Interdisciplinary approach in
Paralympic Athletics: crossroads
between experience and Science in
evaluation and training monitoring
Prof. ! Ciro Winckler
Ciro Winckler
Professor of São Paulo Federal University
Athletics Technical Coordinator of Brazil NPC
Member of IPC Athletics Coach Council
Member of Brazilian Paralympic Academy
Agenda
Road to Rio 2016
Sport Performance's Service
in Brazil
Sport Science and
Performance
3
Performance
Sport
Environment
Athlete
with Paralympic Cycles
Disability
Road
6
1
0
2
o
to Ri
Road to Atlanta 1996
Road to London 2012
Road to Sidney 2000
Road to Beijing 2008
Road to Athens 2004
Master Sponsor
Sport Calendar
Lottery
Law
Interdisciplinary in
High Performance
Programs
Brazil
NPC
High Performance
Programs
Sport
Support
Sport
Evaluation
Management
Philosophy
ARTIGO
ORIGINAL
Avaliação clínica dos atletas paraolímpicos
Roberto Vital1, Marcelo Bichels Leitão2, Marco Túlio De Mello3 e Sergio Tufik4
ARTIGO
ORIGINAL
RESUMO
were evaluated clinically (questionnaires, clinical history,
physical examination) and also with laboratory studies,
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar de modo amplo o
chest roentgenogram and doping control. The Brazilian
comportamento de variáveis importantes para a saúde preteam that participated in the Sydney 2000 Paralympic
ventiva e o desempenho dos atletas paraolímpicos. Os paGames was also classified according to some characterisratletas foram avaliados clinicamente (aplicação de quesSílvioage,
Soares
dosmodality,
Santos1 eway
Fernando
José de Sá Pereira Guimarães2
tics such as gender,
sports
of locomotionário, história clínica, exame físico) e com exames
tion, types of disabilities, laboratory study results, chest
laboratoriais, raio x simples de tórax e controle de doping.
X-ray results, odontological evaluation, and doping conA equipe brasileira que participou dos Jogos Paraolímpitrol. The results obtained were used to define a profile of
cos de Sydney 2000 foi também classificada de acordo com
such athletes and to give them information about prevenas seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, modalidades esporti-RESUMO
movements and can be divided into performance biometion of diseases and sports-related injuries that could hinder
vas, meios de locomoção, tipos de deficiência, resultados
chanics, anthropometric biomechanics, and preventive biotheir training
competition
results.científica da ARTIGO
A biomecânica
doand
esporte
é uma disciplina
dos exames laboratoriais e de tórax, avaliação odontológimechanics 4. Performance biomechanics is directly related
qual os movimentos desportivos são descritos e explicados ORIGINAL
to the analysis of the technique of the movements in order
ca e controle de doping. Os resultados obtidos serviram deà luz Key
1. De acordo com
words: Disabled
persons.
Pre-participation
evaluation.
Mula
de conceitos
e métodos
mecânicos
to identify and evaluate the main variables involved, and
parâmetro para se traçar um perfil dos atletas e orientá-losárea de aplicaçãotidisciplinary
evaluation.
medicine.
a biomecânica
pode serSports
subdividida
emRehabilitato
allow individual diagnosis related to important flaws
na prevenção das doenças e lesões esportivas que pudes-biomecânica do rendimento,
tion. Doping biomecânica
in sports.
antropométrica
(technique versus motor control) registered in the movesem interferir nos treinamentos e competições.
e biomecânica preventiva. A biomecânica do rendimento
ment2. According to Winter3 and Baumann4, the usual methINTRODUÇÃO
está diretamente
relacionada à análise da técnica do moviPalavras-chave: Deficientes. Avaliação pré-participação. Avaliação
ods to measure biomechanic quantitative parameters
are
mento,
cujas
funções
são
a
identificação
e
avaliação
das
Antônio Carlos
Silva1 e Marília
dos Santos Andrade2
multidisciplinar. Medicina esportiva. Reabilitação.
based on kinemetry, electromyography,
dynamometry
and
O sucesso na vida em geral e no esporte paraolímpico,
Avaliação biomecânica de atletas paraolímpicos brasileiros
Rev Bras Med Esporte vol.8 no.3 Niterói May/June 2002
Avaliação isocinética em atletas paraolímpicos
variáveis de influência e o diagnóstico individual em relathe anthropometrics. The aim of this work was to perform
hojetécnico-motoras
já é considerado
de alto nível,
requer do
2 portador
.
ção àsque
falhas
registradas
no movimento
quantitative
and qualitative evaluations of biomechanic pade deficiência
um somatório
dedemotivação,
traA biomecânica
utiliza(paratleta)
como métodos
de medição
seus
ABSTRACT
rameters related to swimming and athletics, based on ki- ABSTRACT
RESUMO
balho,quantitativos
treinamento,a cinemetria,
sacrifício, aincentivo
e oportunidades.
parâmetros
eletromiografia,
a
ARTIGO
nemetry.
The
results showed a number of imperfections for
Este sucesso
do portador3,4de
(paratleta)
leva
a
. Odeficiência
objetivo desse
traba- O
dinamometria
e a antropometria
Clinical evaluation of paralympic athletes
equilíbrio
dos parâmetros de força muscular nas artiIsokinetic evaluation in paralympic athletes
ORIGINAL
1. correctly executing the technique related to a movement
lho foi
fazer
análises quantitativa
emais
qualitativa
dedaparâmesua
reabilitação
no
sentido
amplo
palavra
culações
é de grande relevância, tanto no aspecto clínico
The purpose of this study was to evaluate characteris(this was most pronounced for throwing and swimming). The balance between agonist and antagonist muscles in
tros biomecânicos
de provas
de atletismo
e natação,
utili-atrás
comopara
para o desempenho atlético. Informações sobre os
O
que
parecia
impossível
até
algumas
décadas
the
joints
is
of
great relevance to clinical practice and to
These data can now be used by coaches looking for new
tics that were important for preventive health and for per-zando a cinemetria. Os resultados mostraram imperfeições
valores
parâmetros em atletas olímpicos e princia reabilitação das pessoas com lesão medular grave,
trau-desses
means
of adjusting their techniques in order to correct sports performance. Information about these parameters
formance of paralympic Brazilian athletes. The athletesna condução
da
técnica
dos
movimentos,
em
especial,
das
palmente
nos
paraolímpicos
são
raras.
Neste
trabalho
aprematismos com amputações dos membros superiorespossible
e in- imperfections.
amongst Olympic and especially Paralympic athletes is
disciplinas
de arremessos
nona
atletismo
na natação.
Tais sentamos
scarce. The purpose of this study was to present the results
feriores,
que levavam
maioriaedas
vezes a invalidez
per- os resultados da avaliação muscular isocinética
resultados
serviram
como
subsídios
para
os
treinadores
(Cybex
6000)
realizada
na
equipe
brasileira
que
participou
Key
words:
Biomechanics.
Paralympic
sports.
Kinemetry.
Qualita1. Diretor Médico do Comitê Paraolímpico Brasileiro; Especialista em Meof the isokinetic evaluation (Cybex 6000) of the Brazilian
manente, quando não a morte, mudou completamente após
adaptarem e modificarem seus treinamentos no sentido de dos Jogos Paraolímpicos
Sidney 2000.
Foram avaliados
tive analysis.deQuantitative
analysis.
dicina do Esporte.
team that participated in the Sydney Paralympic Games.
a 2ª grande guerra mundial com um grande número de deos músculos flexores e extensores dos joelhos de 11 joga2. Médico Especialista em Medicina do Esporte; Mestrando em Cardiolo-corrigir tais imperfeições.
The flexor and extensor muscles of the knee were evaluat-Marcelo Bichels Leitão1
ficientes. Esta situação estimulou a construção dosdores
centros
de
futebol
(paralisia
cerebral,
idade
24,6
±
4,8
anos;
INTRODUÇÃO
gia pela Universidade Federal do Paraná.
ed in 11 soccer players with cerebral palsy (age: 24.6 ±
Palavras-chave:
Biomecânica.
Esporte paraolímpico.
2.
de reabilitação
nos Estados
Unidos e naCinemática.
Inglaterrapeso
67
±
5,5kg;
altura
177,7
±
3,8cm)
e
12
de
basquete3. Professor Adjunto do Departamento de Psicobiologia/Unifesp-EPM.
Análise qualitativa. Análise quantitativa.
A biomecânica do esporte é uma disciplina científica da 4.8 years; weight: 67 ± 5.5 kg; height: 177.7 ± 3.8 cm)
O pioneiro no tratamento e recuperação das pessoas
porbol (deficientes
mentais, idade 24,7 ± 4,4 anos; peso 76,6
4. Livre-Docente, Professor Titular do Departamento de Psicobiologia da
qual
movimentos desportivos são descritos e explicados and in 12 basketball athletes with mental disability (age:
tadoras de deficiência foi o Dr. Ludwig Guttman± no
seuosaltura
13,4kg;
184,4 ± 10cm), e os músculos rotadores
Unifesp/EPM, Presidente da Afip.
ABSTRACT
76.6 kg; height: 184.4 ± 10 cm); for
uations found in such athletes. However, there still is a scarRESUMO
à luz de conceitos e métodos mecânicos. De acordo com a 24.7 years; weight:
centro de recuperação de Stoke Mandville na Inglaterra
internos3. e rotadores externos de ombros de seis judocas
Submetido em: 4/4/02
(age: 29.8 ± 5.6 years; weight: 87
city of information about clinical and physiological paárea
de
a biomecânica pode ser subdividida em: the judo blind athletes
Biomechanic evaluation of Brazilian paralympic athletes (deficientesaplicação
O
esporte
paraolímpico
despertado
o interesse da
visuais,
idade
29,8
±
5,6
anos;
peso
87
±
As
condições
para
este
desenvolvimento
foram
ofereciVersão revisada recebida em: 1/5/02
± 21.6 kg; height: 171.5 ±
6.9 cm), thetem
shoulder
rotator
rameters of disabled athletes. This study describes the elecbiomecânica
do
rendimento
–
se
ocupa
das
variáveis
biocomunidade científica devido à diversidade de situações
Sports
biomechanics
is a scientific
uses 21,6kg;
altura 171,5 ± 6,9cm). Os jogadores de futebol
das de
um lado pelos
métodos discipline
modernosthat
e avanços
tecnoAceito em: 19/5/02
tested. Findings show that the soccer playtrocardiographic characteristics observed in the athletes
mecânicas que determinam o resultado do movimento em muscles wereencontradas
em seus atletas. Contudo, existe atualmente
mechanical
and concepts
to studye de
sports-related
relação de equilíbrio muscular entre flexológicosmethods
da medicina,
enfermagem
tratamentoapresentaram
medicaers
have
a
normal
hamstring:
quadriceps
strength
ratio
of Brazilian team that participated in the Sydney 2000 Paraqualquer nível de rendimento; biomecânica antropométriuma carência de informações sobre parâmetros clínicos e
res e extensores
de joelhos dentro dos parâmetros de norEndereço para correspondência:
despite
the
muscle
weakness
imposed
by
cerebral
palsy.
lympic
Games. 60 subjects were evaluated, 10 female and
mentoso e cirúrgico, e por outro lado, por uma equipe
de
ARTIGO
ca – se relaciona com o diagnóstico e prognóstico do renfisiológicos referentes a atletas portadores de deficiências.
Roberto Vital
malidade apesar da fraqueza muscular imposta pela para50
male. All of them were submitted to an anamnesis and a
For the judo athletes, the ratio between external and interreabilitação
com
técnicas
terapeutas
que
são
aplicadas
desde
dimento
relativamente
às
medidas
antropométricas
e
bioORIGINAL
1. Professor Adjunto II – Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Fe- lisia cerebral. Nos judocas o equilíbrio muscular entre
Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as característiRua Moura Rabelo, Candelária 1.904, ed. Solar Paradiso, apto. 600
physical examination, followed by a rest electrocardiogram
shoulder was within
the normal
o de
dia
do acidente
propreventiva – se relaciona com a identificação de nal rotators ofcasthe
deral
Uberlândia
(UFU). ou doença, por um período que semecânica
eletrocardiográficas
encontradas
nosrange.
atletas da delega59064-480 – Natal, RN
rotadores externos e rotadores internos mostrou-se dentro
(ECG), an exercise test (ET), and when needed, they were
peak
torqueque
in the
basketball
were
2. Professor
Universidade
de Pernambuco
(UFPE).
cargas e os possíveis desgastes ocasionados ao aparelho de The results for
E-mail: [email protected]
longadaas
vezes durante
meses
ou anos4.
ção
brasileira
participou
dosplayers
XI Jogos
Paraolímpicos
dos limites de normalidade. A principal característica dos
also submitted to an echocardiography (ECOC). According
similar
to
those
of
non-athletic
individuals
without
disabilSubmetido em: 4/4/02
movimento oriundos da aplicação dessas cargas.
de
Sydney
2000.
Foram
avaliados
60
atletas,
sendo
50
do
_
jogadores
de basquetebol foi o valor de pico de torque próRev Bras Med Esporte Vol. 8, Nº 3 – Mai/Jun, 2002
77
to the ECG results, subjects were classified as normal ECG
presented
in do
thesexo
article
in orderTodos
to beestes atletas
Versão revisada recebida em: 1/5/02
A biomecânica do rendimento está diretamente relacio- ities. The values
sexoare
masculino
e 10
feminino.
ximo
do
esperado
para
indivíduos
hígidos
não
atletas.
Os
(N = 31), athlete ECG (N = 26) or altered ECG (N = 3). No
forsubmetidos
the professionals
involved ine the
area
Aceito em: 19/5/02
nada à análise da técnica do movimento, cujas funções são used as reference
foram
a uma anamnese
a um
exame físico,
valores numéricos estão apresentados no texto para serem
abnormalities were observed on ET. The three subjects who
seguidos de eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG), teste era identificação de suas variáveis de influência, a avaliação of disabled sports.
usados como referência para profissionais da área.
showed altered ECG were referred to ECOC, which was norEndereço para correspondência:
gométrico (TE) e quando necessário de ecocardiograma
dessas variáveis e por fim o diagnóstico individual em reRua Benjamin Constant, 1.286
mal in all three cases.
Key words: Anaerobic
power.
De Anaerobic
acordo com
os Paralympic
resultados athletes.
do ECG os indiví(ECOC).tests.
lação às falhas
técnico-motoras
registradas
movimen38400-678 – Uberlândia, MG
Palavras-chave:
Testes
anaeróbios. Força
anaeróbia. no
Atletas
paduos foram classificados em uma de três situações: ECG
to2.
E-mail: [email protected]
raolímpicos.
Key words: Electrocardiography. Athlete. Exercise test. Disabled
INTRODUÇÃO
normal (N = 31), ECG de Atleta (N = 26) ou ECG anormal
sports. Paralympic games. Disabled persons.
Benedito Sérgio Denadai1
92
Rev Bras Med Esporte _ Vol. 8, Nº 3 – Mai/Jun, 2002
(Nda
= 3).
Não
foram observados
anormais no TE de
A deficiência
força
muscular
influencia eventos
negativamente
1
2-6
ECG
nenhum
atleta.
Os
três
indivíduos
que
apresentaram
1. Doutor em Ciências da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola PauINTRODUÇÃO
a estabilidade articular e o desempenho atlético . Desta
lista de Medicina, Unifesp-EPM.
anormal foram
ECOC que
se sido
mostrou normal
forma, uma avaliação
precisasubmetidos
da função amuscular
tem
A atividade física é sem sombra de dúvida um dos mais
2. Doutoranda em Reabilitação pela Unifesp-EPM. Especialista em Apareeminteresse
todas as situações.
deficiência. Com base nos resultados obtidos, podemos
RESUMO
de
fundamental
clínico,
principalmente
quando
o
lho Locomotor no Esporte. Especialista em Fisiologia do Exercício pelo
eficientes
meios de promoção de saúde. O interesse pelo
concluir que a classe (e portanto o nível de deficiência)
Centro de Estudos de Fisiologia do Exercício, CEFE-Unifesp-EPM.
objetivo é prevenir lesões através da identificação precoce
esporte
competitivo
aumentado
e
Os objetivos
dessetem
estudo
foram: a)expressivamente,
determinar o limiar
Palavras-chave: Eletrocardiograma. Atleta. Teste ergométrico. PaSubmetido em: 4/4/02
interfere na capacidade funcional aeróbia dos paratletas.
de deficiência contralateral de
um grupo
muscular,Deficientes.
ou de
assim,
jovens
buscam
através dode
sucesso
esportivo
sua rea-ceradesporto.
Paraolimpíada.
) em jogadores
futebol
com paralisia
anaeróbio
(LAn
Versão revisada recebida em: 1/5/02
Entretanto, a resposta de lactato ao exercício submáximo é
desequilíbrio entre músculos antagonistas de uma articulização
e principalmente
Estima-sedeque
rebral epessoal
nadadores
participantesfinanceira.
da Paraolimpíada
SidAceito em: 19/5/02
semelhante entre as classes e também aos atletas não porlação.
ABSTRACT
uma
deanalisar
ouro olímpica
proporcionedo
a seu
LAn ganhaem funney medalha
2000 e; b)
o comportamento
tadores de deficiência, sugerindo a validade do LAn para a
Endereço para correspondência:
Existem algumas formas de avaliar a força muscular.
dor
em torno
U$ 1.000.000,00
em alguns
países28
çãoalgo
das classes
dosdeparatletas.
Participaram
do estudo,
Electrocardiographic
profile
of
the
Brazilian
team
in
the
CEFE-Centro de Estudos de Fisiologia do Exercício
avaliação aeróbia dos nadadores e dos jogadores de futeDinamômetros de cabo podem medir a força isométrica,
desenvolvidos.
atletas portadores de deficiência, sendo 11 jogadores de
Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games
Antônio Carlos Silva
bol com paralisia cerebral.
pesos livres ou equipamentos isotônicos podem medir a
Os médicos
envolvidos
no cuidado
da F36,
saúdeF37
de indivífutebol
com paralisia
cerebral
(classes:
e F38) e
Rua Botucatu, 862, 5o andar
Paralympic
sports
have
the interest of the sciduos
praticantes(14
de homens
atividades
físicas
e de equipes
esporti) eattracted
mais recentemente
força de uma repetição
máxima
(1-RM
04023-062 – São Paulo, SP
17 nadadores
e três
mulheres)
(classes:
S1 a
Palavras-chave: Limiar anaeróbio. Natação. Futebol. Paratleta.
entific
community
as
a
consequence
of
the
diversity
of
sitvas
determinam
o
estado
de
saúde
e
a
capacidade
de
treiE-mail: [email protected]
os dinamômetros isocinéticos podem quantificar precisaS10 e B1). Nos jogadores de futebol, o LAn foi determinae competir
destes
atravése intermitente
de uma avaliação
do em
um protocolo
progressivo
na esteira
Rev Bras Med Esporte _ Vol. 8, Nº 3 – Mai/Jun, 2002
99em Cardiologia nar
1. Médico Especialista em Medicina do Esporte. Mestrando
ABSTRACT
).
pré-participação
(APPidentificado
pela Universidade Federal do Paraná.
como sendo a velocidade
rolante. O LAn foi
Enquanto os atletas
tendem
a ver sanguíneo.
esta avaliação
como
Determination of the anaerobic threshold in soccer playSubmetido em: 4/4/02
correspondente
a 3,5mM
de lactato
Na natação
uma
mera
formalidade por
que um
pode
liberar ou
impedir sua
ers with cerebral palsy and swimmers participant in the
Versão revisada recebida em: 1/5/02
foi determinado
protocolo
incremental
e ino LAn
participação
nos
esportes,
os
profissionais
de
saúde
devem
Sidney 2000 Paralympic Games
Aceito em: 19/5/02
termitente de 3 x 200m. Após cada tiro houve coleta de
APP como uma intervenção importante que pervalorizar
sangue eapor
interpolação linear, foi calculada a velocidaThe objectives of this study were: a) to determine the
Endereço para correspondência:
mite a participação segura em atividades esportivas.
de correspondente a 4mM (LAn). A velocidade aeróbia máanaerobic threshold (AnT) in soccer players with cerebral
Marcelo Bichels Leitão
Dentro da APP, a avaliação cardiológica tem grande imxima (Vamax) e a correspondente ao LAn apresentaram uma
palsy and swimmers participant in the Sidney 2000 ParaRua Gastão Câmara, 499, apto. 191
portância, já que doenças cardiovasculares respondem por
80730-300 – Curitiba, PR
tendência de melhora com o aumento da classe do jogador
lympic Games and; b) to analyze the behavior of the AnT
mais de 95% das causas de morte súbita em atletas jovens.
E-mail [email protected]
de futebol com paralisia cerebral. Entretanto, a proporção
according to the class of the disabled athletes. 28 disabled
_ Vol. 8, Nº 3 – Mai/Jun, 2002
102
BraseMed
LAn
a Esporte
Vamax
(aproximadamente
entre a velocidade doRev
athletes participated in the study: 11 soccer players with
80%) foi bastante semelhante entre as classes. Na natação,
cerebral palsy (class: F36, F37 and F38) and 17 swima velocidade correspondente a 4mM aumentou em função
mers (14 men and three women) (class: S1 to S10 and B1).
do aumento das classes, indicando a limitação da capaciIn soccer players, the AnT was determined by an incremendade funcional das classes mais baixas. Por outro lado, as
tal and intermittent protocol in a treadmill. The AnT was
concentrações de lactato em cada percentual da velocidaidentified as the speed corresponding to 3.5 mM of blood
de máxima de 200m foram muito semelhantes entre as claslactate. In swimming, the AnT was determined by an increses, e também às obtidas em nadadores não portadores de
Doping.
Perfil eletrocardiográfico dos atletas integrantes da equipe
brasileira dos XI Jogos Paraolímpicos de Sydney 2000
Determinação do limiar anaeróbio em jogadores
de futebol com paralisia cerebral e nadadores
participantes da Paraolimpíada de Sidney 2000
1996
2001
2005
2011
2013
Interdisciplinary
Process
Training
Center
Youth National
Permanent Team
Multidisciplinary Team
by Sport
National Permanent Team
Evaluation and support for Coaches and Athletes
High Performance
Programs
National Permanent Team
Season
Youth Team 3 times
Training Center
Training Campings and
Evaluations in a Season
Throwing
70
300 3000
ECG Clinical BC ISO Power Jump Psyco
Balance
Medicine VO2 FMS Mobility Technical
mts
mts mts
ball
Dec
x
x
x
Feb
x
Apr
x
x
x
Full
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Jun
x
x
x
Aug
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sports Injuries in Paralympic Track and Field
Athletes with Visual Impairment
MARILIA PASSOS MAGNO E SILVA1, CIRO WINCKLER2, ANSELMO ATHAYDE COSTA E SILVA1,
JAMES BILZON3, and EDISON DUARTE1
1
Department for Adapted Physical Education, University of Campinas, BRAZIL; 2Department for Movement Science,
Federal University of São Paulo, BRAZIL; and 3Department for Health, University of Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
ABSTRACT
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MAGNO E SILVA, M. P., C. WINCKLER, A. A. COSTA E SILVA, J. BILZON, and E. DUARTE. Sports Injuries in Paralympic Track
and Field Athletes with Visual Impairment. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 908–913, 2013. Purpose: The aims of this study
were to determine the epidemiology, nature, and pattern of sports injuries in Brazilian Paralympic track and field athletes with visual
impairment and to assess differences between visual classes and sex. Methods: Forty visually impaired elite Paralympic athletes participated in this study (28 males and 12 females). All athletes competed in International Paralympic competitions between 2004 and
2008. According to the visual classification, 14 athletes were T/F11, 15 were T/F12, and 11 were T/F13. A standardized report form was
used to collect injury data during five competitions. Results: Thirty-one athletes reported 77 sports injuries, with a prevalence of 78%, a
clinical incidence of 1.93 injuries per athlete, and an incidence rate of 0.39 injuries per athlete per competition. Overuse injuries
accounted for 82% and traumatic injuries 18% (P G 0.05). Small variations in the prevalence and clinical incidence of injury between
sexes and visual classes were observed, but these were not statistically different (P 9 0.05). The highest distribution of injury was in
the lower limbs (87%), followed by spine (12%) and upper limbs (1%). The body regions most affected were the thighs (33.8%),
lower legs (16.9%), and knees (9.1%). The most frequent diagnoses were spasms (26%), tendinopathies (23.4%), and strains (13%).
Conclusions: Elite visually impaired track and field Paralympic athletes present a pattern of overuse injuries predominantly affecting the lower limbs, particularly the thighs, lower legs, and knees. These injuries are associated with tendinopathies, muscle spasms,
and strains. There were no apparent differences in injury characteristics between visual classes or sex. Key Words: ATHLETICS,
DISABILITY SPORT, INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY, PARALYMPICS
A
Epidemiology
Studies
the letter F (18). This short introduction serves to highlight
the complexity and variety of Paralympic athletic events,
which is also reflected in the development and understanding of research in the discipline.
To compete, visually impaired athletes must be submitted
to a visual classification, where an ophthalmologist evaluates acuity and visual field. Athletes can be categorized in
one of three levels: B1 are considered blind athletes (from
no light perception in either eye, up to light perception but
unable to recognize the shape of a hand at any distance or
direction), B2 are considered to have severely impaired vision (from ability to recognize the shape of a hand, up to a
visual acuity of 20/600 or a visual field of less than 5- in the
best eye with the best practical eye correction), and B3 are
considered to have moderate to poor vision (visual acuity
above 20/600 to 20/200, or a visual field of less than 20and more than 5- in the best eye with the best correction)
(22). In track and field athletics, these classifications are
given sport-specific nomenclature as follows: T/F11, T/F12,
and T/F13, respectively. The Track and Field Paralympic
Rules determine that acoustic assistance and a guide are
permitted for the classes T/F11 and T/F12. Athletes T/F11
should wear opaque glasses to match the capacity of light
perception between the competitors. The T/F13 athletes
follow the same rules as the regular athletics (18).
thletics was one of only eight sports included in the
first Paralympic Games, held in Rome, in 1960. In
this first Paralympiad, only throwing and pentathlon
events were performed. In the modern Paralympic Games,
track and field athletics is the sport with the largest number
of participating athletes, competing in eight track events
(100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, and 10,000 m and marathon), six field events (long jump, high jump, triple jump,
javelin, discus, and shot put), and one combined event
(pentathlon). They compete in male and female categories
and are classified in 1 of the 26 sport classes, according to
their disability type and motor function (motor, physical,
visual, and intellectual). Athletes who participate in track
events use the letter T before the class number to indicate the
event type, whereas those participating in field events use
Address for correspondence: James Bilzon, Ph.D., Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; E-mail: [email protected].
Submitted for publication June 2012.
Accepted for publication November 2012.
0195-9131/13/4505-0908/0
MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE!
Copyright " 2013 by the American College of Sports Medicine
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827f06f3
908
Aspects of Sports Injuries in Athletes with
Visual Impairment
LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS IN
EXERCISE AND SPORTS
Copyright © 2013 by the American College of Sports Medicine. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Marília Passos Magno e Silva1
Edison Duarte1
Anselmo de Athayde Costa e Silva1
Hésojy Gley Pereira Vital da Silva2
Roberto Vital3
1. Physical Education College of
the State University of Campinas –
Campinas, SP.
2. Medical Sciences College of
the State University of Campinas–
Campinas, SP.
3. Medicine College of the Federal
University of Rio Grande do Norte
– Natal, RN.
Mailing address:
Laboratório de Atividade Motora
Adaptada - Faculdade de
Educação Física - Universidade
Estadual de Campinas - Avenida
Érico Veríssimo, 701 - Cidade
ABSTRACT ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Most research on sport injuries in disabled athletes uses a cross-disability (physical and sensorial)
design and merges different sport modalities in the same study. This procedure creates difficulties
in interpreting the results, since different disabilities and modalities may cause different injury
conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the sports injuries frequency in visually
impaired athletes, to identify the site of the injury, its mechanism, and the main injuries that
occur to these athletes as well as to verify if the visual class relates to the sports injury frequency.
The subjects were male and female visually impaired athletes, members of the Brazilian team of
athletics, soccer 5, goalball, judo, and swimming, who played in international competitions between
2004 and 2008. Data was collected using the Brazilian Paralympic Committee and the Brazilian
Confederation of Sports for the Blind medical form, which included the following information:
name, age, modality, competition, visual classification (B1, B2, B3), injury type, location of injury,
and diagnosis. A total of 131 athletes participated in this study: 42 female, 89 male amongst which
61 were B1, 46 B2, and 24 B3. From this total, 102 athletes reported 288 sports injuries; 2.82 injuries
per athlete. Female athletes presented more injuries than male athletes; however, this difference
did not show statistical significance. Regarding visual classification, B1 athletes got more injuries
than B2 athletes, and these more than B3 athletes; statistically significant difference was found
only between B1 and B3 group. As one group, athletes presented similar values between accident
and overuse injuries. Concerning body segment, lower limbs showed more injuries, followed by
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ENGLISH VERSION
The visual acuity variability during physical efforts in
low vision athletes from the athletics Brazilian team*
DOI: 10.4025/reveducfis.v24.1.17021
Ciro Winckler de Oliveira Filho, José Júlio Gavião de Almeida, Roberto Vital,
Keila Miriam Monteiro de Carvalho and Luiz Eduardo Barreto Martins
RELAÇÃO ENTRE ESTADOS DE HUMOR, VARIABILIDADE DA FREQUÊNCIA
CARDÍACA E CREATINA QUINASE DE PARA-ATLETAS BRASILEIROS
ABSTRACT
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOOD STATES, HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND CREATINE
KINASE OF BRAZILIAN PARA-ATHLETES
*,**
Gerson dos Santos Leite
***
Daniel Pereira do Amaral
****
Raul Santo de Oliveira
*****
Ciro Winckler de Oliveira Filho
Marco Túlio de Mello*****
******
Maria Regina Ferreira Brandão
RESUMO
Objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre os estados de humor, a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e
creatina quinase (CK) de para-atletas brasileiros. Foram avaliados 12 atletas, integrantes da Seleção Brasileira de ParaAtletismo. Para avaliar a resposta autonômica foi determinada a VFC em repouso, coletando os intervalos R-R em 10 min.
Foram coletadas também amostras de sangue para analisar a CK total e para conhecer os estados de humor dos atletas, foi
utilizado a Escala de Brums, sendo calculados os seis estados de humor (tensão, depressão, raiva, fadiga, confusão e vigor).
A análise dos dados foi realizada pela correlação de Sperman. Os principais resultados demonstraram relação entre a
modulação parassimpática e o Vigor dos atletas (r = 0,50 a 0,53; p<0,05). A CK não se relacionou com nenhum marcador.
Conclui-se que houve relação entre a modulação parassimpática da VFC e o Vigor, o que é positivo para o rendimento na
competição.
Palavras-chave: Psicofisiologia, Creatina Quinase, Sistema Nervoso Autônomo.
INTRODUÇÃO
O esporte paralímpico cresce a cada ano em
todo o mundo e isto tem chamado a atenção de
muitos
cientistas
(INTERNATIONAL
PARALYMPIC
COMMITTEE,
2010;
BARYAEV, SHELKOV, EVSEEV, 2009). É
possível encontrar 88 artigos relacionados ao
termo “Paralympic Athletes” na base de dados
Pubmed (pesquisa realizada em outubro de
2012), mas o interessante é que 70% delas foram
publicadas nos últimos cinco anos. Junto ao
aumento do estudo dos atletas, nota-se a melhora
do resultado esportivo dos atletas paralímpicos,
se comparando ao de atletas olímpicos, como o
caso recente da classificação do sul-africano
Motricidade
2012, vol. 8, n. S2, pp. 985-992
Fluxo no para-atletismo
Introduction and objective: This study had as an objective to
evaluate the visual acuity behavior in athletes with low vision, during a continuous effort protocol. Researches point out that visual
acuity presents performance varieties when submitted to physical
efforts in subjects without visual impairment. Method: The studied population was composed by six peoples, who practiced athletics and were part of the Brazilian team in track events. The progressive physical effort test was applied on the first day in a
treadmill. On the second day the continuous effort test was applied, which was divided in three levels, each one had a 15 and 30
minutes break between them. To determine the intensities, the
results obtained in the progressive physical effort test (60% of VE
peak, limiar VE and 90% VE peak) were used. The visual acuity
was measured before, during and after each level of intensity in
the continuous effort protocol. The t Student test was used for
statistics analysis (p < 0.05). Results: The visual acuity presented
© FTCD/FIP-MOC
a decrease in the three levels of effort
in its performance. The
variety between the initial static
visual acuitydo
measure
results and
Suplemento
1º EIPEPS
the measurement of the same variable in the end of the running
phase was 44.5% in the first level, 52.5% in the second and 60%
in the third level. The results presented higher degradation of the
visual component during the dynamic measurements. The recuperation phases, which succeeded the most intense levels of effort,
had the results of the visual acuity, after the deficit found during
the exercise. Conclusion: It can be inferred that in this specific
population there is a decrease in the visual acuity during the effort.
This R.
factBrandão
implies on the necessity of the visual sportive classificaFerreira,
tion being directed to evaluate the visual functionality of each athARTIGO ORIGINAL | ORIGINAL ARTICLE
lete with low vision during the physical effort, since these varieties
can occur during it.
Flow in paralympics track and field
Oscar Pistorius (atleta biamputado) para os
S.S. Gomes, G.S. Leite, V. Pedrinelli, R.
Jogos Olímpicos de Londres nas provas de 400
m e 4x400 m no atletismo.
Mesmo com estes crescimentos, ainda é
escasso na literatura como os atletas
INTRODUCTION
paralímpicos se preparam para as grandes
competições. Esta preocupação vem do fato que
Motor actions occur through interactions and needs created in
the relationship of the man with the environment. The information
somente 20% dos grandes atletas conseguem
pick
up must be suitably performed so that a movement is efficoncretizar seus melhores resultados durante as
cient.
RESUMO
competições principais e de maior prestígio
Such condition is built from the environment’s stimuli reception
O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a predisposição
ao fluxo de 24 atletas pertencentes à Seleção
(Olimpíadas e Mundiais), ou seja, 80% dos
as well as a response elaboration in the face of the need. The data
Brasileira de Para-atletismo. Os participantes processing
responderam
a um questionário geral e a Escala de
atletasEVALUATION
de alto nível não
repetir
for these interactions with the environment formation
OF conseguem
THE QUALITY
OFnem
LIFE AND SLEEP IN BRAZILIAN PARALYMPIC ATHLETES
Predisposição ao Fluxo (EPF). Os resultados apontaram
uma
média
de fluxooftotal
igual a lived
3.85,byoan
que
is associated
with
the repertoire
experiences
individsuperar seus melhores resultados anteriores
indica que os atletas vivenciam
o fluxo frequentemente.
As system
dimensões
dopick
fluxo
destacaram
ARTIGO ORIGINAL
of data
up isque
the se
sight;
moreover, it is
ual(1). The main
(MATVEEV,
2001).
(2-3)
EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DE VIDA Y SUEÑO DE ATLETAS PARALÍMPICOS BRASILEÑOS
foram metas claras (M = 4.56) e experiência autotélica
4.45).
Correlações
positivas
e significa. Nevertheless,
each indominant (M
over=
other
sensory
capacities
O curto período que antecede a competição,
dividual
a contribution
higher
or lower than
the other systivas foram encontradas entre as subescalas da EPF
e o presents
fluxo total,
além disso,
as dimensões
obtiveram
conhecido como Taper (no
Brasil costuma-se
(1).
tems in the
valores de correlação entre si. Observou-se, portanto,
queinformation
o fluxo épick
umupfenômeno
relevante para a
1
AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DE VIDA E DO SONO DE
ATLETAS PARALÍMPICOS BRASILEIROS
Andrea Maculano Esteves
(Educadora Física)
Mestre. Professor da Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.Andressa Silva2,5 (Fisioterapeuta)
RESUMO
amostra estudada e deve ser considerado em atletas que competem a nível nacional e internacional.
Introdução: o esporte paralímpico brasileiro vem ganhando destaque
no cenário psicologia
mundial e, com
isso, a avaPalavras-chave:
do esporte,
fluxo, para-atletismo
liação de variáveis que possam influenciar positivamente no desempenho desses atletas é de suma importância
Doutorando em Educação Física pela Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São
Paulo-SP,
3
* Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity, Physical Education College FEF /
Amaury
BarretoBrasil.
(Biólogo)
***
UNICAMP. Financially sponsored by CAPES.
para
o
acompanhamento
durante
o
seu
período
de
treinamento.
Objetivo:
avaliar
a
qualidade
de
vida
e
do
sono
Motriz, Rio
Claro, em
v.21Educação
n.2, p. 168-176,
Apr./Jun.
2015 Nove de Julho, São Paulo-SP,
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742015000200007
Bacharel
Física,
Universidade
DanielBrasil.
Alves Cavagnolli3
Approved in 31/1/07.
****
de atletas paralímpicos brasileiros. Métodos: foram estudados 49 atletas paralímpicos das modalidades natação
(Educador Físico)
Doutor. Professor da Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
Correspondence to: Av. Érico Veríssimo, 701, University Campus “Zeferi*****
(n=20) e atletismo (n=29). Os atletas responderam a questionários que avaliaram seu padrão e queixas de sono
Luciana
Santo Andrea Ortega4
Doutor. Professor da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP,
Brasil.
no Vaz” – C.P. 6134 – 13083-851 – Campinas, SP. E-mail: [email protected]
e qualidade de vida. Resultados: a maioria dos atletas (65,30%) relatou má qualidade do sono, visto que a latência
******
(Educadora
Doutora. Professora da Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo-SP,
Brasil. Física)
230e
Original Article (short paper)
do sono neste grupo foi significativamente maior do que em atletas com boa qualidade de sono. Cinquenta por
Andrew Parsons5 (Jornalista)
5
cento dos atletas relataram o desejo de fazer mudanças em seu horário de sono e 52% gostariam de aumentar
Edilson aspects
Rocha Tubibaof
Sleep quality and psychobiological
ABSTRACT
(Educador Físico)
o seu tempo de sono. A sonolência diurna excessiva foi observada em 53,06% dos atletas. Quanto às queixas
Brazilian Paralympic athletes
the
Rev. in
Educ.
Fis/UEM, v. 24, n. 1, p. 33-40, 1. trim. 2013
The purpose of this study was to analyze the dispositional flow of 24 athletes belonging to the
Murilo Barreto5 (Educador Físico)
de distúrbios do sono, foram relatados chute ou espasmos das pernas e ronco. Menores índices de qualidade
Brazilian Para-athletics. The participants answered a general questionnaire and the Dispositional Flow
London 2012 pre-Paralympics
period
Ciro Winckler
de Oliveira Filho5
de vida foram encontrados no meio ambiente em comparação com os domínios físicos, psicológicos ou sociais.
Scale (DFS). The results showed an average total flow equal to 3.85, indicating that athletes experience
(Educador Físico)
Conclusões: os resultados sugerem que a maioria dos atletas apresentou
má qualidade
do sono e, conseflowuma
frequently.
The dimensions
of flow that stood out were clear goals (M = 4.56) and autotelic
Sergio Tufik3 (Médico)
Dayane Ferreira Rodrigues
quentemente, um alto índice de insatisfação com o sono. Além disso, menores
escores
de vidapositive
foram correlations were found between the subscales and the global
experience
(Mde
=qualidade
4.45). Strong
Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
Brazil
Marco
Túlio de Mello2,5
encontrados no domínio ambiental, que está relacionado com a segurança
física,
condiçõesthe
emdimensions
casa.
flow of
theproteção
DFS, in eaddition,
obtained values of correlation. There was, therefore, that
*
**
Andressa Silva
(Educador Físico)
Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brasília,
Brazil de Ciências Aplicadas,
1. Faculdade
Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Limeira, SP, Brasil
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
2. Universidade Federal de Minas
Francieli Silva Ruiz Gerais, Departamento de Esportes,
Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
Brazil
3. Universidade Federal de
São Paulo, Departamento de
Amaury Wagner Veríssimo
Psicobiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Ciro Winckler
Edilson Alves da Rocha4. Associação Fundo de Incentivo à
Andrew Parsons Pesquisa (AFIP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, Brasília,
BrazilParalímpico Brasileiro
5. Comitê
(CPB), Brasília, DF, Brasil
João Paulo Pereira Rosa
Sergio Tufik
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Correspondência:
SP, Brazil
flow is a phenomenon relevant to the sample and should be considered in athletes who compete
Palavras-chave: esporte, sono, qualidade de vida, atividade física, distúrbios
sono.
nationallydo
and
internationally.
ABSTRACT
Keywords: sport psychology, flow, para-athletics
Introducction: Brazilian paralympic sports are gaining prominence on the world stage. That’s why the evaluation
of some characteristics that may influence positively the athletes’ performance is so important to be observed during
the training sessions. Objective: to assess the quality of life and sleep quality of Brazilian paralympic athletes. Methods:
49 paralympic athletes participating in swimming (n=20) and athletics (n=29) were studied. The athletes answered
questionnaires assessing their sleep patterns and complaints and their quality of life. Results: most athletes (65,30%)
reported poor sleep quality, and the sleep latency in this group was significantly greater than in the athletes with good
sleep quality. Fifty percent of the athletes reported a desire to make changes in their sleep schedule and 52% would like
to increase their sleep time. Excessive daytime sleepiness was observed
in 53.06%01.08.2011
of the athletes.| Regarding
complaints
Submetido:
Aceite: 14.09.2011
of sleep disorders, there were reported kicking or jerking of the legs and snore. Lower scores for quality of life were found
in the environment if compared to the physical, psychological or social relationship domains.Conclusion: most athletes
reported poor sleep quality and, consequently, a high index of dissatisfaction with their sleep. Moreover, lower quality of
life scores were found in the environmental domain, which is related to physical safety, protection and conditions at home.
Marco Túlio de Mello.
Simone Salvador Gomes, Gerson dos Santos Leite. Universidade Nove de julho, São Paulo, Brasil.
Marco Tulio de Mello
Departamento de Esportes - Escola
Verena Pedrinelli, Rodrigo Ferreira, Regina Brandão. Instituição Universidade São Judas Tadeu, Brasil.
Keywords: sports, sleep, quality of life, physical activity, sleep disorders.
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
de Educação Física, Fisioterapia
Endereço para correspondência: Simone Salvador Gomes, Av. Paes de Barros, 177/93, Mooca - São Paulo, SP, CEP:
e Terapia Ocupacional – UFMG.
03115-020, Brasil.
RESUMEN
Abstract—The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychobiological aspects
the Paralympic
athletics mode,
AvenidaofPresidente
Carlosathletes
Luz, 4664,
E-mail: [email protected]
Introducción: El deporte paralímpico brasileño viene ganando destaque en el escenario mundial y con eso la
before the London Paralympic Games 2012. We evaluated 40 athletes without 31 men and 9 women who were selected by
Campus Pampulha - Belo Horizonte,
the Brazilian Paralympic Committee to be part of the Brazilian delegation. For the evaluation of psychobiological aspects
evaluación de variables que puedan influenciar positivamente en el desempeño de esos atletas es de suma importanMinasquestionnaire
Gerais, Brasil, Pittsburgh
CEP: 31310-250,
used questionnaires: Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, POMS, the Beck Depression
Epworth Scale
to el acompañamiento durante su período de entrenamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida y del sueño
cia para
Keywords: Athletics. Visual impairment and visual acuity.
Athletes with low vision will have as main sensory characteristic the limitation of visual stimuli from the environment. Thus, their
motor efficiency will be associated with better usage of their visual residue, associating it with the other sensory capacities. However, would a temporary alteration in the visual information occur,
the response to this stimulus will be differentiated. During sports
practice, more specifically in athletics, many athletes with low vision have reported decreased performance in their visual capacity,
both in training and competitions(4).
Studies on visual capacity behavior during physical efforts have
presented varied results. Visual acuity presents variation according to the intensity and characteristic of the effort; another influential factor is the behavior and kind of object to be visualized in the
focusing. Research developed by Ishigaky et al.(5) has shown that
visual acuity statically tested presented a significant decrease concerning the initial condition in the three continuous effort levels.
However, there was no significant variation in refraction neither in
the crystalline accommodation during exercise performed in ergometric bicycle. Watanabe(6) performed in his study tests with a focus object in static and dynamic conditions; the results presented
a decrease in visual acuity in both cases, except for the mildest
static effort in which there was improvement in visual acuity. Visual behavior showed lower variation in results of static tests compared with dynamic ones. The ergometer used for this test was a
static ergometric bicycle and the focus object was in dynamic condition. Fleury et al.(6) evaluated visual acuity during the dislocation
of volunteers on a treadmill in many effort regimens, the results
presented decrease in visual acuity in all intensities. In investigations by Bard and Fleury(7), Hancock and McNaughton(8), Aravena
et al.(9), Oliveira Filho and Almeida(4) the tests were performed with
a static focus object and all measured variables presented decrease
in final levels of visual acuity compared with the initial parameters,
being the aerobic component present in all of them.
Visual acuity is understood as the maximal distance in which an
object can be observed and visually defined over the influence of
the different refractions and techniques applied in the test(10). Visual acuity may present two components in its analysis, namely: static
or dynamic(6,11). The former is the capacity to discriminate static
objects and the latter refers to the condition to visually define, with
precision, moving objects(6).
The process of visually focus a given object is controlled by the
effects caused in the accommodation of the crystalline and the
pupillary diameter(6,12-13). The first process is characterized by the
crystalline shape, the shape alteration occurs by action of the ciliary muscle, the muscular contraction leads to the crystalline flattening, which allows to more precisely see more distant structures(12-13). The accommodation has more effective action in objects
with distance up to 40 centimeters(6). The ratio between pupillary
diameter and focusing lies on the amount of light which enters the
ocular globe(6,12-13). The more light, the lower the capacity to focus;
thus, the pupil’s constriction will be an agent for visual acuity. This
Rev Bras Med Esporte _ Vol. 13, Nº 4 – Jul/Ago, 2007
Feedbackfortheathletes
• Direct
• Feedbackfortheathletesandcoaches
• Indirect(publishtheinforma6on)
Analisesoftheresults
• Iden6fytypicalbehaviour
• Characteris6cofthedisability'sgroup
Evaluation Model
Jet Leg
Evaluation
Sleep quality evaluation, chronotype,
sleepiness and anxiety in
Acclimatization Manual to Acclimatization period in Beijing 2008
IPC Athletics 2011 each of the three assessments are shown in Table 2.
Table 3 shows the musculoskeletal complaints of
athletes during the three assessments.
conditions. The assessments performed in this
study showed that the athletes’ muscle strength
increased independently of the velocity of movement. These results are most likely related to the
time points selected for assessment, as the first was
DISCUSSION
conducted at the onset of the training cycle, imThe results of this study show that the knee mediately after the end of vacation, when athletes
flexion and extension muscle strength exhibited a are not in their best physical shape,16 as required
TABLE 1 H/Q ratio values at the three assessments
gradual increase in both the right and left lower during the competition phase.17 The second assess- Authors:
Silva, PhD
ment
was performed immediately
after the end of Andressa
limbs for the three assessments.
In addition, muscleSecond
First Assessment
Assessment
Third Assessment
Gisele Zanca, PhD
Paralympic Athletes
Silva Alves, Msc
imbalance exhibited an association with knee and the preparatory phase, when the athletes’ coaches Eduardo
Valdir de Aquino Lemos, Msc
Right
Left
Right
Left
Right
Left
Augusto Gávea, Msc
most likely sought to achieve gains in strength and Sebastião
thigh complaints at all three assessments.
Ciro Winckler, PhD
14
Stela
Márcia
Mattiello, PhD
H/Q, 60 degrees/sec
T 12.7 by 52.5
T 6.9 et 53.1
T 3.4that 56.0
T 10.1 no 53.9
T 6.7 difvelocity. 53.2
Despite
reduction,
significant
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
A meta-analysis56.3
performed
Granacher
al. T 7.1
Ronnie Peterson, Msc
15 T 8.4
H/Q, and
180 degrees/sec
68.0
T
11.2
66.2
T
8.6
65.7
65.5
T
6.3
66.3
T
9.2
64.6
T
7.3
Roberto
Vital,
PhD
ferences were found relative to the first assess- Sergio Tufik, PhD
the review study conducted by Hrysomallis
H/Q, 300 degrees/sec
80.8 T 11.6
75.9 T 8.4
74.4 T 11.2a 18 73.8 T 6.6
76.7 T 9.9
74.0 T 6.6
found that muscle strength is one of the most rele- ment. These results deserve attention, as they Marco Túlio De Mello, PhD
a
P = 0.01, significant difference relative to the first assessment.
Isokinetic Assessment and
vant factors associated with physical performance in indicate that athletes might exhibit greater strength Affiliations:
the Brazilian Paralympic
Musculoskeletal Complaints in
sports, regarding both high-level performance and at the beginning of a subsequent training cycle as From
Committee (Comitê Paraolı́mpico
Paralympic Athletes
injury prevention. In addition, assessment of muscle well as greater gains in strength throughout the Brasileiro) (AS, CW, RP, RV, MTDM),
Brası́lia, Distrito Federal; Center of
A Longitudinal Study
strength might contribute to the development of competitive phase compared with the corresponding Studies on Psychobiology and Exercise
(Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia
e Exercı́cio) (AS, ESA, VdAL, SAG, ST,
phases
the isokinetic
previous cycle.
therapeutic
procedures
rehabilitation
and 180
degrees/sec
exhibitedfor
nothe
significant
differ-of inIn this
study,of the
assessments performed
MTDM), São Paulo, São Paulo; Federal
ABSTRACT
Through
the
analysis
of
bilateral
strength
difjuries
affecting
the
musculoskeletal
system
as
well
University of São Carlos (Universidade
ence among the three assessments. However, the H/Q throughout 1 yr found an increase in the knee flexor
Federal
de
São
Carlos)
(GZ,
SMM),
Silva A, Zanca G, Alves ES, de Aquino Lemos V, Gávea SA, Winckler C,
ferences and
the antagonist/agonist
ratio,with
isokinetic
as 300
to the
identification
of muscle strength
deficits.2,4
São Carlos, São Paulo; Federal University
ratio at
degrees/sec
corresponding
to the right
and extensor
muscles’
strength associated
a
Mattiello SM, Peterson R, Vital R, Tufik S, De Mello MT: Isokinetic assessment and
of São Paulo (Universidade Federal de
musculoskeletal complaints in paralympic athletes: a longitudinal study. Am J Phys
São Paulo) (ESA, VdAL, CW, ST), São
knee exhibited significant reduction at the second reduced incidence of muscle imbalance and occurMed Rehabil 2015;00:00Y00.
Paulo, São Paulo; Federal University of
assessment compared with the first one (P = 0.017). rence of musculoskeletal complaints, corroborating
Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess and monitor the peak torque
Minas Gerais) (AS, MTM).
of the knee extensor and flexor muscles in flexion and extension and the reports
TheTABLE
numbers
of athletes
did and
not ex- imbalance
the initialinhypothesis.
2 Number
ofwho
athletes
whodid
presented
relation to H/Q (G47%) at 60 degrees/sec
of musculoskeletal complaints in members of the main Brazilian Paralympic athCorrespondence:
hibit a H/Q ratio imbalance
(G47%)of
at complaints
60 degrees/sec,
Theknee
maximum
PT during isokinetic movement
and the number
related to the
and thigh
letics team through 1 yr.
All correspondence and requests for
associated or not with knee and thigh complaints, at is a measure of the muscle strength under dynamic
reprints should be addressed to: Marco
Design: Fourteen healthy athletes from both sexes were assessed three times
Túlio de Mello, PhD, Universidade
each of the three assessments are shown in Table Imbalance
2. conditions.4 The assessments
performed
in this
Without
Imbalance
Federal de Minas Gerais, 4664, Av.
in 1 yr. The volunteers were assessed for the presence of musculoskeletal comPresidente Carlos Luz, Belo
plaints and muscle strength at three time points: (1) at the onset of the preparaTable 3 shows the musculoskeletal complaints of study showed that the athletes’ muscle strength
Horizonte/MG, Campus Pampulha,
With Complaints
No Complaints
With Complaints
No Complaints
tory phase on December 2009, (2) at a follow-up assessment on June 2010, and
CEP: 31310-250, Brasil.
athletes during the three assessments.
increased independently of the velocity of move(3) before actual competition on December 2010. The athletes’ self-reported
Disclosures:
First assessment (n = 14)
4
2
1 likely related to 7the
musculoskeletal complaints were assessed in structured interviews, and the muscle
ment. These
results are most
Financial disclosure statements have
Second assessment (n = 14)
4
1
1
8
strength was assessed by means of isokinetic dynamometry.
time points
selected for assessment,
as the first 5was
been obtained, and no conflicts of
Third assessment (n = 11)
5
1
0
interest
have
been
reported
by
the
Results:
The knee flexor and extensor muscle strength exhibited significant
DISCUSSION
conducted at the onset of the training cycle, imauthors or by any individuals in control
increase in both the right and left lower limbs at the second and third assessof the content of this article.
The results of this study show that the knee mediately after the end of vacation, when athletes
ments compared with the first one (P G 0.05). Muscle imbalance was associated
with knee and thigh complaints at all three assessments (P G 0.05).
flexion and extension muscle strength exhibited a are not in their best physical shape,16 as required
0894-9115/15/0000-0000
www.ajpmr.com
Isokinetic Assessment
in
Paralympic
Athletes
5
Conclusions: The knee flexor and extensor muscle strength exhibited a gradAmerican Journal of Physical
gradual increase in both the right and left lower during the competition phase.17 The second assessMedicine & Rehabilitation
ual increase in both lower limbs during the course of the three assessments.
Copyright * 2015 Wolters Kluwer
limbs for the three assessments. In addition, muscle ment was performed immediately after the end of
In parallel, muscle imbalance was associated with the occurrence of knee and
Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
thigh complaints.
imbalance exhibited an association with knee and the preparatory phase, when the athletes’ coaches
DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000244
Key
Words: Isokinetic Assessment, Injury Reports, Para-Athletics, Paralympic Athletes
most Inc.
likely
sought toreproduction
achieve gains
inarticle
strength
and
thigh complaints at all three
assessments.
Copyright
© 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health,
Unauthorized
of this
is prohibited.
14
velocity. Despite that reduction, no significant difA meta-analysis performed by Granacher et al.
and the review study conducted by Hrysomallis15 ferences were found relative to the first assessfound that muscle strength is one of the most rele- ment.18 These results deserve attention, as they
vant factors associated with physical performance in indicate that athletes might exhibit greater strength
sports, regarding both high-level performance and at the beginning of a subsequent training cycle as
injury prevention. In addition, assessment of muscle well as greater gains in strength throughout the
www.ajpmr.com
Isokinetic Assessment in Paralympic Athletes
1
strength might contribute to the development of competitive phase compared with the corresponding
therapeutic procedures for the rehabilitation of in- phases of the previous cycle.
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Through the analysis of bilateral strength difjuries affecting the musculoskeletal system as well
2,4
ferences and the antagonist/agonist ratio, isokinetic
as to the identification of muscle strength deficits.
logo
logo
TABLE 2 Number of athletes who presented imbalance in relation to H/Q (G47%) at 60 degrees/sec
Intervention
Training’s Routine
I Semana de Treinamento e Avaliação de São Caetano
Protocolo de Prevenção de Lesões
Modalidade Para-Atletismo
Parte 1
Ronnie Peterson
Andressa de Mello
Fisioterapeutas do CPB
Exercícios que promovem uma corrida mais uniforme e ajuda a evitar lesões.
Exercícios de Alongamentos
Iniciar o protocolo com alongamentos dos membros inferiores e superiores.
Exercício 1 – Ativação do Centro de Força
Centro de Força: A contração simultânea dos abdominais e assoalho pélvico
(prender o xixi).
Deitado com barriga para cima, joelhos e quadril flexionados a 90º. Manter
contração dos abdominais e assoalho pélvico durante 3 ciclos respiratórios
(Foto 1A). Com o controle de centro de força ativado, realizar elevação de
tronco
simultaneamente
durante
3
ciclos
respiratórios
com
padrão
diafragmático (enchendo a barriga), sempre mantendo a postura inicial (Foto
1B).
1A
Exercício 2
1B
Best Result
in
IPC Athletics WC
TOP 3 at Medal Table
No Muscle Injuries
in the competition
1,2,3
1
3
1
3
3
3,4
3
2,4
2,3,4
11
1,2
12
Competition period
85
58
143
Total in the two periods
258
170
428
Musculoskeletal complaints (%)
athletes and seven of them were visually-impaired athletes.
This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
Federal University of São Paulo (CEP no 0294/11) and conducted
according to the Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Board.
LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS IN
AND SPORTS
MUSCULOSKELETAL
PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC
All COMPLAINTS
athletes signedAND
a consente
form agreeing onEXERCISE
participating
in
the BRAZILIAN
research. PARALYMPIC DELEGATION
PROCEDURES IN THE
DURING THE PARALYMPIC ATHLETICS WORLD
Procedures
CHAMPIONSHIP IN 2011
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
All the treatments performed by the physiotherapy
department of
the CPB were recorded. The services were daily recorded concerning
Andressa da Silva
ABSTRACT
Stela Márcia Mattiello
Introduction: Athletics
is an umbrella
sport with
high incidence of musculoskeletal
injuries;
Ronnie Peterson
complaint,
affected
location
physiotherapeutic
resource
used. All
Gisele Garcia Zanca
however, the literature presents little information on injuries in Paralympics athletics. Objective:
Roberto Vital
thestudy
athletes
were
clinically
evaluated
by the
CPB doctor
This
was to describe
the profile
of the musculoskeletal
complaints,
their anatomical
locations, before
Roberto Itiro
Ciro Winckler
and physiotherapeutic resources used during the Paralympic Athletics World Championships in
the physiotherapy treatment began. The Physiotherapy Sector was
Edilson Alves da Rocha
Christchurch in 2011. Methods: The Brazilian delegation included 34 athletes. Their musculoskeSergio Tufik
letal
complaints, affected
anatomical
regions, and the physiotherapy
resources used
were performed
daily
Marco Túlio de Mello
composed
of two
physiotherapists,
and the services
were
recorded for all of the physiotherapy sessions. The sessions were held in the hotel that hosted the
1. Federal University of São Carlos,
at the hotel
site
in which
delegation
was and
in the
delegation
and at the
competition
venue.the
Results:
Out of the 34 athletes,
25 (73.5%)
were area
treated next to
São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
2. Center of Studies in
at the Department of Physiotherapy. The main complaints were myalgia (38.4%), followed by
Psychobiology and Exercise, São
the athletics
competition
was
arthralgia
(23%). The track
region ofon
the which
body with the
the most
complaints was the
thighheld.
(n = 8,The
30.7%),services
Paulo, SP, Brazil.
followed by the knee (n = 6, 23%). A total of 428 physiotherapy sessions were performed. At the
3. Brazilian Paralympic Committee,
were performed during the training period (acclimatization) and
Brasília, DF, Brazil.
hotel, the mostly used therapeutic approach was the ultrasound (35.1%), followed by TENS (31.2%)
4. Federal University of São Paulo,
and
cryotherapy (23.3%).
At the competition
venue,January
the mostly used
was
competitions
period,
between
8th therapeutic
and 28thapproach
(21 days).
The
São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
cryotherapy (44.1%), followed by massage (37.2%). Conclusion: The results of this study contribute
st
Mailing address:
training
period lasted
14 injuries
days in(from
January
8thdevelop
to 21
), during
to
a better understanding
of the major
this sport
and help to
programs
aimed which,
Marco Túlio de Mello
for injury prevention.
Centro de Estudo em Psicobiologia
the athletes performed two activity shifts. The physiotherapeutic
e Exercício. Rua Francisco de
Castro, 93, Vila Clementino.
Keywords:
injuries,
athleticwho
performance,
physiotherapy.
04020-050. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
serviceathletic
for the
ones
needed
it, was performed during the day
[email protected]
shift. During seven competitionReceived
days on(from
January 22nd to 28th), the
4/20/2012, and approved on 11/14/2012.
athletes received physiotherapeutic
assistance in the competition
are the ones to first offer help to the injured athlete. The purpose is to
INTRODUCTION
a complete evaluation,
leading
into consideration
the afternoon)
signs
venue
the
competition
periods
(morning
and
The Paralympic sports have rapidly
evolvedduring
over the last
year,two
as perform
well as the competitive level of their athletes, and this fact has been and symptoms reported by the athlete, allowing hence the identificaand at the hotel in the afternoon and at night.
related with the increase of incidence of musculoskeletal injuries . tion of severe injuries in their initial stages . The physiotherapist is a
part of the medical team since the Paralympic games in Barcelona
Among the sports modalities, we can
highlight
athletics due
The
collected
data
concerning the type of complaint, its locato its diversity of events, each one characterized by the presence in 1992 , being of great relevance in the rehabilitation process of
disabilities . Some
therapeutic
modalities
used by theand are
of specific training conditions and
basic and
elements,
such as run- athletes with resource
tion,
physiotherapeutic
used
were
recorded
ning, jumping or throwing and the physical abilities used. Athletics physiotherapist aid in the healing process and consequently in the
process ofmanner,
returning as fastin
as possible
to the sport .
presented
in a descriptive
percentage.
involves a wide variety of movement
with diverse biomechanical
Myalgia
Arthralgia Tendinopathy Osteitis
Contracture Lumbalgia
Figure 1. Percentage of musculoskeletal complaints.
Shoulder
3 (11.5%)
Elbow
1 (3.8%)
Low back
1 (3.8%)
13
3
11
characteristics, which may lead to the onset of common injuries and
sometimes specific to the modality. Many studies reveal that practitioners of the athletics modality present musculoskeletal complaints
during sports training and competitions4-6. Some studies conducted
with Paralympic athletes demonstrate higher percentage of injuries
on the lower limbs7-9. Vital et al.9 found that the lower limbs (38.6%)
were the most injured anatomical location in athletics during the
World Paralympic Championship of 2002.
Athanasopoulos et al.10 described the physiotherapy services performed during the Olympic Games of 2004, and found out that the
athletics modality was the one which presented the most injuries,
representing 51.1% of the services performed by the physiotherapy
sector during the competition.
The physiotherapy sector, together with the medical department,
RESULTS
256
However, until the present moment, little information in the literature about the main types of musculoskeletal injuries in the Paralympic
athletics modality9,is available and no research about the main physiotherapeutic procedures used has been found. Therefore, this study has
the aim to present the profile of the musculoskeletal complaints, their
anatomical localization as well as physiotherapeutic procedures performed in the physiotherapy department of the Brazilian Delegation
during the Christchurch Paralympic World Athletics Games in 2011.
The delegation was composed of 34 athletes (28 men and six
women) who competed in the track (30 athletes) and field events
(four athletes). The athletes presented age mean of 28.9 ± 6.3 years,
METHODS
weight of 66.1 ± 9.4 kg
and height of 171.7 ± 10.2 cm.
Participants
In the end, a total of
428 physiotherapeutic services were perAll the followed athletes were oficial members of the Brazilian
Paralympic
Athletics
Delegation,
recruitedand
by the170
Brazilian
formed, out of which, 258
at the
hotel
premises
atParalymthe athletics
pic Committee (CPB) to participate in the Christchurch Paralympic
competition venue (table 1), with meanRevofBras 20
services a day.
Med Esporte – Vol. 19, N 4 – Jul/Aug, 2013
Out of the 34 athletes, 25 (73.5%) needed physiotherapeutic
service. The majority of the musculoskeletal complaints occurred
in the first seven days (n = 20, 83.3%). The main musculoskeletal
o
Knee
6 (23%)
Thigh
8 (30.7%)
Leg
2 (7.6%)
Foot
3 (11,5%)
Ankle
2 (7.6%)
Figure 2. Percentage of the musculoskeletal complaints per anatomical location.
Crossroads
Redirection of
the Focus
Zoom at the Frontier…
Tabela 1
VI
SD
Gui SD p
de
HR max
169,7810,80169,6913,100,60
VO2 max
mL/kg/min
42,31 7,56 43,30 4,22 0,91
VO2 max L/
min
2,85 0,64 3,33 0,37 0,02
Disability and Rehabilitation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Table 6 - Root Mean Squared Predicton Error (RMSPE) (kcal) of predicted BMR
in comparison to measured BMR, according to disability
Equations
[31]
Skinfolds
Plethysmography
rP
Fo
Cunninghan (1991)
Cunninghan (1980)[30]
Owen (1986,1987)[27,28]
Cunninghan (1991)[31]
Cunninghan (1980)[30]
Owen (1986,1987)[27,28]
Harris & Benedict (1919)[11]
DRI (2002)[6]
FAO/OMS (1985)[46]
Mifflin (1990)[29]
GUIDE
VI
n=14
n=11
117
188
270
341
82
169
109
204
265
357
74
169
104
204
74
164
133
206
41
146
w
ie
ev
rR
ee
PeakTorque
180°/s
300°/s
251,3*
192,2
181,6*
142,7
119,1
98,9
RExtensor
90,4
RFlexor
ATHLETES
AMP** CP
n=8
n=8
173
148
326
299
117
125
163
163*
315
314*
103
116
144
198
144
145
170
159
109
130
AMP = amputees; VI= visually impaired; CP= cerebral palsy
**Data from three AMP athletes (2 men and 1 woman) with amputation ≥10% of
were not considered.
*Data from on female CP athlete was not available.
URL: http:/mc.manuscriptcentral.com/dandr Email:
60°/s
Page 26 of 26
148,5*
91,2
130,0* 118,0*
RExtensor
RFlexor
GUIDES
112,6*
BRAMS
Nome
T-Escore
FATOR
Tension Depression
80+
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
body mass
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
Guides
49
48
Athletes BRAMS
47
46
Nome Gold Medalist and guide
45
T-Escore
FATOR
44
Tension Depression
Anger
Vigour
43
80+
42
79
78
14
5
41
77
5
40
76
39
75
13
38
74
37
73
72
12
36
71
4
35
70
11
4
3416
69
33
68
3215
67
10
66
31
65
3
3014
64
9
3
29
63
62
61
60
59
58
[email protected]
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
guide
49
48
47
46
Athlete
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
Means Athlete and Guide
5
2
10
12
9
8
4
11
4
5
10
1
6
9
7
2
6
1
3
2
7
2
6
1
3
1
0
Fatigue
2
11
1
9
10
0
8
9
7
8
6
7
5
5
4
4
3
6
1
1
5
0
0
T-Escore
Confusion
0
0
4
9
8
2
1
4
3
3
2
1
4
2
3
5
10
5
7
4
2
11
2
0
5
6
12
9
1
7
13
8
8
0
14
3
3
4
7
15
3
10
1
16
8
11
6
Confusion
9
13
6
2
Fatigue
5
12
7
T-Escore
Vigour
11
14
13
8
Anger
80+
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
0
5
0
0
4
3
2
1
0
80+
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
PeakTorque
60°/s
180°/s
300°/s
251,3*
192,2
181,6*
142,7
119,1
98,9
RExtensor
90,4
RFlexor
ATHLETES
148,5*
91,2
130,0* 118,0*
RExtensor
RFlexor
GUIDES
112,6*
Running Economy
Tabela 1
VI
HR max
VO2 max mL/kg/min
VO2 max L/min
SD
Guide
SD
169,78 10,80 169,69 13,10
p
0,60
42,31
7,56
43,30
4,22
0,91
2,85
0,64
3,33
0,37
0,02
In Review: Juzwiak, C et al. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND PREDICTIVE VALUES OF BASAL
METABOLIC RATE IN BRAZILIAN PARALYMPIC ATHLETICS’ ATHLETE
Disability and Rehabilitation
Page 26 of 26
Table 6 - Root Mean Squared Predicton Error (RMSPE) (kcal) of predicted BMR
in comparison to measured BMR, according to disability
Equations
Skinfolds
Plethysmography
r
Fo
Cunninghan (1991)[31]
Cunninghan (1980)[30]
Owen (1986,1987)[27,28]
Cunninghan (1991)[31]
Cunninghan (1980)[30]
Owen (1986,1987)[27,28]
Harris & Benedict (1919)[11]
DRI (2002)[6]
FAO/OMS (1985)[46]
Mifflin (1990)[29]
GUIDE
VI
n=14
n=11
117
188
270
341
82
169
109
204
265
357
74
169
104
204
74
164
133
206
41
146
AMP** CP
n=8
n=8
173
148
326
299
117
125
163
163*
315
314*
103
116
144
198
144
145
170
159
109
130
er
Pe
AMP = amputees; VI= visually impaired; CP= cerebral palsy
**Data from three AMP athletes (2 men and 1 woman) with amputation ≥10% of body mass
were not considered.
*Data from on female CP athlete was not available.
ew
vi
Re
In review: POWER AND SPEED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRAZILIAN PARALYMPIC
SPRINTERS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND GUIDES: A PILOT STUDY
Table 1. Comparisons of the performance in vertical and horizontal jump tests between AVI and guide
athletes. la 1
VI
Guide
Difference
(95% CI)
SJ (cm)
35.9 ± 6.3
45.6 ± 3.2*
29.2 % (19.5 – 39.3)
1.5 (Large)
CMJ (cm)
38.5 ± 6.2
46.7 ± 4.0*
23.2 % (14.2 – 32.1)
1.3 (Large)
QR (m)
9.2 ± 1.9
12.7 ± 1.0*
42.3 % (26.3 – 58.1)
1.7 (Large)
QL (m)
9.4 ± 1.9
13.1 ± 0.8*
45.4 % (26.9 – 63.9)
2.0 (Large)
DEC (m)
21.0 ± 3.3
27.2 ± 1.7*
32.6 % (20.1 – 45.1)
1.9 (Large)
Effect Size
SJ = squat jump; CMJ = countermovement jump; QR = quintuple jump with right leg; QL =
quintuple jump with left leg; DEC = decuple jump; CI = confidence interval; *P < 0.05.
AVI presented strong associations between VEL 50 m and vertical jumps (SJ = 0.80 and CMJ = 0.84; P < 0.01)
Surprisingly, differently from AVI and Olympic athletes, the guides did not present significant correlations between jumping and
sprinting ability.
Figure 2. Comparisons of the velocities in 50 m between AVI and guide
athletes.
ES = 1.7 (Large), P < 0.05.
Figure 1. Comparisons of the velocities in 10 m between AVI and guide athletes.
ES = 2.1 (Large), P < 0.05.
Panel A individual comparisons.
Panel B means of the groups and the
magnitude of the difference (%), between
parentheses are presented the 95%
confidence interval of difference
Impact on the
Training
Modification of Guides
Training
Volume and Intensity
r2= .36
.54
TOP 3 at Medal Table
Limited number of
Muscle Injuries
in the competition
Figure 1.TIF
Performance changes and relationship
between vertical jump measures and
actual sprint performance in elite
sprinters with visual impairment
throughout a Parapan American games
training season
w
e
i
v
Irineu Loturco1*, Ciro Winckler2, Ronaldo Kobal1, Cesar C. Cal Abad1, Katia Kitamura1, Amaury
W. Veríssimo2, Lucas A. Pereira1, Fábio Y. Nakamura1
w
e
e
i
r
v
e
n
r
I
In
1
NAR - NUCLEUS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE IN SPORT, Brazil, 2CPB - Brazilian Paralympic Committee, Brazil
Submitted to Journal:
Frontiers in Physiology
Specialty Section:
Exercise Physiology
Article type:
Original Research Article
Manuscript ID:
166837
Received on:
28 Aug 2015
Revised on:
03 Oct 2015
Frontiers website link:
www.frontiersin.org
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
Table 1. Predictions of 100- and 200-m dash performances using multiple regression analysis.
Figure 3.TIF
TABLE 1
Table 1. Predictions of 100- and 200-m dash performances using multiple regression analysis.
100-m
200-m
R2
0.66*
0.66*
Equation
y = 15.558 - (0.063 x SJ) - (0.061 x JS)
y = 32.918 - (0.167 x SJ) - (0.098 x JS)
Note: SJ = squat jump; JS = jump squat; P < 0.01.
e
r
In
w
e
i
v
Analyzed using
Reflectance Photometry
Escala de Hooper et al 1995
Nome do atleta:
Data : Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Medicine
Hooper, S. L., et al.(1995).
Instruções:
Faça um
círculo
nos números (de
7) sobre os tópicos
que percebe como
and
Science
in1 aSports
andemExercise.
se sente em relação a sua QUALIDADE DE SONO, FADIGA ESTRESSE E DOR
MUSCULAR.
Sleep
Quality
QUALIDADE DE SONO
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
Stress
Muito, muito BOM
FADIGA
Muito, muito RUIM
7
ESTRESSE
1
Muito, muito POUCO
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
Muito, muito ALTO
7
Fatigue
Muito, muito ALTA
DOR MUSCULAR
2
7
Muito, muito POUCA
Muito, muito POUCA
Muito, muito ALTA
Muscle
Pain
TOP 1 at Medal Table
No Muscle Injuries
in the competition
Next Steps….
You are all welcome
to Santos in ICSEMIS 2016!!!
http://www.icsemis2016.org
[email protected]
[email protected]
Thanks for your
attention!