FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
CARBON BUDGET
IN FURNAS HYDROELECTRIC
RESERVOIRS
SUPERINTENDENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
André C. P. Cimbleris
Eastmain-1 Net GHG Emissions Project
Workshop 15-16 April, Montreal, Canada
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
-
-
The World Commission on Dams (WCD): when the hydraulic
generation is lower than 0,1 W per m2 of reservoir area,
emission may exceed those originated from thermal power
plants;
Emissions seem to vary as a function of depth and flooded
biomass density;
Carbon cycle: must be evaluated before and after reservoir
formation. Studies should approach the interactions with
drainage basins;
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC): commitment to develop and periodically update
national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources
and removals by sinks;
Cimbleris, ACP
source: IEA, 2008
TOTAL GENERATION 9.910 MW
Cimbleris, ACP
HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION
9.114 MW
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
OBJECTIVES
•
•
•
•
•
To determine the greenhouse gas emissions: carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide, from FURNAS Centrais Elétricas
S.A. reservoirs;
To identify the carbon cycle pathways and related
environmental aspects;
To evaluate the influence of the reservoir’s morphological,
operational and biogeochemical factors on the greenhouse
gas emissions ;
To determine the background emission pattern, from before
the construction of the reservoirs;
To elaborate a spatial and temporal model of GHG emissions
for reservoirs built in the Cerrado environment.
Cimbleris, ACP
1216 MW
UHE FURNAS
Cimbleris, ACP
476 MW
UHE M. MORAES
Cimbleris, ACP
1050 MW
UHE L. C. B. CARVALHO
Cimbleris, ACP
320 MW
UHE PORTO COLÔMBIA
Cimbleris, ACP
1440 MW
UHE MARIMBONDO
Cimbleris, ACP
2082 MW
UHE ITUMBIARA
Cimbleris, ACP
375 MW
UHE CORUMBÁ
Cimbleris, ACP
1275 MW
UHE SERRA DA MESA
Cimbleris, ACP
210 MW
UHE MANSO
Cimbleris, ACP
452 MW
UHE PEIXE ANGICAL
Cimbleris, ACP
216 MW
UHE FUNIL
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
volume (km3)
area (km2)
Power (MW)
Power
Density
(W/m2)
17
778
2082
2.68
6.15
438
1440
3.29
54
1784
1275
0.71
Furnas
22.95
1440
1216
0.84
L.C.B. Carvalho
(Estreito)
1.42
46.7
1050
22.48
M. de Moraes
4.04
250
476
1.90
Corumbá
1.50
65
375
5.77
Porto Colômbia
1.53
143
320
2.24
Funil
8.90
40
216
5.40
Manso
7.30
427
210
0.49
Reservoir
Itumbiara
Marimbondo
Serra da Mesa
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
-
1o year: UHE Serra da Mesa and APM Manso;
-
2o year: UHE Itumbiara and UHE Corumbá;
-
3o year: UHE L.C.B. de Carvalho, UHE Mascarenhas de Morais
and UHE Furnas;
4o year: UHE Funil and APM Manso;
5o year : models development and elaboration of
final report.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
3 Field Campaigns in each reservoir:
- April (late rainy season)
- August (dry season)
- November (early rainy season)
Foto DMA.T
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE Furnas
Escala aproximada
1:1.250.000
Imagem DMA.T
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE ESTREITO
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE ITUMBIARA
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE SERRA DA MESA
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE CORUMBÁ
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS
Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e
Pesquisa de Engenharia – COPPE/UFRJ
•
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE
•
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF
•
Instituto Internacional de Ecologia e Gerenciamento
Ambiental – IIEGA
Cimbleris, ACP
Foto DMA.T
•
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
•
INPE
Meteorological and limnological on line data
acquisition
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
-
Data acquisition by an autonomous fixed system: kit of
sensors, electronic storage, battery, solar panel
and transmission antenna;
Data transmitted, by satellite, up to 2500 km from the
sampling station;
WATER: temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and
CO2, conductivity, nitrate, ammonia, flow direction
and intensity, relative depth;
ATMOSPHERE: temperature, atmospheric pressure, solar
radiation, wind direction and intensity;
Gas sampling using vacuum flasks.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
•
COPPE
Flux estimates of CO2, CH4 e N2O in the wateratmosphere interface and water column as well
as the determination of incoming carbon and
sedimentation rates
Foto DMA.T
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
-
CO2, CH4 and N2O flux in the water-atmosphere interface and
in the water column : bubble collector funnels and diffusion
chambers, as well as a trace-gas analyzer;
-
Estimates of the emissions rates (kg/km2/day) for each kind
of site;
-
Organic load: concentrations of DOC and POC and estimates of
inflow and outflow through specific discharge. Water flow from
the water table through hydric budget;
-
Carbon sedimentation:
radiometric method (210PB)
silicon tracer.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
•
UFJF
Determination of phytoplankton and
bacterioplankton metabolism and their influence
on the carbon cycle
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
-
Bacterial and phytoplanktonic biomass: cellular densities and
biovolume;
-
Primary production: 14C uptake;
-
Bacterioplanktonic production: 3H uptake. Separation of
sediments by ultrasonic and centrifugation;
-
Bacterial growth efficiencies in the water column and
sediments;
-
Concentrations of DIC, DOC, POC, total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, chlorophyll-a;
-
Autochthonous and allochtonous material:
POC in the water column (δ13C).
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE MANSO
•
IIEGA
Diffuse flux estimation of CO2, CH4 and N2 as well
as carbon and nutrient concentrations in the
sediment- water interface
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
-
Diffusion fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2 in the water-sediment
interface and in the sediments: equivalent sites as those of the
samplings in the water column and water surface;
-
Samples kept inside the sampler, transferred to a system of
syringes, and transported in bags with helium gas;
-
Evaluation of the (atmospheric) contamination of these
samples: analyses of oxygen and argon;
-
Concentrations of DOC, POC, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and
total phosphorus in the interstitial water;
-
Composition of particulate organic and inorganic carbon in the
sediments.
Cimbleris, ACP
CARBON BUDGET IN FURNAS HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS
UPSTREAM
EMISSIONS
BUBBLE
EMISSION
(Methane)
CARBON
INTAKE
DIFFUSION
EMISSION
(Carbon
Dioxide)
PRIMARY
PRODUCTION
AND PLANKTON
RESPIRATION
DEPOSITION
SEDIMENT
GAS
PRODUCTION
BACTERIAL
PRODUCTION
AND
RESPIRATION
DOWNSTREAM
EMISSIONS
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE MANSO
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE Manso
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE MANSO
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE SERRA DA MESA
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE SERRA DA MESA
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Cimbleris, ACP
Mean Values of Nitrous Oxide Diffusive Fluxes of Furnas Reservoirs
30/6/2009
IVIG - Instituto Virtual Internacional de Mudanças Globais
Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco I, Sala 129 – CEP: 21945-970 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Telefax:(21) 2562-8000 – E-mail: [email protected]
Mean Values of Carbon Dioxide Diffusive Fluxes of Furnas
Reservoirs
30/6/2009
IVIG - Instituto Virtual Internacional de Mudanças Globais
Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco I, Sala 129 – CEP: 21945-970 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Telefax:(21) 2562-8000 – E-mail: [email protected]
30/6/2009
IVIG - Instituto Virtual Internacional de Mudanças Globais
Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco I, Sala 129 – CEP: 21945-970 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Telefax:(21) 2562-8000 – E-mail: [email protected]
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
r2 = 0,699
FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Foto D. Cezar
Cimbleris, ACP
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
% C in dry we ight se dime nt
%C
1
0
5
D e pth (c m )
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
2,4
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Reservoir
Sediment
sampling during
field campaign
(day/month/year)
C(210Pb)
[mg C m-2 d-1]
C(Si)
[mg C m-2 d-1]
C(Pb) / C(Si)
Corumbá
17/11/04
174.82±86.43
83.5±7.22
1.68
18/11/04
105.44±52.13
25/11/04
136.15±33.00
101.08±2.83
1.35
26/8/05
246.14±26.66
55.30±72.56
4.45
29/8/05
86.33±38.10
40.70±72.54
2.12
Peixoto
19/11/05
450.46±41.90
99.49±9.93
4.53
Furnas
26/11/05
289.39±271.11
154.75±113.81
1.87
9/8/06
144.98±43.03
38.01±38.59
3.81
Manso
30/11/06
46.58±18.52
44.73±56.37
1.04
Funil
26/7/07
182.59±37.18
175.77±166.78
1.04
Itumbiara
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
UHE Manso – 5th field campaign
Entrada
Dados Base
8,69 ± 2,58 mg (DIC+TOC) L-1 (8)
543,25 ± 196,94 m3 s-1 (3)
Afluentes (tributários)
Total de Entrada
Saídas
-
C emitido como CH4
C emitido como CO2
Sedimentação Permanente
Total de Saída
407,65 ± 121,28
407,65 ± 121,28 (100 %)
Dados base
6,11 mg (DIC+TOC) L-1 (1)
149 m3 s-1 (4)
Efluente
Em unidade de t C d-1 para o
total de 376,21 km2 de
espelho d’água
Em unidade de t C d-1 para o
total de 376,21 km2 de
espelho d’água
78,66 (21,77%)
24,42 ± 28,89 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 (21)
6,89 ± 8,15 (1,91%)
1.909,02 ± 3.487,4 mg CO2 m-2 d-1 (20)
195,87±357,82 (54,22%)
212,21 ± 33,63 mg C m-2 d-1 (10)
79,84 ± 12,65 (22,10%)
-
361,26 ± 358,14 (100%)
Inconsistência no Balanço: 11,4%
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Biomassa Bacteriana (μg C/L)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 N2
N
MA MA
SM
IT
R
B
CR FU
MS EST
FL
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
CIANOBACTÉRIAS
CLOROFÍCEAS
1000
600
400
200
FU
M
L
AN
06
-0
7
FU
R
LC
B
M
SM
CR
B
IT
B
SM
03
-0
4
0
M
AN
ugC L-1
800
a)
b)
800
160
600
g CL- 1
gCL-1
120
400
80
200
40
0
MA N
0
Bact
Phyto
SER
C RB
Zoo
ITB
FUR
MSM
E ST
Re servo irs
Periods
Bact
Pre-rainy
Rainy
c)
Zoo
d)
800
800
600
600
gCL-1
gCL-1
Phyto
Dry
400
400
200
200
0
0
MAN
SER
CRB
ITB
FUR
MSM
EST
MAN
SER
CRB
Phyto
FUR
MSM
Reservoirs
Reservoirs
Bact
ITB
Zoo
Bact
Phyto
Zoo
Fig. 4: Median Carbon total pelagic (a) in differents periods of the samples and Median
Carbon biomass of bacteria (Bact), phytoplankton (Phyto) and zooplankton (Zoo) at the
seven tropical savannah reservoirs: b) Pre-rainy (November), c) Rainy (March) and d) Dry
(July).
EST
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
70
Manso
Serra da Mesa
60
-24
-26
50
-28
40
-30
30
-1
MS (mg L )
10
-34
0
190
-36
Itumbiara
Corumbá
-26
50
-28
40
-30
30
-32
20
10
-34
0
-36
Trib
1
2
3
Trib
Regiões
1
2
3
MS
δ13C
δ13C (‰)
-32
20
Figure 3 – Average values of terrestrial contribution to bulk seston (%) in each
reservoir zone. It was based on the stable carbon isotopes and calculated using a two endmember mixing model.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Laboratório de
Ecologia Aquática
Programa FURNAS de Limnologia
FURNAS
Pimenta
80 pontos amostrados
Formiga
Barragem
Valor da Jusante
-490
50
Boa Esperança e Coqueiral
0
-80
Alfenas
Varginha
Média da grade de
Krigeagem = 35,42
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
After
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
Concentração integrada de CH 4 nos sedimentos (0-4cm)
9
70
8
60
7
50
Fluxo difusivo de CH4 através da interface sedimmento-água
6
-2
CH4 (mmol m )
-2
CH4 (mmol m )
80
40
30
20
10
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
Manso
Manso
Serra da
(2003-2004) (2006-2007) Mesa
Corumbá
Itumbiara
L.C.B.
Carvalho
(Estreito)
Funil
Furnas Mascarenhas
de Moraes
-1
Manso
Manso
Serra da
(2003-2004) (2006-2007)
Mesa
Concentração integrada de CO2 nos sedimentos (0-4cm)
Funil
Furnas Mascarenhas
de Moraes
Fluxo difusivo de CO2 através da interface sedimmento-água
35
30
-2
CH4 (mmol m )
-2
CO2 (mmol m )
L.C.B.
Carvalho
(Estreito)
40
100
80
25
60
20
15
40
10
20
5
0
0
Manso
Manso
Serra da
(2003-2004)(2006-2007) Mesa
Corumbá
Itumbiara
L.C.B.
Carvalho
(Estreito)
Funil
Manso
Manso
Serra da
(2003-2004) (2006-2007) Mesa
Furnas Mascarenhas
de Moraes
1,0
Corumbá
Itumbiara
L.C.B.
Carvalho
(Estreito)
Funil
Furnas Mascarenhas
de Moraes
Reservatório
Reservatório
Concentração integrada de N 2O nos sedimentos (0-2cm)
6
Fluxo difusivo de N 2O através da interface sedimmento-água
5
0,8
-2
CH4 (mmol m )
-2
N2O (µmol m )
Itumbiara
Reservatório
Reservatório
120
Corumbá
0,6
0,4
0,2
4
3
2
1
0
0,0
Manso
Manso
Serra da
(2003-2004)(2006-2007) Mesa
Corumbá
Itumbiara
Reservatório
L.C.B.
Carvalho
(Estreito)
Funil
Furnas Mascarenhas
de Moraes
Manso
Manso
Serra da
(2003-2004) (2006-2007)
Mesa
Corumbá
Itumbiara
Reservatório
L.C.B.
Carvalho
(Estreito)
Funil
Furnas Mascarenhas
de Moraes
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
GHG Emissions
Reservoirs (age at
sampling)
Dirtiest European Plant
US Average (EPA)
Cleanest European Plant
MS(3)
SM(7)
MS(7)
CB(8)
IT(25)
MM(49)
LC(37)
FL(37)
FU(43)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
ton CO2eq/MWh
R. Dones, T. Heck, S. Hirscheberg, 2003
1,2
1,4
1,6
Figure 4
CO2 and CH4 emissions in relation to the MWh per year.
FURNAS
CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.
1. Total organic carbon inflow and outflow are generally balanced;
2. Sediment CO2 diffusive emission decreases with reservoir age;
3. Methane ebullition emission, in the water-atmosphere interface,
decreases with reservoir age;
4. GHG fluxes are influenced by physical processes affecting water
mixing;
5. In the water-atmosphere interface, GHG emissions per energy
generated are relatively low compared to fuel thermal power plants.
Cimbleris, ACP
• Satellite imaging – The reservoirs will be studied with
LANDSAT (soil use) and CBERS (water quality) images,
allowing the integration of data about the catchment uses.
This data set will be used, along with the data collected in the
field, for the implementation of a hydrodynamic model
(probably at Serra da Mesa).
• Wind fields – We will employ radar data to compose the
wind fields of the reservoirs, allowing for a more precise
interpretation of the gas emission data (since the wind field is
a major factor in this process).
• Heavy metals – the concentration of heavy metals in the
sediment will be measured so as to evaluate the
contamination of the sediments by these elements, since they
are powerful inhibitors of biological processes such as
methanogenesis and denitrification.
http://www.dsr.inpe.br/projetofurnas/