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Armenia 44
assafetida (or asafoetida) 82, 84, 91, 105, 121
Atlantic 1, 2, 107
Averoës 56
Avicenna (or Ibn Sibna) 44–6, 58, 76–7,
92, 102–5, 123, 148
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Baghdad 39, 78
Bahadur Shah 54
balsam of Peru 135, 199, 201
Barbaro, Ermolao 155
Barbosa, Francisco 157–8
Bardes 42
Barros, João de 58
Bassein (or Baçaim) 1, 14, 43, 112
Batavia 142
Batthyani, Baltasar 172
Bayonne 12
Bengal 76, 83, 86, 104, 114
benjuy 137
Benzacaria 76; see also Rasis
benzoin 60, 82, 97, 225, 233
betel 44, 46, 82, 84, 148, 174–5, 178–9,
191
bezoar 3, 157–9, 166, 175, 205, 231
Bijapur 41–3
bioprospecting 56, 226
Bock, Hieronymus 57
Bombay (or Bombaim, Mumbai) 1, 23, 25,
38, 43, 50, 72, 215, 261
Bontius, Jacobus 107, 142–3
Borcht, Peeter van der 183, 189
Bordeaux 12
Borneo 120, 124–5
Bosque, Dimas 61–2, 71–2, 86, 97, 106,
115–16, 163
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Afonso de Albuquerque 40
Africa 2, 12, 20, 62, 109, 118, 138, 174,
180, 205, 209, 214, 217, 220, 224,
226, 229, 235, 255
Agra 40, 232
Ahmedabad 43, 112
Akbar 40
Albuquerque (Extremadura) 13
Aleppo 47
alimentary regimes 83–5, 88
Álvares, Simão 56, 115–16, 126–8, 215
amber 60, 70, 82, 203, 205, 227, 231
Amsterdam 12, 19, 29, 179
anacardo 81
ancients and moderns 53, 56, 58–9, 84, 93,
126, 156–7, 161, 249
Ancona 15, 147, 150, 152, 155–6, 158,
162, 164
Andrade, Paula de 61, 71, 79
Angola 20, 217
Anne of Austria 201
Antónia (Orta’s servant) 50, 54, 73
Antwerp 2, 12, 15, 18, 133–4, 147, 150–53,
156–7, 162, 168, 170, 180–82, 184,
189, 192
Apollo 131
Arabia 39, 45, 60, 74, 76, 95, 103
Arabian sea 38
arbor-triste 82
archives and libraries
Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (Lisbon)
29–30
Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo
(Lisbon) 30
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (Lisbon)
30, 34
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Index
© Copyrighted Material
Medicine,
Trade and
Empire
© Copyrighted
Material
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Caiado, Tomé Dias (or Tomás Dias Caiado)
62, 150, 250
Caldeira, Leonor 17, 25
Calicut (or Calecute, Calcutta) 1, 81, 112,
125, 233, 245
Cambay 54, 104, 121, 125; see also Gujarat
Camões, Luís Vaz de 48, 62–4, 97–8, 129,
249
camphor 120–21, 123–5, 138, 225
canja (or canje) 76, 80, 87
Canton 124, 217
Carafa, Cardinal 152
carambola 71, 73, 75, 81, 85–6
cardamom (or cardamum) 71, 73–4, 80, 82,
112, 148, 174, 225
Caribbean 12, 132
Carthage 39
Carvalho, Augusto da Silva 5, 11, 16,
18–19, 22–31, 50, 56, 260–61
Cassia fistula 82, 84
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Castelo Branco 150
Castiglione, Baldassare 30, 62
Castro, João de 56, 58, 60, 62–3
Castro, Rodrigo de 22
Catholicism 21, 28–9, 261
Cesalpino, Andrea 57
Ceylon 14, 25, 85, 112, 138, 157, 231, 233
Charles V 99, 133, 151
Chaul 14, 112
China 46, 61, 70, 82, 120, 124–5, 130, 138,
213–15, 217, 220–21, 229, 231,
233, 235
China root (or Raiz da China)
curative powers in various diseases of
99, 134, 137, 142–3, 145
preparation of 133–4, 136, 140
specific use in the treatment of syphilis
with 132
trade 133, 141, 143
Chincheo 124
cholera (or Colerica Passio, Morxi,
mordisheen) 78–80, 83, 87, 96,
113–14, 253
cinnamon (or canela) 2, 80, 82, 84–5,
113–15, 133, 138, 148, 157, 161–2,
173, 176, 184, 191, 230–32, 249
classification 45, 57, 72, 94, 140, 180
cloves 2, 70, 82–3, 85, 115, 133, 148, 173,
176, 225, 230–31, 233
Clusius, Carolus (or Charles de l’Ecluse)
7–8, 47, 51, 60, 65, 108–9, 112,
116–17, 128, 139–40, 142–3,
167–200, 205–11, 218, 237, 239,
249, 257, 268, 270
Cochim (or Cochin) 2, 14, 17, 25, 43,
126–7, 138, 150, 205–6, 233
Colin, Antoine 60
Columbus 102
Comoro islands 46
Conde de Ficalho 21–2, 24–5, 50, 161–2,
241, 243–4, 249, 253, 261; see also
Breyner, Francisco Manuel de Melo
Constantino de Bragança 41
Constantinople 19, 44–6
Cortuso, Giacomo Antonio 184, 187, 189
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botany 8, 57, 88–9, 136, 143, 146, 151,
181, 192, 213, 241, 255, 267
ethno-botany 46, 88, 215
Botelho, Francisco Marques 18
Boyle, Robert 145
Brancion, Jean de 181–3, 187
Branco, João Rodrigues de Castelo 151
Brasavola, António Musa 93, 154, 156
Bravo, Francisco 141
Brazil 12, 20, 46, 60, 62, 87, 114, 182,
213–15, 217, 226, 229, 230–31,
235
Breyner, Francisco Manuel de Melo 20
Briganti, Annibale 50
Britain 174
Bruges (or Burgos) 65, 170, 181–2, 184,
189, 192, 197, 206, 207
Bruni, Leonardo 52
Burgos, Bernardino de 200
Burhan Nizam Shah (or Nizamoxa,
Nizamoxá, Nizamaluquo,
Nizamaluco) 44–6, 57, 102–3, 113
Ahmednagar (or Ahmadnaggar) 41–6,
54, 112
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Estado da Índia 2, 4, 25, 62, 65, 113, 130, 150,
162, 216, 219–20, 228, 232–4, 239
Carreira da Índia 2–3
Casa da Índia 126
Chief physician of or Chief medical
officer of 216, 219, 221, 239
viceroy of 14, 41, 52, 63, 97, 157, 159,
205, 225
Estado Novo 23, 253, 259
Ethiopia 36, 39, 165
evidence 35, 43, 78, 83, 86, 91, 93–4, 101,
108, 123–4, 126–7, 133, 176, 180,
190, 193, 199
adulteration of medical drugs 94, 122,
125
expertise 55, 61, 127, 169–70, 172, 176,
179, 189
informants on materia medica and
other natural resources 35, 43–4,
46, 68, 71, 122, 125, 200
testimony 35, 68, 101, 123, 125, 127–8,
130, 142, 218
experimentation 83, 213, 215, 217
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cosmopolitanism 36–9, 47–8
Costa, Cristovão da (or Cristóbal de
Acosta, Christóvão da Costa,
Cristóvão da Costa) 3, 8, 65, 86,
139–40, 172, 197–8, 204–11, 218,
258
costus (or costo) 82, 94, 138, 140, 148,
157–8, 173, 191
Coudenberghe, Peeter van 182–4
counter-reformation 16, 41, 97, 267
credibility 35, 171, 209–20, 241, 255
Cuellar, Henrique 22
Cunha, Nuno da 62
Cutileiro, João 261–3
Daman 1
datura 36, 60–61, 79
Delhi 40, 43
Dias, Bartolomeu 62
Dias, Jerónimo 17, 25, 162
Dioscorides 7, 56, 58, 92, 102–4, 113, 115,
117, 126, 130–35, 140, 142, 146–8,
151–8, 161, 164–5, 205, 250
Diu 1, 14, 40, 43, 112, 132–3, 224
Dodoens 181–2, 187
Dominicans 18
Drake, Francis 172, 174
Dubrovnik (or Ragusa) 15, 39, 147, 150,
152, 156, 163
durian 82, 84, 189
Dutch East India Company (VOC) 87,
107, 141
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Egypt 22, 39
Elvas 13, 16, 21, 23, 56
empiricists 92, 111, 145
Endem, João de (or Joannes de Enden) 1,
64, 92
England 19, 86, 172–4, 176, 192
English East India Company 87, 228
epistemology 92, 109, 111, 122–3, 125–6,
128
Erédia, Manuel Godinho de 35, 215
Escalda, port of 151
275
Falcão, Aleixo Dias 4, 18, 24, 165
Fatehpur Sikri 40
faufel 81, 174–5, 184, 187
Ferrara 15, 147, 150, 152–3, 156, 158, 182
Ferrara, Duke of 152, 178
Flanders 20, 182
Florence 53, 147, 150
Fonseca, Bartolomeu da 19
Fragoso, Juan 3, 8, 197–8, 201–11, 218
France 12, 19, 139, 176
Franciscans 18
Francisco Barreto 41
Francisco Coutinho 63–4, 97, 249
Francisco, Master 42
Frankfurt 107, 139, 176–7
Fróis, Luís de 64, 97–8
Fuchs, Leonhart (or Leonardo Fuchsio,
Leonhard Fuchs) 42, 56, 58, 117,
119, 128, 162–5, 261
Fugger family 139, 167, 172, 268
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Material
276
gaiacum 131–3, 149, 182, 199
galanga 82–3
Galen (or Galeno) 56–7, 76–8, 92–3, 98,
100, 102–3, 113, 117, 126, 128,
153–5, 157
Gama, Estêvão 22
Gama, Vasco da 1, 22, 81, 110, 245
Garet, James 176
geography 56, 58, 63, 103, 106, 134, 172,
180
Germany 2, 164, 176
ginger 2, 76, 82, 85–6, 133, 148, 174, 230
Godinho, Manuel 39
Golconda 43
Gomes, João Carlos Celestino 261–2
Grenada 39
Gujarat 1, 14, 54, 112, 121, 132, 179
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iatrochemistry 7, 57, 130, 136, 145
Iberian peninsula (or Iberia) 3, 14, 72, 103,
110–11, 139, 167, 180–81, 195–6,
210, 268
Indian Ocean 1, 2, 5, 33–48, 61, 107,
114–15, 118, 122–3, 139, 143, 233
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Japan 97, 132
Java 82, 142, 179
Jerusalem 44
Jesuits 16–18, 29, 40, 163, 223, 226–7
João III 12, 17, 24, 64, 113, 149
João José de Melo 233
Johanna of Austria 201–2
Jorge, Ricardo 245, 249–50, 254
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Hamburg 12, 20
Harriot 172
Henrique 165
Hercules II 152–3
heretic 4, 17, 42, 58, 164
Hernández, Francisco 102, 135, 198, 208,
210–11
Hippocrates 76–8, 98, 102–3
Hispanola 131
historiography 11, 20, 22–4, 33, 50, 195,
240, 243, 255, 258, 265
Homer 63, 100
Hormuz (or Ormuz, Hurmuz) 1, 16, 40, 79,
82, 84, 121, 138
humanism and humanists 51–3, 58–9,
61–2, 98, 102, 134, 147
Hungary 176
Hussain Nizam Shah I 43
Hutten, Ulrich von 133
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Indies 56, 76, 108, 142, 196
East 12, 16, 22, 132, 134, 142, 179,
195–8, 202–4, 210, 213–15, 220,
233
West 12, 46, 72, 195–6, 198, 201–2,
207
Indonesia 213, 220
Inquisition (or Holy Office or Tribunal do
Santo Ofício) in Portugal 12, 14,
16, 17–19, 22, 25, 28–9, 31–2, 34,
40–42, 50, 55, 65, 129, 149–50,
162–3, 165
in Goa 14, 16–19, 29, 50, 55, 118, 129,
150, 161–3, 165, 219, 267–8
in Spain 11, 164
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical
250, 252
Iria, Alberto 29–31
Italy 12, 19, 20, 116–17, 134, 156, 167,
186, 189
Laguna, Andrés (or Tordelaguna) 56, 92,
94, 99, 155–6, 158, 161, 163–4
Laval, François Pyrard de 222, 228
Le Moyne 172
Leandro, Friar 233
Leoniceno, Nicolò 56, 93, 153–4, 156
Linnaeus, Carl 58
Linschoten, Jan Huygen van 41, 93, 141–2,
218
Lisbon 2, 3, 14–20, 24, 27, 40, 77, 90,
94–5, 107, 111, 113–14, 116, 126,
139, 149–50, 157, 162–3, 173, 192,
201, 204, 215, 218–19, 224, 231,
235, 237, 257, 267–8
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Index Material
© Copyrighted
Livorno 12
London 12, 172, 174, 176
Low countries 2, 12, 139, 151
Holland 173, 176
Netherlands 19, 167, 174, 176, 180–81,
184, 189
Luna, Beatriz de 159
Lusitano, Amato (or Amatus Lusitanus)
7, 15, 22, 56, 141, 147–53, 161,
165–6, 205, 248, 254
Lutheranism 42, 162, 164–5
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indigenous methods of healing 20, 46,
111, 130, 213–21, 223–6, 228–30,
232, 235–6
medical specifics 143–5
Medina del Campo 18
Mediterranean 12, 35, 39, 47, 62, 103–4,
182, 231
Melinde 46
Middle East 44, 46, 61, 174
mirobalanos 81, 86
Moerkercke 182, 184
Mollucas 2, 70, 83
Monardes, Nicolás Bautista 3, 8, 51, 65,
136–7, 140–41, 168–9, 172, 180,
197–211, 254
Montalto, Elijah 20
Mordente, Fabrizio 175, 179
Mozambique 46, 126–7, 217, 224
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Naucratis, Athenaeus of 67, 69
natural history 25, 34, 56–7, 63, 93, 103,
108–9, 111–13, 116–17, 130,
134–5, 139, 143, 151, 154, 169–71
Nebrija, Elio Antonio de (or Lebrija) 100,
134
new Christians (or cristãos novos) 17–18,
24–5, 28, 31–2, 41–2, 75, 148–52,
162–5; see also Inquisition
crypto-Judaism 40, 44, 46, 50, 55
Sephardic diaspora 11–13, 15, 19, 27,
30–31, 152
Sephardic Hebrew cuisine 75
New Spain 135, 198
Nicolai, Arnold 183
nutmeg 2, 82, 231
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Macau 217, 226, 229, 232–3
Madagascar 179
Maghreb 39
Malabar 39, 70, 73, 78, 87–8, 112, 126,
179, 205–6, 217, 224–5, 230–33
Malacca (or Melaka) 1, 16, 40, 81, 133, 233
Maldives 46, 96
Malines 170, 181–3, 187, 189, 192
Manardo, Giovanni 154
Manila galleon route 198
Mannar 43
Manuel 12
Manuzio, Aldo 154
Maria I 234
Materia medica 1–2, 4–6, 8, 69, 83, 99,
102–3, 112, 118, 121, 123, 125,
128, 130–31, 134, 147–9, 151,
153–9, 163, 165, 195–6, 198–203,
206, 208, 210, 218, 220, 235,
248–9, 254, 267–8
Asian naturalia or exotic naturalia 7,
107, 115, 119, 122–3, 167, 172–5,
180–81, 189, 191–2
European naturalia 171, 182, 191
Kunst- and Wunderkammer 182
Mattioli, Pietro Andrea 56, 99, 111, 123,
128, 141, 155–6, 161–2, 164
medical theories and traditions 35, 41,
43–4, 58, 76–8, 88, 112, 124, 127,
129–31, 135, 137–8, 146, 148,
153–5, 217, 233
hybridization of Indo-Portuguese
medical culture 228, 230
277
Omer, Charles de Saint (or Lord of
Moerkercke and Dranoutre) 181–4,
187, 189
opium 36, 60, 112, 225, 230
Orta’s family
Caná 20
Gomes, Filipa 16
Gomes, Leonor 13
Guiomar/Ester 20
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Medicine,
Trade and
Empire
© Copyrighted
Material
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Pires, Henrique 150–53
Pires, Tomé 56, 115, 215
Pires-Cohen family 150–52
Plantin, Christophe 168, 170, 174, 181–3,
189
Plaza, Juan 176
Pliny 56, 58, 93, 102, 126, 130, 134–5, 148,
159, 250
Ponda 42
Portuguese empire 13, 20, 32–3, 38, 61,
162, 168, 214–15, 229, 240–41,
249, 254–5, 259
Posthius, Johann 172
Pozzo, Cassiano del 176
printing press in Goa 4–5, 35, 53, 64, 217
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Paludanus, Bernardus 139, 174
Panzio, Alfonso 178
Paré, Ambrose 24
patronage 4, 42, 117–18, 128, 173, 235
Pegu 39
pepper (various kinds of ) 2, 56, 70, 74, 80,
82–3, 86–7, 112–13, 115, 123,
125–7, 133, 142, 148, 156–8, 164,
173, 175, 182, 184, 225, 233
Pereira, Gaspar de Leão 64
peripatetic 113, 128
Persia 44, 45, 60, 70–71, 74, 76, 78, 95,
102–3, 105, 112
Peru 135, 141, 198
Pesaro 15, 150, 152
Philip II 4, 8, 136, 195–6, 200–201, 204,
207, 211
Pina, Luís de 28, 31, 254–5, 258–9
Pires, Diogo 151–3
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Raleigh, Walter 141, 172
Rasis 76, 123
Rasse, Nicolas 179
Révah, Israel 19, 26, 27, 30–31, 50
rhetoric 61, 68, 91, 106, 202, 210
rhubarb 70, 82
Rome 15, 20, 39, 62, 147, 150, 229
Royal Military Hospital or Hospital Militar
de Goa 78, 220, 222–4
administration by Jesuits 225–8
finances of 224–5
Military Hospital Garden in Goa
221–3
pharmacy of 222
Regimento of 223–4
as a supplier of medical drugs to the
Portuguese-flagged vessels 220
Ruel, Jean (or Jean de la Ruelle) 102, 134,
155
Ruellius 56
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Jacob 20
Jerónima/Raquel 20
Luiz, Gabriel 16
Mendes, Bastião 16
Nunes, Brites 13
Nunes, Maria 20
Orta, Beatriz 16
Orta, Catarina de 4, 13, 16, 18–20, 23,
28–9, 34, 42, 148–9, 163
Orta, Diogo de 19
Orta, Fernão de 13
Orta, Filipa de 20
Orta, Francisco de 16
Orta, Francisco II de 19
Orta, Isabel de 13, 148, 149
Orta, Jorge de 13
Orta, Luiz de 16, 19
Orta, Thomaz de 16
Orta, Violante de 13, 148
Samuel 20
Solis, Brianda de 14, 149
Solis, Henrique de 14, 149
Viegas, Maria 19
Ottoman empire 15, 17, 20, 150, 152, 166
Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de 72
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Salerno 175, 179
Salonika (or Salonica) 15, 39, 147
Salsette 1, 42
Sanches, António Nunes Ribeiro 22, 248
sandalwood 123, 191, 204–5, 225, 232–3
Saraiva, Cardinal 241
Sebastian 201, 204
secrecy and secrets 3–4, 63–4, 209, 229
© Copyrighted Material
Index Material
© Copyrighted
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Escola Médica de Lisboa 245–8
French École de Chartes 31
Sociedade de Ciências Médicas de
Lisboa 237–42
University of Alcalá (de Henares) 13,
21, 55, 103, 134, 149, 156, 199,
201
University of Cambridge 269
University of Ferrara 152–4
University of Leiden 107, 142, 173
University of Lisbon 14, 24, 77, 213,
215, 217
University of Pisa 99
University of Porto 28
University of Salamanca 13, 15–16, 21,
55, 68, 98, 103, 134, 147, 149, 151,
153, 156
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tamarind 81, 85, 87, 225, 233
Thevet, André 108, 189
Timor 46
Tripoli 44, 46–7
Turkey 44–5, 60, 76, 95, 103
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Walter, Jayme (or Jaime Walter) 28, 50, 197,
205, 243, 257–8
Westfriesland 173
Zacuto, Abraham 22, 248
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Ueem, Mula 46
unicorn 157–60, 166
Universities and Learned Societies
Academia Portuguesa de História 30
Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa
(Portugal) 20, 23, 239, 240–41,
255–8, 261
Valencia 176
Valencia de Alcántara (Extremadura) 12,
148
Van Helmont 144
Varthema, Ludovico de 35, 56
Venice 13, 47, 103, 133, 147, 150, 153,
157–8, 160
Vernhagen, Francisco Adolfo de
240–41
Verona 12, 133
Vesalius, Andreas 93, 98–9, 133
Vide, Castelo de 11, 13–14, 19, 30, 139,
148, 262
Viegas, Maria 19
Vienna 173, 176, 179
Virgil 63
Virgilio, Marcello 159
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Segovia 156, 164
Serapion 100, 102, 104, 187
Seville 137, 197, 199–201, 203
Shanga 37, 48
Siena 99, 155–6
Silva, Miguel da 62, 64
Soares, Diogo 150
Socotra 46
Sousa, Martim Afonso de (or Martim
Affonso de Souza) 1, 14, 21, 41, 56,
60, 62–3, 105, 112, 125, 132, 149,
248
Spain 3, 5, 8, 11, 20–21, 23, 55, 72, 76, 94,
97, 102–3, 107, 112, 134–6, 141,
148, 156, 172, 176, 189, 204, 209,
210, 218, 260
dynastic union between the Crowns of
Spain and Portugal (1581–1640)
12, 203, 209
Spanish Crown 196, 203, 208, 209
Sri Lanka 43, 46
St Francis Xavier (or Francisco Xavier) 17,
64, 98, 139
St Isidore of Seville 126, 157
Sumatra 39
syphilis 131–3, 136–7, 141, 143, 145
Syria 39, 105
279
© Copyrighted Material