCBUBJOPTTPTDPUJEJBOPTDPNTVBTNPSEJEBTFNP
SBEJBTDPOUBNJOBOUFT3FMFNCSBSFNPTTFNQSFTVBTFYQFSJÐODJBT
EBOPJUFRVBOEPFOmBWBTPTQÏTOPTQPSUÜFTBCBOEPOBEPTFJOT
UBVSBWBTDPNVOJEBEFTJOWFOUBEBT/ÍPQFSNJUJSFNPTRVFSFQJUBT
BWJMIJFSBSRVJBRVFUFGF[NJTFSÈWFM
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DIGITO_Book.indb 202
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$VNQMJDJEBEFTIFNBUPGÈHJDBToDPSFPHSBGJBTWFSNFMIPTBOHVF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 203
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EPDPOUSBSJBQSFNJTTBTCÈTJDBTEFTTFTNFJPT
0FWFOUVBMQÞCMJDPPEFTBWJTBEPDSÓUJDPRVFBTTJʽBBUSBCBMIPT
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BCBÓBEF5PEPTPT4BOUPTFB«GSJDBPVRVFBJOEBiQSPNPWFwVN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 204
10/8/2006 07:18:11
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CBMIPTDPNUFPSQPMÓUJDPNBJTQSPOVODJBEPFNRVFNFTNPUBMUFPS
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QBSUFEFTBDSFEJUBEBTTFBTHSBOEFTWPHBTSFDFOUFTEPTFʽVEPTDVMUV
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SJBEPTDBNQPTEPTBCFSFTFNFTNPPHSBOEFCBʽJÍPEBJEFOUJEBEF
IPKFTFWÐFOUSJODIFJSBEPQPSNPWJNFOUPTQØTJEFOUJUÈSJPTEBTNFT
NBTNJOPSJBTRVFIÈBQFOBTQPVDBTEÏDBEBTBEFGFOEJBNDPNPUÈCVB
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BTVSQSFFOEFSUPUBMNFOUF
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EPNJOBÎÍPEBHSBOEFNÓEJBFOUSFPVUSBTTÍPRVFʽÜFTRVFDPOUJOV
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TJWBEBWFMIBFDPOIFDJEBMBNÞSJBiDPOUSBPTPQSFTTPSFTw5BNQPVDP
IÈBRVJVNBEFGFTBDFHBEFVNBTVQPʽBJEFOUJEBEFTFKBFMBSBDJBM
PVRVBMRVFSPVUSBNBTBOUFTQFRVFOBTJOTFSÎÜFTUÈUJDBTPViHPMQFTw
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RVFTFQFSDFCFNDFSUPTKPHPTCSJODBEFJSBTDPNPTDØEJHPTTVBTVC
5SBUPNFMIPSEFTUBRVFTUÍPJEFOUJUÈSJBSBDJBMFNSFMBÎÍPËPCSBEF%BOJFM-JNBFNPVUSP
UFYUPQVCMJDBEPOPDBUÈMPHPEB.PTUSB1BO"GSJDBOBEF"SUF$POUFNQPSÉOFB%BOJFM-JNB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 205
10/8/2006 07:18:11
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NBJTDPNVOTEFGSVJÎÍPRVFSOVNBBQSFTFOUBÎÍPQBSBPQÞCMJDPOB
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WFKPDPNPTJHOJmDBUJWPTEFTTFTNPEPTEFTVCWFSTÍPEPTDØEJHPT
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DVMPRVFTFEFJYBEÞWJEBBPTEFTBWJTBEPTEFQSJNFJSBIPSBBOTJP
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EFUFʹBSWÈDVPTJOEJGFSFOÎBPVGFUJDIJ[BÎÍPOFNQPSJTTPFTDPO
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QPOUPTNBJTSJDPTFSFWFMBEPSFTEPRVF%BOJFMFTVBTUSVQFTDIB
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DVMPwFNTJOÍPÏVNBSFGFSÐODJBWFMBEBËTJEÏJBTEF%FCPSENBT
VNBUFOUBUJWBEFDMBSBEBEFVTBSPNFJPEPFOUSFUFOJNFOUPQBSB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 206
10/8/2006 07:18:11
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QBSBEBTEFGBSPMTPCSFBGSBTFPVBJOEBEFOPmOBMRVFJNBSBTGBJYBT
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PĒģğĤĥħPDVQPVVNBTBMBEB$BTBEBT3PTBTDPNNPEFMPTEFQBQFMÍP
EFDFMFCSJEBEFTEBNÓEJBFNUBNBOIPOBUVSBMEFTTFTVTBEPTFNNFS
DIBOEJTJOHQBSBCBODBTEFSFWJʽBFDVKBBÎÍPOPGFʽJWBMGPJQÙMPTEFDPT
UBTQBSBRVFNFOUSBWBOBTBMBJʽPÏNPʽSBSBTDFMFCSJEBEFTDPNPFMBT
iTFSJBNwOBSFBMJEBEFmHVSBTEFQBQFMÍPNFSBTTVQFSGÓDJFT
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TBJSOVNBQSPDJTTÍPDPMFUJWBDBEBQBSUJDJQBOUFDBSJOIPTBNFOUFDPNTFV
NPEFMPDBNJOIBOEPQFMBDJEBEFEFOUSPEFTIPQQJOHTMPKBTEPNFUSÙ
EFCBODPTFUDQBSBOVNmOBMBQPUFØUJDPUPDBSGPHPOBTDFMFCSJEBEFTEF
QBQFMFNQMFOBBWFOJEB1BVMJʽB"KVOÎÍPFOUSFUFOJNFOUPDSÓUJDBTPDJBM
OÍPQPEFSJBNFMIPSTJOUFUJ[BSBRVJBJEÏJBEFBOUJFʼFUÈDVMP
+ÈIÈBMHVNUFNQPRVFNFTNPPTNPWJNFOUPTBUJWJʽBTNBJTSBEJ
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DIGITO_Book.indb 207
10/8/2006 07:18:12
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UP"OPÎÍPEFVNBOUJFʼFUÈDVMPUBMWF[FʽFKBKVʽBNFOUFOFTTF
BTTBMUPBVNGPSNBUPNJEJÈUJDPSFDIFBOEPPEFSVÓEPTEFTFOUJEP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 208
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DIGITO_Book.indb 210
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DIGITO_Book.indb 211
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DIGITO_Book.indb 212
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BOUBHPOJʽBTFNFTNPBTTJNFGFUVBSFNVNDIPRVFOBFTGFSBNJ
EJÈUJDBFʽÍPQSPWBWFMNFOUFFOUSFPTNBJTTJHOJmDBUJWPTFYFNQMPT
EFNÓEJBUÈUJDBQSPEV[JEBOP#SBTJM
"TDPOUSBEJÎÜFTFBNCJHàJEBEFTQFSNBOFDFN"TCBOEFJSBT
EFGFOEJEBTOÍPTÍPUÍPDMBSBTNBTTFSÈRVFBRVFʽÍPBRVJÏBCBO
EFJSBPVBGPSNBDPNPBTFHVSBNPT $PNPEFGFOEFSBHVFSSJMIB
DVMUVSBMFNFTNPBTTJNQSPEV[JSQBSBBĥħQBHB &TTFTQBSBEPYPT
TÍP KVʽBNFOUF P RVF QFSGB[FN B SJRVF[B F B QSPCMFNÈUJDB OBT
DSJBÎÜFTEF%BOJFM-JNB4FNFMFTOÍPPFOUFOEFSÓBNPT2VBOEP
QFSHVOUBEPTTFUFNFSJBNTFSFOHPMJEPTQFMBWPSBHFNEBJOEÞʽSJB
EPFOUSFUFOJNFOUPPĒģğĤĥħSFʼPOEFVi2VFFMFTOPTFOHVMBN
QBTTFNNBMWPNJUFNw4JHOJmDBUJWBNFOUFVNBEBTDFOBTÓDPOFT
EBTÏSJFÏVNBEBRVFMBTRVFKBNBJTQBTTBSJBNOVNBSFUSPʼFʹJWB
EB (MPCP TJN BRVFMB iJOPDFOUFw JNBHFN EB 9VYB FN TFV QSP
HSBNBRVFFNDÉNFSBMFOUBFEJÎÍPEP3FWPMVÎÍP
EFTDPCSFVN
GPHPOPDFOÈSJPFDPSSFBTDSJBOÎBTDPSSFNPDFOÈSJPQFHBGPHP
%ÐPOPNFBSUFBQSPQSJBÎÍPBUJWJTNPEJWFSTÍP
"SFTQFJUPEFDFSUBEJmDVMEBEFEBWJEFPBSUFFNMJEBSDPNOBSSBUJWBTNBJTQPQTFQSØYJ
NBTEPGPSNBUPUFMFWJTJWPUSBEJDJPOBMCFNDPNPEFTVBHVJOBEBNBJTQBSBPDPOUFNQMBUJWP
EPDVCPCSBODPEBTHBMFSJBTWFSPFOTBJP#&"(-&4+PIO#&&$)%BWJEi7JEFP1VSJmFE
PG5FMFWJTJPO ‰ 0O XIZ WJEFP BSU XBOUT UP CF CPSJOHw *O7BSJBOU IUUQXXXWBSJBOU
SBOEPNTUBUFPSHUFYUTWJEFPCPSFIUNM"DFTTPFNKBO
-07*/,(FFSU("3$*"%BWJEi0"#$EBNÓEJBUÈUJDBw*O3J[PNBIUUQXXXSJ[PNB
OFUEFTFOWJOUFSOBQIQ JETFDBPJOUFSWFODBP"DFTTPFNKBO
DIGITO_Book.indb 214
10/8/2006 07:18:14
%JHJUPGBHJB PV
EJHJUPFNJB
QPS.ÈSDJP'"SBÞKP+S
i"TGPSÎBTOPIPNFNFOUSBNFNSFMBÎÍPDPNGPSÎBTEF
GPSBBTEPTJMÓDJPRVFTFWJOHBEPDBSCPOPBTEPTDPN
QPOFOUFTHFOÏUJDPTRVFTFWJOHBNEPPSHBOJTNPBTEPT
BHSBNBUJDBJTRVFTFWJOHBNEPTJHOJmDBOUF<y>0RVF
ÏPTVQFSIPNFN ²PDPNQPʽPGPSNBMEBTGPSÎBTOP
IPNFNDPNFTTBTOPWBTGPSÎBTw(JMMFT%FMFV[F
7FSTÍP
" BQSPQSJBÎÍP WFSUJHJOPTB EF EFUFSNJOBEBT UFDOPMPHJBT
EF QPOUB QFMP IPNFN NÏEJP QSJODJQBMNFOUF BUSBWÏT EB QP
QVMBSJ[BÎÍPEBJOGPSNÈUJDBFEBJOUFSOFUFʽÈNVEBOEPBRVJMP
RVF TF DPʽVNBWB QSPKFUBS FORVBOUP iGVUVSPw F DPOTFRàFOUF
NFOUF P QBQFM EP JOEJWÓEVP OFTTF iGVUVSPw BHPSB QSFTFOUF ²
OFTTF TFOUJEP RVF B mDÎÍP DJFOUÓmDB QPS FYFNQMP EFTMVNCSB
PTMFJUPSFT"USBWÏTEFTVBFʼFDVMBÎÍPBDFSDBEPBWBOÎPUFDOP
MØHJDP FN TJ ‰ DPNP OPT MJWSPT EF "MEPVT )VYMFZ PV 8JMMJBN
(JCTPO‰EBEFTDPCFSUBEFNVOEPTiFYUFSJPSFTwBTTPNCSPTPT
RVFUBMBWBOÎPUFDOPMØHJDPQPTTJCJMJUBSJBFUBNCÏNEPDPOUSPMF
EB TPDJFEBEF QPS JOUFSNÏEJP EPT NFJPT UFDOPMØHJDPT ‰ DPNP
FN ȴȼȻȷ EF (FPSHF 0SXFMM "ENJSÈWFM NVOEP OPWP EF "MEPVT
)VYMFZ'BSFOIFJUȷȸȴEF3BZ#SBECVSZPVOBUSJMPHJB.BUSJYEPT
JSNÍPT8BDIPXTLJ
1PS NFJP EB BOÈMJTF EBT PCSBT EF BMHVOT FTDSJUPSFT EF mD
ÎÍPDJFOUÓmDB‰DPNP1IJMJQ,%JDL+(#BMMBSE#SVDF4UFSMJOH
8JMMJBN(JCTPOF3PCFSU4JMWFSCFSH‰DJOFBʽBT‰DPNP4UBOMFZ
,VCSJDLF%BWJE$SPOFOCFSH‰FBUÏEPQPFUBCFBU8JMMJBN#VS
DIGITO_Book.indb 215
10/8/2006 07:18:14
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
SPVHITOPUBNPTEFTEFPTBOPTȴȼȹȳVNBGVTÍPJOFʼFSBEBFOUSFB
NFOUFIVNBOBFBUFDOPMPHJBRVFFMBDSJBHFSBOEPVNPVUSPiOÓWFM
EF DPOTDJÐODJBw 6NB TPDJFEBEF QØTIVNBOB " SFBMJEBEF EFTEP
CSBEBFNiDBNBEBTw &NiVOJWFSTPWJSUVBMw
5BJT PCSBT EF mDÎÍP PQFSBN QPEFSÓBNPT EJ[FS BMÏN EB NFSB
EJDPUPNJB CFNNBM NÈRVJOBTFS IVNBOP QSPHSFTTPBUSBTP ‰ PV
EF DPNP P EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP UFDOPMØHJDP Ï B QPSUB QBSB SFWFMBS BT
QVMTÜFTNBJTTPNCSJBTEPTFSIVNBOPFNWF[EFBGBʽÈMPEFMBT-ØHJ
DBEFDFSUBNBOFJSBQSFTFOUFFNPCSBTDPNP7JEFPESPNFF9JʽFO;
$SBTI"NPTDB#MBEF3VOOFSFEFNBOFJSBSFMBUJWBFN.BUSJY
7FSTÍP
*OEFQFOEFOUFEFWJWFSNPTPVOÍPOVNBTJNVMBÎÍPHFSBEBQPS
DPNQVUBEPSOÍPQPEFNPTQFSEFSEFWJʽBPGBUPEFRVFPTNBJTJOV
TJUBEPT FMFUSPEPNÏʽJDPT OFDFTTJUBN EF QSPDFTTBEPSFT FMFUSÙOJDPT
QSPHSBNÈWFJT‰GSFF[FSNJDSPPOEBTĥħWÓEFPy‰PTWFÓDVMPTNBJT
SFDFOUFT ‰ QFMP NFOPT EF[ BOPT EF GBCSJDBÎÍP ‰ UBNCÏN QPEFN
TFS QSPHSBNBEPT HSBÎBT Ë DFOUSBM FMFUSÙOJDB EF JOKFÎÍP ĖĔĦ
RVF
QPEF PQFSBS FN PV CJUT TFNFMIBOUFNFOUF Ë QMBDBNÍF EF
VNEFTLUPQDPNVN‰SFDFCFOEPDIBNBEBTEPTBQMJDBUJWPTFEJʽSJ
CVJOEP RVBOUJEBEFT FʼFDÓmDBT EF NFNØSJB ģĒĞ EF BDPSEP DPN B
OFDFTTJEBEFEPBQMJDBUJWP5BNCÏNBCJPNFUSJBUPSOBTFBMHPDPNVN
OPDPOUSPMFEFGSFRàÐODJBEFGVODJPOÈSJPTFOBJEFOUJmDBÎÍPEFiQSJ
TJPOFJSPTw*ODMVTJWFBQSØQSJBSFMBÎÍPQSJTJPOFJSPQSJTÍPTFUSBOTGPSNB
QPJT QFOBT BMUFSOBUJWBT DPNP B MJCFSEBEF BTTJʽJEB UPSOBNTF NBJT
GSFRàFOUFT EBEBT BT JOÞNFSBT GPSNBT EF SBʽSFBNFOUP F DPOUSPMF
FMFUSÙOJDPËEJʼPTJÎÍP
"JOEBUFNPT5SJMPCJUF2SJPF4XPSET&ORVBOUPPQSJNFJSPBʼJ
SBQØPTFHVOEPEBOÎBFSFHFPSRVFʽSBT4XPSET‰VNBDSÙOJNP
EF4QFDJBM8FBQPOT0CTFSWBUJPO3FDPOOBJTTBODF%FUFʹJPO4ZʽFNT
4JʽFNBTEF0CTFSWBÎÍP3FDPOIFDJNFOUPF%FUFDÎÍPQBSB"SNBT
&ʼFDJBJT
‰FTRVBESJOIBPUFSSJUØSJPFNBUB4FOEPPBOUJHPGPSNB
UPEBHVFSSBQSPMFUÈSJPTPMEBEPYQSPMFUÈSJPTPMEBEPDBEBWF[NBJT
VMUSBQBTTBEBQFMBiJNQFTTPBMJEBEFwFWFMPDJEBEFNPSUBMEPQSPKÏUJM
"HPSBUFNPTSPCPUTEVCMÐTEFDPSQPRVFGFSFNEJMBDFSBNFBOJ
DIGITO_Book.indb 216
10/8/2006 07:18:14
%JHJUPGBHJBPVEJHJUPFNJB
RVJMBN DPSQPT WJWPT F QBSB JTTP OÍP SFRVFSFN BMJNFOUPT SPVQBT
USFJOBNFOUP NPUJWBÎÍP PV QFOTÍP " HVFSSB NPEFSOB WBJ BCSJO
EPNÍPEPQSPMFUÈSJPTPMEBEPOBNFTNBNFEJEBFNRVFBBVUP
NBÎÍPEBQSPEVÎÍPGPJUPSOBOEPPCTPMFUPPQSPMFUÈSJPPQFSÈSJP
" HVFSSB FOUSF &ʽBEPT QBTTB B UFS DPNP WFUPSFT BT NÈRVJOBT F
PT QSPMFUÈSJPTTPMEBEPT FORVBOUP P DPNCBUF BPT JOEFTFKÈWFJT
‰OBSDPUSBmDBOUFTUFSSPSJʽBTFJOTVSHFOUFT‰TFEBSÈOBSFMBÎÍP
FOUSFBNÈRVJOBFPDPSQPNÈRVJOBEPQSPMFUÈSJPTPMEBEP/ÍP
NBJTTBOHVFFTVPSNBTHSBYBFØMFP
7FSTÍP
i/BOPSSPCÙT‰SPCÙTEPUBNBOIPEFVNBIFNÈDJB‰OPT
EBSÍP PT NFJPT QBSB SFGB[FS SBEJDBMNFOUF PT OPTTPT TJʽFNBT
EJHFʽJWPTFJODJEFOUBMNFOUFRVBTFUVEPPNBJT&NVNBGBTF
JOUFSNFEJÈSJB OBOPSSPCÙT OP TJʽFNB EJHFʽJWP F OB DPSSFOUF
TBOHVÓOFBFYUSBJSÍPEFGPSNBJOUFMJHFOUFPTOVUSJFOUFTFYBUPTEF
RVF QSFDJTBNPT F OPT BWJTBSÍP RVBJT TÍP PT OVUSJFOUFT F TVQMF
NFOUPTRVFOPTGBMUBNQPSNFJPEFOPTTBSFEFTFNmPMPDBMF
NBOEBSÍPPSFʽBOUFEBDPNJEBBDBNJOIPEBFMJNJOBÎÍPw
"MHVOT QPEFSJBN EJ[FS RVF P QBSÈHSBGP BDJNB OÍP QBTTB
EFNFSBFʼFDVMBÎÍPGVUVSÓʽJDBSFUJSBEBEFVNBPCSBEFmDÎÍP
DJFOUJmDBRVBMRVFSNBTOÍPÏ0BVUPSEBGSBTFÏ3BZ,VS[XFJM
JOWFOUPSFUFDOØMPHPOPSUFBNFSJDBOPSFʼPOTÈWFMQFMBDSJBÎÍP
EB QSJNFJSB NÈRVJOB EF MFJUVSB QBSB DFHPT 3BZ BQFTBS EF QB
SFDFSNFSPBQPMPHJʽBEBUFDOPMPHJBFNBMHVOTNPNFOUPTOPT
BQSFTFOUBVNNVOEPSFQMFUPEFNJOÞTDVMBTDSJBUVSBTËTRVBJT
mDBSJBNEFMFHBEBTGVOÎÜFTPSHÉOJDBTIPKFUJEBTDPNPPCTPMFUBT
F QBSB BT RVBJT KÈ FYJʽFN TVCʽJUVUPT HSPTTFJSPT 1PJT FYQBOEJ
NPTOPTTBDBQBDJEBEFiOBUVSBMwWJBUFDOPMPHJB‰ESPHBTTVQMF
i"NBOPCSBRVFDPOTJTUJBPOUFNFNDFEFSUFSSFOPQBSBHBOIBSUFNQPQFSEFUPEPP
TFOUJEPBUVBMNFOUFPHBOIPEFUFNQPÏRVFTUÍPFYDMVTJWBNFOUFEFWFUPSFTFPUFSSJUØSJP
QFSEFVTFVTJHOJmDBEPBUFPQSPKÏUJM%FGBUPPWBMPSFTUSBUÏHJDPEPOÍPMVHBSEBWFMPDJEBEF
TVQMBOUPVEFmOJUJWBNFOUFPEPMVHBSFBRVFTUÍPEBQPTTFEPUFNQPSFOPWPVBEBQPTTF
UFSSJUPSJBMw7*3*-*01BVM7FMPDJEBEFFQPMÓUJDB4ÍP1BVMP&TUBÎÍP-JCFSEBEFQ
'PMIBEF41BVMP4ÍP1BVMPNBS$BEFSOP.BJT
DIGITO_Book.indb 217
10/8/2006 07:18:14
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
NFOUPT QSØUFTFT EF SFQPTJÎÍP QBSB QSBUJDBNFOUF UPEP OPTTP TJT
UFNBDPSQPSBM1PTTVÓNPTFRVJQBNFOUPTQSØUFTFTRVFiTVCʽJUVFN
OPTTPTKPFMIPTCBDJBTPNCSPTDPUPWFMPTQVMTPTNBYJMBSFTEFOUFT
QFMF BSUÏSJBT WFJBT WÈMWVMBT EP DPSBÎÍP CSBÎPT QFSOBT QÏT F EF
EPT4JʽFNBTQBSBTVCʽJUVJSØSHÍPTNBJTDPNQMFYPT‰QPSFYFNQMP
OPTTPTDPSBÎÜFT‰DPNFÎBNBGVODJPOBSw"MÏNEJTTPUFNPTIPKF
CMPRVFBEPSFT EF BNJEP RVF JNQFEFN QBSDJBMNFOUF B BCTPSÎÍP EF
DBSCPJESBUPTDPNQMFYPTFUBNCÏNCMPRVFBEPSFTEFHPSEVSBRVFTF
VOFNBTNPMÏDVMBTEFHPSEVSBFGB[FNDPNRVFFMBTOÍPTFKBNBCTPS
WJEBTQFMPTJʽFNBEJHFʽJWP&DMBSPPTBEPÎBOUFTFPVUSPTTVCʽJUV
UPTEFBÎÞDBSRVFGPSOFDFNEPÎVSBTFNDBMPSJBT
"OBOPDJÐODJBÏOBEBNBJTEPRVFPFʽVEPEFFʽSVUVSBTFN
FTDBMBOBOPNÏUSJDBFTVSHJVEPTBWBOÎPTEFEJWFSTPTSBNPTDJFOUÓmDPT
DPNPGÓTJDBRVÓNJDBFCJPMPHJB&ORVBOUPJTTPBTDJÐODJBTEPTNBUF
SJBJTBCJPFOHFOIBSJBFBFOHFOIBSJBFMÏUSJDBFʽÍPTFUSBOTGPSNBOEP
OVNBTVQFSEJTDJQMJOBBOBOPFOHFOIBSJBi/PNVOEPEBTEJNFOTÜFT
OBOPNÏUSJDBTQSPQSJFEBEFTJOUSÓOTFDBTEBNBUÏSJBDPNPDPSSFBÎÍP
RVÓNJDBFSFTJʽÐODJBFMÏUSJDBEFQFOEFNEFUBNBOIPFGPSNB"TTJN
TJʽFNBTOBOPFOHFOIFJSBEPTTFSÍPBRVFMFTFNRVFTFQPEFEFTFOIBS
BNBJTBNQMBHBNBEFQSPQSJFEBEFT‰PRVFQPSTVBWF[TJHOJmDB
RVFDPOʽSVJSRVBMRVFSDPJTBDPNDPOUSPMFFNOÓWFMOBOPNÏUSJDPTFSÈ
BNBOFJSBNBJTFmDJFOUFQPTTÓWFMEFQSPEV[JMBw
7FSTÍP
i-FJUFGSFTDPEB'B[FOEBw&TTBÏBGSBTFDPNRVF4JNPO+QSPUBHP
OJʽBEF6NQPOUP[FSPBCSFPmMNFFTDSJUPFEJSJHJEPQPS+FĊ3FOGSPF
F.BSUFJOʾPSTTPO4JNPO+EFSFQFOUFQBTTBBSFDFCFSFʽSBOIPT
*EFN
1BSB QFOTBSNPT B QSPEVÎÍP FN FTDBMB OBOP EFWFNPT JNBHJOBS P FODPMIJNFOUP EP
DPSQP‰OBTUSÐTEJNFOTÜFT‰QPSVNGBUPSEFVNNJMIÍPSFEV[JOEPPBPUBNBOIPEF
VNÞOJDPHMØCVMPWFSNFMIP‰RVFÏBNFOPSDÏMVMBEPDPSQPIVNBOP&FOUÍPSFEV[J
NPTFTTBDÏMVMBNBJTVNBWF[QPSVNGBUPSEFNJM0RVFUFNPTDPNPSFTVMUBEPÏVN
OBOÙNFUSP
8*--*".44UBOMFZ$IFGFEFQFTRVJTBTEB)FXMFUU1BDLBSEFNEFDMBSBÎÍPBP4FOBEP
EPT&6"TPCSFOBOPUFDOPMPHJBQVCMJDBEBOPTJUFIUUQXXXJOPWBDBPVOJDBNQCSFTQF
DJBMOBOPUFDIJOUFTUBOIUNM"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 218
10/8/2006 07:18:15
%JHJUPGBHJBPVEJHJUPFNJB
QBDPUFTWB[JPTFTPNFOUFNBJTUBSEFJSÈEFTDPCSJSRVFTFUSBUBEF
VNBFYQFSJÐODJBEFNBSLFUJOHFNRVFOBOPSSÙCPTEFOPNJOBEPT
iOBOPNJUFTw TÍP JOUSPEV[JEPT FN TFV DPSQP F BHFN EJSFUBNFOUF
FNTFVDÏSFCSP1PSUBOUPBTNFOTBHFOTDPSQPSBUJWBTBHFNEJSFUB
NFOUFTPCSFTVBFTDPMIB0QSPCMFNBBQBSFDFRVBOEPTFQFSDFCF
RVFPTOBOPNJUFTGPSBNDPOUBNJOBEPTDPNVNWÓSVTFQSFDJTBN
TFSBUVBMJ[BEPT6QHSBEFȵȴȵ
1PEFSÓBNPTEJ[FSRVFTFUSBUBBQFOBTEFVNBPCSBEFmDÎÍP
NBT UPNBEPT PT EFWJEPT DVJEBEPT DPNP OPT BEWFSUF %FMFV[F
iTPCQFOBEFDBJSNPTOBIJʽØSJBFNRVBESJOIPTwOPTDPOUFOUB
NPTDPNJOEJDBÎÜFTEJTDSFUBTNBTOÍPUÍPEJTDSFUBTQPJT4UBOMFZ
8JMMJBNTOPTEJ[RVFiyBDSJBUJWJEBEFIVNBOBFʽÈFNBMUB‰FMB
WBJTJHOJmDBSQSPEVUPTEFBMUPWBMPSBHSFHBEPFBMUPSFUPSOPmOBO
DFJSPQBSBBTDPNQBOIJBTRVFEPNJOBSFNB/BOPUFDOPMPHJBw
%FWFNPTBUFOUBSQBSBFTTFGBUPQBSBQFSDFCFSNPTRVFBmD
ÎÍPFPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPUFDOPMØHJDPFʽÍPFNDPOʽBOUFSFMBÎÍP
EFSFUSPBMJNFOUBÎÍP"TWBOUBHFOTFEFTWBOUBHFOTTÍPNVJUBTF
DPNPOPTEJ[%FMFV[Fiy
OÍPTFEFWFQFSHVOUBSRVBMÏPSFHJNF
NBJTEVSPPVPNBJTUPMFSÈWFMQPJTÏFNDBEBVNEFMFTRVFTF
FOGSFOUBN BT MJCFSBÎÜFT F BT TVKFJÎÜFTw 5FNPT QPSUBOUP DPNP
QSJODJQBJTNFJPTEFSFTJʽÐODJBTFTTFTFʼBÎPTFGFSSBNFOUBTTVB
TVCWFSTÍPFBQSPQSJBÎÍP
&OmNBDPOWJWÐODJBDPNNBUFSJBJTOBOPFOHFOIFJSBEPTTFSÈ
VNBDPOʽBOUF"OBUVSF[BTFNPEJmDBSÈTFSÈTJOUFUJ[BEB‰PV
EFTOBUVSBMJ[BEB²BNÈRVJOBRVFBPSFQSPEV[JSBTGPSÎBTEBOB
UVSF[BEFVNBNBOFJSBRVFTFRVFSBOBUVSF[BÏDBQB[QFSNJUFF
QFSNJUJSÈBFYJʽÐODJBEFNBUFSJBJTRVFBOBUVSF[BFNTFVDJDMPDP
NVNEFNBOFJSBBMHVNBTFSJBDBQB[EFQSPEV[JS1PSUBOUPOFTTF
DFOÈSJPPIPNFNTFiNFDBOJ[BwBNÈRVJOBTFiIVNBOJ[BwFB
OBUVSF[BÏiEFTOBUVSBMJ[BEBw
%&-&6;&(JMMFT'PVDBVMU4ÍP1BVMP#SBTJMJFOTFQ
8*--*".44UBOMFZ0QDJU
%&-&6;&(JMMFT1PTU4DSJQUVNTPCSFBTTPDJFEBEFTEFDPOUSPMF*O$POWFSTBÎÜFT3JP
EF+BOFJSP&EJUPSB
i"WJHÐODJBEBTMFJTEBOBUVSF[BTFNBOJGFTUBQPSUBOUPFNEJWFSTBTEJNFOTÜFT/PDBNQP
DIGITO_Book.indb 219
10/8/2006 07:18:15
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
0VUSP BʼFʹP RVF OÍP QPEFNPT JHOPSBS Ï B QPTTJCJMJEBEF EF
UFSNPTNFDBOJTNPTEFDPOUSPMFFWJHJMÉODJBJOʽBMBEPTOPJOUFSJPSEP
DPSQP PV QBJSBOEP MJWSFT QFMP BNCJFOUF DPNP PT OBOPmPT RVF TF
HVOEP4UBOMFZ8JMMJBNTRVBOEPiBMDBOÎBEBFDPOPNJBEFFTDBMBTFSJB
QPTTÓWFMOVNFʼBÎPEFDJODPBEF[BOPTGBCSJDBSBCBJYPDVʽPDFOUF
OBTEFNJMIÜFTBCJMIÜFTEFTTFTTFOTPSFTRVFJSJBNNPOJUPSBSDPOUJOV
BNFOUFOPTTPTFEJGÓDJPTQÞCMJDPTDPSSFJPTSFEFTEFUSBOʼPSUFFPVUSBT
JOʽJUVJÎÜFTWVMOFSÈWFJTBBUBRVFTUFSSPSJʽBTw/FTTFNPNFOUPOÍP
QPEFNPTFTRVFDFSRVF8JMMJBNTÏDIFGFEFQFTRVJTBTEFVNBHSBOEF
DPSQPSBÎÍPFFʽÈQFSBOUFP4FOBEPEPT&ʽBEPT6OJEPTKVʽJmDBOEPQPS
RVFBTQFTRVJTBTFNOBOPFTDBMBEFWFNSFDFCFSNBJPSFTJOWFʽJNFOUPT
FʽBUBJT*OWFʽJNFOUPFʽBUBMRVFTFDPOmHVSBFORVBOUPJOWFʽJNFOUP
FNTFHVSBOÎBFNDPOUFOÎÍP$POmHVSBOEPTFPTBNCJFOUFTiOBOPNP
OJUPSBEPTw FN DBNQPT EF DPODFOUSBÎÍP B DÏV BCFSUP iJMJNJUBEPTw PV
iGPSNBTVMUSBSÈQJEBTEFDPOUSPMFBPBSMJWSFw
1BSB1BVM7JSJMJPiBTBOUJHBTQSBJBTQBOUBOPTBTFNBMTÍTRVFSPEF
BWBNBDJEBEFGPSUJmDBEBPTDPOHPQMBJOTEPFTDSBWPOPSUFBNFSJDBOP
BTWFMIBTGPSUJmDBÎÜFTBTQFSJGFSJBTQPCSFTFBTGBWFMBTNBTUBNCÏNP
IPʼÓDJPBDBTFSOBFBQSJTÍPSFTPMWFNNBJTVNQSPCMFNBEFDJSDVMBÎÍP
RVFEFFODMBVTVSBNFOUPPVEFFYDMVTÍPw&NCSFWFFTTFTEJʼPTJUJWPT
TFDPNCJOBSÍPFBiQSJTÍPw‰NPOJUPSBNFOUP‰TFSÈDPOʽBOUF
#V[[‰)PNPTBQJFOTEFNFOT
ÏSFDPOIFDJNFOUPEFQBESÜFT
i"DJWJMJ[BÎÍPQØTIVNBOBQPEFSJBBTTVNJSWÈSJBTGPSNBT1PEFSJB
TFSQBSFDJEBFNWÈSJPTBʼFʹPTDPNBDJWJMJ[BÎÍPBUVBMPVSBEJDBMNFO
UFEJGFSFOUF$MBSPÏRVBTFJNQPTTÓWFMQSFEJ[FSPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEF
GÓTJDPDPNPNBUÏSJBOPDBNQPCJPMØHJDPDPNPJOTUJOUPOPDBNQPIVNBOPDPNPNBUÏSJB
WJEBFJOUFMFDUPy
FOPDBNQPEBUFDOPMPHJBNFDÉOJDBDPNPTVBGPSNBEFNBOJGFTUBÎÍP
NBJTEFQVSBEBy
EBNBUÏSJBJOFSUFËNÈRVJOBPTTFSFTBTTVNJBNDBEBWF[NBJTPDPOUSP
MFEBTMFJTEBOBUVSF[BNBTBHPSBFTUFNPWJNFOUPFTUBSJBTPGSFOEPVNQSPDFTTPEFJOWFSTÍP
OPRVBMPDPOUSPMBEPSÏDBEBWF[NBJTDPOUSPMBEP%FVNMBEPBTMFJTEBOBUVSF[BDPNFÎBSBN
BSFBTTVNJSPDPOUSPMFTPCSFPIPNFNRVFBTDPOUSPMBEFPVUSPRVBOUPNBJTPIPNFNUFN
EFTVKFJUBSTFNBJTQSPDVSBUSBUBSBTMFJTEBOBUVSF[BDPNPBMHPRVFMIFÏDPNQMFUBNFOUF
FYUFSJPSy
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DIGITO_Book.indb 226
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UFBUSPNBTPNVOEPPOEFVNBIVNBOJEBEFEPUBEBEFGBDVMEBEFTDPOTUBOUFTFODPOUSB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 227
10/8/2006 07:18:17
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TFOWPMWFVPQSPKFUP3JUVBMEF1BTTBHFNoRVFFOUSFPVUSBTDPJTBTQSPQVOIBTFNJOÈSJPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 228
10/8/2006 07:18:17
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'SBOÎBJTFQPʽBEPFNȴȴFFOUSFHVFFNȴȼEFNBJPEPJTDBSUÜFTQPT
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QPʽBJTEP3JPEF+BOFJSPQPʽBEPTEJBȸFFOUSFHVFTFNȵȸEFNBJP0
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)PKFUJQPȺEBOPJUFGVJOVNDBJYBEFBVUPBUFOEJNFOUPEF-B1PʽF
FUJSFJȶȳFVSPTDPNQSBTCÈTJDBTEFDJHBSSPTFDPNJEBKBOUFJOPSFʽBV
SBOUFEPTNBSSPDTFQVYFJBOPUBEFȴȳFVSPTQBSBQBHBSBDPOUB"OPUB
UBWBEBOJmDBEBFOÍPGPJBDFJUBQBHVFJDPNBOPUBEFȵȳFVTFJPUSPDP
FNDJHBSSPT"JRVBOEPIPKFEFNBOIÍGVJQSBFTDPMBFYQMJRVFJOBBENJ
OJʽSBÎÍPPRVFUJOIBBDPOUFDJEPFQFSHVOUFJPRVFGB[FSDPNPSFDVQF
SBSBOPUBRVFNFSFʽBWBQBSBQPEFSBMNPÎBSRVFNNFBUFOEFVEJTTF
QSFVJSBVNSFʽBVSBOUFDPOTVNJSPTȴȳFVSPTFTBJSEFJYBOEPBOPUBFN
DJNBEBNFTBFDPNBQBSUFEBOJmDBEBBCBJYPEFVNDJO[FJSPy
&PTQBVMJʽBTE"MFNBOIBTFBDIBOEPQPMJUJDBNFOUFDPSSFUPTQPS
RVF FʽBWBN FOWFSHPOIBEPT EF TFSFN TVMBNFSJDBOPT F EJ[JBN RVF
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EB QPMÓDJB EB GSPOUFJSB QBSB FOUSBS OP USFN GPJ VN PVUSP JHVBM B FMB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 229
10/8/2006 07:18:18
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EPTRVFDPOTJEFSPBNJHPT4ØÏmMIPEBQVUBTBDBOBRVFNSPVCB
QSBTJPVUSBJFNDBVTBQSØQSJBFOÍPTPVEFTTFUJQPEFmMIPEB
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UPPOEFOJOHVÏNDPOTFHVFFYQSFTTBSPRVFQFOTBPVFOUFOEFSP
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QSPCMFNBTOÍPNFJOUFSFTTBNFSFTPMWBTP[JOIPwÏVNBVUPSJUÈSJP
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DPHOJUJWBQBSBEJMVJSTFVTJHOJmDBEPFTFNTJHOJmDBEPOÍPIÈDPN
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0EFTPMÏFÏWB[JPTFNÉOUJDPÏPDPOUSBSJPEPHàFSBRVFMBOÎBB
QBMBWSBFTFVTJHOJmDBEPBPFODPOUSPEFOPWBTDJSDVOʽÉODJBTWFKP
PEFTPMÏFDPNPBBUJUVEFEBNVSBMIBEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPÏNVSBMIB
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DPOWFODFOEPEFRVFPNFMIPSFSBUFSFOUSBEPDMBOEFʽJOPQFMBGSPO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 230
10/8/2006 07:18:18
(SVQP6SVDVN3FTMBUJNDPOUJOVBOEP
EP6SVDVNOBTFEFRVFPTDPSSFJPTJEFOUJmDBNDPNPBCBOEPOBEB
UBYJBSQFMBTFʽSBEBTQSPUFHJEPQFMPDPNÏSDJPJMFHBMEPTVCFNQSFHP
GSBODÐTBUÏDIFHBSOBCBTFEFMBOÎBNFOUPEFGPHVFUFTFHSJUBSGSBV
EF'VJEFQPSUBEPEF.BDBQÈQPSRVFHSJUFJGSBVEF&QPSRVFFV
RVJT&OÍPNFBSSFQFOEPFOFNUFOIPNFEPEFTFSEFQPSUBEPEP
UFSSJUØSJPGSBODÐTFQPTTPHSJUBSGSBVEFEFOPWPEF"WJHOPOEP3JP
EF+BOFJSPEF.BDBQÈy
0CPNEBQSPQPʽBEF+PTBÏRVFTFSÓBNPTiBSUJʽBTwCSBTJMFJSPT
SFBMJ[BOEPBÎÜFTJMFHBJTFNUFSSJUØSJPGSBODÐTEVSBOUFPBOPPmDJBMEB
DVMUVSBCSBTJMFJSBOB'SBOÎBFBEFQPSUBÎÍPPmDJBMJ[BSJBPTFSJOEFTF
KBEPoRVBMBDVMUVSBCSBTJMFJSBRVFFMFTEFTFKBN 0BOPEP#SBTJMWBMF
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PSHBOJ[BEPPVOÍPFNGVOÎÍPEFTVBJOnVÐODJBEJSFUBTPCSFPDPN
QPSUBNFOUPBGFUJWPEPTJOEJWÓEVPT"MÏNEFHBSBOUJSBWPMUBQBSBWJPO
EFJYBOEPBDPOUBEFTTFUSBOʼPSUFQBSBPHPWFSOPCSBTJMFJSPy4FSÓB
NPTmMIPTEBQVUBQBSBEPJT&ʽBEPTNBTOÍPDPNPTBGFUPTFBNJHPT
BMJÈTDPOWJEBNPTBRVFMFTRVFDPOTJEFSBNPTBNJHPTQBSBJSDPOPTDP
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ËTJOUJNJEBEFTFNFBQPOUBPNBQBEF7PMVCJMJT
3FTPMWJTP[JOIPFUSBORàJMBNFOUFPQSPCMFNBEBOPUBEBOJmDBEB
BEFWPMWJQBSBP&ʽBEPGSBODÐTFBMNPDFJDPNNFVTBNJHPT$PNFS
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&ʼFSBWBQPEFSDPSSJHJSPTFSSPTPSUPHSÈmDPTNBTFVBTTVNPNFVT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 231
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UPQBSFDFRVFBTJOʽÉODJBTDBSSBTDPDSBUBTSFTPMWFSBNTFFOUFOEFSF
BDIPRVFFNCSFWFTBCFSFJBEBUBEBWPMUBNBTPQSPHSBNBNBUJOBM
KÈÏVNBDIBUJDFQPSTJTØFOÍPTFJTFNJOIBQBDJÐODJBFʽBQBSBBT
TVNJSQPʽVSBEFDPNQMFYPEF1PMZBOBFFʼFSPEFUBSEFDPNFÎBS
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DIGITO_Book.indb 232
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DJVNBEPQPSRVFOPEFTFOSPMBSEBDPOWFSTBNFTNPRVFOBCSJODBEFJSB
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ANFVEPOPRVFBDIBRVFPTFVJHVBMSJWBMRVFSANFSPVCBS4FÏEB
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PDPOWJUFWFJPEJSFUBNFOUFBNJNFOÍPWJBJOʽÉODJBTEBĦėģě‰SPV
CBSBNEBVOJWFSTJEBEFCSBTJMFJSBBNVSBMMBEBFNTVBGBMUBEFWFSCBTF
PVUSPTQSPCMFNBT
PEJSFJUPEFFTDPMIFSFBQFTBSEFTBCFSEBTQPVDBT
DIBODFTEFVNQSPKFUJOIPEFDPNQSFFOTÍPJNQFSGFJUBEFBMHVÏNRVF
OÍP GBMB P JOEJPNB EFMFT QBTTBS QFMP DSJWP EPT FTDPMIÜFT CSBTJMFJSPT
RVFBJOEBFYJHFNEPNÓOJPEFEVBTMÓOHVBTFʽSBOHFJSBTQBSBEJQMPNBS
EPVUPSFTBUJUVEFUÓQJDBEFDPMPOJ[BEPT‰FVOÍPTFJGBMBSEJSFJUPOFN
PQPSUVHVÐTNBTBQSFOEJBQFOTBS
FOÍPNFTJOUPËWPOUBEFDPNP
GBUPEFMFTTFSFNPTÞOJDPTFTDPMIÜFTHMPTTÈSJPFTDPMIÍPBRVFMFRVF
FTDPMIF
0OEFFʽÈPJOUFSDÉNCJP *OUFSDÉNCJPÏUSPDBPVJOUFSDÉN
CJPÏSPVCP .BTTFFTTFANFWJFSEFNJNIÈBMHPQSFDJPTPFNNJN
RVFFVEFTDPOIFÎPFRVFTFJRVFOÍPJOUFSFTTBBFMFTUSPDBSNBTSPV
CBSNFVPVSP 4FSÈRVFDPNPTÍPEP3FTTFVBVM"HFEPSFTTFPSEPT
UPMPTBJOEBÏQFOTBEPDPNPPPSEB"NÏSJDBTBRVFBEB .FV
4FFVGPSPEPOPEPJOUFSFTTFEBDPCJÎBQSPWBWFMNFOUFWÍPSPV
CBSQPSRVFOÍPTFJPRVFÏ4FBDPCJÎBGPSQPSNJNFTFSFBMNFOUFFV
GPSPMJCFSUPRVFQFOTPTFSOFN+FBO.BSDÏNFVEPOPFOFN$SJT
UJBOPWBJSPVCÈMPQPSRVFFʽFCFNQSFDJPTPOÍPÏQPTTFTVBFOFN
EFʽBPVEFPVUSBFTDPMBFOFNEFʽBFEFPVUSBDJEBEFPVQBJT-J
CFSEBEFOJOHVÏNTBCFEJ[FSFYBUBNFOUFPRVFÏNBTUPEPTTBCFN
PRVFTJHOJmDB&FVRVFSPNFTNPÏBUSBWFTTBSPNBSFJSQSP$BJSP
5SJQPMJ"MFYBOESJB.BSSBRVFTI$BTBCMBODBPVTFHVJSPVUSPNBQB
JNQPTTÓWFMEPJNBHJOÈSJPQBSBGB[FSPDBNJOIPJOWFSTPEJWFSTP
DIGITO_Book.indb 233
10/8/2006 07:18:19
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
4FSFTTBDFMFCSJEBEFEFCBJYPEFTTFTIPMPGPUFTJOEJWJEVBMNFOUF
PV OP DPMFUJWP EP 6SVDVN RVF OÍP FYJʽF NF JODPNPEB QPSRVF
FVUBNCÏNTPVMBESÍP&OÍPWPVFTRVFDFS3POBMEP3POZQPSRVF
FTTFEJTDVSTPÏEFMFFOFTTFSPVCPPNFVÏOPTTPQPSRVFBOPTTB
GBMBOÍPÏNJOIBOFNEFOFOIVNPVUSPJOEJWJEVPÏGBMBEBRVFMFT
RVFDPNWJWFNDPUJEJBOBNFOUFBJOEBRVFWBJEPTPTRVFOFNFVF
$VOIBVOBOVODBTFTFOUJVMFTBEBDPNJHPQPSRVF ²GBMBDPNVOJ
UÈSJB 0RVFÏPDPMFUJWP 2VFNÏPBVUPS /ÍPCBʽBSFDPOIFDFS
TJOUPNBTNBTDPOIFDFSVNBSFBMJEBEFQBSBQPEFSJOUFSWJSFTFÏ
DPNWPDÐTRVFFVGBMPFÏEFWPDÐTRVFFVFTDVUPFÏWPDÐTRVFFV
DJUPQPSRVFBTGSBTFTSPVCBEBTEBTDFMFCSJEBEFTBNVSBMMBEBTOBT
HBJPMBTEPVSBEBTEPTIPMPGPUFTEBMJUFSBUVSBDJFOUÓmDBFEJMVÓEBT
OPT NFVT UFYUPT TÍP EF SFDPOIFDJNFOUP PCSJHBUØSJP EF PVUSPT
RVFWJWFNEFTTFSPVCPEFDPOIFDJNFOUPOBTVOJWFSTJEBEFTFPV
USBTJOʽJUVJÎÜFTBNVSBMMBEBT5BNQPVDPFTTBBUJUVEFÏNJOIB
3FDPOIFÎBNBDVTFNPSPVCPUÈEFDMBSBEP5BMWF[FTTBBUJ
UVEFTFKBPUBMiHàFSBEPFVwRVFP"MFYBOESFNFBMFSUPVRVBO
EPMFVNFVQSPKFUPEFRVBMJmDBÎÍPDPNPP9BOEFEPNFVBGFUP
RVFOÍPQSFDJTBTFSQSPGFTTPSVOJWFSTJUÈSJP&UBMWF[FVTFKBNVJUP
SBEJDBMNBTRVFSPDPOUJOVBSBWJWFSOBIJESPTPMJEBSJFEBEFFOB
IJESPHFOFSPTJEBEF RVF GB[ B HFOUF USBCBMIBS KVOUP QPS VN QSP
KFUPDPMFUJWPRVFOJOHVÏNTBCFPRVFÏDPNPBMJCFSEBEFNBT
RVFUFNBQBSUJDJQBÎÍPEFUPEBBDPNVOJEBEFDPNPBMJCFSEBEF
+VOUPT/PTTPTQSPKFUPTTÍPEFDMBSBEBNFOUFDPMFUJWPTFFVRVFSP
EJMVJS&VBQSFTFOUPPEBRVJNBTEFDMBSPRVFOÍPÏNFVÏ
SPVCPTFRàFʽSPEFDMBSBEPFOØTTBCFNPTRVFÏQPTTÓWFMy"JOEB
RVFFNUSÉOTJUPQPSRVFBNPSOÍPÏWFSCPDPOEJDJPOBMZDVBOEPMP
NJSBTDPNPBVODBCSPOTPMPFʽBTEBOEPNBMBWJEBDPSB[POy$P
SB[PONFVCFNyNFVCFNy/ÍPEÐPVWJEPTBNBMEBEFBMIFJBF
DSFJBOBRVJMPRVFWPDÐTBCFGB[FSNVJUPCFNWBNPTTFSTPMJEÈSJPT
NFFOTJOFRVFFVUBNCÏNMIFRVFSPTFSQSPGFTTPSIPKFy
&VKÈOÍPTFJNBJTRVFEJBÏPIPKFEPTNFVTSFMBUPTFTDSFWP
FNWÈSJPTEJBTEJGFSFOUFTFTFNQSFNFSFmSPBPIPKFDPNPIPKF
NBTRVBMIPKFÏFTTF *TTPUÈWJSBOEPVNQSPCMFNB "UFODJÛOUPEP
DFʽQFSJHPTP)PKFÏIPKFFQSPOUPPRVFOÍPUFNTPMVÎÍPTPMVDJP
DIGITO_Book.indb 234
10/8/2006 07:18:20
(SVQP6SVDVN3FTMBUJNDPOUJOVBOEP
OBEPFʽÈFWPVWJWFSBQFOBTOPEJBEFIPKFIPKFPWFOUPNFUSPVYF
VNDBSUÍPQPʽBMFNCSBODPOPWBNFOUF&QB)FZ7FJPFNUSPDBEB
DBSUBJOTPOFQFSEJEBSPVCBEBÏEF7PMVCJMJT‰DJUFSPNBJOFEVÏNF
TJFDMFDMBTTÏFQBUSJNPJOFVOJWFSTFM-BSDEFUSJPNQIFEF$BSBDBMMBFUMB
DBSUFEFTWFʽJHFTSPNBJOTBV.BSSPD&FʽFKÈFʽÈBDBNJOIPEP#SBTJM
WJBDJSDVMBÎÍPEFFNBJM‰UPEPTSFDFCFSBNBOPUÓDJBEBDBSUBQFSEJEB
UPEPTSFDFCFNPDBSUÍPRVFWFJPFNUSPDB0TFSUÍPWBJWJSBSNBS 0
NBSWJSPVTFSUÍPy/ÍPBHàFOUPNBJTBTFDBy
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)PKFPĦĠĝWPMUPVBGVODJPOBS4BVEBEFT
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QPS"MFYBOESF1FSFJSB
1SPQPTJÎÍPQBSBPQSPKFUP*OUFSGBDFT
1SBJBEF*QBOFNB3JPEF+BOFJSPOPWFNCSPEF
NFJPTGPUPHSBmBWJEFPBOJNBÎÍPSFMBUPT
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EFʽJOP NBJT PV NFOPT BTTJN JOJDJBS TVB DBSSFJSB TFYVBM F BCSJS TVB
QFSOBQFMBQSJNFJSBWF[FTØQBSBSRVBOEPUJWFSNBJTWFMIBBÓFMBQPEF
TFSPVEPOBEFNBJTVNQVUFJSPFBTTJNDPOUSJCVJSQBSBBHFSBÎÍPEF
FNQSFHPMPDBMPVTFFMBOÍPUJWFSDPOTFHVJEPKVOUBSVNBHSBOBDP
[JOIFJSBEFHBSJNQPy"2VJOUBTFN-FJÏVNBDPSEPFOUSFBTEPOBT
'SBTFFNRVJCVOEPEJBMFUPCBOUVRVFÏVTBEBFNJOJDJBÎÍPOP$BOEPNCMÏ"OHPMB2VFS
EJ[FSBMHPTFNFMIBOUFBiHSJUBSNFVOPNFQBSBPNVOEPwPViGB[FSNFDPOIFDFSw
DIGITO_Book.indb 235
10/8/2006 07:18:20
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
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EFQVUFJSPFBQPMÓDJBMPDBMFNRVFUVEPÏQFSNJUJEPPQPOUPDIBWF
EPFWFOUPÏRVBOEPFMBTDIVQBNPTQBVTEPTNJMJUBSFTGSBODFTFT
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RVFPCTFSWBBGBMBÎÍPDPMFUJWB&N0JBQPRVFBTGSPOUFJSBTTÍPSF
BJTMJNJUFHFPHSÈmDPEFVNQSPWÈWFMQSJNFJSPNVOEP"MÓOHVBEF
0JBQPRVF DSJPVMPDPNFSDJBM P FVSP 0T iGSBODFTFTw GSBODPHVJB
OFOTFOBWFSEBEFBEPSBNDSV[BSVNBGSPOUFJSBEFCBSDPFGB[FS
TVBTDPNQSBTFN0JBQPRVFÏNBJTCBSBUPMFJUFFNQØmBNCSF
CJTDPJUPT&DPNPHPʽBNEBTCSBTJMFJSBTEBTKPWFOTQVUBTCSBTJMFJ
SBTBMJÈTTFJEFDBTPTEFNVMIFSFTCSBTJMFJSBTRVFTÍPQFSTFHVJEBT
OBTSVBTEF4BJOU(FPSHFF$BZFOOF²CPNQBSBBFDPOPNJBMPDBM
BGSPOUFJSBDPNB(VJBOB'SBODFTB&N0JBQPRVFÏSFBMBGSPOUFJ
SBEBTPCSFWJWÐODJBEBQSPʽJUVJÎÍPFEPPVSPyBTGSPOUFJSBTTÍP
SFBJTFOUSFBWJEBFBNPSUF
0"SUIVSJSÈSFDFCFSVNHSVQPEFGSBODFTFTOBDBTBEFMFFN
OPWFNCSPFMFTEJTDVUFNGSPOUFJSBTFQBSBJTTPRVFSFNJSBPNBS
VNBGSPOUFJSBØCWJBVNBGSPOUFJSBEFFWBTÍPEFEJWJTBTCSBTJMFJSBT
EFTEFBDPMÙOJByQBSFDFNBJTRVFRVFSFNJSB$PQBDBCBOByFB
IJʽØSJBTFSFQFUFIJʽØSJBPDBSBMIP&YJʽFVNBQPMÓUJDBEFFYQMP
SBÎÍPTFYVBMFBTTVNPBHPSBVNEJTDVSTPGFNJOJʽBPVGFNJOJOB
KÈRVFFMBTFTRVFDFSBNEFGBMBSyBQVCMJDJEBEFTFYVBMÏFWJEFOUF
FOÍPWPVEJTDVUJSOFʽFFNBJMBDIVWBEFFʽFSFØUJQPTEBNÓEJB
EP$BSOBWBMFUD.BTOÍPÏBNVMIFSCSBTJMFJSBBUBM $PNPEJTTF
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UBMÏBUBMwyEFMÈQBSBDÈÏQJDBTVÓÎBQSBUPEPMBEPyJTTPÏVNB
GSPOUFJSBEFSFTJʽÐODJBDPSQPSBMDPNPEJTTF5PN;Ïy
1SPKFUP$PSQP'FDIBEP
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EFNFJPEJBOBQSBJBBDFOEFSWFMBTEF4ÍP+PSHFWFSNFMIBTDJSDVOT
DSFWFOEPPTFEBSVNCBOIPQÞCMJDPOFMFTDPNFTTFTiQSFQBSBEPTw
DIGITO_Book.indb 236
10/8/2006 07:18:20
(SVQP6SVDVN3FTMBUJNDPOUJOVBOEP
EF$IPSBOPTNFVTQÏT"NBOTB$BDIPSSJOIP5BNBRVBSÏPV$IVQB
NJOIBQJDB
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HJDPTSJUVBMÓʽJDPTWJOHBUJWPTUFSSÓWFJTFTTFTQSFQBSBEPTTFEV[FNQFMP
DIFJSP$BEBVNEFTTFTQSFQBSBEPTUFNBSPNBTNBSBWJMIPTPTNBTP
CBO[PRVFQSPEV[FNÏBEFWPMVÎÍPEPMJNJUFOFDFTTÈSJP
DIGITO_Book.indb 237
10/8/2006 07:18:21
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
3ÏTEPDIÍPDPNP
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BRVJ QSFTFOUFT OB /FX :PSL 6OJWFSTJUZ F UFOUBS QSPEV[JS VNB
SFnFYÍP TPCSF BT OPTTBT BUJWJEBEFT OP &ʼBÎP EF "VUPOPNJB
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FʽBNPTSFBMJ[BOEPFNQBSDFSJBDPNʾF"NFSJDBT4PDJFUZ&O
RVBOUPBVSHÐODJBEBWJEBQBTTBEFQSFTTBBDPNVOJEBEFBENJ
OJʽSBUJWBFJOʽJUVDJPOBMEBBSUFCSBTJMFJSBEFTEFRVFPSFHJNF
NJMJUBSEJTTJQPVTFEPDFOUSPEFDPOUSPMFEBWJEBFEBDVMUVSB
BUVBDPNPHBOHVFTFNRVFBQSJNFJSBMFBMEBEFEPTNFNCSPT
EFTTBDPNVOJEBEFQBTTBBTFSPQSØQSJPHSVQPFNWF[EFVNB
MVUBPVQSPQPʽBEFBÎÍPEJBOUFEFRVBMRVFSTJUVBÎÍPFʽBCFMFDJ
EBDIFHBOEPTFBPBCTVSEPEFPTGPSNBMJʽBTTFSFNPTNFTNPT
FʼFDJBMJʽBT EF RVBMRVFS BUJWJEBEF RVF KÈ OÍP FOGBUJ[F NBJT B
GPSNBFNUFSNPTEFDPOUFÞEP/P#SBTJMTFNOFOIVNBFYDFÎÍP
PDPMFDJPOBEPSEFBSUFPBENJOJʽSBEPSEFNVTFVPDVSBEPSP
HBMFSJʽBPDSÓUJDPPKVSBEPEPTTBMÜFTEFBSUFFPQSPGFTTPSBDB
EÐNJDPFEFDVSTPTMJWSFTGVOEFNTFFNVNNFTNPTJNVMBDSP
POJQSFTFOUF *TTP TFN FTRVFDFS P KPSOBMJTNP RVF Ï UPUBMNFOUF
WJODVMBEPBFTTFFʼFʹSPPOJQPUFOUF
%JBOUFEFUBMTJUVBÎÍPPRVBESPEFFYDMVTÍPTPDJBM
mDBWJTJWFM
NFOUFJNPSBMFBUFPSJBQØTNPEFSOBEFEJWFSTJEBEFUSBOTGPSNBTF
FNVNBBEFRVBÎÍPGPSÎBEBFRVBTFFTPUÏSJDBBFTTBQSÈUJDBEPNJOBOUF
03ÏTEP$IÍPVNFʼBÎPEFDPOWJWÐODJBTJUVBEPFNNFVBQBS
5FYUPQVCMJDBEPPSJHJOBMNFOUFOBSFWJTUB/ØT$POUFNQPSÉOFPTFEJÎÍP/FX:PSL3JPEF
+BOFJSP.ÈJNQSFTTÍP&EJUPSB
DIGITO_Book.indb 238
10/8/2006 07:18:21
3ÏTEPDIÍPDPNPVNTBUÏMJUF
UBNFOUP OP CBJSSP EB -BQBģě DPNP PVUSBT JOJDJBUJWBT HSVQBJT RVF
TVSHJSBNOP#SBTJMOPTÞMUJNPTEPJTBOPTGPJVNBBMUFSOBUJWBQPMÓUJDB
FODPOUSBEBDPNPGPSNBEFiBMDBOÎBSQPSGPSBwFESJCMBSFTTFTJʽFNB
DPOUSPMBEPSEFWJHJMÉODJBFQVOJÎÍPRVFTFCBTFJBOVNWFSEBEFJSPKPHP
EFCBKVMBÎÜFTFTVCNJTTÍPJEFPMØHJDBT%JʽJOHVJOEPTFEBNBJPSJBEPT
HSVQPT F FʼBÎPT BMUFSOBUJWPT RVF GVODJPOBN HFSBMNFOUF EFOUSP EF
VNBFʽSVUVSBTJOEJDBMDPNFʽSBUÏHJBTEFJOTFSÎÍPOPDJSDVJUPEFBSUF
P3ÏTEP$IÍPDPOʽJUVÓEPQPSVNHSVQPIFUFSPHÐOFPEFJOEJWÓEVPT
BmOTBUSBWÏTEFFʽVEPTDPOWJWÐODJBTFUSPDBTEFFYQFSJÐODJBTQSPDVSPV
FOGBUJ[BSTVBBÎÍPEFOUSPEFVNBBSUJDVMBÎÍPFʼPOUÉOFBIPSJ[POUBMF
BCFSUBËEJWFSTJEBEFEBFYQFSJNFOUBÎÍPDSJBUJWBEFʼSF[BOEPQSÏSFRVJ
TJUPTSBDJBJTTPDJBJTFEFPSJFOUBÎÍPTFYVBMUÍPFWJEFOUFTOBCFNTVDFEJEB
DPNVOJEBEFBSUÓʽJDBCSBTJMFJSB7BMFTBMJFOUBSRVFBQFTBSEFTFSNPTVNB
OBÎÍP QSFQPOEFSBOUFNFOUF BGSPÓOEJPEFTDFOEFOUF Ï RVBTF JOFYJʽFO
UFTVBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPOBQSPEVÎÍPBSUÓʽJDBDPOʽJUVÓEBCBTJDBNFOUFEF
IFUFSPTTFYVBJTCSBODPTFWJOEPTEFGBNÓMJBTBCBʽBEBTOPDBTPFʼFDÓmDP
EP3JPEF+BOFJSPTÍPUPEPTQSPWFOJFOUFTEB[POBTVM
5BMJOJDJBUJWBMPHJDBNFOUFBUSBJVVNBHSBOEFDPNVOJEBEFEFiQFSJ
GÏSJDPTwFHBOIPVVNBNBHOJUVEFRVFOÍPQPEFSJBNBJTQBTTBSEFʼFS
DFCJEBQPSNBJTRVFPTiDPOUSPMBEPSFTEFQPʽVSBTwEBDVMUVSBPmDJBM
UFOIBNUFOUBEPEFTDMBTTJmDBSOPTFNBOUFSOPTOBPCTDVSJEBEFEFTTB
QSPEVÎÍP DVMUVSBM IJFSÈSRVJDB BVUPSJUÈSJB DFOUSBMJ[BEPSB DBSUFMJʽB
F QPS RVF OÍP EJ[FS GBTDJʽB $IFHBOEPTF BP PVUSP BCTVSEP EF VNB
HSBOEF QSPEVÎÍP UFØSJDB EF BSHVNFOUPT RVBTF FTPUÏSJDPT DPOTJEFSBS
iBSSBOKPTwFiBEFSFÎPTwDPNPDPOTFRàÐODJBTIJʽØSJDBTEBTJOJDJBUJWBTFY
QFSJNFOUBJTEPOFPDPODSFUJTNPDBQJUBOFBEBTQPS)ÏMJP0JUJDJDBF-ÓHJB
$MBSL*HOPSBOEPPVBEBQUBOEPGPSÎPTBNFOUFBTQSPQPʽBTCÈTJDBTEF
MJCFSEBEFNJʽVSBEBTDBUFHPSJBTFJOUFHSBÎÍPEBBSUFOBWJEBQSPQPT
UBTQPSFTTFNPWJNFOUP
.VJUPEBOPTTBGPSÎBGPJFYUSBÓEBEBJODPOTFRàÐODJBFFʽVQJEF[
EBTBVUPSJEBEFTDVMUVSBJTEP#SBTJM&OUSFNBJPFKVOIPEFȵȳȳȵGPNPT
DPOWJEBEPTQBSBGB[FSVNFWFOUPOB'VOBSUFģě'VOEBÎÍP/BDJPOBM
EF"SUF
TJUVBEBFNVNQSÏEJPRVFÏDPOTJEFSBEPBiDBUFESBMwEP
SBDJPOBMJTNPCSBTJMFJSPQSPKFUPEF-ÞDJP$PʽBFEFDPSBÎÍPEF$BOEJ
EP1PSUJOBSJFEFNBJTPmDJBJTEPOPTTPNPEFSOJTNPOVNBUFOUBUJWB
DIGITO_Book.indb 239
10/8/2006 07:18:21
$PMFUJWBÎÜFT
EFTTBJOʽJUVJÎÍPEFTBJSTFNmOBODJBNFOUPEBJOPQFSÉODJBRVFB
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5FOUBOEPFTDBQVMJSEBTBSNBEJMIBTEPTGPSNBUPTQSFFʽBCFMF
DJEPTQSPQPNPTP"ÎÞDBS*OWFSUJEPVNB2VBSFOUFOBRVFUSPV
YFTTFËUPOBFNVNFWFOUPRVFʽÜFTEFTDMBTTJmDBEBTEPGB[FSNBT
RVFFOWPMWFNOPTTBTQSØQSJBTWJEBT1SPEV[JNPTVNFWFOUPQPMÓ
UJDPFBGFUJWPDPNVNnVYPQPSDPOUBQSØQSJBEFNBJTEFTFUFO
UB BSUJʽBT EBT EJGFSFOUFT SFHJÜFT EP QBÓT FʽJNVMBEPT QFMB QPT
TJCJMJEBEFEFVNBDPOUFDJNFOUPEFNPDSÈUJDPFDPNBJOUFOÎÍP
DMBSB EF UFOTJPOBS F USBOTGPSNBS P DJSDVJUP EF BSUF FTWB[JBOEP
DSJUÏSJPTEFFTDPMIBTTFMFÎÍPDVSBEPSJBPSHBOJ[BOEPBUJWJEBEFT
FGPSNBOEPVNBSFEFFNRVFBBVUPOPNJBFBMJCFSEBEFEFDBEB
JOJDJBUJWBFSBNNBOUJEBTFFYFSDJUBOEPBTTJNPiFODPOUSPGFMJ[w
RVFTFEÈOBSFEFEP3ÏTEP$IÍPOBRVBMPTBDPSEPTTFEÍPEF
GPSNB FʼPOUÉOFB F TPMJEÈSJB F BT QPTTJCJMJEBEFTOFDFTTJEBEFT
EFTTF FWFOUP FODPOUSBWBNTF DPN BT QPTTJCJMJEBEFTOFDFTTJEB
EFTEPTQSPQPOFOUFTDJFOUFTEFRVFOÍPGBSJBNEJBOUFEFUBM
DPOKVOUVSB IFHFNÙOJDB DVMUVSBM OFOIVNB SFQSFTFOUBÎÍP TJN
QMFTEBSFBMJEBEFEBIJʽØSJBEBQPMÓUJDBFEBTPDJFEBEF1SPEV
[JNPTFOUÍPVNBHFOVÓOBFYQFSJÐODJBFYJʽFODJBMEFOUSPFGPSB
EB 'VOBSUF B mN EF PCTFSWBS P RVF BDPOUFDF RVBOEP OÍP TF
TFQBSBNBJTRVFNDPOʽSØJEPRVFÏDPOʽSVÓEP4FSJBJNQPTTÓ
WFMFTTFFYFSDÓDJPEFmMPTPmBQSÈUJDBFNVNTJʽFNBJEFBMDPNP
VNBTBMBDPNOPSNBTGVODJPOBJTFPQPEFSPQFSBOEPNFEJBO
UFPDPOUSPMFUÏDOJDPFEJTDJQMJOBEPSEPOPTTPDPNQPSUBNFOUP
F BUÏ EPT OPTTPT DPSQPT 'PJ VN QSPDFTTP UVSCVMFOUP QPJT FSB
USBOTJUØSJPNBTDPOTFHVJNPTQSPNPWFSBJOUFSBÎÍPFJOUFHSBÎÍP
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'VHJOEPEBDBEFJBEBBSUFP"ÎÞDBS*OWFSUJEPESJCMPVPDPOUSPMF
FNVNBJOJDJBUJWBRVFCVTDBWBBMJCFSEBEFFBEJWFSTJEBEFQPSGPSB
EPNVOEPEBBSUFGPNFOUBOEPBTTJNVNBBCFSUVSBOFDFTTÈSJBQBSB
BNVMUJQMJDBÎÍPEPTDBOBJTEFBDFTTPBVNBNBJPSEJWFSTJEBEFQPÏUJDB
EBDFOBDPOUFNQPSÉOFBFUSPVYFWJTJCJMJEBEFBEJWFSTPTHSVQPTEF
SFHJÜFTBGBʽBEBTEPTEPJTHSBOEFTQØMPTDVMUVSBJT4ÍP1BVMPF3JPEF
+BOFJSPCFNDPNPBTJOJDJBUJWBTQFSJGÏSJDBTEFTTBTEVBTNFHBDJEBEFT
DIGITO_Book.indb 240
10/8/2006 07:18:22
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RVJPFNQBSDFSJBDPNʾF"NFSJDBT4PDJFUZWJTBFʽJNVMBSBPDVQBÎÍP
EJSFUBEPi&ʼBÎPEF2VBSFOUFOBwUFOEPDPNPPSJFOUBÎÍPOÍPNBJTP
QSPEVUPBSUÓʽJDPBDBCBEPFORVBOUPPCSBNBTFORVBOUPQSPDFTTPEF
USBCBMIPOÍPJOUFSFTTBOEPOPTNBJTBGPSNBmOBMEPUSBCBMIPBSUÓʽJDP
NBTPTFVQFSDVSTPFORVBOUPBUJUVEFRVFUSBOTCPSEFGSPOUFJSBTHFSFJO
DMVTÍPFEJWFSTJEBEFQBSBBRVFMFTTJOUPOJ[BEPTDPNP"ÎÞDBS*OWFSUJEPȵ
OFʽBWJWÐODJBRVFQSFUFOEFJNQSFHOBSUPEPTDPNVNBFYQFSJÐODJBBMÏN
EPUFNQPFEPFʼBÎPPDVQBEPT5SBUBNPTEBBSUFOÍPDPNPQSPEVUP
SBEFPCSBTNBTDPNPQSPDFTTPFNQFSNBOFOUFDPOUJOVJEBEFBCFSUPË
WJEBSFEJSFDJPOBOEPPQFOTBNFOUPOÍPTØFNSFMBÎÍPËBSUFNBTUFOUBO
EPDPMPDBSTPCRVFʽJPOBNFOUPUPEPPTJʽFNBEFNFSDBEPSJBTFMVDSP
SFTJʽJOEPBUSBOTGFSÐODJBEBBVUPOPNJBEPBSUJʽBQBSBBJOʽJUVJÎÍP/ÍP
TFUSBUBNBJTEFJOUFHSBSBBSUFOBWJEBFTJNEFEJTTPMWFSPBSUJʽBOBTPDJF
EBEFFYQMPSBOEPBTQPTTJCJMJEBEFTEFTJHOJmDBEPOBRVJMPRVFKÈFYJʽFOBT
USPDBTDPNBWJEB&RVFUPEBBTPDJFEBEFTFKBDBQB[EFQBSUJDJQBSEBJOUFS
QSFUBÎÍPFEBNVUBÎÍPEFTTBQSPEVÎÍPDVMUVSBM²JNQPSUBOUFEFJYBSDMB
SPNBJTVNBWF[RVFP"ÎÞDBS*OWFSUJEPȵÏVNBDPOUFDJNFOUPBVUÙOPNP
FBVUPHFʽJWPRVFEFQFOEFEPOPTTPFTGPSÎPDPMFUJWPEJBOUFEBPNJTTÍPF
OFHMJHÐODJBEBTBVUPSJEBEFTCSBTJMFJSBTRVFOPTOFHBSBNRVBMRVFSBQPJP
JOʽJUVDJPOBMQBSBBWJBCJMJEBEFEFTTFFWFOUPUFOUBOEPPCʽSVJSBDJSDVMB
ÎÍPEFTTBHFSBÎÍPFNFSHFOUFRVFFʽÈTFOEPDVʽFBEBUPUBMNFOUFQFMPT
OPTTPTQBSUJDJQBOUFT7FOIPBRVJQPSUBOUPDPOWJEBSUPEPTQBSBDPOIF
DFSFTFQPTTÓWFMQBSUJDJQBSEFOPTTBTBUJWJEBEFTFFNOPNFEFUPEPT
OØTSFQVEJBSQVCMJDBNFOUFBPNJTTÍPEP.JOJʽÏSJPEB$VMUVSBFEFNBJT
BVUPSJEBEFTCSBTJMFJSBTFBHSBEFDFSBʾF"NFSJDBT4PDJFUZBUSBWÏTEB
JOJDJBUJWBEF4PmB)FSOBOEF[FTVBFRVJQFBPQPSUVOJEBEFEFNPʽSBS
FWJWFODJBSBRVBOUJEBEFFEJWFSTJEBEFEFJOJDJBUJWBTFNVNBSFBMJEBEF
EFBSUJDVMBÎÍPDPNVOJDBÎÍPFBÎÍPHMPCBMJ[BEBDPOʽSVÓEBQFMBBQSP
YJNBÎÍPFJOUFSDPOIFDJNFOUPEFJOEJWÓEVPTBmOTSPNQFOEPGSPOUFJSBT
EJ[FOEPOÍPËTHFOFSBMJEBEFTWFSEBEFJSBTDPNWJʽBTËMVUBQPSVNB
TPDJFEBEFFVNBBSUFMJCFSUÈSJBT
.VJUPPCSJHBEP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 241
10/8/2006 07:18:22
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DIGITO_Book.indb 242
10/8/2006 07:18:23
$VMUVSB FN 3FEF BMHVOTQPOUPTQBSBSFnFYÍP
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ÎBEPEFDJSDVMBÎÍPEFJOGPSNBÎÍP
/ÍPTØEPQPOUPEFWJʽBUÏDOJDPDPNPFʼBÎPJOPWBEPSRVF
TVQFSBPTMJNJUFTEBHFPHSBmBNBTDPNPFʼBÎPEFnVYPQBSBB
DJSDVMBÎÍPEFJEÏJBT
%FTEFBT##4PV$##4‰$PNQVUFS#VMMFUJO#PBSE4ZʽFNi4JT
UFNBEF2VBESPEF"WJTPTQPS$PNQVUBEPSw
‰UJWFNPTQFTTPBT
DPOFʹBEBTEFCBJSSPTEJʽBOUFTFBUÏEFPVUSBTDJEBEFT&PRVFBT
DPOFʹBWB F DPOFʹB OÍP Ï UÍPTPNFOUF B SFEF FN TJ NFSBNFOUF
UÏDOJDBNBTBJOGPSNBÎÍPBDJSDVMBÎÍPEBDVMUVSB
0T##4TOBTDFSBNFNOPT&6"FFNOP#SBTJMNVJUP
BOUFTEFBJOUFSOFUTFSDPNFSDJBMJ[BEBQPSBRVJ4FVBVHFGPJFOUSF
F)PKFTÍPSBSPT.BTËÏQPDBTJHOJmDBWBNUSPDBEFJOGPS
NBÎÜFTJNBHFOTUFYUPTFQSJODJQBMNFOUFTPGUXBSFT
FDPNJTTPKÈ
HFSBWBNDPNVOJEBEFTRVFGB[JBNDJSDVMBSBDVMUVSBEJHJUBMQSPQSJB
NFOUFEJUBNBTUBNCÏNMJUFSBUVSBFBUÏQPSOPHSBmB&JTBÓBTEVBT
DBSBʹFSÓʽJDBTRVFTFNQSFNBSDBSBNBSFEFRVBOEPQFOTBNPTFN
DVMUVSBBJOGPSNBÎÍPDJFOUÓmDBUÏDOJDBEFUPEBPSEFNFBTQSÈUJ
DBTIFEPOJʽBT
"TSFEFTGPSBEBNBDSPJOGPSNÈUJDBFNQSFTBSJBMTØQVEFSBNFYJT
UJSQPSDPOUBEBSFQFSDVTTÍPEBDPOUSBDVMUVSBEBQB[FBNPSEPTBOPT
F&NUFNPTVNNBSDPEBSFWPMVÎÍPOBJOGPSNÈUJDB
RVFFOUSBOPDPUJEJBOPEPDJEBEÍPDPNVN0TKPWFOT4UFWF+PCTF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 243
10/8/2006 07:18:23
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EPTKPWFOT4UFWFOTDSJBEPOBDBTBEBGBNÓMJBEF+PCT
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PEJTDVSTPBEWJOEPEBDPOUSBDVMUVSBFQSPQVOIBVNBJOGPSNÈUJDB
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FTBJEPTHSBOEFTHBCJOFUFT1SFÎPTBDFTTÓWFJTUSBOTGPSNBNBGÈCSJDB
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TBTDBTBT0JOWFSTPUBNCÏNÏWFSEBEFEPOPTTP1$DBTFJSPKPHBNPT
JOGPSNBÎÜFTQBSBPNVOEP"TDVMUVSBTEFUPEBPSEFNDJSDVMBNQP
UFODJBMNFOUFQBSBUPEPT"TDVMUVSBTEFmOJUJWBNFOUFFOUSBNFNSFEF
4JNBTDVMUVSBTOP QMVSBMQPJT PVUSBT DPSSFOUFT DVMUVSBJT MJHB
EBTBPVOEFSHSPVOEFOUSBNFNSFEF
DJSDVMBNFFʽSVUVSBNDPNV
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HBOIBNWP[OPDJCFSFʼBÎP"TOPWBTQSÈUJDBTDVMUVSBJTEFOUSPEB
QSØQSJBSFEFBMUFSBNTVBDPOmHVSBÎÍPUÏDOJDBFTFVPCKFUJWPJEFPMØ
HJDPTFÏRVFQPEFNPTJEFOUJmDBSVNBJEFPMPHJBEBSFEF
6NBDPSSFOUFDVMUVSBMBMUFSBFSFTJHOJmDBVNBUÏDOJDB.FTNP
B"SQBOFUSFEFRVFGPSNPVBJOUFSOFUGPJNBSDBEBQPSFTTBUSBOT
GPSNBÎÍP " JOUFSOFU DSJBEB PSJHJOBMNFOUF DPN mOT NJMJUBSJʽBT Ï
IPKF VNB BNCJÐODJB SFTVMUBOUF EB DVMUVSB EB BDBEFNJBDJFOUÓmDB
EBJOWFOÎÍPEBNJDSPJOGPSNÈUJDBFEP1$EBDVMUVSBIBDLFSFEP
$IBPT$PNQVUFS$MVC‰RVFNJMJUBQFMBMJWSFJOGPSNBÎÍP"TSFEFT
UBNCÏNUSB[FNVNEBEPOPWPOBFʽSVUVSBUSBEJDJPOBMEBDPNVOJ
DBÎÍP"OUFTEBTSFEFTUFMFNÈUJDBTPSFDFQUPSBRVFMFRVFDPOTVNJB
BJOGPSNBÎÍPRVBTFRVFQBTTJWBNFOUFEFQBSBDPNVNPVUSPQSPDFT
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IUUQXXXQPTDPNVGCBCSDJCFSQFTRVJTB"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 244
10/8/2006 07:18:24
$VMUVSBFN3FEFBMHVOTQPOUPTQBSBSFGMFYÍP
DPMPDBSTVBTJEÏJBTPQJOJÜFTFJOGPSNBÎÜFTTFNQBTTBSQPSVN
DFOUSPFEJUPSDPNPOPDBTPEPTNBTTNFEJBTw"TUFPSJBTEFDPNV
OJDBÎÍPRVFFʽBWBNQBVUBEBTOPNPEFMPFNJTTPSNÓEJBSFDFQUPS
OÍP NBJT EBWBN DPOUB EPT OPWPT QSPDFTTPT DPNVOJDBDJPOBJT FN
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JOGPSNBÎÜFTBCSJVFʼBÎPQBSBBDPOʽSVÎÍPFDJSDVMBÎÍPEFDVMUVSBT
JEFOUJUÈSJBT 1BSUJOEPEPQSJODÓQJPEFRVFBTTVCDVMUVSBTPVFʽJMPT
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OB SFEF UFNPT DPOTPMJEBEP OFTTF FʼBÎP BHSVQBNFOUPT CBTFBEPT
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EJTDVTTÍP "T TVCDVMUVSBT FN SFEF TF PSHBOJ[BN FN DPNVOJEBEFT
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BNCJFOUF EF FYJʽÐODJB 6N FYFNQMP NBJT QBSUJDVMBS EF DPNP BT
QSÈUJDBTTPDJBJTTJNVMUÉOFBTJODFOUJWBNPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEFOPWBT
GPSNBTFQSPDFTTPTÏBDSJBÎÍPEP/BQʽFSFUPEBBHBNBEFTPGUXB
SFTCBTFBEBOP11DPNQVUBEPSBDPNQVUBEPS
BTTJNDPNPUJQP
EFNÓEJBBSRVJWPTDPNPP.1RVFBHJMJ[PVBDJSDVMBÎÍPEPÈVEJP
DPNPJOGPSNBÎÍPTFNDPOUSPMF'PSBNBTTVCDVMUVSBTFNSFEFRVF
PTJOWFOUBSBN4PGUXBSFTDPNPP4PVMTFFLPV&.VMFTÍPGVOEBNFO
UBJT QBSB B DJSDVMBÎÍP MJWSF EF BSRVJWPT QPS OÍP TPGSFSFN RVBMRVFS
UJQPEFDFOTVSBPVDPOUSPMFEFTFSWJEPSFT0TNJDSP
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BCFSUPT11
USBOTGPSNBNPDJCFSFʼBÎPOVNFOPSNFDPNQVUBEPS
DPMFUJWP FNCVUJOEP BÓ P DFOUSP EB DVMUVSB IBDLFS iB JOGPSNBÎÍP
RVFSTFSMJWSFw&OUÍPBTDVMUVSBTRVFSFNTFSMJWSFTOBSFEF&JTPDBTP
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P QPEFS EBT HSBOEFT DPSQPSBÎÜFT GPOPHSÈmDBT RVF TFN
DIGITO_Book.indb 245
10/8/2006 07:18:24
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QSF UJWFSBN DPOUSPMF TPCSF B DJSDVMBÎÍP EB NÞTJDB OP NVOEP
0DJCFSFʼBÎPDPNPFʼBÎPEFnVYPT$BʽFMMT
WJBCJMJ[BOÍP
TØBEJGVTÍPEFDVMUVSBTFNFSHFOUFTBQBSUJSEBMJCFSBÎÍPEPQØMP
FNJTTPSEBDPNVOJDBÎÍPDPNPUBNCÏNBBCFSUVSBEFWJBTQBSBP
USBCBMIP DPMFUJWP Ë EJʽÉODJB P JODSFNFOUP EB GPSNBÎÍP EF DP
NVOJEBEFT UFNÈUJDBT JEFOUJUÈSJBT F B DBQBDJEBEF EF TFS USBOTGPS
NBEP UÏDOJDB F TJʽFNBUJDBNFOUF B QBSUJS EF OPWBT DPSSFOUFT
DVMUVSBJTTVCDVMUVSBJT
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USBMJ[BÎÍPEPTQSPDFTTPTEFQSPEVÎÍP4FBOUFSJPSNFOUFPNFSDBEP
GPOPHSÈmDPQSPQVOIBVNBSUJʽBSFGÏN‰TVBFUBQBEFDSJBÎÍPFSB
TFQBSBEBEBHSBWBÎÍPFDJSDVMBÎÍPEPQSPEVUPmDBOEPËNFSDÐEBT
SFHSBTEBJOEÞʽSJBEPFOUSFUFOJNFOUPMVDSBUJWP‰IPKFEFQPTTFEF
VNBJOGSBFʽSVUVSBQFTTPBM‰VNIPNFʽVEJP‰PBSUJʽBUFNDPO
USPMF TPCSF B USÓBEF QSPEVÎÍPDJSDVMBÎÍPDPOTVNP 4VBT NÈRVJOBT
DBTFJSBT1$FUPEBPSEFNEFMPXFIJHIUFDOPMPHJBT
TFQMVHBNËTSF
EFTUFMFNÈUJDBTFQSPQÜFNBFMFNFTNPPBSUJʽBVNOPWPNFSDBEP
OPRVBMFTTFBSUJʽBPEJSJHFEBBSUFBPNBSLFUJOH0BSUJʽBDPOUFN
QPSÉOFP EJHJUBM DPOmHVSBTF DPNP VN BSUJʽBFNQSFTÈSJPNVM
UJNÓEJB0MJWSFQØMPFNJTTPSBCFSUPQFMBJOUFSOFUFBTUFDOPMPHJBT
BHPSBEPNFʽJDBEBTÏPJOʽSVNFOUPEPQPEFSQFTTPBMFNSFʼPʽB
ËTFNQSFTBTDPSQPSBUJWBT
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JOGPSNBÎÍPDVMUVSBTFDPOFʹBNFHFSBNOPWBTTÓOUFTFT
²QPTTÓWFMBJOEBQSPEV[JSBSUFDJÐODJBFUDFNGPSNBEFDPPQFSB
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VNB DFSUB GPSNB EF BQSPQSJBÎÍP
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TFOUJEPEBUÏDOJDB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 246
10/8/2006 07:18:25
$VMUVSBFN3FEFBMHVOTQPOUPTQBSBSFGMFYÍP
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TVQPSUFQBSBBDVMUVSBFNSFEF1BSBDJUBS-FNPT FTTBTDPNVOJ
EBEFTSFTHBUBNTFOPiTFOUJNFOUPFYQSFTTPEFVNBBmOJEBEFTVCKF
UJWBEFMJNJUBEBQPSVNUFSSJUØSJPTJNCØMJDPDVKPDPNQBSUJMIBNFOUP
EFFNPÎÜFTFUSPDBEFFYQFSJÐODJBTQFTTPBJTTÍPGVOEBNFOUBJTQBSB
BDPFTÍPEPHSVQPw
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EFMBTÏBSFDPOmHVSBÎÍPEPNFSDBEPBVUPSBMFEBQSPQSJFEBEFJO
UFMFʹVBM6NUSBCBMIPEJʼPOJCJMJ[BEPFNSFEFQFSEFPDPOUSPMFEF
DJSDVMBÎÍPFNBOJQVMBÎÍP1BTTBBTFSVNBSRVJWPEJHJUBMRVFQPEF
TFSCBJYBEPNBOJQVMBEPFSFFOWJBEPQBSBRVBMRVFSVN&NSFEFB
JOGPSNBÎÍPRVFSTFSMJWSFFNQSPEVÎÍPDJSDVMBÎÍPFDPOTVNP
1SPKFUPTDVMUVSBJTUJQPPSHTFBSUJDVMBNFBOUFDJQBNBEJTDVTTÍP
EPEJSFJUPBVUPSBMEBKBNTFTTJPOËEJʽÉODJBFEPSFNJYDVMUVSBM3&
DPNCP1JOH'.$SFBUJWF$PNNPOT
5VEPQPEFFʽBSFNSFEF‰QFMPNFOPTBTSFQSFTFOUBÎÜFTEP
UVEP"SFEFIPKFÏJOʽSVNFOUPEFSFPSEFOBÎÍPEBJOGPSNBÎÍPFEF
NFSDBEPTEFCFOTEFDPOTVNPTJNCØMJDPEFWÈSJBTPSEFOT*ODMVTJWF
EFNFSDBEPTRVFFʽBWBNGPSBEPDJCFSFʼBÎPPUVSJTNPQPSFYFN
QMPÏVNDPOKVOUPEFBSRVJWPTEJHJUBJTFFʽÈFNSFEFFQBSFDFVNB
DPOUSBEJÎÍPPUVSJTNPEFWFSEBEFBRVFMFMPDBMÏGÓTJDP.BTUVSJTNP
ÏJOGPSNBÎÍPFNSFEF*OGPSNBÎÍPÏDVMUVSB5VSJTNPÏDVMUVSB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 247
10/8/2006 07:18:25
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&YDMVTÍP EJHJUBM
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FWJEÐODJBTFNQÓSJDBTF
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*OUSPEVÎÍP
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EF JODMVTÍPFYDMVTÍP EJHJUBM OPT TFUPSFT NBJT QPCSFT EB QPQVMBÎÍP
B QBSUJS EPT SFTVMUBEPT EF VNB BNQMB QFTRVJTB RVBOUJUBUJWB F RVB
MJUBUJWBSFBMJ[BEBOBTDPNVOJEBEFTEFCBJYBSFOEBOPNVOJDÓQJPEP
3JPEF+BOFJSP0TVSWFZGPJSFBMJ[BEPFNEVBTFUBQBTOPTFHVOEP
TFNFʽSFEFDPNNJMFRVJOIFOUBTFOUSFWJʽBTFNDBEBFUBQB
PRVFSFQSFTFOUBVNVOJWFSTPEFDFSDBEFVNNJMIÍPFEV[FOUPTNJM
QFTTPBT"QFTRVJTBGPJDPNQMFNFOUBEBQFMBSFBMJ[BÎÍPEFSFVOJÜFT
DPNPJUPHSVQPTGPDBJTDPNBNPʽSBTEBTEFWÈSJBTGBJYBTFUÈSJBTF
EFHÐOFSP
"HSBEFDFNPT BP *$" *OTUJUVUF GPS $POOFDUJWZ"NFSJDBT
*%3$ F Ë 6OFTDP QFMP BQPJP
QBSBBSFBMJ[BÎÍPEBQFTRVJTB&TUFUSBCBMIPOÍPUFSJBTJEPQPTTÓWFMTFNPTDPNFOUÈSJPT
EF3VCFN$ÏTBS'FSOBOEFT'SBOLMJO$PFMIPFTFNBEFEJDBÎÍPEBFRVJQFEP/ÞDMFPEF
1FTRVJTBT'BWFMB0QJOJÍPF.FSDBEPEP*4&37JWB3JP
/PQSJNFJSPTVSWFZGPJSFBMJ[BEPVNMFWBOUBNFOUPDPNVNVOJWFSTPSFQSFTFOUBUJWPEP
DPOKVOUPEPTIBCJUBOUFTEBTGBWFMBT/PTFHVOEPGPSBNQFTRVJTBEBTTFJTGBWFMBTEVBT
DPNSFOEBNÏEJBNBJTBMUBEVBTEFSFOEBNÏEJBJOUFSNFEJÈSJBFVNBEFSFOEBNÏEJBCBJ
YBVUJMJ[BOEPTFVNRVFTUJPOÈSJPNBJTEFUBMIBEP&ORVBOUPOPQSJNFJSPTVSWFZGPJJODMVÓEB
B QPQVMBÎÍP BDJNB EF RVJO[F BOPT RVF VUJMJ[B PV OÍP NJDSPDPNQVUBEPSFT OP TFHVOEP
GPSBNJODMVÓEBTDSJBOÎBTBQBSUJSEFEF[BOPTFUPEPTPTFOUSFWJTUBEPTEFWFSJBNGB[FSVTP
EPNJDSPDPNQVUBEPSQBSBBQSPGVOEBSPDPOIFDJNFOUPEFTUFVOJWFSTP
DIGITO_Book.indb 248
10/8/2006 07:18:25
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
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GBNÓMJBEFQSPEVUPTiJODMVTJWPTQBSBBOBMGBCFUPTw‰JʽPÏQSPEVUPT
RVFQPEFNTFSVUJMJ[BEPTQPSQFTTPBTUFDOJDBNFOUFTFNOFOIVNB
FTDPMBSJEBEF‰FORVBOUPDPNQVUBEPSFTFJOUFSOFUFYJHFNVNNÓ
OJNPHSBVEFJOʽSVÎÍP4FBGVUVSBDPOWFSHÐODJBEFUFDOPMPHJBTEF
TFOWPMWFSUFMFGPOFTDFMVMBSFTQBSBUSBOTNJTTÍPEFMFJUVSBEFNFOTB
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EFOUSFPTVTVÈSJPTEFUFMFGPOFT
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PQPUFODJBMEBT5*$TQBSBSFEV[JSBQPCSF[BFBEFTJHVBMEBEFBEJOÉ
NJDBTPDJBMGVODJPOBOBQSÈUJDBFNTFOUJEPSFWFSTPBJOUSPEVÎÍPEF
OPWBT5*$TBVNFOUBBFYDMVTÍPFBEFTJHVBMEBEFTPDJBM"VOJWFSTBMJ
[BÎÍPEPBDFTTPÏBOUFTEFUVEPVNJOʽSVNFOUPQBSBEJNJOVJSPTEB
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QPCSF[BÏEFmOJEBFQFSDFCJEBEFQFOEFEPOÓWFMEFEFTFOWPMWJNFO
UPDVMUVSBMUFDOPMØHJDPQPMÓUJDPEFDBEBTPDJFEBEF"JOUSPEVÎÍPEF
OPWPT QSPEVUPT RVF QBTTBN B TFS JOEJDBUJWPT EF DPOEJÎÍP EF WJEB
iDJWJMJ[BEBw UFMFGPOF FMFUSJDJEBEF HFMBEFJSB SÈEJP PV 57
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P QBUBNBS EF CFOT DPOTJEFSBEPT OFDFTTÈSJPT BCBJYP EP RVBM VNB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 249
10/8/2006 07:18:26
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QFTTPBPVGBNÓMJBÏDPOTJEFSBEBQPCSF$PNPPDJDMPEFBDFTTP
B OPWPT QSPEVUPT DPNFÎB DPN PT SJDPT QBSB QPʽFSJPSNFOUF TF
FʽFOEFSBPTQPCSFTEFQPJTEFVNUFNQPNBJTPVNFOPTMPOHPFP
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TFODJBJTBVNFOUBBEFTJHVBMEBEF4FOEPSJDPTPTQSJNFJSPTBVTVGSVJS
BTWBOUBHFOTEPVTPFPVEPNÓOJPEPTOPWPTQSPEVUPTOPNFSDBEP
EF USBCBMIP BVNFOUBN BT EFTWBOUBHFOT EPT HSVQPT FYDMVÓEPT &N
BNCPTPTDBTPTOPWPTQSPEVUPT5*$TBVNFOUBNFNQSJODÓQJPBQP
CSF[BFBFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
1PMÓUJDBT QÞCMJDBT QPEFN BQSPWFJUBS BT OPWBT UFDOPMPHJBT QBSB
NFMIPSBSBTDPOEJÎÜFTEFWJEBEPDPOKVOUPEBQPQVMBÎÍPFEPTNBJT
QPCSFTNBTBMVUBDPOUSBBFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMÏTPCSFUVEPVNBMVUB
QBSBFODPOUSBSDBNJOIPTQBSBEJNJOVJSPJNQBʹPOFHBUJWPEFTTBT
OPWBTUFDOPMPHJBTTPCSFBEJʽSJCVJÎÍPEFSJRVF[BFPQPSUVOJEBEFT
EFWJEB
0TFʽVEPTNBJTBQSPGVOEBEPTTPCSFBFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMUÐNDPNPGPDP
HFSBMNFOUFQFRVFOBTDPNVOJEBEFTPVFYQFSJÐODJBTMPDBJTDVKPWBMPS
EFTVBTBOÈMJTFTÏMJNJUBEPQPJTFNHFSBMBQSFTFOUBNQPVDBPVOF
OIVNBJOUFSGBDFDPNPTFʽVEPTCBTFBEPTFNEBEPTRVBOUJUBUJWPT 1PSTVBWF[PTFʽVEPTFʽBUÓʽJDPT FNQBSUJDVMBSPTSFMBUJWPTBPT
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HFSBMNFOUFÞOJDP‰BEJWJTÍPFOUSFPTRVFUÐNFPTRVFOÍPUÐN
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EBJNQPSUBOUFFMBÏJOTVmDJFOUFQBSBFOUFOEFSBEJOÉNJDBTPDJBMEB
FYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMFQBSBEFmOJSQPMÓUJDBTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEFBDFTTP
KÈRVFBQSFTFOUBUSÐTHSBOEFTMJNJUBÎÜFT
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HFSBMNFOUFQPS FDPOPNJTUBT F USBCBMIPT RVBMJUBUJWPT SFBMJ[BEPT QPS TPDJØMPHPT F BOUSP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 250
10/8/2006 07:18:26
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CPSBGVOEBNFOUBMTFSÈNBSHJOBMNFOUFEJTDVUJEPOFʽFBSUJHPOÍP
TFOEPPCKFUPEFʽBBQSFTFOUBÎÍP
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MJNJUB BP VOJWFSTP EBRVFMFT RVF UÐN WFSTVT BP EBRVFMFT RVF OÍP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 251
10/8/2006 07:18:27
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QPCSFTFNQBSUJDVMBSEBRVFMBTFʼBDJBMNFOUFJTPMBEBTPGFSFDFO
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UPEPMPHJBKÈGPJBMWPEFDSÓUJDBQPJTFNDFSUPTQBÓTFTDPNVNOÞNF
SPSFMFWBOUFEFQPOUPTEFBDFTTPDPMFUJWPDPNVNFOUFEFOPNJOBEPT
UFMFDFOUSPTPVDJCFSDBGÏT
POÞNFSPEFQFTTPBTRVFBDFTTBNBJOUFS
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OBTGBNÓMJBTQPCSFTFVNOÞNFSPNFOPSOBTGBNÓMJBTEFDMBTTFNÏEJB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 252
10/8/2006 07:18:27
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RVFN DMBSBNFOUF EFmOJEBT .VJUPT FN QBSUJDVMBS PT KPWFOT EFm
OFNPDPNQVUBEPSDPNPiTFVTwFNCPSBUFOIBNTJEPDPNQSBEPT
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DIGITO_Book.indb 253
10/8/2006 07:18:27
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DIGITO_Book.indb 256
10/8/2006 07:18:30
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0USBCBMIPFOÍPPEPNJDÓMJPSFQSFTFOUBQBSBPTIBCJUBOUFTEB
GBWFMB P QSJODJQBM MPDBM EF VUJMJ[BÎÍP EF DPNQVUBEPS TFHVJEP QPS
DBTBEFBNJHPTFDPOIFDJEPTmDBOEPPEPNJDÓMJPFNUFSDFJSPMVHBS
/BTGBWFMBTPOEFFYJʽFN&ʽBÎÜFT'VUVSPUFMFDFOUSPT
EB0/(7JWB
3JPFMBTTÍPPTFHVOEPMPDBMEFBDFTTPQBSBRVBTFEPTVTVÈSJPT
EFJOGPSNÈUJDB&TTFTEBEPTDPOUSBEJ[FNBFYQFʹBUJWBEFRVFOPT
TFUPSFTNBJTQPCSFTEBQPQVMBÎÍPPOÞNFSPEFVTVÈSJPTQPSDPN
QVUBEPSOPEPNJDÓMJPÏBMUPQPJTFNHFSBMTÍPQPVDPTPTNFNCSPT
EB GBNÓMJB RVF VUJMJ[BN DPNQVUBEPS HFSBMNFOUF EFQFOEFOUFT F
NFOPSFTEFJEBEF
0 GFOÙNFOP EF EJTTPDJBÎÍP FOUSF QPTTF EF DPNQVUBEPS F VTV
ÈSJPTTFSFQSPEV[FNSFMBÎÍPËJOUFSOFU&NCPSBTPNFOUFBNFUBEF
EPTRVFQPTTVFNDPNQVUBEPSOPEPNJDÓMJPUFNBDFTTPËJOUFSOFUP
OÞNFSPEFVTVÈSJPTEFJOUFSOFUÏNBJTRVFPUSJQMPEBRVFMFTRVFUÐN
BDFTTPOPEPNJDÓMJP
(SÈmDP1FSDFOUVBMEFQFTTPBTRVFQPTTVFNFRVFVUJMJ[BN
NJDSPDPNQVUBEPSFTFJOUFSOFUOBTDPNVOJEBEFTEFCBJYBSFOEB
EPNVOJDÓQJPEP3JPEF+BOFJSP
DIGITO_Book.indb 257
10/8/2006 07:18:31
-JOLBOJBT
/PUB0TQFSDFOUVBJTTFSFGFSFNBPUPUBMEBBNPʽSB
C
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&OUSFPTVTVÈSJPTEFJOGPSNÈUJDBFYJʽFOUFTOBGBWFMBDPNPFNHFSBMOP
DPOKVOUPEBQPQVMBÎÍPWFSJmDBTFVNBUFOEÐODJBEFDSFTDFOUFBPVTP
EBJOGPSNÈUJDBËQSPQPSÎÍPRVFTFBWBOÎBBGBJYBFUÈSJB/BGBWFMBQP
SÏNUBMUFOEÐODJBTFBDFOUVBQFMPTNFOPSFTOÓWFJTEFFTDPMBSJEBEFOPT
TFUPSFTNBJTJEPTPTFNFOPSFTDIBODFTEFBQSFOEJ[BHFNOPFNQSFHP
(SÈmDP1FSDFOUVBMEFVUJMJ[BÎÍPEPNJDSPDPNQVUBEPSTF
HVOEPBGBJYBFUÈSJB
DIGITO_Book.indb 258
10/8/2006 07:18:31
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
/PUB0TQFSDFOUVBJTGPSBNDBMDVMBEPTFNSFMBÎÍPBPQSØQSJPHSVQP
$PNPFSBEFFʼFSBSPTHSÈmDPTBTFHVJSJOEJDBNRVFFYJʽFVNB
DMBSBDPSSFMBÎÍPFOUSFOÓWFMEFSFOEBFEFFTDPMBSJEBEFFQPTTFEF
DPNQVUBEPS0OÓWFMFTDPMBSÏGVOEBNFOUBMFOUSFBRVFMFTRVFQPT
TVFNEFVNBUSÐTBOPTEFFʽVEPFODPOUSBNPTEPJTDPNQVUBEPSFT
QBSBDBEBDFNEPNJDÓMJPTFOBGBJYBEFQFTTPBTDPNNBJTEFRVJO[F
BOPTEFFʽVEPBQPTTFEPDPNQVUBEPSDIFHBBQBSBDBEBDFN
EPNJDÓMJPT
(SÈmDP3FOEBQFTTPBMFGBNJMJBSQFSDBQJUBNÏEJBTFHVO
EP B QPTTF EF NJDSPDPNQVUBEPS OBT GBWFMBT EP NVOJDÓQJP EP
3JPEF+BOFJSP
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OPEPNJDÓMJPQPSBOPTEFFʽVEPOBTGBWFMBTEPNVOJDÓQJPEP3JP
EF+BOFJSP
DIGITO_Book.indb 259
10/8/2006 07:18:32
-JOLBOJBT
.BTPGBUPEFTFSPMPDBMEFUSBCBMIPFOÍPPEPNJDÓMJPBQSJO
DJQBM CBTF EF BDFTTP F EF BQSFOEJ[BHFN F NPUJWBÎÍP EF VTP
BP
DPNQVUBEPSFËJOUFSOFUOÍPTPNFOUFNVEBEFGPSNBSFMFWBOUFP
OÞNFSPEFQFTTPBTEJHJUBMNFOUFJODMVÓEBTDPNPUSBOTGPSNBPQFSmM
EPVTVÈSJP
$PNPWFSFNPTBTFHVJSBTNVMIFSFTQFMPUJQPEFUSBCBMIPRVF
SFBMJ[BN‰FNHFSBMFNQSFHBEBTEPNÏʽJDBTPVFNTFSWJÎPTEFMJN
QF[B‰TÍPBTNBJTQSFKVEJDBEBTFBQSFTFOUBNVNOÓWFMEFFYDMVTÍP
EJHJUBMNVJUPNBJTFMFWBEPRVFPTIPNFOTOBTDBNBEBTQPCSFTEB
QPQVMBÎÍP1PSPVUSPMBEPBQPQVMBÎÍPOFHSBNBTDVMJOBRVFBQSF
TFOUBVNBNÏEJBEFQPTTFEFDPNQVUBEPSQPSEPNJDÓMJPCBʽBOUF
JOGFSJPSËQPQVMBÎÍPCSBODBEBGBWFMBFODPOUSBOPUSBCBMIPVNNF
DBOJTNPEFJHVBMBÎÍPTPDJBM"TTJNPBDFTTPËJOGPSNÈUJDBGPSBEP
EPNJDÓMJPUFNVNJNQBʹPHFSBMEFNPDSBUJ[BEPSBJOEBRVFEFTJHVBM
QFSNJUJOEPPJOHSFTTPOPNVOEPEBJOGPSNÈUJDBEFQFTTPBTDPNSFO
EBNÏEJBFOÓWFMEFFTDPMBSJEBEFNBJTCBJYPT
&OUSFPTVTVÈSJPTEFDPNQVUBEPSEFOUSPPVGPSBEPEPNJDÓMJPP
QBESÍPRVFBTTPDJBSFOEBDPNVTPEFJOGPSNÈUJDBTFNBOUÏNNBT
BEJʽÉODJBUFOEFBEJNJOVJSPRVFJOEJDBRVFBTQFTTPBTEFNFOPS
FTDPMBSJEBEF FODPOUSBN FN DPNQVUBEPSFT GPSB EP EPNJDÓMJP VN
NFDBOJTNPEFJHVBMBÎÍPTPDJBM
DIGITO_Book.indb 260
10/8/2006 07:18:33
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
(SÈmDP 1FSDFOUVBM EF QFTTPBT RVF QPTTVFN F VUJMJ
[BNNJDSPDPNQVUBEPSQPSBOPTEFFʽVEPOBTDPNVOJEBEFT
EPNVOJDÓQJPEP3JPEF+BOFJSP
/PUB0TQFSDFOUVBJTGPSBNDBMDVMBEPTFNSFMBÎÍPBPQSØQSJPHSVQP
0NFTNPWBMFQBSBPOÓWFMEFSFOEB
(SÈmDP3FOEBGBNJMJBSQFSDBQJUBTFHVOEPBQPTTFFVUJMJ
[BÎÍPEFNJDSPDPNQVUBEPS
DIGITO_Book.indb 261
10/8/2006 07:18:34
-JOLBOJBT
$PNPNPʽSBPHSÈmDPFORVBOUPPQFSDFOUVBMEFQFTTPBTCSBO
DBTDPNQPTTFEFDPNQVUBEPSTVQFSBBNÏEJB
FPTQBSEPTB
JHVBMBNBQPQVMBÎÍPOFHSBBQSFTFOUBVNOÓWFMEFQPTTFFRVJWBMFOUF
ËNFUBEFEBNÏEJB
(SÈmDP1FSDFOUVBMEFQFTTPBTRVFQPTTVFNDPNQVUBEPS
FNTFVEPNJDÓMJPQPSDPSSBÎBOBTDPNVOJEBEFTEPNVOJDÓQJPEP
3JPEF+BOFJSP
/PUB0TQFSDFOUVBJTGPSBNDBMDVMBEPTFNSFMBÎÍPBPQSØQSJPHSVQP
$PNPJOEJDBPHSÈmDPFTTBTJUVBÎÍPSFnFUFBEVQMBQPTJÎÍPEFTGB
WPSFDJEBEBQPQVMBÎÍPOFHSBFNUFSNPTEFSFOEBFFEVDBÎÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 262
10/8/2006 07:18:34
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
(SÈmDP $PNQBSBÎÍP EBT NÏEJBT EF SFOEB GBNJMJBS
QFSDBQJUBFBOPTEFFʽVEP
.BT FN UFSNPT EF VTVÈSJPT EF JOGPSNÈUJDB FTTB EJGFSFOÎB UFOEF B
EJNJOVJSHSBÎBTBPVUSPTBDFTTPTGPSBEPEPNJDÓMJP
(SÈmDP 1FSDFOUVBJT EF QPTTF F VUJMJ[BÎÍP EF NJDSPDPN
QVUBEPSTFHVOEPBDPS
DIGITO_Book.indb 263
10/8/2006 07:18:35
-JOLBOJBT
/PUB0TQFSDFOUVBJTGPSBNDBMDVMBEPTFNSFMBÎÍPBPQSØQSJP
HSVQP
/PUB1BSBVUJMJ[BÎÍPGPJVTBEPPVOJWFSTPPTRVFVUJMJ[BNPDPN
QVUBEPSEBQPQVMBÎÍP
0VTFKBPBDFTTPGPSBEFEPNJDÓMJPGVODJPOBDPNPVNGBUPSEF
DSJBÎÍPEFPQPSUVOJEBEFTQBSBBQPQVMBÎÍPOFHSB0PQPʽPBDPOUF
DFDPNBQPQVMBÎÍPGFNJOJOB
(SÈmDP6UJMJ[BÎÍPEFNJDSPDPNQVUBEPSFTTFHVOEPPTFYP
OBTDPNVOJEBEFTEPNVOJDÓQJPEP3JPEF+BOFJSP
0RVFBDPOUFDFFNBNCPTPTDBTPTCBJYPBDFTTPEBTNVMIFSFT
FJODSFNFOUPEPQFSDFOUVBMEBQPQVMBÎÍPOFHSBEFVTVÈSJPT
PUSB
CBMIPBUVBDPNPGBUPSEFFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMOPDBTPEBTNVMIFSFTFEF
JHVBMBÎÍPTPDJBMOPDBTPEPTOFHSPT"NBJPSJBEBTNVMIFSFTUSBCBMIB
FNTFSWJÎPTEFMJNQF[BPVDPNPFNQSFHBEBTEPNÏʽJDBTFOÍPUFN
PQPSUVOJEBEFEFVUJMJ[BSDPNQVUBEPSFORVBOUPVNOÞNFSPNBJPS
EF IPNFOT JODMVTJWF NVJUPT RVF USBCBMIBN DPNPPċDF CPZT BDB
CBNDPOWJWFOEPFNBNCJFOUFTRVFJODFOUJWBNFQPSWF[FTQFSNJ
UFNPDPOIFDJNFOUPEPTVTPTCÈTJDPTEPDPNQVUBEPS
"TUFOEÐODJBTFNSFMBÎÍPBPVTPEFDPNQVUBEPSFTTFSFQSPEV
[FNFNSFMBÎÍPËJOUFSOFUFBUÏmDBNNBJTNBSDBEBT%PUPUBM
DIGITO_Book.indb 264
10/8/2006 07:18:36
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
EPTQPTTVJEPSFTEFDPNQVUBEPSTPNFOUFVNUFSÎPUFNBDFTTP
ËJOUFSOFUEFGPSNBRVFEPUPUBMEFVTVÈSJPTEFJOUFSOFUQPVDP
NBJTEFPGB[FNOPEPNJDÓMJPSFQSPEV[JOEPPTQBESÜFTEFVTP
EFDPNQVUBEPSNFODJPOBEPTBDJNBJʽPÏBQSJODJQBMGPOUFEFBDFT
TPTFFODPOUSBGPSBEPEPNJDÓMJP
(SÈmDP -PDBJT EF BDFTTP Ë JOUFSOFU NBJT VUJMJ[BEPT OBT
DPNVOJEBEFTEPNVOJDÓQJPEP3JPEF+BOFJSP
6OJWFSTPPTRVFVTBNBJOUFSOFUEBQPQVMBÎÍP
/PVTPEFJOUFSOFUBGBJYBFUÈSJBBJOEBÏNBJTEFDJTJWBKÈRVFTVB
JNQPSUÉODJBBVNFOUBOPTTFUPSFTNBJTKPWFOT
DIGITO_Book.indb 265
10/8/2006 07:18:37
-JOLBOJBT
(SÈmDP 1FSDFOUVBM EF VUJMJ[BÎÍP EB JOUFSOFU F DPN
QVUBEPSTFHVOEPBJEBEF
/PUB0TQFSDFOUVBJTGPSBNDBMDVMBEPTFNSFMBÎÍPBPQSØQSJPHSVQP
"EJʽÉODJBFOUSFNBJPSFNFOPSSFOEBBVNFOUBWJTJWFMNFOUFRVBO
EPQBTTBNPTEFVTVÈSJPTEFDPNQVUBEPSQBSBVTVÈSJPTEFJOUFSOFUP
RVFEFWFFʽBSSFMBDJPOBEPBPDVʽPFËEJmDVMEBEFEFBDFTTPBFMB
(SÈmDP 3FOEB EPNJDJMJBS QFS DBQJUB F SFOEB QFTTPBM TF
HVOEPPOÓWFMEFJODMVTÍPEJHJUBM
DIGITO_Book.indb 266
10/8/2006 07:18:38
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
'JOBMNFOUFFNCPSBOÍPFʽFKBJODMVÓEPOFʽBBQSFTFOUBÎÍPRVF
TFSFGFSFBVNBEJTDVTTÍPTPCSFPTVTPTEBJOUFSOFUOÍPQPEFNPT
EFJYBSEFJOEJDBSVNEBEPRVFNPʽSBPTMJNJUFTEPVTPEBUFMFNÈUJ
DBQFMBTDBNBEBTQPQVMBSFT
(SÈmDP1FSDFOUVBMEFVTPEFFNBJMFNSFMBÎÍPËVUJMJ[BÎÍP
EFNJDSPDPNQVUBEPSFTFJOUFSOFUOPUPUBMEBQPQVMBÎÍPEBTGBWFMBT
.FOPTEBNFUBEFEPTVTVÈSJPTEBJOUFSOFUÏVTVÈSJBEFFNBJM
5SBUBTFEFVNBQPSDFOUBHFNNVJUPCBJYBEFVTVÈSJPTQSPEVUPEP
DPOUFYUPTPDJBMEPTIBCJUBOUFTEBTGBWFMBTFNRVFCPBQBSUFEBSFEF
TPDJBMOÍPVUJMJ[BJOUFSOFUGB[FOEPEPFNBJMVNJOʽSVNFOUPNFOPT
ÞUJMEFDPNVOJDBÎÍP
D
2VBMJEBEFEPBDFTTP
4FPTEBEPTBOUFSJPSFTJOEJDBNRVFPTDBNJOIPTQBSBVUJMJ[BSP
DPNQVUBEPSFBDFTTBSBJOUFSOFUTÍPNÞMUJQMPTUPEPTFMFTDPOWFSHFN
OPTFOUJEPEFJOEJDBSBTMJNJUBÎÜFTEPUFNQPEJʼPOÓWFMFEFRVBMJEB
EFEFBDFTTPEPVTVÈSJPEFCBJYBSFOEB
"RVFMFT RVF QPTTVFN DPNQVUBEPS F BDFTTP Ë JOUFSOFU FN
DBTBFʽÍPMJNJUBEPTQFMBRVBMJEBEFEFBDFTTPBHSBOEFNBJP
DIGITO_Book.indb 267
10/8/2006 07:18:38
-JOLBOJBT
SJBTFNBDFTTPËCBOEBMBSHB
FQFMPUFNQPFNRVFQPEFNQFS
NBOFDFSMJHBEPTKÈRVFVUJMJ[BNBDFTTPEJTDBEPFNRVFÏQBHPP
UFNQPEFQFSNBOÐODJBOBMJOIB
0SFTVMUBEPÏVNBCBJYBGSFRàÐODJB
EFVTP
0OÍPBDFTTPËJOUFSOFUSÈQJEBDPNVNWBMPSNFOTBMmYPJOEF
QFOEFOUFNFOUFEPUFNQPEFVTPUFNVNBEVQMBDPOTFRàÐODJBB
JOGPSNBÎÍPEFNPSBNBJTUFNQPQBSBTFSBDFTTBEBFORVBOUPPUFN
QPEJʼPOÓWFMQBSBQFSNBOFDFSOBJOUFSOFUÏNFOPSKÈRVFPVTVÈSJP
QBHBQFMPUFNQPFNRVFQFSNBOFDFMJHBEP"TTJNBJOGPSNBÎÍPEF
NPSBNBJTUFNQPQBSBDIFHBSFPUFNQPEJʼPOÓWFMQBSBSFDFCÐMB
ÏNFOPS
$PNPNPʽSBPHSÈmDPBTFHVJSBJOUFOTJEBEFEPVTPEBJOUFSOFU
FOUSFPTIBCJUBOUFTEBTGBWFMBTBJOEBÏCBʽBOUFCBJYB/PFʽVEPEB
FYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMQPSUBOUPEFWFTFSDPOTJEFSBEPOÍPTPNFOUFPOÞ
NFSPEFVTVÈSJPTFOÍPVTVÈSJPTNBTUBNCÏNBJOUFOTJEBEFEFTFV
VTPUBOUPOBRVBMJEBEFEFBDFTTPCBJYBFBMUBWFMPDJEBEF
DPNPOP
UFNQPFGFUJWBNFOUFEJʼPOÓWFM
(SÈmDP'SFRàÐODJBEPBDFTTPËJOUFSOFUOBTDPNVOJEBEFT
EPNVOJDÓQJPEP3JPEF+BOFJSP
6OJWFSTPPTRVFVTBNBJOUFSOFUEBQPQVMBÎÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 268
10/8/2006 07:18:39
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
0TRVFUÐNBDFTTPËJOGPSNÈUJDBFBPDPNQVUBEPSOPUSBCB
MIPQPEFNVUJMJ[BSFTTFTJOʽSVNFOUPTOPTMJNJUFTEFTVBTPCSJHBÎÜFT
FIPSÈSJPEFUSBCBMIP
"RVFMFT RVF TF VUJMJ[BN EF UFMFDFOUSPT EFQFOEFN EB QSPYJ
NJEBEFFSFDVSTPTQBSBQBHBSPTFSWJÎPFPVEBEJʼPOJCJMJEBEFEF
DPNQVUBEPSFTOPUFMFDFOUSPOPIPSÈSJPEFTFVJOUFSFTTF
"RVFMFTRVFUÐNBDFTTPFNDBTBEFBNJHPTPVGBNJMJBSFTFO
GSFOUBNJHVBMNFOUFEJmDVMEBEFTEFEJʼPOJCJMJEBEFMJNJUBEBTEFTTFT
JOʽSVNFOUPT
'JOBMNFOUF PT VTVÈSJPT EBT &ʽBÎÍP 'VUVSP UFMFDFOUSPT EB
0/(7JWB3JP
DPNBDFTTPBQSFÎPTNFOPSFTBQSFTFOUBNPNFTNP
QFSmMFEVDBDJPOBMFEFSFOEBRVFPVTVÈSJPUÓQJDPEFDPNQVUBEPSF
JOUFSOFUOBGBWFMB0TUFMFDFOUSPTEFUPEBGPSNBBVNFOUBNBCBTF
EFVTVÈSJPTFQSPWÐFNPTIBCJUBOUFTEBGBWFMBJODMVTJWFBRVFMFTRVF
QPTTVFNBDFTTPFNDBTBDPNNFMIPSRVBMJEBEFEFTFSWJÎPTJOGSB
FʽSVUVSBFBQPJP
&NCPSB PT DPNFOUÈSJPT BOUFSJPSFT OÍP JOWBMJEFN B SFMFWÉODJB
EBTWÈSJBTFʽSBUÏHJBTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEFBDFTTPOÍPQPEFEFJYBS
EFTFSBTTJOBMBEBBDPOUJOVJEBEFEBTEFTJHVBMEBEFTFOUSFPTWÈSJPT
HSVQPTTPDJBJTNFTNPFOUSFBRVFMFTFNRVFBTFʽBUÓʽJDBTBQSFTFO
UBNDPNPUFOEPBDFTTPËUFMFNÈUJDB
$PODMVTÜFTQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBTFJODMVTÍPEJHJUBM
-FWBOEP FN DPOTJEFSBÎÍP PT BDIBEPT EB QFTRVJTB F B CJCMJP
HSBmBJOUFSOBDJPOBMTPCSFPUFNBEBFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMBMHVNBTDPO
DMVTÜFTTPCSFPTPCKFUJWPTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEPBDFTTPËJOUFSOFUF
TPCSFBEFNPDSBUJ[BÎÍPEBJOGPSNBÎÍPTFJNQÜFN4FNQSFÏCPN
MFNCSBS RVF NFTNP TVCMJOIBOEP BT MJNJUBÎÜFT EF EFNPDSBUJ[BS B
JOGPSNBÎÍPOÍPFʽBNPTEFGPSNBBMHVNBJOEJDBOEPBJNQPSUÉODJB
EBTQPMÓUJDBTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEFBDFTTP1FMPDPOUSÈSJPVOJWFSTBMJ
[BSPDPOIFDJNFOUPCÈTJDPTPCSFPVTPEFDPNQVUBEPSFTFJOUFSOFUÏ
GVOEBNFOUBMQBSBMJNJUBSPJNQBʹPOFHBUJWPRVFFMFTQPEFNUSB[FS
QBSB TFUPSFT NBJT QPCSFT /B BUVBMJEBEF DPOIFDJNFOUPT CÈTJDPT
EFDPNQVUBÎÍPFJOUFSOFUTÍPDSFTDFOUFNFOUFQSFDPOEJÎÍPEF
DIGITO_Book.indb 269
10/8/2006 07:18:39
-JOLBOJBT
BDFTTPBPFNQSFHP
"TQPMÓUJDBTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEFBDFTTPEFWFNDPOGSPOUBSBTDPN
QMFYJEBEFT BTTPDJBEBT Ë BQSPQSJBÎÍP FGFUJWB EBT 5*$T QFMPT TFUPSFT
NBJTQPCSFTEBQPQVMBÎÍP
0WBMPSFGFUJWPEBJOGPSNBÎÍPEFQFOEFEBDBQBDJEBEFEPTVTV
ÈSJPTEFJOUFSQSFUÈMB*OGPSNBÎÍPTØFYJʽFOBGPSNBEFDPOIFDJNFO
UPFDPOIFDJNFOUPEFQFOEFEFVNMPOHPQSPDFTTPEFTPDJBMJ[BÎÍPF
EFQSÈUJDBTRVFDSJBNBDBQBDJEBEFBOBMÓUJDBRVFUSBOTGPSNBCJUTFN
DPOIFDJNFOUP1PSUBOUPDPOGSPOUBSBFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBMTVQÜFFOGSFO
UBSBFYDMVTÍPFTDPMBS
"TQPMÓUJDBTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEPBDFTTPËJOUFSOFUOPTQBÓTFT
FNEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPTFSÍPVNBRVJNFSBTFOÍPFʽJWFSFNBTTPDJBEBT
BPVUSBTQPMÓUJDBTTPDJBJTFNQBSUJDVMBSBTEBGPSNBÎÍPFTDPMBS/ÍP
IBWFSÈVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEFBDFTTPËTOPWBTUFDOPMPHJBTEBJOGPSNBÎÍP
F EB DPNVOJDBÎÍP TFN VOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍP EF PVUSPT CFOT TPDJBJT &N
QBÓTFTFNEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPFNRVFBTUBYBTEFBOBMGBCFUJTNPGVO
DJPOBMTÍPBMUÓTTJNBTOP#SBTJMDBMDVMBTFFNUPSOPEF
BMVUB
DPOUSBBTEJWFSTBTDBSÐODJBTEFBDFTTPBTFSWJÎPTQÞCMJDPTFEVDBÎÍP
TBOFBNFOUPTFHVSBOÎBTBÞEFTFSWJÎPTKVSÓEJDPT
FYJHFNVNBWJTÍP
DPNQMFYBBSFʼFJUPEBMVUBDPOUSBBFYDMVTÍPEJHJUBM0CWJBNFOUF
JTTPOÍPTJHOJmDBFʼFSBSBFSSBEJDBÎÍPEPBOBMGBCFUJTNPQBSBEFTFO
WPMWFSQPMÓUJDBTEFJODMVTÍPEJHJUBM/ÍPQPEFNPTFTRVFDFSRVFBMVUB
QFMBJODMVTÍPEJHJUBMÏVNBMVUBDPOUSBPUFNQP"TOPWBTUFDOPMPHJBT
EBJOGPSNBÎÍPBVNFOUBNBEFTJHVBMEBEFTPDJBMEFGPSNBRVFBVOJ
WFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEPBDFTTPOÍPÏNBJTEPRVFBMVUBQPSSFOJWFMBSBTDPO
EJÎÜFTEFBDFTTPBPNFSDBEPEFUSBCBMIP"TFYJHÐODJBTEBFDPOPNJB
FPTOPWPTFNQSFHPTPCSJHBNBDPOWJWÐODJBEFQPMÓUJDBTQÞCMJDBTRVF
USBCBMIFNTJNVMUBOFBNFOUFDPNEJGFSFOUFTTFUPSFTTPDJBJTFSJUNPT
EFTJHVBJTEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍPEFTFSWJÎPTQÞCMJDPT1PSÏNOÍPTFQPEF
EFTDPOIFDFSPJNCSJDBNFOUPEBTQPMÓUJDBTTPDJBJTFRVFPTVDFTTP
mOBMEFʽBTEFQFOEFEFVNQSPHSBNBJOUFHSBEPEFVOJWFSTBMJ[BÎÍP
EPTWÈSJPTTFSWJÎPTQÞCMJDPT/PDVSUPQSB[PBTQPMÓUJDBTEFJODMVTÍP
EJHJUBMRVFUFSÍPOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFVNJNQBʹPTPCSFTPNFOUFVNB
QBSUFEBQPQVMBÎÍPNBJTQPCSFEFWFNEFmOJSDMBSBNFOUFRVBMÏP
QÞCMJDPBMWP
DIGITO_Book.indb 270
10/8/2006 07:18:40
&YDMVTÍPEJHJUBM
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FTDPMBSFT EF UFMFNÈUJDB EFWF TFS P EF JOUSPEV[JS PT BMVOPT OP VTP
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SBOUFPQSJNFJSPTFHNFOUPEPFOTJOPGVOEBNFOUBMFFWFOUVBMNFOUF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 271
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EFTEFBDFTTPBDPOUFÞEPTQSPEV[JEPTQBSBQÞCMJDPTEFDMBTTFNÏEJB
PVDPNDPOIFDJNFOUPEFPVUSBTMÓOHVBT.BTOFTTBÈSFBBQFTBSEP
SFDPOIFDJNFOUPEPQSPCMFNBQPSPSHBOJTNPTEFEJDBEPTËJODMVTÍP
EJHJUBMPTBWBOÎPTUÐNTJEPNVJUPMJNJUBEPT/BBUVBMJEBEFPmOBO
DJBNFOUPEBNBJPSJBEPTOPWPTDPOUFÞEPTEJʼPOÓWFJTOBJOUFSOFUÏ
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UP#PBQBSUFEPNFSDBEPBMWPEFTTFTDPOUFÞEPTÏDPOʽJUVÓEBQFMB
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0 EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP EF UFMFDFOUSPT JʽP Ï DBCJOBT EF BDFTTP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 272
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DIGITO_Book.indb 273
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DIGITO_Book.indb 274
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DIGITO_Book.indb 275
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DIGITO_Book.indb 276
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'PSNBOEPVNHSVQPEFBSUJDVMBEPSFT
&TTFFODPOUSPGPJPQSJNFJSPEFVNBTÏSJFRVFSFVOJVBUJWJʽBT
IBDLFSTFBSUJʽBTQBSBEJTDVUJSPRVFQPEFSJBNWJSBTFSBT#"$TBQF
TBSEPGBUPEFOJOHVÏNDPOTFHVJSFOUFOEFSFYBUBNFOUFPRVFBRVFMF
TFOIPSRVFGBMBWBFNOPNFEPNJOJʽÏSJPRVFSJB%FRVBMRVFSGPSNB
BQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFDSJBSVNBNBOFJSBEFNBUFSJBMJ[BSBTJEÏJBTEBRVF
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RVFEFBMHVNBGPSNBUSBCBMIBWBNFNCVTDBEFPCKFUJWPTTJNJMBSFT
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MJʽB EF EJTDVTTÍP DIBNBEB "SUJDVMBEPSFT RVF TFSWJSJB DPNP BN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 277
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DIGITO_Book.indb 278
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BQSPYJNBÎÍPFOUSFFDPOPNJBTFNFSHFOUFTDPNPVNBUFOUBUJWBEF
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DIFHBSBN B TFS FYFDVUBEPT 0T QSPKFUPT DIFHBSBN B TFS FOWJBEPT
BP.JOJʽÏSJPNBTPTQPMÓUJDPTQPSUSÈTEBTEFDJTÜFTTJNQMFTNFOUF
JHOPSBSBNPSFTVMUBEPEFUPEPBRVFMFUSBCBMIPDPMFUJWP"JEÏJBEP
QSPKFUPEBT#"$TEFDPOʽSVJSHSBOEFTDFOUSPTOBTHSBOEFTDBQJUBJT
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UVSBEFFRVJQBNFOUPTTFHVSBOÎBFQFTTPBMUÏDOJDPFʼFDJBMJ[BEP0
TFDSFUÈSJPSFʼPOTÈWFMQFMPQSPKFUPBQØTJHOPSBSUPEBBJOGPSNBÎÍP
RVFMIFIBWJBTJEPFOWJBEBDPNPVNBNBOJGFʽBÎÍPMJWSFEBTPDJFEB
EFDJWJMGPJBDVTBEPEFDPSSVQÎÍPFQPSDPOUBEJTTPEFNJUJEPQFMP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 279
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EFDPOʽSVÎÍPEFiJMIBTwEFDPOIFDJNFOUPMJWSFy&VBDSFEJUP
RVFFʽFÏFYBUBNFOUFPQPOUPEFAXIBUUIFIBDLRVFFʽÈ
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GÓTJDBMPDBMJ[BEBFʽSBUFHJDBNFOUFFNRVBMRVFSMVHBSPOEFIBKBVNB
QSPEVÎÍPDVMUVSBMMPDBM0QSPKFUPTFQSPQÜFBDBQUBSFTTBQSPEVÎÍP
DVMUVSBMFJSSBEJBSTFVDPOUFÞEPBUPEPTPTEFNBJT1POUPTBPSFEPS
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DVMUVSBJT VUJMJ[BOEPTF EF QSPHSBNBT EFTPGUXBSF MJWSF F EF DØEJHP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 280
10/8/2006 07:18:43
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FYQMJDBEP QPS EJWFSTBT SB[ÜFT B NBJPSJB EFMBT SFMBDJPOBEBT DPN P
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MJ[BWBN&TTFHSVQPEFQFTTPBTRVFJOJDJPVUPEPPFTGPSÎPDPMFUJWPEF
QFOTBSUSBCBMIBSOÍPUFNOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFDPNQSPNFUJNFOUPDPN
PHPWFSOPFNTJPVDPNTVBJEFPMPHJB0RVFOÍPTJHOJmDBRVFOÍP
DPOTJEFSFPQSPKFUPDPNPFTTFODJBMNFOUFEFOBUVSF[BQPMÓUJDBNBT
RVFBHFDPNPVNBJOWBTÍPIBDLFSEFOUSPEPTJʽFNBDPNHFʽÍP
QSØQSJBFPCKFUJWPTCFNEFmOJEPT"NBJPSJBTØRVFSWFSPQSPKFUP
GVODJPOBOEP1POUPTEF$VMUVSBPSHBOJ[BEPTFNSFEFBVUÙOPNPTF
TVʽFOUÈWFJTEJʽSJCVÓEPTQFMPQBÓTDPMBCPSBOEPFDPNQBSUJMIBOEP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 281
10/8/2006 07:18:43
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DFJUPFMBFʽÈEFUBMIBEBOPBSUJHPEF3JDBSEP3PTBTOP4BSBJ3FBEFS
i² JNQPSUBOUF FOGBUJ[BS BRVJ RVF B NFUPEPMPHJB FʼFDÓ
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EBBJOJDJBUJWBTFPSHBOJ[BÎÜFTTPDJBJTRVFEFWFSÍPFWPMVJS
FORVBOUPFOHBKBEBTDSJBUJWBNFOUFDPNOPWBTUFDOPMPHJBT
0THSVQPTFOWPMWJEPTTÍPNVJUPTFWBSJBEPTJOEPEFPSHB
OJ[BÎÜFTEJʽSJCVÓEBTEFNÓEJBJOEFQFOEFOUFBQSPEVUPSFT
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UBCFMFDJEPTOÍPCBTFBEPTTPNFOUFFNTPGUXBSFMJWSFNBT
FNDSFOÎBTFQSÈUJDBTBVUÙOPNBT0GBUPEFRVFOÍPFʽB
NPTQSFTFODJBOEPNBJTVNFYFSDÓDJPEF0/(TFNFEVDBÎÍP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 282
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VNBIPSB&ORVBOUPFVF+1#BSMPXPTJOUFSSPHÈWBNPTFMFT
GBMBWBNTPCSFTFVQSPKFUPEFA.JM1POUPTEF$VMUVSB‰DPOT
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QSFPDVQBEPDPNBQMJDBÎÜFTEFFTDSJUØSJPFDPJTBTEPHÐOFSP
²VNNPWJNFOUPEFCBTFFYUSBPSEJOÈSJPEFEJDBEPQSJNFJ
SBNFOUFBVNJEFBMTPGUXBSFMJWSF
FTFHVOEPBVNBQSÈUJDB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 283
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BUVBSBNOBRVFMBGBTFEPQSPDFTTPKÈUJOIBDPOIFDJNFOUPEFVNQSP
UPDPMPFNDPNVNVNNFTNPNPEPEFBUVBSFJOUFSBHJS
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DIGITO_Book.indb 284
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VNBJOGSBFʽSVUVSBGÓTJDBEFIBSEXBSFRVFNBOUFOIBBTDPOFYÜFT
GVODJPOBOEP&TTBJOGSBFʽSVUVSBCÈTJDBUBNCÏNFʽÈTFOEPJNQMF
NFOUBEBKVOUBNFOUFDPNUPEPPFTGPSÎPTPDJBMNBTWBJEFNBOEBS
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²FTTBTVCʽJUVJÎÍPEFQBSUFTEFTTBFʽSVUVSBGÓTJDBEFIBSEXBSF
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TFOEP VNB DBSBʹFSÓʽJDB DVMUVSBM CSBTJMFJSB $VMUVSB CSBTJMFJSB OÍP
Ï P QPOUP EFʽF UFYUP NBT VNB GPSUF JEFOUJEBEF VSCBOB OBDJPOBM
TF CBTFJB EFOUSF PVUSPT OB IBCJMJEBEF RVF B NBJPSJB EPT CSBTJMFJ
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EJʼPOÓWFJT&TTFÏPiKFJUJOIPCSBTJMFJSPwRVFFNUFSNPTDPODFJUVBJT
TJHOJmDBUFSBDBQBDJEBEFDSJBUJWBEFDPOWFSUFSVNSFDVSTPBCVOEBO
UFUFNQPFNVNSFDVSTPFTDBTTPNBUFSJBJT"QMJDBOEPFTTBJEÏJBË
JOGSBFʽSVUVSBEFIBSEXBSFEBSFEFTPDJBMSFTVMUBOUFEBJNQMFNFO
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DIGITO_Book.indb 285
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UVSBUPEBDPNPNPEPEFHBSBOUJSPGVODJPOBNFOUPEPTDBOBJTEF
DPNVOJDBÎÍPFDPOUJOVJEBEFEBJOGSBFʽSVUVSBDPNQVUBDJPOBMBQØT
VNBQPTTÓWFMGBMUBEFBQPJPHPWFSOBNFOUBMFWJUBOEPBSFQFUJÎÍPEB
PSGBOEBEFEFBMHVOTUFMFDFOUSPTEF1PSUP"MFHSFF4ÍP1BVMPBQØTB
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5BM DBSBʹFSÓʽJDB DVMUVSBM EFOPNJOBEB iKFJUJOIP CSBTJMFJSPw QP
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$SÐTFRVFPHSVQPEFiBSUJDVMBEPSFTwGPJDBQB[EFIBDLFBSVN
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TVDFTTP "HPSB FTTF HSVQP QSFDJTB EF QFTTPBT QBSB BKVEBS QSFDJTB
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DPOUJOVBSDPMBCPSBOEPDPNPVUSPTHSVQPTRVFUFOIBNJOUFSFTTFFN
5FDOPMPHJBEF*OGPSNBÎÍPF$PNVOJDBÎÍPQBSBP%FTFOWPMWJNFOUP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 286
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DIGITO_Book.indb 287
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DIGITO_Book.indb 288
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EFTEFTFNQSFUFSJBNWJWJEPJODPOTDJFOUFNFOUFQSFQBSBOEPTFQBSB
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EB JOUFSOFU NFTNP RVF FN TFVT IJʽPSJDBNFOUF NBSHJOBJT MPDBJT
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GFNJOJOP iBBCPSEBHFNEBPSEFNRVFFNFSHFEBTDPOFYÜFTNÞM
UJQMBTEFmOFBJOUFMJHÐODJBOÍPNBJTDPNPNPOPQPMJ[BEBJNQPʽB
EBEBQPSVNBGPSÎBFUFSOBUSBOTDFOEFOUFFTVQFSJPSNBTFNWF[
EJTTPEFTFOWPMWFOEPTFDPNPQSPDFTTPFNFSHFOUFFOHFOESBOEPTF
BTJNFTNBEFDJNBQBSBCBJYPw
0BSUJHPEF%POOBFNQPSUVHVÐTQPEFTFSFODPOUSBEPDPNPi6NNBOJGFTUPQBSBPT
DZCPSHTDJÐODJBUFDOPMPHJBFGFNJOJTNPTPDJBMJTUBOBEÏDBEBEFwOBPSHBOJ[BÎÍPEF
)FMPÓTB #VBSRVF EF )PMMBOEB FN5FOEÐODJBT F JNQBTTFT P GFNJOJTNP DPNP DSÓUJDB EB
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1BSB TF BDMJNBUBS DPN P HÐOFSP DJCFSQVOL F B DJCFSDVMUVSB TFJT MJWSPT QBSB MFS FN
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DIGITO_Book.indb 289
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DIGITO_Book.indb 290
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UBMEFmOJOEPTFDPNPVNNPWJNFOUPFDPNPVNBUPQPMÓUJDP)PKF
PMIBOEPQBSBPUSBKFUPQFSDPSSJEPOFTTFTDFNBOPTPCTFSWBTFBRVJ
MP RVF DPNVNFOUF TF DIBNB BT USÐT POEBT EP GFNJOJTNP PV USÐT
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BÎÍPQPMÓUJDBFWJDFWFSTB0GFNJOJTNPUSBUBEBMVUBQFMBBVUPOPNJB
FBVUPEFUFSNJOBÎÍPEBTNVMIFSFTFPEJSFJUPEFEFTGSVUBSEFUPEBT
BTQPTTJCJMJEBEFTEBFYJʽÐODJBIVNBOB0GFNJOJTNPUFOTJPOBBTGPS
NBTEFQPEFSRVFTVCKVHBNBTNVMIFSFTËDPOEJÎÍPEFTVKFJUPTEF
TFHVOEBDMBTTFRVBOEPSFJWJOEJDBPEJSFJUPBPDPSQPPEJSFJUPËEF
DJTÍPTPCSFFʽFFQSJODJQBMNFOUFTPCSFTVBTFYVBMJEBEFFPEJSFJUP
ËSFQSPEVÎÍP&TTBMVUBUBNCÏNTFGB[FNEJGFSFOUFTFʼBÎPTFDBN
QPTUBJTDPNPDPNÏSDJPNFJPBNCJFOUFUFDOPMPHJBmOBOÎBTQÞCMJ
DBTTJʽFNBTJOUFSOBDJPOBJTBMÏNEPTDBNQPTUSBEJDJPOBJTFEVDBÎÍP
TBÞEFNPSBEJBUSBCBMIPEJSFJUPTIVNBOPT.BTBNBSDBQSJODJQBM
EPGFNJOJTNPBRVJMPRVFPEJGFSFEFUPEPFRVBMRVFSPVUSPNPWJ
NFOUPTPDJBMFQSPDFTTPQPMÓUJDPDPMFUJWPÏRVFPGFNJOJTNPOÍPUFN
VNMJWSPGVOEBEPSVNBEPVUSJOBGVOEBOUFPVVNBMÓEFSHVSVDPNP
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0GFNJOJTNPTFGB[DPMFUJWBNFOUFFBFMBCPSBÎÍPUFØSJDBÏQBSBMFMBË
BÎÍPQPMÓUJDBTFSFUSPBMJNFOUBOEPDPOUJOVBNFOUF
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DIGITO_Book.indb 291
10/8/2006 07:18:46
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HMPCBMJ[BÎÍPNBTRVFFMBTTÍPEFGBUPDPOʽJUVÓEBTGB[FOEPBT
DPOFYÜFTFOUSFBTFYQFSJÐODJBTJOEJWJEVBJTFDPMFUJWBTFPTQSPDFT
TPTJOʽJUVDJPOBJT&MBTVHFSFRVFPQSPDFTTPEFQSPEVÎÍPOBFDPOP
NJBHMPCBMEFJOGPSNBÎÍPDBSBʹFSÓʽJDPEFVNNFSDBEPEFUSBCBMIP
GSFRàFOUFNFOUFTFHNFOUBEPQPSEJʽJOÎÜFTEFHÐOFSPFSBÎBUFSJB
TJEPJOʽSVNFOUBMJ[BEPQFMPTJʽFNBEFQSPQSJFEBEFJOUFMFʹVBMGFS
SBNFOUBRVFiDPNPEJmDPVwPDPOIFDJNFOUPTPDJBMQFSNJUJOEPRVF
BQFOBTDFSUPTUJQPTEFDPOIFDJNFOUPGPTTFNSFDPOIFDJEPTFJNQMF
NFOUBEPT0TDPOIFDJNFOUPTUFDOPMØHJDPTFDJFOUÓmDPTQPSFYFNQMP
TFNQSFGPSBNRVBTFRVFFYDMVTJWBNFOUFEFSJWBEPTEPTEFTFKPTFOF
DFTTJEBEFTNBTDVMJOPTDPNPBTBSNBTTVQPSUBNPTiJTNPTwEFOPTTB
TPDJFEBEF DPOUFNQPSÉOFB ‰ TJʽFNBT EF TBUÏMJUF SPCÙT TPMEBEPT
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WFSOBNFOUBJTEFNVMIFSFTFGFNJOJʽBTOBTÈSFBTEFNFJPBNCJFOUF
TBÞEFFEJSFJUPTIVNBOPTDPNPBCJPÏUJDB
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RVJTBEPSBTFBUJWJʽBTRVFTFEFEJDBNBUFNBTDPNPOBOPUFDOPMPHJB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 297
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MJ[BEBTEPQBÓTOBTGBWFMBTFOBTQFSJGFSJBTRVFVNSFOPWBEPTFOTP
EFDVMUVSBFMJOHVBHFNFNFSHFOP$BSOBWBMTBNCBDBQPFJSBGVOL
NBSBDBUVCVNCBNFVCPJIJQIPQCSFHBDBOEPNCMÏFNRVFVN
SJDPIJCSJEJTNPBnPSFQSJNFJSPQSPJCJEPFEFQPJTTJMFODJBEPQFMBJO
WJTJCJMJEBEFBUÏBIPSBFNRVFQPTTBTFSJOTFSJEPFNVNBMØHJDBEF
NFSDBEPSPUVMBEPFWFOEJEPPViEFTDPCFSUPwQPSBSUJʽBTFʽBCFMF
DJEPTNVJUBTWF[FTFʽSBOHFJSPT
0GVOL NBJTEPRVFRVBMRVFSPVUSBNBOJGFʽBÎÍPDVMUVSBMCSB
TJMFJSBOPTEÈVNBDMBSBEJNFOTÍPEBTSFMBÎÜFTPSBDPOnJUVPTBTPSB
BNPSPTBT EPT HÐOFSPT RVF DPNQÜFN B OPTTB TPDJFEBEF &MF OBEB
NBJTÏEPRVFVNBSFQSFTFOUBÎÍPEBTDPOEJÎÜFTEFQPCSF[BWJPMÐO
DJBFDPOÙNJDBFJOEJHOBÎÍPFYJʽFOUFFOUSFBTNVMIFSFTQPCSFT0
RVFÏDPOTJEFSBEPQPVDPQBMBUÈWFMQFMBFMJUFOÍPÏOBEBTFDPNQBSB
EBËSFBMJEBEFEBTWÈSJBTQFSJGFSJBTCSBTJMFJSBTFEBTDPOEJÎÜFTQSFDÈ
SJBTEFWJEBEFNFOJOBTFNVMIFSFTRVFUÐNOFTTFDPOUFYUPPTFVDP
UJEJBOP%FBDPSEPDPNBEPVUPSBFNTPDJPMPHJBQFMB6417FSØOJDB
$PSUFTPGVOLSFQSFTFOUBVNHSVQPTPDJBMi"TMFUSBTBQBSFOUFNFOUF
TFNDPOUFÞEPNPʽSBNBSFBMJEBEFEFTTBQPQVMBÎÍPQPCSF"GSBHJ
MJEBEFEFTVBTWJEBTEFWJEPËWJPMÐODJBDBVTBBGBMUBEFQFSʼFʹJWB
"TTJNPDPNQPSUBNFOUPEFTTBTNFOJOBTEVSBOUFPTCBJMFTGVOLÏ
BQFOBTPSFUSBUPEFVNBDMBTTFNBSHJOBMJ[BEBw
&OUFOEJEP DPNP VN FʼBÎP EF DPOʽSVÎÍP EF JEFOUJEBEF DPMF
UJWBGFJUBEFGPSNBBVUÙOPNBFBPNFTNPUFNQPJOnVFODJBEBQPS
UPEPTPTQBQÏJTEFNBSDBEPTTPDJBMNFOUF‰FYBUBNFOUFDPNPOP
NVOEPQVCMJDJUÈSJPNVMIFSFDFSWFKBQSB[FSQBSBPTIPNFOT
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DPVNB.ÍF-PJSB/ÍPFYJʽFOØTFFMBT$PNPPIJQIPQQPEFTFS
DPOTJEFSBEPVNFʼBÎPQPMJUJ[BEPBTTJNDPNPNBTDVMJOPOPGVOL
QSFEPNJOBNPTCPOEFTEFNFOJOBTFBTMFUSBTDBUÈSUJDBT.BTDPNP
DIFHBSEPGVOLBPDJCFSGFNJOJTNP
4ÍPQPVDPTPTFTUVEPTEPGVOLQBSBTBCFSNBJTSFDPNFOEBTFPMJWSPEF)FSNBOP7JBO
OB0NVOEPGVOLDBSJPDB1FRVFOPUFYUPEF)FSNBOP7JBOOBFN1%'IUUQXXX
DQEPDGHWCSSFWJTUBBSRQEG"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 299
10/8/2006 07:18:48
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"DPOUFDFRVFBNPCJMJ[BÎÍPGFNJOJOBKÈFʽÈMÈ0DJCFSGFNJ
OJTNPUBMWF[OVODBUFOIBDIFHBEPË"NÏSJDB-BUJOBKVʽBNFOUF
QPSDPOUBEFTTBSFMBÎÍPTJNCJØUJDBBRVJNVJUPNBJTDMBSBQPJTFYQMÓ
DJUBFJNQSPWÈWFMFOUSFBTEJGFSFOUFTDVMUVSBTCSBTJMFJSBTVNBFMJUJʽB
RVFTFBMJNFOUBEBTNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTEFBmSNBÎÍPEPGFNJOJOPCSBTJ
MFJSPQBSBEBSJCPQFËTOPWFMBTFWFOEFSQSPEVUPTBPNFTNPUFNQP
RVFDSJUJDBOPTKPSOBJTUBJTNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTFBTWP[FTEFWÈSJBT.$T
RVFFʽÍPBÓQBSBBDPSEBSPFʽBCMJTINFOUEFTVBIJQPDSJTJBTBCFOEP
RVFQSFDJTBNHSJUBSNVJUPQBSBTFSFNPVWJEBT
'8%'VUVSF'VOL
&YQFSJÐODJBT EF NPCJMJ[BÎÍP F PSHBOJ[BÎÍP EF NVMIFSFT TÍP
JNQPSUBOUFT QBSB P SFTHBUF EB DVMUVSB GFNJOJOB DPNP PT SFDFOUFT
GFʽJWBJTi-BEZ'Fʽ#SBTJMwEFNFOJOBTRVFTFDPOTJEFSBNSJPUHSSMT
TVCEJWJTÍPEPQVOLFEBDVMUVSBEPGBÎBWPDÐNFTNPFN4ÍP1BVMP
Fi$PSQVT$SJTJTw FN#SBTÓMJBPVPTFODPOUSPTEFHSVQPTEFHSBm
UFJSBTDPNP51.$SFXF4Ø$BMDJOIBRVFUBNCÏNVTBNGPUPMPHT
TJUFT EF GPUPT
FOUSF PVUSPT DPNP P F[JOF #FOEJUB iNPʽSBOEP
IJʽØSJBTSFBJTEFWJPMÐODJBDPOUBEBTQFMBTNVMIFSFTQBSBy
BDBCBS
DPNPNJʽJDJTNPEFRVFWJPMÐODJBDPOUSBBNVMIFSTØÏQSBUJDBEBFN
CBSSBDPTTVKPTQPSIPNFOTCÐCBEPTwFRVFNPʽSBNRVFFYJʽFN
NVJUPNBJTNBOJGFʽBÎÜFTGFNJOJOBTRVFTFVUJMJ[BNEBTNBJTEJWFS
TBTNÓEJBTQBSBTFPSHBOJ[BSDPNVOJDBSNBTUBNCÏNCSJODBSOFN
TFNQSFRVFʽJPOBOEPFTJNDFMFCSBOEPBUFDOPDVMUVSB
4ÍPFYFNQMPTEFGPSNBÎÜFTNVMUJEJTDJQMJOBSFTEFNVMIFSFTUBN
CÏNGPSBEFRVBMRVFSNPEFMPPSHBOJ[BDJPOBMQFSNBOFOUFQSPKFUPT
UÈUJDPT RVF OÍP QPTTVFN VN CBDLHSPVOE JOʽJUVDJPOBM F RVF OÍP
TÍPNFEJBEPTQPSOFOIVNWFÓDVMPEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPDPNFSDJBMCFOF
mDJBOEPTFTPNFOUFEFGFSSBNFOUBTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPPOMJOFFCVT
DBOEPVNEJÈMPHPDPNBUJWJEBEFTOBTNBJTEJWFSTBTÈSFBTEFBUVBÎÍP
DVMUVSBMEBNVMIFSBHSFHBOEPNVJUBTNFOJOBTRVFTFRVFSPVWJSBN
IUUQXXXSFEFNVMIFSPSHCS"DFTTPFNKVO
IUUQXXXEBXOPSHCS"DFTTPFNKVO
IUUQXXXMJOVYHJSMTPSH"DFTTPFNKVO
IUUQXXXHOVSJBTPSHCS"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 300
10/8/2006 07:18:48
0DJCFSGFNJOJTNPOVODBDIFHPVË"NÏSJDB-BUJOB
GBMBSEFDJCFSGFNJOJTNPPVNFTNPTFFODBJYBNOPTEJGFSFOUFT
GFNJOJTNPT FYJʽFOUFT i$POIFDJNFOUP QBSB B SFTJʽÐODJB GFNJOJ
OBw PV DPNP VNB JOUFHSBOUF EP HSVQP 2VJUÏSJB EFTDSFWF FN TFV
CMPHDBOTFJEFTFSTFYZ 0VUSPT USBCBMIPT RVF UÐN VN GPDP NBJT BCSBOHFOUF F BUJWJʽB
OÍPFʽÍPOBTBMBEFBVMBOFNOPFTDSJUØSJPFTJNOBTSVBTOPNFJP
EPTMJWSPTFSFWJʽBTFEFOUSPEFDBTBDPNPPUSBCBMIPEFMJOHVBHFN
JODMVTJWBSFWFMBOEPPTEJTDVSTPTMJOHàÓʽJDPTEPNJOBOUFTFNOPUÓDJBT
BSUJHPTFUFYUPTFPQSPKFUPEPTFSWJEPSEFNVMIFSFT#JSPTLBBNCPT
EP$.*NVMIFSFT VNBNÈRVJOBDPOʽSVÓEBQBSBFQPSNVMIFSFT
RVFWJTBEBSBQPJPMPHÓʽJDPQBSBTVBTPSHBOJ[BÎÜFTDPNMJʽBTEFEJT
DVTTÍPIPʼFEBHFNEFTJUFTFEFTNJʽJmDBÎÍPEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTUÏDOJ
DBTQVCMJDBEBTEJOBNJDBNFOUFPOMJOF0VBTPmDJOBTEFNÓEJBMJWSF
QBSB NFOJOBT EP HSVQP (( 'BÎBWPDÐNFTN! RVF WJTB FNQP
EFSBSNVMIFSFTFNFOJOBTRVFUFOIBNJOUFSFTTFOBDVMUVSBEJHJUBMF
OBTUFDOPMPHJBTMJWSFTDPNFYFNQMPTJMVʽSBEPTEFBÎÜFTBmSNBUJWBT
FNSFMBÎÍPËQSPEVÎÍPEFWBMPSFTGFNJOJOPTOBJOUFSTFDÎÍPEFBSUF
F UFDOPMPHJB F EBOEP UBNCÏN TVʽFOUP JOUFMFʹVBM BPT USBCBMIPT
DVMUVSBJTDPMBCPSBUJWPTEFNVMIFSFTFNNÓEJBEJHJUBMDPNPVTPEF
TPGUXBSFTMJWSFT"PSFMBDJPOBSTFDPNEJGFSFOUFTBHFOEBTGFNJOJʽBT
FPVGFNJOJOBTBKVEBOEPBNBQFBSFEBSDPSBPTUSBOTMPDBJTEFMV
UBTEBTNVMIFSFTKVOUBOEPDPOIFDJNFOUPFBQUJEÜFTRVFQPEFNTFS
VTBEBTFNRVBTFUPEBTBTFTGFSBTEPDPUJEJBOPFTTBTTÍPQPMÓUJDBTEF
DPOIFDJNFOUPFSFHJʽSP
.BJTEPRVFOVODBGB[QBSUFEBMVUBEPJNBHJOBEPFBRVJDPOT
USVÓEPDJCFS
GFNJOJTNPDPOUFNQPSÉOFPCSBTJMFJSPOÍPEFTFKBSQSP
EV[JSVNBUFPSJBUPUBMQSPmTTJPOBMDPOWFODJPOBMEFEFGFTBPVBN
QBSPDPNUFSNPTFBÎÜFTEFmOJEPSBTNBTDPNP)BSSBXBZGBMBFN
TFVNBOJGFʽPiVNBFYQFSJÐODJBÓOUJNBEFGSPOUFJSBTEFTVBTDPOT
USVÎÜFTFEFTDPOʽSVÎÜFTw0GFNJOJTNPOÍPÏVNBQBMBWSBRVFOPT
VOFOBUVSBMNFOUFNVJUBTNVMIFSFTKÈFYQSFTTBSBNBOFDFTTJEBEFEF
IUUQXXXRVJUFSJBDPNCS"DFTTPFNKVO
IUUQMJTUTJOEZNFEJBPSHNBJMNBOMJTUJOGPDNJNVMIFSFT"DFTTPFNKVO
IUUQXXXNJEJBUBUJDBPSHJQJOEFYQIQ JE"DFTTPFNKVO
DIGITO_Book.indb 301
10/8/2006 07:18:49
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FODPOUSBS OPWBT QPTTÓWFJT VOJEBEFT BmOJEBEFT RVF OÍP WJTFN
BQBHBSBTQBSUJDVMBSJEBEFTBNCJHàJEBEFTFBTDPOUSBEJÎÜFTGFNJOJ
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EFUPEPTFQBSUFT/ÍPIÈEFTFKPPVQPTTJCJMJEBEFTOPTDJCPSHVFTEF
QSPEV[JSVNBUFPSJBQMFOB/FNEFTFKBSVNBNVMUJQMJDJEBEFBDSÓUJDB
0DJCFSFʼBÎPBTTJNDPNPBDJÐODJBBJOEBÏVNFʼBÎPBTFSPDVQB
EPQFMBTBUJWJʽBTFDJFOUJʽBTCSBTJMFJSBTNBQFBEPQFOTBEPEFTFOIB
EPFSFJOWFOUBEP
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HFNTJʽFNÈUJDBTFKBNOBTMFJUVSBTNJEJBUJ[BEBTFEJʽPSDJEBTEFOØT
NFTNBTEFOPTTPTDPSQPTFEFTFKPTEFNPOʽSBEBQFMBDSJTFEBTKP
WFOTNFOJOBTFDPNBUPNBEBEFNJDSPGPOFRVFBDSJTFDBVTBFRVF
EFNPOʽSBDPSBHFNQSJODÓQJPEBNVEBOÎB
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VNBFʽSVUVSBDPODFJUVBMEFNPCJMJ[BÎÍPDSÓUJDBFFYQFSJNFOUBÎÍP
BP MBEP EB DSJBÎÍP EF BÎÜFT DVMUVSBJT RVF QPTTBN FOWPMWÐMBT FN
QSPDFTTPTUSBOTGPSNBUJWPTGPSOFDFOEPEJDBTQBSBPVUSBTNVMIFSFTF
NFOJOBTFNTJUVBÎÍPWFSP
TFNFMIBOUF
2VFʽÜFT DPNP B DJÐODJB F B CJPUFDOPMPHJB EFWFN TFS SBEJDBM
NFOUFJODPSQPSBEBTBPOPTTPUSBCBMIPBTTJNDPNPNBJTBNQMBNFO
UFEJTDVUJEBTBJOEBNBJTBHPSBRVFKÈPGB[FNQPSOØTFNDÓSDVMPTF
JOʽJUVJÎÜFTGFDIBEBTUFOUBOEPWFOEFSOPTBOØTNFTNBT"USBEV
ÎÍPEPNVOEPFNJOGPSNBÎÍPEJHJUBMFEPTTFSFTWJWPTFNJOGPSNB
ÎÍPHFOÏUJDBEFWFVSHFOUFNFOUFBMJBSTFBPFOUFOEJNFOUPEFRVFBT
SÈQJEBT SFDPOmHVSBÎÜFT EF QPEFS F UÏDOJDBT QPEFN TJN CFOFmDJBS
BT NVMIFSFT RVF OÍP EFJYBSFN EF TFS TFEV[JEBT QFMBT GBOUBTJBT EF
VNBTVCKFUJWJEBEFDPOʽSVÓEBFNUFSNPTEFiBJOÍPTFJNFYFSFN
DPNQVUBEPSwiHPʽBSJBUBOUPEFVNmMIPEFPMIPTWFSEFTwPVQFMP
NFOPTiVNBQFMFNBJTMJTJOIBw"MÏNEPNFEPFEPEFTFKPIÈMVUBT
IJʽØSJDBTBOUJRVÓTTJNBT
"mMPTPmBEBFEVDBÎÍPDSÓUJDBTFUPSOBQPSUBOUPDSVDJBMQBSBP
DPOUFYUPCSBTJMFJSPBPNFTNPUFNQPFNRVFQFSNJUFDPNRVFOP
WBTTFOTJCJMJEBEFTDPOEJÎÜFTFDPODFJUPTGVOEBEPSFTDPOʽJUVBNTF
DPNPQBSUFEFOPTTBMVUBQFMBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFWJEBIVNBOBQMF
OB FN QPTJUJWP DPOUSBQPOUP BP BUVBM QSPDFTTP EF TPmʽJDBEB
DIGITO_Book.indb 302
10/8/2006 07:18:49
0DJCFSGFNJOJTNPOVODBDIFHPVË"NÏSJDB-BUJOB
EFTVNBOJ[BÎÍPEPTFSIVNBOPFBPTQSPDFTTPTEFNPEFMBHFN
F SFGPSNB DPNP PT SFBMJ[BEPT OP DJCFSFʼBÎP OBT 5$* EF NBTTB
FOBTCJPUFDOPMPHJBT'SVUPTPMJUÈSJPFFʽSBOIBNFOUFEFMJDJPTPEPT
DPOUFYUPTTPDJBJTEFOPTTBQBSBEPYBMTPDJFEBEFDPOUSBQPOEPËUF
PSJBGFNJOJʽBQØTNPEFSOBPTNJUPTRVFHBOIBNWJEBBUSBWÏTEB
TJNCJPTFDPNPTJʽFNBNVJUBTWF[FTQBSBDSJUJDBSPQSPHSFTTPFB
BQSPQSJBÎÍPEBOBUVSF[BFEPGFNJOJOPDPNPSFDVSTPEFQSPEVÎÍP
EFDVMUVSBPVUSBTWF[FTQBSBQSPWPDÈMP
0OEFDPOFʹPNJOIBNFNØSJBFYUSB
DIGITO_Book.indb 303
10/8/2006 07:18:49
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$VMUVSB EJHJUBM EPT
NBSHJOBMJ[BEPT BQSPQSJ
BÎÍP UFDOPMØHJDB DPMPDB P
DSJNF PSHBOJ[BEP FN SFEF
QPS"ESJBOB7FMPTP
0CTFSWBSBBQSPQSJBÎÍPEBTOPWBTUFDOPMPHJBTQFMBTPDJFEB
EFCSBTJMFJSBSFRVFSVNBQSPGVOEBNFOUPOPRVFTFSFGFSFBPDPO
DFJUP EF QPQVMBS NBSHJOBMJ[BEP F FYDMVÓEP ² JNQPTTÓWFM DPOʽSVJS
VNEJTDVSTPBVUÐOUJDPCBTFBEPTPNFOUFOBFYQFSJÐODJBTVCVSCBOB
EBDMBTTFNÏEJB1PSJTTPFʽFBSUJHPBOBMJTBPNPEPDPNPBUFDOPMP
HJBDPʽVNBTFSVUJMJ[BEBOBTGBWFMBTEBTNFUSØQPMFTCSBTJMFJSBT/ÍP
TFQSFUFOEFEFGPSNBBMHVNBBmSNBSUBJTQSÈUJDBTDPNPEFmOJUJWBT
UBNQPVDPSPUVMÈMBTDPNPÞOJDBTFSFQSFTFOUBOUFTEFUBMSFBMJEBEF
"QFOBTTFQPEFBmSNBSRVFVNBUFDOPMPHJBSFBMNFOUFUPSOBTFQP
QVMBSVNBWF[RVFFMBÏWJʽBFNQPEFSEBTDMBTTFTNBJTCBJYBT0
DFMVMBSDPNQMBOPTQSÏQBHPTUBMWF[UFOIBTJEPPQSJNFJSPEFVNB
TÏSJFEFBSUFGBUPTEJHJUBJTRVFDIFHPVËTGBWFMBTQBSBNPEJmDBSPDP
UJEJBOPEBTDPNVOJEBEFT&ʽFBSUJHPPCTFSWBPTJNQBʹPTEBTOPWBT
UFDOPMPHJBT F B GPSNB DPNP FʽÍP TFOEP VUJMJ[BEBT QFMP DIBNBEP
iQPEFSQBSBMFMPwPDSJNFPSHBOJ[BEPEFOUSPEBTDPNVOJEBEFTDBSFO
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TBMUBSRVFOÍPTFQSFUFOEFBmSNBSPVTVHFSJSRVFQSÈUJDBTDSJNJOPTBT
PDPSSBN TPNFOUF OFTTBT SFHJÜFT PV RVF TFVT NPSBEPSFT FʽFKBN
OFDFTTBSJBNFOUFFOWPMWJEPTDPNBRVFʽÍP
1BSBEJTDVUJSPBTTVOUPTFSÍPBOBMJTBEPTEPJTBSUJHPTQVCMJDBEPT
OPQSJNFJSPTFNFʽSFEFRVFTFSFGFSFNËBQSPQSJBÎÍPUFD
DIGITO_Book.indb 304
10/8/2006 07:18:49
$VMUVSBEJHJUBMEPTNBSHJOBMJ[BEPT
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BSUJHPTEFKPSOBMFSFGFSÐODJBTCJCMJPHSÈmDBTUBNCÏNGPSBNDPOTVM
UBEPTQBSBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPBSUJHP0VUSBSFTTBMWBTFGB[OFDFT
TÈSJBFʽBDPNSFMBÎÍPËPSJHFNEBTJOGPSNBÎÜFT"NCBTBTNBUÏSJBT
RVFCBTFBSBNFʽFBSUJHPGPSBNEJʽSJCVÓEBTTFNBUSJCVJÎÍPEFBVUPSJB
QPSBHÐODJBTEFOPUÓDJBTFDJSDVMBSBNFNHSBOEFTKPSOBJTDPNP'PMIB
EF41BVMPF$PSSFJP1PQVMBSEF$BNQJOBT"TTJNQBSUFTFEPQSJODÓQJP
EFRVFQFMPNFOPTQBSUFEBTOPUÓDJBTSFMBUBEBTTFKBNGBUPTWFSÓEJDPT
i5ÈEPNJOBEPUÈUVEPEPNJOBEPw
/ÍPÏEFIPKFRVFEFOUSPEBTDPNVOJEBEFTNBJTQPCSFTEPQBÓT
TFWJWFVNBSFBMJEBEFOBRVBMBTMFJTOÍPTÍPBTEP&ʽBEP0TNBSHJ
OBMJ[BEPTTFNQSFFODPOUSBSBNOBDPMBCPSBÎÍPVNBGPSNBTBVEÈWFM
EFTPCSFWJWÐODJB8JMMJBNEB4JMWB-JNBFNTFVMJWSP2VBUSPDFOUPT
DPOUSBVNVNBIJʽØSJBEP$PNBOEP7FSNFMIPDPOUBRVFOPJOÓDJP
P$7iOÍPFSBVNBPSHBOJ[BÎÍPFTJNVNBGPSNBEFTPCSFWJWFSOB
BEWFSTJEBEFw 0 FODPOUSP EF QSFTPT QPMÓUJDPT DPNP P EFQVUBEP GFEFSBM F FT
DSJUPS 'FSOBOEP (BCFJSB F PVUSPT DPN NBSHJOBJT iDPNVOTw DPNP
8JMMJBN EB 4JMWB SFTVMUPV FN HSBOEFT USBOTGPSNBÎÜFT EFDPSSFOUFT
QSJODJQBMNFOUFEPBDFTTPËJOGPSNBÎÍP)PNFOTTJNQMFTRVBTFTFN
FEVDBÎÍPGPSNBMPVWJBNPVUSPTEBDMBTTFNÏEJBEJTDVSTBSFNTPCSF
JOKVʽJÎBTTPDJBJTFDPNVOJTNP%FTTBNJʽVSBOBTDFVP$ØEJHPEF
²UJDBRVFTFUSBOTGPSNPVOBQSJNFJSBHSBOEFPSHBOJ[BÎÍPDSJNJOPTB
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QJSBUBT DPNP B SÈEJP 'BWFMB EF #FMP )PSJ[POUF F GBO[JOFT BOBSDP
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DIGITO_Book.indb 305
10/8/2006 07:18:50
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DPNBFʽBCJMJ[BÎÍPEPSFBMEVSBOUFPTQSJNFJSPTBOPTEPHPWFS
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SFMIPTEF57WJEFPDBTTFUFTFDBSSPT%BEPTEP*#(&*OʽJUVUP#SBTJ
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EPTBEVMUPTOÍPDIFHBNËPJUBWBTÏSJF
1BSBMFMBNFOUF B FTTBT NVEBOÎBT TPDJBJT P DSJNF DPOUJOVBWB B
BDPOUFDFS EFOUSP EBT DPNVOJEBEFT EF CBJYB SFOEB EBT QSJODJQBJT
DBQJUBJTEPQBÓT/BWFSEBEFDPNPBDFTTPBBSNBTDBEBWF[NBJT
GÈDJMBWJPMÐODJBTFUPSOPVQJPSFP$ØEJHPEF²UJDBEP$PNBOEP7FS
NFMIPEBEÏDBEBEFGPJQPVDPBQPVDPFTRVFDJEPQFMBTOPWBT
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0 QSPGFTTPS EB 6'3+ 6OJWFSTJEBEF 'FEFSBM EP 3JP EF +BOFJSP
#FSOBSEP 4PSK QFTRVJTPV PT VTPT EB UFMFGPOJB DFMVMBS FOUSF PT HSV
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TJHOJmDPV QBSB PT FOUSFWJʽBEPT VN JOʽSVNFOUP JNQPSUBOUF QBSB
NFMIPSBSTVBTQFSʼFʹJWBTEFSFOEBFUSBCBMIPw&OUSFUBOUPJOGFMJ[
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DIGITO_Book.indb 307
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DIGITO_Book.indb 308
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DIGITO_Book.indb 309
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DIGITO_Book.indb 310
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DIGITO_Book.indb 311
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DIGITO_Book.indb 312
10/8/2006 07:18:51
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PMFHBEPQPMÓUJDPEFVNBMVUBBTFSDPOUJOVBEBFBQSPGVOEBEB$PNP
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FYQPTJÎÍPBDFOUVBWBPBʼFʹPEFNPDSBUJ[BEPSEBNBJMBSUFDSJUJDBO
EPPFʽBUVUPEBiQSPQSJFEBEFEBBSUFPVTFKBBDVMUVSBDPNPQSÈUJDB
FDPOÙNJDBFRVFQSPQÜFBJOGPSNBÎÍPBSUÓʽJDBDPNPQSPDFTTPFOÍP
DPNPBDVNVMBÎÍPw
"QBSUJSEPTBOPTFVNBTÏSJFEFBSUJʽBTEFOUSPFGPSBEP
#SBTJMDPNFÎBNBVUJMJ[BSEFGPSNBNBJTTJʽFNÈUJDBPTTVQPSUFTJNB
UFSJBJTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPDPNPSFDVSTPFYQSFTTJWPFʽÏUJDPFEFDSÓUJDB
1PSNFJPEBVUJMJ[BÎÍPEFTBUÏMJUFTTMPXTDBO57UFMFGPOFGBYFOUSF
PVUSBTGPSNBTEFEJʽSJCVJÎÍPEFJOGPSNBÎÍPPTBSUJʽBTEFTTBÏQPDB
QSPDVSBSBNQSJWJMFHJBSPTQSPKFUPTEFPSEFNHMPCBM"QSPQPʽBEFT
$BUÈMPHPEF"SUF1PTUBMEB‹#JFOBM*OUFSOBDJPOBMEF4ÍP1BVMP
DIGITO_Book.indb 322
10/8/2006 07:18:54
/FUBSUFNÓEJBBUJWJTNP
TFTFWFOUPTGPJBEFVMUSBQBTTBSBBUJUVEFUSBEJDJPOBMFDPOUFNQMBUJWB
FNSFMBÎÍPBPPCKFUPBSUÓʽJDPFËNÓEJBEFNBTTBKÈRVFFTTFUJQPEF
QSPEVÎÍPQSPDVSPVQSJWJMFHJBSNVJUPNFOPTPPCKFUPPVBJNBHFN
QSPEV[JEBEPRVFPQSPDFTTPDPNVOJDBUJWPPEJÈMPHPFBDPNVOJDB
ÎÍP CJEJSF
DJPOBMRVFTFFʽBCFMFDJBNFOUSFPTEJWFSTPTDPNQPOFOUFTEPFWFOUP
0DBSÈUFSUSBOTHSFTTJWPEFBMHVNBTEFTTBTQSÈUJDBTTFGB[OPUBSQPS
FYFNQMPFNQSPKFUPTDPNP-PVWSFEV-PVWSF
RVFDPOUPVDPN
BDVSBEPSJBEF1BVMP-BVSFOUJ[FDVKB
QSPQPʽBFSBBJOWBTÍPQPSGBYEP.VTFVEP-PVWSFOB'SBOÎB
/FUBSUFPVBSFTJʽÐODJBEPNFJPBPNFJP
" QSPEVÎÍP BSUÓʽJDB DPOUFNQPSÉOFB RVF TF TJUVB OB JOUFSGBDF DPN
BTNÓEJBTEJHJUBJTSFUPNBNEFDFSUBGPSNBFTTBTFʽSBUÏHJBTEFSFTJT
UÐODJBPQFSBOEPEJTDVSTPTDSÓUJDPTOPÉNCJUPEBQSØQSJBFʽSVUVSBEF
GVODJPOBNFOUP EB JOUFSOFU .VJUPT USBCBMIPT BTTVNJOEP RVBTF VN
WJÏTEFTDPOʽSVUJWJʽBOÍPTPNFOUFTVCWFSUFNPTQSPUPDPMPTOPSNBJT
EP USÉOTJUP F nVYP EF JOGPSNBÎÜFT SFBMJ[BEPT FN SFEF EJTDVUJOEP
RVFʽÜFTRVFEJ[FNSFʼFJUPBPDPOUFYUPFËFʽSVUVSBFʼFDÓmDBEB
JOUFSOFU DPNP UBNCÏN USB[FN Ë MV[ UFNBT RVF OP DJCFSFʼBÎP TF
UPSOBNNBJTFYQMÓDJUPTUBJTDPNPBRVFʽÍPEBBVUPSJBEPQMÈHJPEP
iIBDLFBNFOUPwEPDPQZSJHIUEBTTJUVBÎÜFTEFDPNQBSUJMIBNFOUPFEPT
FʼBÎPTDPMBCPSBUJWPT$PMPDBNFNEJTDVTTÍPUBNCÏNRVFʽÜFTRVF
EJ[FNSFʼFJUPËQSJWBDJEBEFËNBOJQVMBÎÍPEPDPSQØSFPFËÏUJDBEF
SFMBDJPOBNFOUPDPNBTOPWBTGPSNBTEFWJEB
*OUFSFTTBOUFQFSDFCFSRVFFTTFFʼÓSJUPUSBOTHSFTTPSBDPNQBOIBPQSØ
QSJPUFSNPOFUBSUFRVFQBSFDFUFSTVSHJEPQFMBQSJNFJSBWF[FN
DPNPVNBFʼÏDJFEFSFBEZNBEFFNVNBMJʽBEFEJTDVTTÍPTPCSFBT
QSPEVÎÜFTBSUÓʽJDBTSFBMJ[BEBTOBJOUFSOFU
* GFMM JUT UJNF OPX UP HJWF B MJHIU PO UIF PSJHJO PG UIF UFSN OFU BSU
"ʹVBMMZJUJTBSFBEZNBEF*OEFDFNCFS7VL$PTJTHPUBNFTTBHF
TFOUWJBBOPOZNPVTNBJMFS#FDBVTFPGJODPNQBCJMJUZPGTPGUXBSFUIF
PQFOFEUFYUBQQFBSFEUPCFQSBʹJDBMMZVOSFBEBCMFBTDJJBCSBDBEBCSB
ʾF'JMF3PPNEF"OUPOJP.VOUBEBTÏVNEPTQSJNFJSPTUSBCBMIPT
EFTFOWPMWJEPT QBSB B JOUFSOFU 0 QSPKFUP RVF EJTDVUJB P UFNB EB
DIGITO_Book.indb 323
10/8/2006 07:18:54
*OUFSWFOÎÜFT%JHJUBJT
DFOTVSBDVMUVSBMDPOTJʽJBEFVNBJOʽBMBÎÍPFVNCBODPEFEBEPT
FNRVFPTVTVÈSJPTQPEFSJBNEFQPTJUBSPTTFVTQSPKFUPTDFOTVSBEPT
2VBUSP BOPT NBJT UBSEF .BSL /BQJFS FN ʾF %JHJUBM -BOEmMM UBN
CÏNDPOWJEPVPTVTVÈSJPTBDPMPDBSFNJOGPSNBÎÜFTFNVNCBODPEF
EBEPT.BTDPOUSBSJBNFOUFBPUSBCBMIPEF.VOUBEBTPEF/BQJFSSF
BMJ[PVVNBDSÓUJDBBPTQSPDFTTPTDBEBWF[NBJTBDVNVMBUJWPTFFOUSØ
QJDPTEBTJOGPSNBÎÜFTOBTTPDJFEBEFTNJEJÈUJDBT+ÈFN1BJTBHFNEF
(JTFMMF#FJHVFMNBO.BSDVT#BʽVTF3BGBFM.BSDIFUUJBJEÏJBEFVN
CBODPEFEBEPTHBOIBDPOUPSOPTEJGFSFODJBEPTOFTTFDBTPPCBODPEF
EBEPTOÍPÏWJʽPDPNPVNQSPDFTTPEFBDVNVMBÎÍPFYDFTTJWBEFJO
GPSNBÎÍPNBTDPNPBMHPRVFFʽÈTFOEPDPNQBSUJMIBEPFDPOʽSVÓEP
DPMFUJWBNFOUFBQBSUJSEBTSFDJDMBHFOTFTBNQMFBHFOTSFBMJ[BEBTQFMPT
QSØQSJPTJOUFSOBVUBTEFNBOFJSBDPMBCPSBUJWB
.VJUPTFUFNEJTDVUJEPTPCSFBBVUPSJBPTEJSFJUPTEFBVUPSFB
QSPQSJFEBEFEBPCSBEFBSUFFNSFMBÎÍPBPFʼBÎPEBJOUFSOFU‰VN
FʼBÎPOPRVBMOFOIVNBJOGPSNBÎÍPFʽÈBTBMWPEFTFSSFQSPEV[JEB
FSFVUJMJ[BEB/FTTFDPOUFYUPDPMPDBTFFNYFRVFBOPÎÍPEFBVUPSJB
FEPBSUJʽBHÐOJPFBBOUJHBEJTDVTTÍPTPCSFPPSJHJOBMFBDØQJBCFN
DPNPTPCSFPWBMPSBVSÈUJDPEBPCSBEFBSUFRVFQBSFDFBRVJOÍPUFS
OFOIVNTFOUJEPKÈRVFBNÈRVJOBJOGPSNÈUJDBÏFNTJNFTNBVNB
UFDOPMPHJBEBEJHJUBMJ[BÎÍPJʽPÏEBDMPOBHFNEBUSBOTGPSNBÎÍPEF
VNFNPVUSP
&TTF Ï QPS FYFNQMP VN EPT QPOUPTDIBWF EP DPMFUJWP 3F$PNCP
RVF WFN EFTFOWPMWFOEP QSPKFUPT EF BSUF EF GPSNB DPMBCPSBUJWB
PQFSBOEPVNEJTDVSTPFTTFODJBMNFOUFDSÓUJDPTPCSFPTQSPDFTTPTEF
DPNFSDJBMJ[BÎÍP EB JOUFSOFU F TPCSF PT DPODFJUPT EF QSPQSJFEBEF
JOUFMFʹVBMFBVUPSJB
&YFNQMBSTPCSF BOPÎÍP EFBVUPSJB OP BNCJFOUFEBJOUFSOFUTÍPPT
USBCBMIPTEF$ÓDFSP*OÈDJP4JMWBDPNPPQSPKFUP"TTJOBEPUFYUPBP
DPOUFYUPRVFJOWFʽJHBBTRVFʽÜFTRVFEJ[FNSFʼFJUPËBVUPSJBË
WFSBDJEBEFFBPFYDFTTPEFJOGPSNBÎÜFTWFJDVMBEBTOBSFEF&N1MB
UP 0OMJOF /PUIJOH 4DJFODF BOE 5FDIOPMPHZ $ÓDFSP EFTFOWPMWF VN
QFSJØEJDPDJFOUÓmDPmʹÓDJPRVFBQSFTFOUBUFYUPTiBDBEÐNJDPTwHFSB
EPTQPSBMHPSJUNPT0TUFYUPTUPUBMNFOUFTFNTFOUJEPDPMPDBNFN
EFCBUFOÍPTPNFOUFBJOEÞʽSJBEPiDJUBDJPOJTNPBDBEÐNJDPwDPNP
DIGITO_Book.indb 324
10/8/2006 07:18:54
/FUBSUFNÓEJBBUJWJTNP
UBNCÏNBWFSBDJEBEFEBTJOGPSNBÎÜFTWFJDVMBEBTQFMBJOUFSOFU
7BMFMFNCSBSUBNCÏNBTJOUFSWFOÎÜFTEFBSUFIBDLUJWJTNPQSP
NPWJEBT QFMP PSH VN TJUF UJQJDBNFOUF EF SFTJT
UÐODJBRVFDPMPDBFNEFCBUFBTOPÎÜFTEFBVUPSJBEJSFJUPBVUPSBMF
QMÈHJPOPDPOUFYUPEBJOUFSOFU&N7BUJDBOPPSHBQSPQPʽBFSBBEF
iIBDLFBSwPXFCTJUFPmDJBMEP7BUJDBOPDPMPDBOEPPOMJOFVNBWFS
TÍPDPNBMHVNBTNPEJmDBÎÜFT0VUSPUSBCBMIPRVFBDPNQBOIBFTTF
FʼÓSJUPBUJWJʽBÏ.FKPS7JEB$PSQPSBUJPOEF.JWFSWB$VFSWBTVN
TJUFEFVNBFNQSFTBmʹÓDJBRVFPGFSFDFJOÞNFSPTQSPEVUPTQBTTÓWFJT
EFTFSFNiDPNQSBEPTwQFMBSFEFSFBMJ[BOEPEFGPSNBJSÙOJDBVNBTÏ
SJFEFRVFʽJPOBNFOUPTBPTJʽFNBDBQJUBMJʽB
%FOUSPEFVNBPVUSBQFSʼFʹJWBFODPOUSBNTFBRVFMFTUSBCBMIPT
RVF TVCWFSUFN BT JOUFSGBDFT VTVBJT SPNQFOEP DPN BT FYQFʹBUJWBT
DPNVOTEPTVTVÈSJPTEBJOUFSOFUDPNPÏPDBTPEPEJWFSUJEPUSBCBMIP
;EF"OUPOJ"CBE"RVJTPNPTMFWBEPTBVNBUFMBDJO[BRVFDPOUÏN
VNBNPTDBJNQPTTÓWFMEFTFSDMJDBEB0PCKFUJWPEFTTFQSPKFUPÏPEF
OÍPDPNVOJDBS3PNQFDPNPTQSPUPDPMPTIBCJUVBJTEBJOUFSOFURVBO
EPDMJDBSTJHOJmDBBDFTTBSFODPSBKBOEPBTTJNPVTVÈSJPBQFOTBSTPCSF
BTSFʽSJÎÜFTFPDPOUSPMFJNQPʽPTQFMBJOUFSOFU+ÈFN3FGFSFODJBTEF
3JDBSEP*HMFTJBTPVOPTJUFEPHSVQPCSBTJMFJSP$PSQPT*OGPSNÈUJDPTB
JEÏJBÏRVFʽJPOBSBTJOUFSGBDFTGVOEBEBTFNKBOFMBT"QSFTFOUBNVN
FʼBÎPnVJEPFDBØUJDPSPNQFOEPDPNBFʽSVUVSBUSBEJDJPOBMEBTEJT
QPTJÎÜFTEBTKBOFMBTOBUFMBEPDPNQVUBEPS
7BMFMFNCSBSBJOEBEBFYQPTJÎÍP$0%F%0$
DVSBEBQPS
$ISJʽJBOF 1BVM F RVF UFWF DPNP PCKFUJWP FYQMPSBS P DØEJHP GPOUF
DPNP QBSUF GVOEBNFOUBM EB PCSB B TFS EFTFOWPMWJEB %FOUSF PT USB
CBMIPTBÓBQSFTFOUBEPTEFʽBDBTFPEF4BXBE#SPPLT1FSMVNTJUFFN
RVFPDØEJHPGPOUFBMUFSBFJOUFSGFSFOBQÈHJOBJOJDJBMEFTJUFTEFUSÐT
HSBOEFTKPSOBJTEPNVOEP
5PEBTFTTBTQPÏUJDBTSFWFMBNDBEBVNBËTVBNBOFJSBVNBGPSNBEF
SFTJʽÐODJBËTTPDJFEBEFTEFDPOUSPMFTFKBTVCWFSUFOEPPTQSPUPDPMPT
EPnVYPEFJOGPSNBÎÍPQFMBSFEFTFKBQSPCMFNBUJ[BOEPRVFʽÜFTRVF
EJ[FNSFʼFJUPBPDPOUFYUPFËFʽSVUVSBFʼFDÓmDBEBJOUFSOFU5SB
[FNËMV[FBPEFCBUFUFNBTRVFOBTPDJFEBEFNJEJÈUJDBTFUPSOBN
NBJTFYQMÓDJUPTOFUBUJWJTNPDPQZMFGUBVUPSJBDPOUSBJOGPSNBÎÍPEJ
DIGITO_Book.indb 325
10/8/2006 07:18:54
*OUFSWFOÎÜFT%JHJUBJT
SFJUPBVUPSBMDPNQBSUJMIBNFOUPOPNBEJTNPNBOJQVMBÎÍPEPDPSQP
FOUSFPVUSPT&YQBOEFNPFYFSDÓDJPDSÓUJDPQBSBBMÏNEBTJOʽJUVJÎÜFT
FEPTØSHÍPTFʽBUBJT5SBOTGPSNBNBTTJNBSFTJʽÐODJBOBDBQBDJEB
EFEFHFSBSQBSBGSBTFBOEP%FMFV[FNPWJNFOUPTPOEVMBUØSJPTFGPSB
EFØSCJUBRVFBSSFNFTTBNPTTJʽFNBTEFDPNVOJDBÎÍPFNVNGFJYF
EFTDPOUÓOVPEFDSJBUJWBEFTPSEFN
#JCMJPHSBmB
"%03/0ʾFPEPS5FPSJBFʽÏUJDB4ÍP1BVMP.BSUJOT'POUFT
"."%&64ÏSHJP0SH
4PGUXBSF-JWSFFJODMVTÍPEJHJUBM4ÍP1BVMP
$POSBE
"3"/5&41SJTDJMB"SUFFNÓEJBOP#SBTJMQPSVNBFʽÏUJDBFNUFNQP
EJHJUBM5FTFEFEPVUPSBNFOUP1POUJGÓDJB6OJWFSTJEBEF$BUØMJDBEF4ÍP
1BVMP
@@@@@@1&3&*3".JSOB'FJUP[Bi"SUFEJHJUBMÏUFNBEFEPJTFODPO
USPTFN4ÍP1BVMPw*O3FWJʽB(BMÈYJB$VSTPEFQØTHSBEVBÎÍPFNDP
NVOJDBÎÍPFTFNJØUJDBEB16$41O
@@@@@@i#JFOBMEF4ÍP1BVMPnVJFNUFNQPSFBMOBOFUw*O'PMIBEF4
1BVMP4ÍP1BVMPKVM'PMIB*MVʽSBEB
#"6.("35&-5JMNBOi/FUBSUPOUIFIJʽPSZPGBSUJʽJDXPSLXJUI
UFMFDPNVOJDBUJPOTNFEJBw*O8&*#&-1FUFS%36$,&:5JNPUIZ/FU
$POEJUJPO BSU BOE HMPCBM NFEJB ,BSMTSVIF ;,. $FOUFS GPS BSU BOE
NFEJB$BNCSJEHF.*5
#&/+".*/8BMUFS5SBEVÎÍPEF4ÏSHJP1BVMP3PVBOFUi.BHJBFUÏD
OJDBBSUFFQPMÓUJDBw*O0CSBTFTDPMIJEBT7FE4ÍP1BVMP#SBTJ
MJFOTF
$"45&--4.BOVFM."+&33POFJ7FOÉODJP5SBE
"TPDJFEBEFFN
SFEF‰BFSBEBJOGPSNBÎÍPFDPOPNJBTPDJFEBEFFDVMUVSB4ÍP1BV
MP1B[F5FSSB
$045".BSJP0TVCMJNFUFDOPMØHJDP5SBEVÎÍPEF%JPO%BWJ.BDF
EP4ÍP1BVMP&YQFSJNFOUP
@@@@@@-&ʽFUJDBEFJ.FEJB4BMFSOP$BQPOF&EJUPSF
$06$)05&ENPOE"UFDOPMPHJBOBBSUFEBGPUPHSBmBËSFBMJEBEF
WJSUVBM1PSUP"MFHSF&EJUPSBEB6'3(4
%&-&6;&((6"55"3*.JM1MBUÙTDBQJUBMJTNPFFTRVJ[PGSFOJB4ÍP
DIGITO_Book.indb 326
10/8/2006 07:18:55
/FUBSUFNÓEJBBUJWJTNP
1BVMP&EJUPSB
%0.*/(6&4%JBOB0SH
"BSUFOPTÏDVMP99*BIVNBOJ[BÎÍPEBT
UFDOPMPHJBT4ÍP1BVMP&EJUPSBEB6OFʼ
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&.4&.#-&$"%JʽÞSCJPFMFUSÙOJDP4ÍP1BVMP$POSBE
'06$"6-5.JDIFM)JʽØSJBEBTFYVBMJEBEF*BWPOUBEFEFTBCFS3JP
EF+BOFJSP&EJÎÜFT(SBBM
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)03,)&*.&3.BY"%03/05%JBMÏUJDBEPFTDMBSFDJNFOUP3JPEF
+BOFJSP+PSHF;BIBS
,&3$,)07&%FSSJDLEF$POOFʹJOUFMMJHFODFUIFBSSJWBMPGUIFXFC
TPDJFUZ5PSPOUP4PVFSWJMMF)PVTF1VCMJTIJOH
-²7:1JFSSF"TUFDOPMPHJBTEBJOUFMJHÐODJBPGVUVSPEPQFOTBNFOUP
OB FSB JOGPSNÈUJDB 5SBE $BSMPT *SJOFV EB $PʽB 4ÍP 1BVMP &EJUPSB
@@@@@@$JCFSDVMUVSB5SBE$BSMPT*SJOFVEB$PʽB4ÍP1BVMP&EJUPSB
-:05"3%'01ØT.PEFSOP5SBE3JDBSEP$PSSFJB#BSCPTBFE3JP
EF+BOFJSP+PTÏ0MZNQJP
."3$64& )FSCFSU i" BSUF OB TPDJFEBEF VOJEJNFOTJPOBMw *O -*."
-VJ[ $PʽB 0SH
5FPSJB EB $VMUVSB EF .BTTB 3JP EF +BOFJSP 1B[ F
5FSSB
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4ÍP1BVMP$VMUSJY
7*3*-*010FʼBÎPDSÓUJDP‰FBTQFSʼFʹJWBTEPUFNQPSFBM4ÍP
1BVMP&EJUPSB
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i4PCSF BT TPDJFEBEF EF DPOUSPMF QPʽ TDSJQUVNw EF (JMMFT %FMFV[F
IUUQXXXJOGPSNBSUFOFUCBJMFEFNBTDBSBTDPOUSPMFIUN
&OUSFWJʽB DPN (JMMFT %FMFV[F IUUQXXXJNFEJBUBDPN"4"7
BUPDSJBEFMFV[FIUNM
DIGITO_Book.indb 327
10/8/2006 07:18:55
*OUFSWFOÎÜFT%JHJUBJT
iʾF 'JMF 3PPNw EF "OUPOJ .VOUBEBT IUUQXXXUIFmMFSPPN
PSH
iʾF %JHJUBM -BOEmMMw EF .BSL /BQJFS IUUQQPUBUPMBOEDPN
MBOEmMM
8FCTJUFEPHSVQP3FDPNCPIUUQXXXSFDPNCPBSUCS
;EF"OUPOJ"CBEIUUQXXXNFDBEPSHOFU@DPOEJUJPO[
3FGFSÐODJBT EF 3JDBSEP *HMFTJBT IUUQXXXNFDBEPSHOFU@
DPOEJUJPOSFGFSFODJBTSFGFSFODJBTIUNM
8FCTJUFEP.JEJB5ÈUJDBIUUQXXXNJEJBUBUJDBPSH
8FC TJUF EP HSVQP $PSQPT *OGPSNÈUJDPT IUUQXXXDPSQPTPSH
GPMETJOEFYIUNM
DIGITO_Book.indb 328
10/8/2006 07:18:55
.Z@"QPMPHJ[F
QPS#SVOOP(BMWÍP
%FSFQFOUFVNDBSBWFNOBSVBFEPOBEBSFTPMWFRVFWPDÐEFWF
BQBOIBS&DPNFÎBBJODJUBSBNVMUJEÍPQBSBDPODPSEBSDPNFMFTPCSF
PGBUPEFWPDÐTFSVNBBNFBÎBBUPEPT$PNFÎBBEJ[FSRVFWPDÐFʽÈ
BSNBEPRVFWPDÐÏVNBBNFBÎBFRVFEFWFTFSEFʽSVÓEP"mOBMWPDÐ
RVBOEPDSJBOÎBCBUFVOPNFOJOPRVFUFOUPVUJSBSPTFVQJDPMÏ*TTP
CBʽBQBSBQSPWBSRVFWPDÐÏVNTFSFYUSFNBNFOUFQFSJHPTPFRVF
PRVBOUPBOUFTy
EFWFTFSEFʽSVÓEP
7PDÐmDBDPNQMFUBNFOUFBQBWPSBEP6NTFOUJNFOUPEFUPUBMJNQP
UÐODJB/ÍPBEJBOUBOBEBEJ[FSRVFWPDÐOÍPUFNBSNBTOÍPBEJBOUB
MFWBOUBSBTNÍPTMFWBOUBSBDBNJTBBSSFHBÎBSBTDBMÎBTy/ÍPBEJBOUB
FMFNBOEBSBMHVÏNQBSBSFWJʽBSWPDÐFQPSEJWFSTBTWF[FTOBEBFODPO
USBSy"SFʼPʽBÏTFNQSFBNFTNBWPDÐFʽÈFTDPOEFOEPFNBMHVN
MVHBS&FMFDMBNBBBKVEBEBNVMUJEÍPQBSBEFʽSVJSWPDÐBOUFTRVF
WPDÐUFOIBDIBODFEFVTBSBTTVBTBSNBTTFDSFUBT
" NVMUJEÍP PMIB NFJP EFTDPOmBEB "MHVOT DPODPSEBN PVUSPT
BDFJUBNFPVUSPTBQFOBTGBMBNNBTOÍPGB[FNOBEBBmOBMFMFÏUÍÍÍÍP
GPSUF&OFTTBWPDÐEBOÎB²FʼBODBEPUPSUVSBEPUFNTVBTGPSÎBTUP
EBTEFʽSVÓEBTFUVEPPRVFWPDÐUFNEFWBMPSEFWFTFSQBTTBEPBP
DPOUSPMFEFBMHVÏNUPUBMNFOUFJTFOUPFMF
%FQPJT EF VN BOP EF NVJUB TVSSB RVBOEP WPDÐ FʽÈ UPUBMNFO
UFFTHPUBEPRVBTFNPSSFOEPFMFQFSDFCFRVFWPDÐOÍPFSBQFSJHPTP
2VFWPDÐOÍPUJOIBTBSNBT2VFBRVFMFJODJEFOUFEPQJDPMÏGPJBQF
OBTVNBCSJHVJOIBDBTVBMEFDSJBOÎB1FEFEFTDVMQBFQSPOUPUÈUVEP
SFTPMWJEP"mOBMUVEPTFSFTPMWFDPNVNQFEJEPEFEFTDVMQBRVF
OJOHVÏNFTDVUB
"NVMUJEÍPWBJTFEJʼFSTBOEPFmOHJOEPRVFOÍPFʽBWBGB[FOEPDPSP
mOHJOEPRVFOÍPFʽBWBDPODPSEBOEPmOHJOEPRVFOÍPFʽBWBMÈ
y
²FNNFJPBFTTFVOJWFSTPBOHVʽJBOUFEFFYUSFNBWJPMÐODJBRVF
FVDPNPBSUJʽBRVFTPVNBOEPBSFʼPʽB&NPVUSPUFSSJUØSJPFN
PVUSBMJOHVBHFNNBTRVFUSBOTNJUFVNBTJNJMBSTFOTBÎÍPEFBOHÞT
DIGITO_Book.indb 329
10/8/2006 07:18:55
*OUFSWFOÎÜFT%JHJUBJT
UJBFJNQPUÐODJBEJBOUFEFBMHPNBJTGPSUFFDPNDBQBDJEBEFEFEFT
USVJÎÍPEFTDPOIFDJEB
.Z@"QPMPHJ[FÏJTTP6NFYFDVUÈWFMDPNDBSBEFWÓSVTDPNGPS
NBEFWÓSVTCMPRVFBEPQPSNVJUPTBOUJWÓSVTQBSBOØJDPTFDPNBDBQB
DJEBEFEFHFSBSBMHVOTUSBOʽPSOPT4ÍPBQSPYJNBEBNFOUFOPWFDFO
UPTRVJMPCJUTRVFPDVQBNVNFʼBÎPDPOTJEFSÈWFMOBTVBDBJYBDPN
VNFYFDVUÈWFMBOFYBEPUÍPNJʽFSJPTPRVBOUPRVBMRVFSWÓSVTEFTTFT
RVFSFDFCFNPTEJBSJBNFOUFDPNPOPNFEFVNBQFTTPBDPOIFDJEB
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DIGITO_Book.indb 330
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DIGITO_Book.indb 331
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DIGITO_Book.indb 332
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DIGITO_Book.indb 333
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DIGITO_Book.indb 334
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DIGITO_Book.indb 339
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DIGITO_Book.indb 346
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