Fact Sheet June 14, 2012 SCIP – Ogumaniha: Dietary Diversity and Food Security Alfredo E. Vergara PhD1 Lara M.E. Vaz PhD12 Lázaro Gonzales Calvo PhD2 Jeff Weiser MS2 Meridith Blevins MS1 This publication was made possible through support provided by the Agency for International Development Mozambique, under the terms of Award No. 656-A-00-09-00141-6 to World Vision Inc. and by Vanderbilt University through the endowment of the Amos Christie Chair in Global Health. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or World Vision. 1 Vanderbilt University Institute for Global Health. 2 Friends in Global Health. Household dietary diversity scores (HDDS) are calculated by summing the number of food groups consumed in the household over the 7 day recall period. For the household dietary diversity score, 12 food groups are summed: 1. Maize or Cereals [survey items 1 and 2] 2. Roots and Tubers [3] 3. Vegetables [4 and 8] 4. Sugar or sugar products [5] 5. Beans [6] 6. Nuts [7] 7. Fruits [9] 8. Meat [10] 9. Poultry and Eggs [11] 10. Fish [12] 11. Oils and fats [13] 12. Milk and milk products [14] 1 Table 1: Household Dietary Diversity Score Household sizea (n=3749) Children under 5 (n=3749) Age of respondent (n=3210) Marital Statusb (n=3748) Single Married/Common Law Widowed Divorced/Separated Length of residency (years) (n=3649) Urban/rural (n=3749) Rural Urban Religion (n=3434) Catholic Protestant Evangelical and Pentecostal Other Christianc Muslim Non Christian Eastern Otherc Education (n=3749) Primary language of household (n=3738) Cinyanja Cisena Echuabo Elomwe Emakhuwa Portuguese Respondent understands Portuguese (n=3746) Distance of EA from health facility (km)a (n=3723) Monthly household incomeb (n=3454) No income Up to Mts 200 Mts 200–400 Mts 400–600 Mts 600–800 Mts 800–1000 Mts 1000–1500 Mts 1500–4000 More than Mts 4000 Household member has a farm (n=3687) Sometimes sell crops (n=3286) Ever sold livestock (n=3745) Household member owns bicycle (n=3732) Owns chicken(s) (n=3749) Household uses latrine (n=3691) Empowerment (score) (n=3654) Gender equality (score) (n=3725) a HDDS ≤ 5 (n=1345) 4 (3 – 6) 1 (0 – 2) 30 (25 – 39) HDDS > 5 (n=2404) 5 (3 – 6) 1 (1 – 2) 27 (23 – 35) 20.1% (15.3, 25.0) 71.1% (66.2, 76.1) 4.3% (2.0, 6.7) 4.4% (1.8, 7.0) 5 (3 – 13.5) 16.0% (12.3, 19.7) 75.5% (71.6, 79.4) 5.0% (2.3, 7.8) 3.5% (1.6, 5.4) 5 (3 – 10) 90.1% (83.0, 97.3) 9.9% (2.7, 17.0) 75.1% (57.5, 92.8) 24.9% (7.2, 42.5) 46.2% (36.4, 56.0) 13.2% (4.3, 22.1) 14.6% (8.4, 20.7) 2.3% (0.7, 3.9) 15.5% (9.5, 21.5) 2.0% (0.5, 3.6) 6.2% (3.0, 9.4) 0 (0 – 2) 43.3% (36.8, 49.9) 15.8% (11.4, 20.2) 17.6% (11.9, 23.3) 5.4% (1.8, 9.0) 5.4% (2.9, 7.9) 2.8% (1.4, 4.2) 9.7% (6.1, 13.3) 2 (0 – 5) 6.2% (1.3, 11.2) 10.9% (5.5, 16.4) 37.5% (25.0, 50.0) 42.7% (29.7, 55.7) 0.1% (0.0, 0.1) 2.6% (0.7, 4.4) 25.7% (20.2, 31.2) 7.2 (4.3 – 10.5) 19.7% (8.8, 30.6) 13.3% (6.0, 20.6) 16.5% (9.4, 23.7) 38.5% (26.1, 51.0) 0.8% (0.0, 1.8) 11.2% (2.7, 19.6) 46.2% (38.4, 54.0) 6.2 (3 – 10.3) 47.0% (39.8, 54.3) 21.8% (16.7, 27.0) 14.5% (11.0, 18.0) 6.1% (2.2, 10.1) 2.2% (0.8, 3.7) 4.6% (2.0, 7.2) 1.9% (0.5, 3.4) 1.6% (0.2, 3.1) 0.1% (0.0, 0.1) 95.5% (93.7, 97.4) 51.6% (43.2, 59.9) 14.5% (10.8, 18.3) 36.9% (29.1, 44.8) 44.9% (38.4, 51.3) 20.7% (13.5, 27.8) 41.7 (33.3 – 50) 76.7 (63 – 92.6) 25.9% (19.6, 32.2) 18.0% (14.5, 21.6) 11.8% (7.8, 15.7) 10.9% (8.5, 13.3) 5.4% (3.5, 7.3) 6.5% (3.4, 9.7) 8.3% (4.2, 12.4) 10.9% (6.0, 15.8) 2.3% (1.0, 3.6) 89.6% (85.5, 93.8) 61.1% (52.5, 69.7) 19.9% (15.5, 24.4) 46.5% (41.6, 51.4) 44.8% (36.7, 53.0) 44.5% (34.3, 54.7) 50 (33.3 – 58.3) 80 (66.7 – 93.3) Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability. b Categorical variables are reported as weighted percentages, with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability. The 95% confidence intervals include precision estimates that incorporate the effects of stratification and clustering. c ‘Other Christian’ includes LDS Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness. ‘Other’ includes Spiritual, Traditional Religions, and Agnostic or Atheist. 2 Table 2: Food insecure in past four weeks Household sizea (n=3685) Children under 5 (n=3685) Age of respondent (n=3150) Marital Statusb (n=3684) Single Married/Common Law Widowed Divorced/Separated Length of residency (years) (n=3585) Urban/rural (n=3685) Rural Urban Religion (n=3380) Catholic Protestant Evangelical and Pentecostal Other Christianc Muslim Non Christian Eastern Otherc Education (n=3685) Primary language of household (n=3674) Cinyanja Cisena Echuabo Elomwe Emakhuwa Portuguese Respondent understands Portuguese (n=3683) Distance of EA from health facility (km)a (n=3660) Monthly household incomeb (n=3396) No income Up to Mts 200 Mts 200–400 Mts 400–600 Mts 600–800 Mts 800–1000 Mts 1000–1500 Mts 1500–4000 More than Mts 4000 Household member has a farm (n=3624) Sometimes sell crops (n=3234) Ever sold livestock (n=3681) Household member owns bicycle (n=3668) Owns chicken(s) (n=3685) Household uses latrine (n=3628) Empowerment (score) (n=3593) Gender equality (score) (n=3661) a No (n=2495) 5 (3 – 6) 1 (1 – 2) 29 (23 – 36) Yes (n=1190) 5 (4 – 6) 1 (1 – 2) 28 (23 – 38) 18.7% (15.4, 22.0) 74.2% (70.3, 78.1) 4.0% (1.9, 6.2) 3.0% (1.7, 4.4) 5 (3 – 10) 15.0% (9.5, 20.6) 73.3% (68.0, 78.6) 6.3% (2.7, 9.9) 5.4% (2.0, 8.7) 5 (3 – 12) 83.3% (72.2, 94.4) 16.7% (5.6, 27.8) 74.3% (55.2, 93.5) 25.7% (6.5, 44.8) 45.2% (37.8, 52.5) 15.2% (9.6, 20.8) 16.9% (10.9, 22.9) 3.0% (1.5, 4.5) 9.1% (4.9, 13.3) 2.5% (1.3, 3.8) 8.1% (4.8, 11.3) 2 (0 – 4) 42.7% (35.3, 50.0) 14.7% (9.7, 19.8) 15.9% (10.8, 20.9) 6.7% (1.6, 11.7) 8.0% (3.4, 12.6) 2.6% (0.5, 4.6) 9.4% (4.9, 14.0) 1 (0 – 4) 14.0% (5.0, 22.9) 12.8% (6.5, 19.2) 23.1% (14.4, 31.8) 42.4% (31.6, 53.2) 0.3% (0.0, 0.9) 7.4% (3.0, 11.8) 40.6% (33.6, 47.5) 7.2 (3.6 – 10.9) 17.8% (5.6, 30.0) 12.2% (5.7, 18.6) 25.6% (13.8, 37.4) 33.6% (20.3, 46.9) 0.9% (0.0, 2.6) 9.9% (0.0, 20.4) 37.8% (29.2, 46.4) 6 (2.9 – 10.1) 29.4% (22.3, 36.5) 18.6% (15.2, 22.1) 14.8% (10.8, 18.7) 11.2% (7.7, 14.8) 3.9% (2.4, 5.5) 5.5% (2.5, 8.5) 6.2% (3.4, 9.0) 8.0% (4.7, 11.4) 2.3% (0.8, 3.8) 91.1% (87.2, 95.0) 59.8% (52.7, 67.0) 18.6% (14.2, 23.1) 44.6% (39.8, 49.5) 47.4% (41.0, 53.7) 37.4% (28.9, 46.0) 50 (33.3 – 50) 80 (66.7 – 93.3) 40.0% (33.2, 46.9) 20.8% (14.6, 26.9) 8.8% (4.8, 12.7) 5.5% (2.9, 8.1) 4.9% (2.3, 7.4) 6.6% (3.1, 10.2) 6.0% (0.2, 11.8) 7.3% (1.7, 12.9) 0.1% (0.0, 0.2) 92.7% (89.0, 96.5) 54.1% (42.7, 65.5) 17.6% (13.8, 21.4) 41.5% (34.4, 48.7) 42.0% (32.7, 51.2) 34.5% (23.3, 45.8) 50 (33.3 – 58.3) 77.8 (66.7 – 92.6) Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability. b Categorical variables are reported as weighted percentages, with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability. The 95% confidence intervals include precision estimates that incorporate the effects of stratification and clustering. c ‘Other Christian’ includes LDS Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness. ‘Other’ includes Spiritual, Traditional Religions, and Agnostic or Atheist. d Survey item: In the past four weeks, was there ever no food of any kind to eat in your household because of lack of resources to get food? 3 Figure 1: Boxplots of Household Size for Key Nutrition Outcomes ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 10 ●● ● ● ● ● Household size ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● No Yes No Yes 5 10 5 Household size ● ● ● 15 15 ● HDDS > 5 ● Food insecure (past 4 wks) The edges of the box are the first and third quartiles, with the median marked by the center line. Whiskers extend from the box 1.5×IQR (interquartile range; length of the box). Data outlying the whiskers are marked with points. Actual values are overlayed to demonstrate the whole distribution. 4 15 15 Figure 2: Boxplots of Education for Key Nutrition Outcomes ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● 10 ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● No Yes No Yes 0 5 Education 10 0 5 Education ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● HDDS > 5 Food insecure (past 4 wks) The edges of the box are the first and third quartiles, with the median marked by the center line. Whiskers extend from the box 1.5×IQR (interquartile range; length of the box). Data outlying the whiskers are marked with points. Actual values are overlayed to demonstrate the whole distribution. 5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Respondent understands Portuguese (%) 0.4 Figure 3: Barplots of Portuguese Understanding for Key Nutrition Outcomes No Yes No HDDS > 5 Yes Food insecure (past 4 wks) 6 Figure 4: Boxplots for Distance of EA from health facility (km) for Key Nutrition Outcomes ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● 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● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● No 20 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● Yes HDDS > 5 ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● 10 ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 0 20 ● Distance from HF ●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● 10 Distance from HF ● ● 30 ● ● 30 ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● 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median marked by the center line. Whiskers extend from the box 1.5×IQR (interquartile range; length of the box). Data outlying the whiskers are marked with points. Actual values are overlayed to demonstrate the whole distribution. 7 80 Figure 5: HDDS for Key Household Characteristics ● Understands Portuguese Urban ANY Income ● 60 ● ● ● ● ● 40 ● ● 20 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 3 0 Percentage ● 5 7 9 HDDS A local polynomial smooth line is fit to the probability-weighted data. 8 11