Brazilian Network and School on Green Chemistry
Rio de Janeiro, 09/11/2010
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Prof. Dr. José Osvaldo B. carioca – UFC;
Prof. Dr. Peter Siedl – EQ -UFRJ;
Prof. Dr. Eduardo Falabella – Petrobras/UFRJ;
Porf. Dr. Caetano Morais – EQ-UFRJ
Prof. Dr. Dávilla – EQ-UFRJ;
Prof. Dr. Claudio Nascimento – IQ-UFRJ;
Porf. Dra. Ofélia Araújo –EQ-UFRJ;
Profa. Dra. Fátima Ludovico – PUC /UFRJ
Contents
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I - Preliminary ideas;
II - The proposal a green chemistry network as institution;
III- Relevant information
I. Preliminary work – Background
1-Veneza meeting . 1988 Italian network. INCA
(Encontro Itália – Argentina on Green Chem. Summer Course)
2-Falabella; Petrobras Rep. in the Program Clean Tech.-UNIDO
3-Evaluation on CTPetro grants – CNSL project was considered
an important seed to the Brazilian Green Chemistry Program;
4- ANP/FINEP/CNPq recommended to create a group on green
chemistry looking to additives to oil industry at CGEE;
5- It was created a work group on green chemistry at National
Institute of Technology at Rio de Janeiro, where the group start
to meet and develop ideas on green chemistry for Brazil.
6- Workshop on Green Chemistry – November 2007
7- CGEE – Workshop – Doc. For the Brazilian Program on GC.
Environmental Impacts – new paradigm
IMPACTS
Productive
systems
Produção de Energia
Produção Industrial
Produção Agrícola/Florestal
Sistema Habitacional
Sistema Terciário
Chemical
Processes
Environmental
 Energias renováveis, Biocombustíveis
 Tecnologias Limpas, Controle das Emissões, Uso de
Materiais Renováveis e Biodegradáveis, Tratamento de Efluentes,
Reuso de Águas Industriais, etc..
 Proteção contra desmatamentos, erosão,
Contaminação do lençol freático, etc.
 Processamento de Lixo Urbano e Industrial, Esgotos;
 Resíduos sólidos, etc.
Environmental Impacts >>> Green Chemistry – Historical points
• Historical (William, “the Conqueror”; 1027; XXVI Century – Forest UK)
(Barry and Commoner – 1960; I= PCB; Conc. de CO2 atmosfera)
• Seniors Advisers to ECE (1971)  Non – Waste Production Systems
• Club of Rome (1971)  Limits to growth (Uncontrolled System)
• United Nations System Summits on Environment
• Industry - Responsible Care Principle (1987)
• EPA (1991 – 1992) – Green Chemistry
BRAZILIAN LAWS
• Bio Safety (1995)
• Environmental Crime (1998)
• Urban Policy (2001)
• Conservation Unit (2005)
• Innovation (2005)
• Biodiversity (On going)
• National Commission for Chem. Safety
• STOCKHOLM SUMMIT (1972)
• RIO CONFERENCE (1992)
IPCC (1992) Introduced
UNFCCC (1992)
KYOTO (1997)
MDL
BIODIVERSITY CONVETION
• JOHANESBURG (2002)
•COPENAGUE (2009)
Química Verde - Economia e o Meio Ambiente
Química Verde - O Principio Geral para Empresas
“THE THREE BOTTOM LINE PRINCIPLE”
EIA – RIMA, Lei
II - Química Verde – A Proposta Brasileira
A REDE E A ESCOLA BRASILEIRA DE QUÍMICA VERDE
http://www.cgee.org.br/atividades/redirect.php?idProduto=6528
Programa apresentado na 4ª Conf. Nac. De Ciência e Tecnologia, BSB-DF
Conselho
Executivo
Coordenação
da Rede
Brasileira de
Química Verde
(RBQV)
Núcleo de
Regulação e
Certificação
(NRC)
Escola
Brasileira de
Química Verde
(EBQV)
Rede de
Laboratórios
Associados
(RLA)
Green Chemistry Principles
Green Chemistry – A desirable integration
Academia
&Institutions
Governments &
Multilateral Institutions
Industry & International
Chemical Associations
EPA, INCA, IUPAC
UN, ECE
ICCA, ACC,
ICPA,ABIQUIM
Brazilian Network
on Green Chemistry
Summit, Conferences &
Protocols
Responsible Care
Program
National Commission
for Chemical Safety
Country Chemicals
Management Profile
Selected topics
Chemical Industry Structure: Traditional versus Renewable
The Desirable Country Ministries Integration:
III – Relevant information
Table 10: Brazilian Agribusiness Performance :2003 - 2006
YEAR
BRAZILIAN GNP
(Millions US$)
AGRIBUSINESS
PARTICIPATION
(%)
2003
506,784
30.6
2004
603,993
29.9
2005
795,924
27.9
2006
1,067,600
Source: CEPEA/ESALQ/USP
Table 11: External Sales of the Brazilian Agribusiness Main
Exports Products (Period: May/2004 - Abril/2005)
EXPORTED PRODUCTS
(%)
Coffee
5,9
Fruits Juice
2,9
Leather
3,5
Leather Derivates
4,1
Sugar
7,5
Cellulose and Paper
7,5
Soya Complex
24,5
Meat
16,5
Tobacco’s and Cigarettes raw material
3,6
Wood and byproducts
7,9
Other
16,1
Total
100,0
Source: Ministry of Agro-Husbandry [50]
Table 12: Data on the External Sales of Brazilian Fruit
Years
US $ Millions
2004
375.0
2003
335.3
2002
241.0
70th decade
50.0
Source: Reference [51]
Table 13: Brazilian Bio-Products Exports Aiming at Pharmaceutical Purposes
REFERRED
ITEM
Seeds, fruits, grains, plants,
straw, etc…
Gums, resins, juices
vegetable extracts
and
Organic Chemical Products
Pharmaceutical Products
Starches
enzymes
like materials
Total
and
2003
US$ FOB
2004
US$ FOB
2005
US$ FOB
2006
US$ FOB
4.338.706.231
5.473.852.451
5.425.243.422
5.753.768.853
39.118.791
39.356.615
46.618.043
47.447.575
1.305.512.025
1.542.534.203
1.916.911.146
2.116.368.714
280.748.997
352.619.366
474.494.467
622.128.690
149.560.676
180.946.631
194.787.149
220.645.966
6.113.646.720
7.589.309.266
8.058.054.227
8.760.359.798
Source: Reference [52]
Figure 2: Brazilian PIB Percentage Distribution in the Agribusiness Chain (3003)
Table 8: Sectors World Wide Sales Products Based in Bioresources
SECTORS
MINIMUM
(US $ Billions)
MAXIMUM
(US $ Billions)
Pharmaceutical
75
150
Medical Botanic
20
40
300
450
16
19
Agricultural Seeds
Ornamental Horticulture
Pesticides
0.6
3
Cosmetics
2.6
2.8
Industrial Enzymes
Total
Source: K.Kate and L.Sarah [42]
60
474.2
120
784.8
Table 6: Annual Number of Country Hot Spots by Brazilian Regions
(Data obtained in the period of June to December)
BRAZILIAN
GREAT REGIONS
ANNUAL NUMBER OF COUNTRY HOT SPOTS
2000
2002
2001
2003
Brazil
104,122
145,708
232,543
212,989
North
32,278
48,577
77,988
58,133
Northeast
24,645
45,124
59,455
68,344
Southeast
9,865
7,146
12,494
15,802
South
3,972
1,724
2,655
5,211
33,362
43,137
79,951
65,499
71
67
125
94
Center-west
Federal District
Source: IBGE [25]
4.1 General Environmental Considerations
Table 3. Total Carbon Emissions by Economic Sectors (Gg /year); (1994 – 2005)
SECTORS
1994
%
2005
%
Energetic
7,602
12,0
15,278
12,0
Residential
4,152
7,0
4,207
7,0
947
2,0
984
2,0
Agro husbandry
3,415
6,0
4037
6,0
Transports
25,423
40,0
36,876
40,0
Industrial
19,698
31,0
27,801
31,0
Non-Energetic Consu.
1,738
3,0
Total
62,975
100,0
Commercial & Public
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology [30]
1,940
91123
3,0
100,0
Table 4: Percentage Emissions of Some Industrial Sectors(1996)
SECTORS
DBO
SS
SO2
NO2
CO
COV
Non – Metallic Minerals
0.1
0.1
9.8
12.0
1.5
1.3
Metalwork
0.1
81.6
19.2
15.5
33.2
6.9
Non-Iron Metallurgy
13.2
8.3
19.2
1.2
9.9
1.9
Paper and Graphics
26.9
4.0
5.6
5.8
7.1
4.0
Chemicals and
Petrochemicals
23.3
2.8
33.8
46.2
41.5
57.6
Milk Manufacture and
Dairy
23.7
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
Vegetable Oil Refining
0.7
0.0
4.0
2.7
0.4
300
Other Sectors
12.0
3.1
8.4
16.5
6.4
25.3
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Reference [31]
Table 5: Amount of Solid Residue Collected According to its Final Destination
BRAZILIAN
GREAT REGIONS
TOTAL
COLLECTD
(Ton/Day)
ADEQUATE
TOTAL
Ton/Day
INADEQUATE
RELATIVE
(%)
TOTAL
Ton/Day
RELATIVE
(%)
Brazil
228, 413.0
92,466.8
40.5
135,926.2
59.5
North
11,067.1
1,431.9
13.4
9,585.2
86,6
Northeast
41,557.8
15,219.0
36.6
26,338.8
63.4
Southeast
141,616.8
60,188.3
42.5
81,428.5
57.5
South
19,874.0
9,255.9
46.6
10,618.9
53.4
Center-west
14,296.0
6341.7
44.4
7,954.8
55.6
2,567.2
545.3
21.2
2,021.9
78.8
Federal District
Source: IBGE [25]
4. - Agribusiness and the Green Chemistry
4.1 Agribusiness in Latin America
World Bank vision to action [39]
•
Agriculture represents 30% of GNP in Africa, South Asia; and 20%
in East Asia & Pacific; and about 10% in Central Asia, Latin America
and Caribbean.
•
Agricultural products account for 30% of exports in Africa, Latin
America & Caribbean; about 20% in South Asia and East Asia &
Pacific, and 5% in Middle East & North Africa;
•
Rural people make up 70% of total population in South Asia, Africa
and East Asia & Pacific; about 50% in Middle East & North Africa;
and about 30% in Central Asia, Latin America & Caribbean.
Table 8: Sectors World Wide Sales Products Based in Bioresources
SECTORS
MINIMUM
(US $ Billions)
MAXIMUM
(US $ Billions)
Pharmaceutical
75
150
Medical Botanic
20
40
300
450
16
19
Agricultural Seeds
Ornamental Horticulture
Pesticides
0.6
3
Cosmetics
2.6
2.8
Industrial Enzymes
Total
Source: K.Kate and L.Sarah [42]
60
474.2
120
784.8
Table 6: Annual Number of Country Hot Spots by Brazilian Regions
(Data obtained in the period of June to December)
BRAZILIAN
GREAT REGIONS
ANNUAL NUMBER OF COUNTRY HOT SPOTS
2000
2002
2001
2003
Brazil
104,122
145,708
232,543
212,989
North
32,278
48,577
77,988
58,133
Northeast
24,645
45,124
59,455
68,344
Southeast
9,865
7,146
12,494
15,802
South
3,972
1,724
2,655
5,211
33,362
43,137
79,951
65,499
71
67
125
94
Center-west
Federal District
Source: IBGE [25]
Table 7: Data on Domestic Wastewater Generated and Treated in Brazil
BRAZIL AND
BRAZILIAN
REGIONS
DAILY TOTAL
VOLUME
GENERATED (M3)
DAILY TREATED VOLUME
TOTAL (m3)
(%)
Brazil
14,570,079
5,137,171
35.3
North
60,741
27,527
45.3
Northeast
1,595,358
1,248,595
78.3
Southeast
11,249,344
3,059,349
27.2
South
1,002,832
463,476
46.2
Center-west
661,804
338,224
51.1
Federal District
279,838
161,537
58.4
Source: IBGE [25]
4. - Agribusiness and the Green Chemistry
4.1 Agribusiness in Latin America
World Bank vision to action [39]
•
Agriculture represents 30% of GNP in Africa, South Asia; and 20%
in East Asia & Pacific; and about 10% in Central Asia, Latin America
and Caribbean.
•
Agricultural products account for 30% of exports in Africa, Latin
America & Caribbean; about 20% in South Asia and East Asia &
Pacific, and 5% in Middle East & North Africa;
•
Rural people make up 70% of total population in South Asia, Africa
and East Asia & Pacific; about 50% in Middle East & North Africa;
and about 30% in Central Asia, Latin America & Caribbean.
Table 8: Sectors World Wide Sales Products Based in Bioresources
SECTORS
MINIMUM
(US $ Billions)
MAXIMUM
(US $ Billions)
Pharmaceutical
75
150
Medical Botanic
20
40
300
450
16
19
Agricultural Seeds
Ornamental Horticulture
Pesticides
0.6
3
Cosmetics
2.6
2.8
Industrial Enzymes
Total
Source: K.Kate and L.Sarah [42]
60
474.2
120
784.8
Table 9: Trade of Vegetable Species inside Producers Regions
Country and/or Region
Species Number
Brazil
57,000
Colombia
45,000
Venezuela
24,000
Mexico
18,000
Peru
18,000
Australia
26,000
United States & South Africa
22,000
Indonesia
18,000
Europe
12,000
Japan
3,000
Source: Fernandes, L.R.R.M.V. [40]
Table 10: Brazilian Agribusiness Performance :2003 - 2006
YEAR
BRAZILIAN GNP
(Millions US$)
AGRIBUSINESS
PARTICIPATION
(%)
2003
506,784
30.6
2004
603,993
29.9
2005
795,924
27.9
2006
1,067,600
Source: CEPEA/ESALQ/USP
Table 11: External Sales of the Brazilian Agribusiness Main
Exports Products (Period: May/2004 - Abril/2005)
EXPORTED PRODUCTS
(%)
Coffee
5,9
Fruits Juice
2,9
Leather
3,5
Leather Derivates
4,1
Sugar
7,5
Cellulose and Paper
7,5
Soya Complex
24,5
Meat
16,5
Tobacco’s and Cigarettes raw material
3,6
Wood and byproducts
7,9
Other
16,1
Total
100,0
Source: Ministry of Agro-Husbandry [50]
Table 12: Data on the External Sales of Brazilian Fruit
Years
US $ Millions
2004
375.0
2003
335.3
2002
241.0
70th decade
50.0
Source: Reference [51]
Table 13: Brazilian Bio-Products Exports Aiming at Pharmaceutical Purposes
REFERRED
ITEM
Seeds, fruits, grains, plants,
straw, etc…
Gums, resins, juices
vegetable extracts
and
Organic Chemical Products
Pharmaceutical Products
Starches
enzymes
like materials
Total
and
2003
US$ FOB
2004
US$ FOB
2005
US$ FOB
2006
US$ FOB
4.338.706.231
5.473.852.451
5.425.243.422
5.753.768.853
39.118.791
39.356.615
46.618.043
47.447.575
1.305.512.025
1.542.534.203
1.916.911.146
2.116.368.714
280.748.997
352.619.366
474.494.467
622.128.690
149.560.676
180.946.631
194.787.149
220.645.966
6.113.646.720
7.589.309.266
8.058.054.227
8.760.359.798
Source: Reference [52]
Figure 2: Brazilian PIB Percentage Distribution in the Agribusiness Chain (3003)
4.1. Brazilian Chemical Industry
Table 14: Worldwide Chemical Industry Ranking - 2003
GNP
RANKING
CHEMICAL
RANK
COUNTRY
CHEMICAL SALES
(US$ Billions)
1
1
USA
458
2
2
Japan
201
3
3
Germany
154
7
4
China
118
5
5
France
99
6
6
Italy
74
14
7
South Coreia
60
4
8
United Kingdom
55
18
9
Belgium
50
12
10
Brazil
45
Source: Reference [65]
Comments on Table 15:
• Basic chemical products represent the most important segment of the chemical industry.
Economically, they are characterized by its low add-value;
• The total sales of the chemical sector is about 81.6 billions of US$ in 2006, and shows a
an annual increase rate of about 6.1%;
• Each of these sectors shows a smoothly increasing in its sales in the period analyzed,
which performance depend on their own characteristics;
• In contrast to the basic products, the others sectors shows a small contributions, but
fortunately they have expressive add value and are intensive in knowledge;
Table 16: Chemical Dependence of the Fine Chemicals
IMPORTATION (US$ millions)
SECTOR
2002
2003
2004
Additives
ND
ND
ND
Aroma & Fragrances
ND
ND
ND
Catalysts
51.938
65.948
82.353
Dyes & Pigments
131.128
130.899
163.134
Agricultural Defensives
725.180
931.037
1.463.926
ND
ND
ND
863.400
886.000
1.085.000
Medicines
1.527.817
1.512.266
1.784.802
TOTAL
3.299.463
3.526.150
4.579.215
Animal Defensives
Pharmaceuticals
Source: ABIFINA [67]
Table 15: Net Sales Evolution of Brazilian Chemical Industry´s
(US$ billions)
1990
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
%
a.a.
Chemical
products for
industrial use
19.0
19.2
19.9
18.5
22.8
19.4
24.1
33.0
39,4
45.4
5.6
Pharmaceutical
products
2.7
5.0
7.6
8.7
6.7
5.2
5.6
6.8
9.2
10.9
9,1
Perfumes and
cosmetics
1.6
2.4
4.2
4.3
3.4
2.8
3.1
3.9
5.5
6.9
9,6
Fertilizers
2.3
2.2
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.3
4.3
5.6
5.5
5.6
5,7
Soaps and
detergents (1)
2.0
2.0
2.8
3.1
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.7
3.9
4.6
5,3
Crop Protection
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.6
2.5
1.9
3.4
4.9
4.2
3.9
8,2
Paints and
varnishes
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.1
1,3
Others
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.3
3,2
31.8
35.6
42.8
43.8
43.6
37.3
45.5
60.2
71.6
81.6
6,1
SEGMENTS
TOTAL
Source: ABIQUIM [66]
Table 7: Data on Domestic Wastewater Generated and Treated in Brazil
BRAZIL AND
BRAZILIAN
REGIONS
DAILY TOTAL
VOLUME
GENERATED (M3)
DAILY TREATED VOLUME
TOTAL (m3)
(%)
Brazil
14,570,079
5,137,171
35.3
North
60,741
27,527
45.3
Northeast
1,595,358
1,248,595
78.3
Southeast
11,249,344
3,059,349
27.2
South
1,002,832
463,476
46.2
Center-west
661,804
338,224
51.1
Federal District
279,838
161,537
58.4
Source: IBGE [25]