REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE
MINISTÉRIO DAS PESCAS
CURSO MODULAR DE CAPACITAÇÃO
EM AQUACULTURA
www.inaqua.gov.mz
I. IMPORTÂNCIA DO PEIXE NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DO HOMEM
II. A PESCA MARÍTIMA NO MUNDO
III. NOÇÃO DE AQUACULTURA
IV. ORIGEM E VANTAGENS DA AQUACULTURA
V. AQUACULTURA EM MOÇAMBIQUE
VI. AS ESPÉCIES MAIS CULTIVADAS NO MUNDO E EM MOÇAMBIQUE
Módulo1
PLANO TEMÁTICO (45 min.)
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
Introdução sobre Aquacultura no País e no Mundo
2
I – IMPORTÂNCIA DO PEIXE NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DO HOMEM
Cada um de nós deve ter na sua família pessoas idosas mas, ainda com saúde. Porquê?
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– Controlo do nível de colesterol
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Água
Proteínas
Gorduras
Sais minerais
Carbohidratos
m
II – A PESCA MARÍTIMA NO MUNDO
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3
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a actividade que pode ser indicada como alternativa à pesca.
III – NOÇÃO DE AQUACULTURA
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moluscos, crustáceos e plantas aquáticas, e a actividade de cultivo implica intervenção do homem no processo de
criação para aumentar a produção, em operações como reprodução, povoamento, alimentação e protecção contra
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IV – ORIGEM E VANTAGENS DA AQUACULTURA
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4
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V – AQUACULTURA EM MOÇAMBIQUE
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DFTTP&TQFSBTFRVFBQSPEVÉÈPQPTTBTFSBVNFOUBEBNFEJBOUFNFMIPSVUJMJ[BÉÈPEPTSFDVSTPTEBQFTDB
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5
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DPNFSDJBMEFDBNBSÈPFEFBMHBTDPNWJTUBBBVNFOUBSBDPOUSJCVJÉÈPQBSBBTFYQPSUBÉ×FT
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FN
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TVHFSFNVEBOÉBTFTUSVUVSBJTOPTFDUPSQFTRVFJSPEBOEPNBJTËOGBTFBPTVCTFDUPSEF
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VI – AS ESPÉCIES MAIS CULTIVADAS NO MUNDO E EM MOÇAMBIQUE
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r $BSQBEFDBCFÉBHSBOEF"SJTUJDIUIZTOPCJMJT
F
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1&*9&
r 5JMÃQJBNPÉBNCJDBOB(Oreochromis mossambicus)ÊVNBFTQÊDJFRVFOPFTUBEPBEVMUPQPEFQFTBS
BUÊLHFNFEFBUÊDNEFDPNQSJNFOUPQPEFOEPWJWFSBBOPT"QSFTFOUBEJWFSTBTDPSFT
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PTNBDIPTJOUFJSBNFOUFQSFUPTDPNVNBNBODIBCSBODBOBHBSHBOUBFWFSNFMIPOBTQPOUBTEBT
CBSCBUBOBTFORVBOUPBTGËNFBTTÈPDJO[BPVDBTUBOIP
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6
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EBEFEFPYJHÊOJPÊBCVOEBOUF
r Cyprinus carpioDBSQBDPNVN
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DN
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EFBEVCPPSHÄOJDPQPEFDPOTVNJSEJBSJBNFOUFEFBEPTFVQFTP"MDBOÉBDFSDBEFLH
com um ano de idade.
CAMARÃO
Penaeus indicusDBNBSÈPCSBODP
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profundidade.
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7
8
I. INTRODUÇÃO
II. SELECÇÃO DO LOCAL
B
%JTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFÃHVB
C
2VBMJEBEFEFÃHVB
D
5PQPHSBñBEPUFSSFOP
d.
Qualidade dos solos
III. TANQUES DE TERRA PARA A PISCICULTURA
a.
Testes para determinar o tipo de solo
C
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D
'PSNBUPFEJNFOT×FTEPTUBORVFTEFUFSSB
E
7BOUBHFOTFEFTWBOUBHFOTEPTUBORVFTEFUFSSB
IV. GAIOLAS FLUTUANTES
B
$POTUSVÉÈPEFVNBHBJPMBóVUVBOUF
C
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Módulo 2
1-"/05&.¦5*$0.*/
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
Sistemas de cultivo
9
10
I – INTRODUÇÃO
1BSBBDSJBÉÈPEBTUJMÃQJBTPNBJTDPNVNTÈPPTUBORVFTFTDBWBEPTOPTPMPEFTJHOBEPTEFUBORVFTEF
UFSSB.BTPTUBORVFTQPEFNTFSUBNCÊNGFJUPEFDJNFOUPQMÃTUJDPPVPVUSPNBUFSJBMJNQFSNFÃWFM
&NHSBOEFTUBORVFTEFUFSSBQPEFNTFSDPMPDBEBTBMHVNBTHBJPMBTBTIBQBT
EFNPEPBTFQBSBSPT
QFJYFTQPSHÊOFSPTJEBEFTPVQPSEFTPWBTQBSBRVFPUBNBOIPEFTUFTFNDBEBIBQBTFKBVOJGPSNFF
facilite a colheita.
0T QFJYFT QPEFN UBNCÊN TFS DSJBEPT FN HBJPMBT RVF TÈP TVTQFOTBT OPT DPSQPT EF ÃHVB DPNP SJPT
MBHPBTMBHPTPVOPNBSBTHBJPMBTóVUVBOUFT
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NJOFSBJT
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"DPOEJÉÈPGVOEBNFOUBMQBSBRVFTFGBÉBBBRVBDVMUVSBÊBBCVOEÄODJBEFÃHVBEFCPBRVBMJEBEF
II – SELECÇÃO DO LOCAL
"/5&4EFTFDPOTUSVJSVNUBORVFEFUFSSBQBSBBJNQMFNFOUBÉÈPEBQJTDJDVMUVSBEFWFTFTFMFDDJPOBS
BFTQÊDJFFQBSBMFMBNFOUFPCTFSWBSQSJODJQBMNFOUFPTTFHVJOUFTGBDUPSFTRVBOUJEBEFFRVBMJEBEFEB
ÃHVBUPQPHSBñBEPUFSSFOPUJQPFRVBMJEBEFEPTPMPFTJTUFNBEFFTDPBNFOUP
a) Disponibilidade de Água
"ÃHVBEJTQPOÎWFMQBSBPTUBORVFTEFWFTFSTVñDJFOUFQBSBPBCBTUFDJNFOUPJOJDJBMSFQPTJÉÈPEBTQFSEBT
QPSFWBQPSBÉÈPFJOñMUSBÉÈP%FQSFGFSËODJBRVFFYJTUBVNBGPOUFEFÃHVBEFOUSPEPUFSSFOPPOEFTF
QSFUFOEFDPOTUSVJSUBMDPNPOBTDFOUFTSJBDIPTPVFNÙMUJNPDBTPÃHVBTVCUFSSÄOFB
4FNQSF RVF QPTTÎWFM P BCBTUFDJNFOUP EFWF TFS GFJUP QPS HSBWJEBEF QBSB SFEV[JS PT DVTUPT DPN BT
NPUPCPNCBTFPVUSPTFRVJQBNFOUPTDPOTVNPEFFOFSHJBFMÊDUSJDBDPNCVTUÎWFMQBSBBMÊNEPTDVTUPT
EFNBOVUFOÉÈP
"RVBOUJEBEFEFÃHVBOFDFTTÃSJBQBSBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEBQJTDJDVMUVSBÊDBMDVMBEBPCTFSWBOEPTFB
ÃSFBBQSPGVOEJEBEFEPUBORVFFPQFTPñOBMUPUBMEPTQFJYFTBTFSFNQSPEV[JEPT2VBOUPNBJPSGPSP
QFTPñOBMUPUBMEBQSPEVÉÈPNBJPSRVBOUJEBEFEFÃHVBTFSÃSFRVFSJEBQBSBBSFDJSDVMBÉÈPFPYJHFOBÉÈP
da mesma.
"RVBOUJEBEFNÎOJNBEFÃHVBOFDFTTÃSJBQBSBBDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFTEFWFTFSUBMRVFQFSNJUBFODIFSPT
UBORVFTFNQPVDPUFNQPFNBOUËMPTDPNPOÎWFMEFÃHVBDPOTUBOUFEVSBOUFUPEBTBTÊQPDBTEPBOP
&TTBRVBOUJEBEFWBJEFQFOEFSNVJUPEBSFHJÈPWJTUPRVFEFWFTFSTVñDJFOUFQBSBFODIFSPTUBORVFTPV
WJWFJSPTFDPNQFOTBSBTQFSEBTDBVTBEBTQFMBFWBQPSBÉÈPFJOñMUSBÉÈPEBÃHVB
0DPOIFDJNFOUPEPWPMVNFNÃYJNPOPTQFSÎPEPTEFDIFJBTFEPWPMVNFNÎOJNPOPQFSÎPEPEFTFDBÊ
UBNCÊNNVJUPJNQPSUBOUF
C
Qualidade da Água
­EBÃHVBRVFPTQFJYFTPCUËNPPYJHÊOJPQBSBBSFTQJSBÉÈPFPVUSPTOVUSJFOUFTRVFGBSÈPQBSUFEBTVB
DPNQPTJÉÈPDPSQPSBM"GBMUBEFPYJHÊOJPBUFNQFSBUVSBNVJUPCBJYBPVBBDJEF[FYDFTTJWBQPSFYFNQMP
QPEFN TFS QSFKVEJDJBJT BPT QFJYFT "MHVOT QFJYFT TÈP DBQB[FT EF TPCSFWJWFS FN DPOEJÉ×FT BEWFSTBT
SFEV[JOEPBQFOBTPTFVDSFTDJNFOUPPVJOUFSSPNQFOEPPTFVDJDMPSFQSPEVUJWP$POUVEPIÃFTQÊDJFT
RVFOÈPTPCSFWJWFN
11
"TTJN B RVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBEJTQPOÎWFMEFUFSNJOBFTQÊDJFEFQFJYFTBTFSFNQSPEV[JEPTQPSÊN TF B
RVBMJEBEF EB ÃHVB FTUJWFS GPSB EPT MJNJUFT SFRVFSJEPT QFMB FTQÊDJF B TFS QSPEV[JEB OÈP IBWFSÃ VNB
SFTQPTUBFñDJFOUFFNUFSNPTEFDSFTDJNFOUPFFOHPSEB
4FNQSFRVFQPTTÎWFMEFWFTFDPOIFDFSBQSPWFOJËODJBEBÃHVBQPSRVFÃHVBTQPMVÎEBTTÈPJNQSÓQSJBT
QBSB B BRVBDVMUVSB " QPMVJÉÈP QPEF TFS EF PSJHFN BHSÎDPMB DPNP PT BEVCPT F QFTUJDJEBT BSUJñDJBJT
QSPWFOJFOUF EF SFTÎEVPT JOEVTUSJBJT EF FTHPUPT EPNÊTUJDPT QPEFOEP DPOUFS DPMJGPSNFT GFDBJT RVF
TFSWJSÈPEPTQFJYFTDPNPWFÎDVMPTQBSBDPOUBNJOBSFNP)PNFNQSPWPDBOEPBDÓMFSBEFNJOFSBÉÈP
RVFDPOUBNJOBNBÃHVBDPNNJOÊSJPTUÓYJDPTFUD
"T ÃHVBT EBT OBTDFOUFT TÈP BT NBJT MJWSFT EF QPMVJÉÈP QPS JTTP NVJUBT WF[FT SFDPNFOEBEBT QBSB B
QJTDJDVMUVSB$POUVEPOFNTFNQSFDPOUËNOVUSJFOUFTFNQSPQPSÉ×FTRVFTBUJTGBÉBNOVUSJDJPOBMNFOUF
BTEJWFSTBTFTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFT
"TÃHVBTEFSJPTSJBDIPTFSFTFSWBUÓSJPTTÈPBTNBJTVUJMJ[BEBTOBQJTDJDVMUVSBQPSÊNEFWFTFUFSVNB
BUFOÉÈPNBJPSÆQPMVJÉÈPFÆQSFTFOÉBEFPVUSPTPSHBOJTNPTDPNQFUJEPSFTFFQSFEBEPSFT
c) Topografia do Terreno
"UPQPHSBñBEPUFSSFOPÊVNGBDUPSJNQPSUBOUF0SFMFWPEPUFSSFOPÊRVFEFUFSNJOBPUJQPOÙNFSP
superfície e forma dos cativeiros a serem construídos.
0UFSSFOPTFMFDDJPOBEPEFWFTFSQMBOPBñNEFGBDJMJUBSFCBJYBSPTDVTUPTEFSFNPÉÈPEFUFSSBQBSBB
DPOTUSVÉÈPEPTDBUJWFJSPTFEFWFUFSVNEFDMJWFTVñDJFOUFQBSBRVFFTUFTQPTTBNTFSBCBTUFDJEPTEF
ÃHVBQPSHSBWJEBEFFTUBOEPBÃSFBEFDBQUBÉÈPOVNOÎWFMBDJNBEPMPDBMFTDPMIJEPQBSBBDSJBÉÈPF
esvaziados naturalmente.
d) Qualidade dos Solos
" RVBMJEBEF EP TPMP EFWF TFS DPOUSPMBEB TFNQSF RVF TF QSFUFOEB NPOUBS VN DBUJWFJSP 1BSB JTTP Ê
JNQPSUBOUFDPOIFDFSTFPQ)BDJEF[
EPTPMPTFOEPBNFEJEBJEFBMÊQSÓYJNPEFQSÓYJNPTBPOFVUSP
0TQFJYFTOÈPTVQPSUBNHSBOEFTWBSJBÉ×FTEPQ)&TUBTWBSJBÉ×FTQPEFNTFSPDBTJPOBEBTQPSDIVWBT
JOUFOTBTPVQPSBEVCBÉÈPFYDFTTJWB
" DPSSFDÉÈP EP Q) ÃDJEP EFWF TFS GFJUB BUSBWÊT EP QSPDFTTP EF DBJBHFN BQMJDBÉÈP EF DBSCPOBUP EF
DÃMDJP
FNRVBOUJEBEFWBSJÃWFMEFBDPSEPDPNPUJQPEFTPMPFPQ)NFEJEP
III – TANQUES DE TERRA PARA PISCICULTURA
0TUBORVFTEFUFSSBQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSBTÈPFTDBWBÉ×FTGFJUBTOPTPMPDPNNFDBOJTNPTQBSBBFOUSBEBF
TBÎEBEBÃHVBFPVUSPTBQFUSFDIPTQBSBBTVBGVODJPOBMJEBEF
&NGVOÉÈPEPTJTUFNBEFBCBTUFDJNFOUPEFÃHVBPTUBORVFTTÈPEJWJEJEPTFNUSËTUJQPT
5BORVFTEPUJQPCBSSBHFN – que interceptam um riacho.
r /ÈPUËNVNBGPSNBEFñOJEBTÈPDPOTUSVÎEPTHFSBMNFOUFFNGVOEPTEFWBMFTBQSPWFJUBOEP
OBTDFOUFTPVSJBDIPTRVFBMJFYJTUBN4ÈPNBJTVTBEPTQBSBiFOHPSEBuEFQFJYF
r 5BORVFTEFEFSJWBÉÈPmOPRVBMPBCBTUFDJNFOUPÊGFJUPQPSNFJPEFDBOBJTPVUVCBHFN
r 5BORVFTBCBTUFDJEPTDPNÃHVBTVCUFSSÄOFBmRVFTÈPFTDBWBEPTFN[POBTPOEFP
MFOÉPMGSFÃUJDPFTUÃBQFRVFOBQSPGVOEJEBEFQFSNJUJOEPBTTJNPBQSPWFJUBNFOUPEFTTBÃHVB
QBSBBCBTUFDJNFOUPEPUBORVF
12
0UJQPEFTPMPÊPVUSPGBDUPSBUFSTFFNDPOUB
r 4PMPTarenosoTOÈPTFSWFNQBSBDPOTUSVÉÈPEFUBORVFTFTDBWBEPTOBUVSBJTTFNWFEBÉÈP
QPJTQPTTVFNBMUBJOGJMUSBÉÈP"DPOTUSVÉÈPEFUBORVFTEFBMWFOBSJBPVWFEBEPTDPNMPOB
TFSJBNVNBBMUFSOBUJWBNBTJTTPBDBSSFUBVNNBJPSDVTUPEFJNQMBOUBÉÈP
r 4PMPTBSHJMPTPTTÈPJOEFTFKÃWFJTQPJTFODIBSDBNTFDPNGBDJMJEBEFFRVBOEPTFDBN
GJDBNEVSPTFSBDIBNNVJUPBMÊNEFBQSFTFOUBSFNCBJYBBFSBÉÈPOBUVSBM
r
+ÃPTTPMPTBSFOPBSHJMPTPTBSHJMBFBSFJB
QPSTFSFNGÃDFJTEFFTDBWBSFOÈP
QFSNJUJSFNJOñMUSBÉ×FTFYDFTTJWBTIBWFOEPVNBBDFJUÃWFMQFSEBEFÃHVBTÈPPTJOEJDBEPT
QBSBBBCFSUVSBEFUBORVFT/FTUFDBTPÊOFDFTTÃSJPWFSJñDBSBQFSNFBCJMJEBEFFUFYUVSBEP
TPMPQPJTFTUFOÈPQPEFTFSNVJUPQFSNFÃWFMÆÃHVBFEFWFTFSTVGJDJFOUFNFOUF
DPNQBDUBOUFQBSBFWJUBSBFSPTÈPFNPEJñDBÉÈPEBFTUSVUVSBEPUBORVF
ObservaçãoVNTPMPÊDPOTJEFSBEPJNQFSNFÃWFMRVBOEPUJWFSOÎWFJTEFJOñMUSBÉÈPEFBUÊNNEF
ÃHVBEJB
a) Testes para determinar o tipo de solo
1BSBFYBNJOBSTFPTPMPÊPJEFBMQBSBBBCFSUVSBEPUBORVFGBÉBPTFHVJOUFUFTUF
5FTUF
'BÉBVNCVSBDPEFNEFQSPGVOEJEBEFFQFHVFVNBBNPTUSBEFTPMPEPGVOEP
.PMIFFTUFTPMPFDPNVNQPVDPGBÉBVNBCPMBOBNÈP
"UJSFBVOTDNBPBSFEFJYFRVFFMBDBJBTPCSFBQBMNBEBTVBNÈP
4FBCPMBTFEFTñ[FSOBTVBNÈPPTPMPOÈPÊCPNQBSBTFDPOTUSVJSPUBORVF
5FTUF
'BÉBVNSPMJOIPDPNVNBBNPTUSBIVNFEFDJEBEBUFSSBEPMPDBMUJSBEBBDFSDBEFNEFQSP
fundidade.
4FGPSQPTTÎWFMKVOUBSBTEVBTQPOUBTGB[FOEPVNBiBSHPMBuTJHOJñDBRVFPTPMPUFNVNBCPB
NJTUVSBEFBSHJMBFBSFJB
$BTPDPOUSÃSJPQSPDVSFPVUSPMPDBMQBSBBCSJSPUBORVF
5FTUFQFSNFBCJMJEBEFEPUFSSFOP
&ODIBEFÃHVBBUÊBPUPQPVNCVSBDPDPNDFSDBEFVNNFUSPEFQSPGVOEJEBEF
$VCSBPCVSBDPDPNGPMIBT
/PEJBTFHVJOUFPOÎWFMEBÃHVBEFWFSÃUFSCBJYBEPEFWJEPÆJOñMUSBÉÈP
4FBTQBSFEFTEPCVSBDPñDBNTBUVSBEBTQSPWBWFMNFOUFDPNBÃHVBTJHOJñDBRVFPTPMPQPEF
TVQPSUBSNFMIPSBÃHVB
3FFODIBEFÃHVBPCVSBDPBUÊBPUPQP
$VCSBVNBWF[NBJTDPNBTGPMIBT7FSJñRVFPOÎWFMEBÃHVBOPEJBTFHVJOUF
4FPOÎWFMEBÃHVBÊBJOEBFMFWBEPTJHOJñDBRVFPTPMPÊTVñDJFOUFNFOUFJNQFSNFÃWFMF
BEFRVBEPQBSBBDPOTUSVÉÈPEPUBORVF
13
C
Construção do Tanque de terra
0 TUBORVFTEFWFNTFSDPOTUSVÎEPTEFQSFGFSËODJBFTDBWBEPTPVDPNMFWBOUBNFOUPEF
EJRVFTBQSPWFJUBOEPPNÃYJNPEBUPQPHSBGJBFYJTUFOUF
0MPDBMFTDPMIJEPQBSBBDPOTUSVÉÈPEFWFTFSUPUBMNFOUFMJNQPSFUJSBOEPTFUPEBTBTÃSWPSFTBSCVT
UPTWFHFUBÉÈPSBÎ[FTQFESBTFPVSPDIBTQBSBUPSOBSPUFSSFOPNBJTFTUÃWFMFFWJUBSQSPCMF
NBTEFJOGJMUSBÉÈP
%FTFHVJEBEFWFSÃNBSDBSPUBORVFDPNPBVYÎMJPEFFTUBDBTQSPDFEBÆNBSDBÉÈPEPlimite (externo) dos diquesCFNDPNPBNBSDBÉÈPEPTlimites internos do fundo dos tanques us
BOEPDPSEBPVGJPSÎHJEP
3FUJSFBDBNBEBTVQFSJPSEPTPMPFDPOTFSWFPGPSBEBÃSFBEPUBORVFQBSBNBJTUBSEFDPN
QBDUBSPTEJRVFT&TTFTPMPÊrico em nutrientes e húmusFEFWFTFSVTBEPQBSBDPCSJSPGVOEP
EPUBORVFFQBSBDPCSJSPTEJRVFT
5. Cave o tanque e em simultâneo construa os diques (ou paredes). Ao cavar, use o solo reti
rado para construir os diques.
"DPNQBDUBÉÈPEPGVOEPFEPTEJRVFTQBSFEFT
ÊQSÃUJDBobrigatória para evitar paredes para
NBJPSTFHVSBOÉBFEVSBCJMJEBEF
DPNQBDUFCFNPTPMPBPDPOTUSVJSPTEJRVFTVTBOEPPTQÊT
PVDPNPBVYÎMJPEVNUSPODPQFTBEP4FFODPOUSBSTPMPBSFOPTPEFNÃRVBMJEBEFEFWFSÃMBOÉÃ
MPQBSBGPSBEBÃSFBEPWJWFJSPmnão o use para construir os diques.
0TEJRVFTEVNUBORVFEFWFNUFSDFSDBEFDNBDJNBEPOÎWFMEBÃHVBOPUBORVFEFWFN ser
largos e resistentesQBSBTVQPSUBSFNBQSFTTÈPEBÃHVBEntre dois tanques,PTEJRVFTQBSBBMÊN
EFFTUBSFNNVJUPCFNDPNQBDUBEPTUËNRVFSFTJTUJSÆQSFTTÈPEFÃHVBEFBNCPTPTMBEPT
3FDPNFOEBTFRVFBTVBMBSHVSBTFKBsuperior a dois metros5BNCÊNQBSBJNQFEJSBFSPTÈPEPT
EJRVFTEFWFTFplantar relva ou capim selvagemFNUPEBBFYUFOTÈPEPTEJRVFT
"PDBWBSPUBORVFÊOFDFTTÃSJPUFSTFFNDPOUBRVFP fundo do tanqueEFWFSÃTFSinclinado.
Na parte menos profundaBÃHVBEFWFSÃDIFHBSBPOÎWFMEPTKPFMIPT0VTFKBPGVOEPEFWFUFS
VNBJODMJOBÉÈPEFFNEJSFDÉÈPBPTJTUFNBEFFTDPBNFOUP
"CSBBFOUSBEBFBTBÎEBEBÃHVBOPUBORVF0DBOBMEFentradaRVFUSBOTQPSUBBÃHVBQBSBPJOUF
SJPSEPUBORVFEFWFñDBSEPlado menos fundo&TUBÃHVBHFSBMNFOUFDPOUÊNCBTUBOUFTFEJNFOUP
RVFQPEFSJBUPSOBSPUBORVFNVJUPMBNBDFOUP"PDBWBSPDBOBMQBSBBFOUSBEBEBÃHVBDBWFVN
CVSBDPEFCBJYPEPUVCPEFFOUSBEB*TUPQFSNJUJSÃRVFPTPMPTFEJNFOUFFFWJUBRVFFMFTFFODIBEF
MBNB0UVCPEFFOUSBEBBUSBWFTTBPEJRVFFEFTFNCPDBOPJOUFSJPSEPUBORVF%FWFTFSJOTUBMBEP
VNñMUSPOPUVCPQBSBFWJUBSRVFQFJYFTTFMWBHFOTFOUSFNOPUBORVFFNGPSNBEFPWPTMBSWBTPV
mesmo juvenis). No interior do tanque, canal de entradaEFWFFTUBSIÃDFSDBEF15 cm acima do
nível da água.1PSVNMBEPJTUPJNQFEFRVFPTQFJYFTFTDBQFNQFMPUVCPFQPSPVUSPMBEPNJT
UVSBBSBPFOUSBSOPUBORVFSFGPSÉBOEPPUFPSFNPYJHÊOJP
0DBOBMEFescoamentoEBÃHVBEFWFñDBSEPlado oposto ao que contem o canal de entrada
FBVNOÎWFMNBJTCBJYP5BNCÊNEFWFFTUBSQSPUFHJEPDPNVNñMUSPQBSBJNQFEJSBTBÎEBJOEFTF
KBEBEPQFJYFFNDSJBÉÈP&TUFDBOBMEFFTDPBNFOUPUFNDPNPñOBMJEBEFSFUJSBSBÃHVBEPGVOEP
e manter o nível desejado.
$PNPñMUSPTQPEFNTFSVTBEPTBMHVOTVUFOTÎMJPTDPNPQFEBÉPTEFSFEFNFUÃMJDBQPUFTEFBSHJMB
DPNPSJGÎDJPTQFEBÉPTEFDIBQBDPNPSJGÎDJPPVBUÊNFTNPSFUBMIPTEFSFEFNPTRVJUFJSB
c) Formato e Dimensões de Tanques de terra
r "GPSNBFEJNFOT×FTEPTUBORVFTWBSJBEFBDPSEPDPNBTFTQÊDJFTDSJBEBTUPQPHSBGJBEP
14
UFSSFOPEJTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFÃHVBTJTUFNBEFDSJBÉÈP
r 1PSPVUSPMBEPPTUBORVFTQBSBDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFTEFWFNTFSDPOTUSVÎEPTEFNBOFJSBRVF
possam ser enchidos com facilidade e esvaziados por completo.
r 0TUBORVFTSFDUBOHVMBSFTTÈPNBJTGÃDFJTEFTFSFNDPOTUSVÎEPTFGBDJMJUBNBSFDPMIBEPT
QFJYFTRVBOEPDPNQBSBEPTDPNUBORVFTRVBESBEPTPVDJSDVMBSFT
r 5BORVFNVJUPQFRVFOPBCBJYPEFN
BVNFOUBPTDVTUPTEFQSPEVÉÈP
r 0TUBORVFTQPEFNTFSNVJUPNBJPSFTQPEFOEPUFSBUÊIBPVTFKBN (quanto
NBJPSGPSPUBORVFOPTJTUFNBFYUFOTJWPNFMIPSÊBQSPEVÉÈP
r /PDPOUFYUPBDUVBMSFDPNFOEBTFBDPOTUSVÉÈPEFUBORVFTSFDUBOHVMBSFTDPNVNBÃSFB
NÎOJNBEFN&TUFTQPEFNBMDBOÉBSVNBQSPEVÉÈPEFQFJYFEF,HOVNDJDMP
EFNFTFT
A água deve ter 1 m do lado menos fundoQBSBGBDJMJUBSBESFOBHFNEPUBORVFFBDBQUVSBEPQFJYF
FNDSJBÉÈPPUBORVFEFWFTFSMJHFJSBNFOUFNBJTJODMJOBEPOPMBEPPOEFFTUÃTJUVBEPPUVCPEF
ESFOBHFNFBQSPGVOEJEBEFEBQBSUFNBJTGVOEBEFWFBMDBOÉBSNBJTEFBNFUSPT
d) Tipos de tanques de terra
Tanques escavados mTÈPDPOTUSVÎEPTFNÃSFBTQMBOBTSFUJSBOEPTFPTPMP0OÎWFMEBÃHVBñDBBCBJYP
EPOÎWFMPSJHJOBMEPTPMP
5BORVFTOJWFMBEPTmTÈPDPOTUSVÎEPTFNEFTDJEBT0TPMPEPMBEPTVQFSJPSÊDBWBEPFVTBEPQBSBDPOTUSVJS
VNBCBSSFJSBOPMBEPNBJTCBJYP
5BORVF DPN 1SPUFDÉÈP m QBSB B TFHVSBOÉB EP QFTTPBM RVF WBJ HFSJS PT UBORVFT SFDPNFOEBTF B
DPMPDBÉÈPEVNBWFEBÉÈPBPSFEPSEPUBORVF
e) Vantagens e Desvantagens dos Tanques de Terra
7BOUBHFOT
r #BJYPDVTUPEFQSPEVÉÈP
r 0DPSSËODJBEBQSPEVÉÈPQSJNÃSJB
r 1PTTJCJMJEBEFEFBQSPWFJUBNFOUPEBÃHVBEPTUBORVFTQFMBBHSJDVMUVSB
r 'BDJMJEBEFEFUSBUBNFOUPEFFóVFOUFT
%FTWBOUBHFOT
r /PTUBORVFTDPNQPQVMBÉ×FTEFBNCPTTFYPTÊDPNVNBPDPSSËODJBEFSFQSPEVÉÈPNFTNP
BOUFTEFTFBUJOHJSPUBNBOIPDPNFSDJBM
r 3ÃQJEPTVQFSQPWPBNFOUP
r $PNQFUJÉÈPQFMPFTQBÉPPYJHÊOJPFBMJNFOUP
VII. GAIOLAS FLUTUANTES
a) Formato e dimensões das gaiolas flutuantes
+ÃTFDPOIFDFBDJSDVOTUÄODJBFNRVFTFDPOTUSÓJPTUBORVFTEFUFSSBFOUSFUBOUPRVBOEPOÈPTFUFN
15
TPMP BQSPQSJBEP QBSB B DPOTUSVÉÈP EFTTFT UBORVFT F FTUÃTF FN QSFTFOÉB EF NBTTBT EF ÃHVBT DPN
QSPGVOEJEBEFTTVQFSJPSFTBDJODPNFUSPTQPEFTFDPMPDBSBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEFDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFFNHBJPMBT
óVUVBOUFT
"THBJPMBTTÈPVOJEBEFTEFDSJBÉÈPGFJUBTEFSFEFHFSBMNFOUFOBTGPSNBTSFDUBOHVMBSPVDJSDVMBSBCFSUB
OPUPQPÊNBOUJEBOBTVQFSGÎDJFBUSBWÊTEPVTPEFóVUVBEPSFTBKVTUBEPTTFHVSBOPGVOEPDPNPBVYÎMJP
EFÄODPSBTQPEFOEPTFSDPOTUSVÎEBDPNNBUFSJBJTTJNQMFTDPNPNBEFJSBPVCBNCVPVNBJTTPñTUJDBEBT
DPNPFTUSVUVSBTNFUÃMJDBTPVQMÃTUJDBT
"DSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFTFNUBORVFTSFEFPVHBJPMBTóVUVBOUFTBDUVBMNFOUFQSBUJDBEBÊVNBEBTNFMIPSFT
GPSNBTEFBQSPWFJUBSSBDJPOBMNFOUFPTSFDVSTPTIÎESJDPTEJTQPOÎWFJTTFKBSJPMBHPPVSFQSFTB
"JOUFOTBSFOPWBÉÈPEBÃHVBOPJOUFSJPSEBTHBJPMBTQSPQPSDJPOBBMUBQSPEVUJWJEBEFEFQFJYFT
" FTDPMIB EB FTQÊDJF PT DVJEBEPT DPN ÃHVB OÎWFM EF PYJHÊOJP USBOTQBSËODJB F UFNQFSBUVSB
F B
BMJNFOUBÉÈPEPTQFJYFTTÈPPTQSJODJQBJTGBDUPSFTQBSBPCPNEFTFNQFOIPEBQSPEVÉÈPOFTUFTJTUFNB
" FTDPMIB EP MPDBM EFWF SFDBJS FN HSBOEFT NBTTBT EF ÃHVB QPSRVF PGFSFDFN NBJPS HBSBOUJB EF
RVBOUJEBEFFRVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBNFOPSóVUVBÉÈPEBUFNQFSBUVSB
"QSPGVOEJEBEFJEFBMEFTTBNBTTBEFÃHVBEFWFSÃPTDJMBSFOUSFPTNQPJTQFSNJUFVNBNFMIPS
EJTQFSTÈP EPT SFTÎEVPT
&OUSFUBOUP SFDPNFOEBTF VNB QSPGVOEJEBEF TVQFSJPS B N FOUSF B QBSUF EF
CBJYPEBHBJPMBFPGVOEPEBNBTTBEFÃHVB
C
Construção de uma Gaiola Flutuante
0DVMUJWPEFQFJYFTFNUBORVFTSFEFPVHBJPMBTóVUVBOUFTSFRVFSRVFPTNBUFSJBJTVTBEPTOBTNBMIBTF
OBTFTUSVUVSBTEFTVTUFOUBÉÈPFEFóVUVBÉÈPUFOIBNBTTFHVJOUFTDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBTCÃTJDBT
r 1FSNJUJSUSPDBFñDJFOUFEFÃHVBFOUSFBHBJPMBDPNPBNCJFOUF
r 3FTJTUËODJBÆDPSSPTÈP
r 3FTJTUËODJBNFDÄOJDB
r #BJYPDVTUP
r %FWFTFSPNBJTMFWFQPTTÎWFMGBDJMJUBOEPPEFTMPDBNFOUPFNBOVTFBNFOUP
r .BUFSJBMOÈPDPSUBOUFQBSBOÈPDBVTBSGFSJNFOUPTPVTUSFTTBPTQFJYFT
r 1FSNJUBBTBÎEBEPTEFKFDUPTQSPEV[JEPTQFMPTQFJYFT
&YJTUFN WÃSJPT UJQPT EF HBJPMBT F WBSJBN CBTJDBNFOUF RVBOUP Æ GPSNB EB FTUSVUVSB RVBESBEBT
SFDUBOHVMBSFTFSFEPOEBT
FRVBOUPÆÃSFBÙUJMQBSBPDVMUJWP
"THBJPMBTTÈPDPNQPTUBTQPSQBSUFTEJTUJOUBTBTBCFS
r "FTUSVUVSBóVUVBOUF
r 0TBDPEFSFEFPVBHBJPMBQSPQSJBNFOUFEJUB
r 0TJTUFNBEFBODPSBHFN
"TFTUSVUVSBTVUJMJ[BEBTQBSBBBSNBÉÈPEFVNBHBJPMBTÈPHFSBMNFOUFDPOTUSVÎEBTVTBOEPUVCPTQFSñTF
CBSSBTNFUÃMJDBTPOEFTÈPQSFTPTPTóVUVBEPSFTFBTNBMIBT
0T NBUFSJBJT NBJT VTBEPT QBSB B DPOGFDÉÈP EBT NBMIBT QPEFN TFS óFYÎWFJT SFEFT EF NVMUJñMBNFOUP
SFWFTUJEBT PV OÈP EF 17$ DPN NBMIBT EJWFSTBT DPN PV TFN OÓT PV PVUSPT NBUFSJBJT SFTJTUFOUFT Æ
16
DPSSPTÈPSFEFTEFOZMPO
PVSÎHJEPTQMÃTUJDPBÉPHBMWBOJ[BEPSFWFTUJEPEF17$EFBMUBBEFSËODJBBÉP
JOPYJEÃWFMFUD
­JNQPSUBOUFTBMJFOUBSRVFPBNCJFOUFPOEFBHBJPMBWBJTFSQPTJDJPOBEBWBJEFUFSNJOBS
PUJQPEFNBUFSJBMBTFSVUJMJ[BEPOBDPOGFDÉÈPEBSFEFFPUBNBOIPEBNFTNB
&TUF TJTUFNB EF DVMUJWP HFSBMNFOUF BUSBJ PVUSBT FTQÊDJFT FN CVTDB EF BMJNFOUP FTQFDJBMNFOUF BT
DBSOÎWPSBT RVF QPEFN DBVTBS SPNQJNFOUP EB SFEF %FQFOEFOEP EP UBNBOIP QPEFN DBVTBS MFT×FT
TFWFSBTOPTQFJYFTFNDVMUJWPPVFOUSBSOBTHBJPMBTOBTVBGPSNBKPWFNEFJYBOEPPTQFJYFTFNDVMUJWP
DPNFMFWBEPHSBVEFTUSFTT
0ñPEBSFEFSFDPNFOEÃWFMÊEFPVNNOPDBTPEPTUBORVFTSFEFCFSÉÃSJPTPVBMFWJOBHFN
FEF
BNNFNUBORVFTSFEFQBSBUJMÃQJBTFNGBTFEFFOHPSEB
1BSBFWJUBSRVFBHBJPMBTFNPWBQPSFGFJUPEFPOEBTWFOUPTPVDPSSFOUFTEBTÃHVBTQPEFSÃTFSNPOUBEP
VNTJTUFNBEFBODPSBHFNDPNPVTPEFDPSEBEFQPMJFUJMFOPPVDPSSFOUFNFUÃMJDBBRVBMTFQSFOEFVNB
ÄODPSBRVFQPEFTFSTVCTUJUVÎEBQPSQFESBTFOWPMWJEBTFNSFEFEFUVCBSÈPPVCMPDPTEFDJNFOUPDPN
uma malha de ferro por dentro, entre outros.
c) Vantagens e Desvantagens das Gaiolas Flutuantes
7BOUBHFOT
r -JWSFDJSDVMBÉÈPEBÃHVB
r .FOPSWBSJBÉÈPEPTQBSÄNFUSPTGÎTJDPRVÎNJDPTEBÃHVBEVSBOUFBDSJBÉÈP
r /FDFTTJEBEFEFSFEV[JEBNÈPEFPCSB
r 'BDJMJEBEFEFPCTFSWBÉÈPEPTBOJNBJTFNDSJBÉÈP
r 'BDJMJEBEFEFVNBJOUFSWFOÉÈPJNFEJBUB
r 'BDJMJEBEFEFQFTDBEPQFJYF
r $POUSPMPEFSFQSPEVÉÈPGBDJMJUBEP
r .FMIPSRVBMJEBEFQBSBPNFSDBEP
r /ÈP PDPSSËODJB EF SFQSPEVÉÈP QFSNJUJOEP RVF PT QFJYFT BMDBODFN SBQJEBNFOUF P UBNBOIP
comercial.
%FTWBOUBHFOT
r /FDFTTJEBEFEFóVYPDPOTUBOUFEFÃHVBBUSBWÊTEBTSFEFT
r /FDFTTJEBEFEFGPSOFDJNFOUPEFBMJNFOUBÉÈPBSUJñDJBMQBSBSFGPSÉBSPBMJNFOUPOBUVSBM
r 1PSDBVTBEBBMUBEFOTJEBEFPTQFJYFTFTUÈPNBJTTVTDFQUÎWFJTÆTEPFOÉBTFJOGFDÉ×FT
r 1PTTJCJMJEBEFEFJOUSPEVÉÈPEFEPFOÉBTFPVQFJYFTOPBNCJFOUFQSFKVEJDBOEPBQPQVMBÉÈP
OBUVSBM
r 3JTDPEFSPNQJNFOUPEBSFEFEBHBJPMBFGVHBEPQFJYF
r 4VKFJÉÈPEPQFJYFBPWBOEBMJTNP
r "MHVNNBUFSJBMQBSBBDPOTUSVÉÈPQPEFTFSEJTQFOEJPTP
r .BJPSFYQPTJÉÈPBPTQSFEBEPSFT
.VJUPTGBDUPSFTJOóVFODJBNBDBQBDJEBEFEFTVTUFOUBÉÈPEFTFNQFOIPFTPCSFWJWËODJBEPTQFJYFTFN
17
HBJPMBTTFOEPGVOEBNFOUBJTQBSBPTVDFTTPEPDVMUJWPEFQFJYFTOPTJTUFNBJOUFOTJWP
r "RVBMJEBEFEBÃHVBUFNQFSBUVSBUFPSEFPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPQ)FDPODFOUSBÉÈPEFBNÓOJB
r "QSPGVOEJEBEFOPNÎOJNPEFWFTFSTVQFSJPSBNFOUSFPGVOEPEBHBJPMBFPQJTP
r "WFMPDJEBEFEBDPSSFOUFEFÃHVBDPSSFOUFTEFBDNT
r "TEJNFOT×FTEBHBJPMB
r 0GPSNBUPEBHBJPMBEFQSFGFSËODJBRVBESBEBTFSFDUBOHVMBSFTQPJTBTDJSDVMBSFTQFSNJUFNVN
NFOPSóVYPJOUFSOPEFÃHVB
r "BMJNFOUBÉÈP
r "EFOTJEBEFEFQPWPBNFOUP
"T FMFWBEBT UBYBT EF QPWPBNFOUP EFTUF TJTUFNB TÈP EFQFOEFOUFT EF SBÉÈP EF BMUP WBMPS OVUSJDJPOBM
QPJTPTQFJYFTFTUÈPFNBNCJFOUFGFDIBEPPRVFOÈPQFSNJUFPBDFTTPBPBMJNFOUPOBUVSBM"TSBÉ×FT
EFWFSÈPQFSNJUJSVNBDPOWFSTÈPBMJNFOUBSBEFRVBEBQPJTPTDVTUPTDPNBBMJNFOUBÉÈPQPEFNDIFHBSB
EPTDVTUPTUPUBJTEFQSPEVÉÈP&TTFFMFWBEPDVTUPÊPDBTJPOBEPQFMPTTFHVJOUFTGBDUPSFT
r ©RVBMJEBEFTVQFSJPSEBTSBÉ×FTNBJPSTVQPSUFEFOVUSJFOUFTQSJODJQBMNFOUFQSPUFÎOBBMUB
EJHFTUJCJMJEBEFFOUSFPVUSPT
r .BJPSRVBOUJEBEFEFSBÉÈPBTFSPGFSFDJEBQBSBTBUJTGB[FSBTOFDFTTJEBEFTOVUSJDJPOBJTEPTQFJYFT
r "FTQFDJñDJEBEFEBSBÉÈPQBSBBFTQÊDJFBTFSDSJBEBF
r "FTQFDJñDJEBEFEBSBÉÈPQBSBDBEBGBTFEFDSJBÉÈPBMFWJOPTKVWFOJTFOHPSEB
0VUSPGBDUPSJNQPSUBOUFÊPDPOIFDJNFOUPEBTDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBTñTJPMÓHJDBTFEPTIÃCJUPTBMJNFOUBSFTEPT
QFJYFTQPJTEFTTBNBOFJSBÊQPTTÎWFMTFMFDDJPOBSBTFTQÊDJFTDPNQPUFODJBMQBSBDBEBUJQPEFTJTUFNBEF
QSPEVÉÈP1BSBPDVMUJWPFNHBJPMBTTÈPDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBTGVOEBNFOUBJT
r 5BYBEFDSFTDJNFOUPFMFWBEBFCPNSFOEJNFOUPEFDBSDBÉB
r 7BSJFEBEFTEPNFTUJDBEBT
r 5PMFSÄODJBBPNBOVTFBNFOUPFSFTJTUËODJBBEPFOÉBT
r "EBQUBCJMJEBEFBPTJTUFNBEFDSJBÉÈP
r "DFJUBÉÈPOPNFSDBEP
18
1-"/05&.¦5*$0NJO
*m*OUSPEVÉÈP
**m$BJBHFNEPTUBORVFT
***m'FSUJMJ[BOUFTPSHÄOJDPTJOPSHÄOJDPTFNJTUPTVTBEPTFNBRVBDVMUVSB
*7m0QPWPBNFOUPEPTUBORVFTFHBJPMBTóVUVBOUFT
Módulo 3
$BJBHFN'FSUJMJ[BÉÈPEB¦HVBOPT5BORVFTF1PWPBNFOUP
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
CAIAGEM, FERTILIZAÇÃO DA ÁGUA NOS TANQUES E
POVOAMENTO
19
20
I – INTRODUÇÃO
"TTJN DPNP OB BHSJDVMUVSB B ÃHVB EB QJTDJDVMUVSB EFWF QPTTVJS WBMPSFT ÓQUJNPT EF TFVT QBSÄNFUSPT
RVÎNJDPTFCJPMÓHJDPTQBSBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPTPSHBOJTNPTBRVÃUJDPTñUPQMÄODUPOF[PPQMÄODUPO
nela presentes.
"T QMBOUBT UËN JNQPSUBOUF GVOÉÈP EF BCTPSÉÈP EF HÃT DBSCÓOJDP EJTTPMWJEP OB ÃHVB P RVBM Ê UÓYJDP
BPTQFJYFTOBBMJNFOUBÉÈPEPTQFJYFTFOBQSPUFDÉÈPEBTMBSWBTFBMFWJOPT&TUBTQSPNPWFNUBNCÊNP
TPNCSFBNFOUPEJNJOVJÉÈPEBFWBQPSBÉÈPFTVTUFOUBÉÈPBPTPWPTEFBMHVNBTFTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFT
II – CAIAGEM DOS TANQUES
"DBJBHFNÊVNBQSÃUJDBUÈPOFDFTTÃSJBQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSBDPNPQBSBBHSJDVMUVSB&TUBQSÃUJDBÊBQSJODJQBM
UÊDOJDBQBSBNFMIPSBSBRVBMJEBEFEBÃHVBEPTUBORVFTFTDBWBEPTFNTPMPTÃDJEPT7JEBM+ÙOJPS
"QSPEVÉÈPEFQMÄODUPOQSJODJQBMNFOUFPñUPQMÄODUPOEFQFOEFEPTOVUSJFOUFTPSHÄOJDPTFJOPSHÄOJDPT
RVFQPEFTFSBVNFOUBEBPVEJNJOVÎEBBUSBWÊTEFUÊDOJDBTEFGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPPVDBJBHFNSFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
­SFDPNFOEBEBBVUJMJ[BÉÈPNPEFSBEBEBDBMOPGVOEPEPTUBORVFT
PlânctonmÊPDPOKVOUPEFUPEPTPTPSHBOJTNPTBRVÃUJDPTNJOÙTDVMPTJODBQB[FTEFWFODFSFNDPSSFOUFT
"TVBMPDPNPÉÈPQPSDPOUBQSÓQSJBÊNVJUPQFRVFOB
01MÄODUPOTVCEJWJEFTFFNEPJTHSBOEFTHSVQPT
FitoplânctonTFSFTWFHFUBJTDPNQPTUPTEFBMHBTNJDSPTDÓQJDBTDPNPQPSFYFNQMPBTBMHBTWFSEFTPT
EJOPóBHFMBEPTFUD
ZooplânctonTFSFTBOJNBJTDPNQPTUPTQPSNJDSPDSVTUÃDFPTDPQÊQPEPTSPUÎGFSPTFUD
0VTPEFDPSSFDUJWPTFNUBORVFTEFQJTDJDVMUVSBUFNBñOBMJEBEFEFBVNFOUBSPTWBMPSFTEPQ)EBÃHVB
FEPTPMPEPUBORVFRVFEJNJOVJBBDJEF[FBVNFOUBBBMDBMJOJEBEF"BDJEF[NBJTCBJYBUPSOBBÃHVBNBJT
QSPQÎDJBBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEFQMÄODUPORVFTFSWJSÃEFBMJNFOUPQBSBPTQFJYFT
&TUB DPSSFDÉÈP UBNCÊN QPEF BTTVNJS GVOÉ×FT EF EFTJOGFDÉÈP QBSB B FMJNJOBÉÈP EPT PWPTMBSWBT EF
QSFEBEPSFTFQBSBTJUBTFDPSSFDÉÈPEBUVSCJEF[DBVTBEBQFMBNJOFSBMJ[BÉÈPEBNBUÊSJBPSHÄOJDB
0QSPEVUPSFDPNFOEBEPOFTUBPQFSBÉÈPQBSBUBORVFTQPWPBEPTÊPDBMDÃSJPBHSÎDPMBEPMPNÎUJDPPV
DBMDÎUJDP
"DBMWJSHFNFBIJESBUBEBTÈPSFDPNFOEBEBTBQFOBTQBSBUBORVFTBJOEBTFNQFJYFT
/PDBTPEFIBWFSEJñDVMEBEFTOBBRVJTJÉÈPEFDBMWJWBBDJO[BEFWFHFUBJTUBNCÊNQPEFTFSVTBEB
%FQPJTEBBQMJDBÉÈPEBDBMWJWBEFWFTFFTQFSBSEFVNBBEVBTTFNBOBTBOUFTEFTFDPMPDBSPTQFJYFT
III – FERTILIZANTES ORGÂNICOS, INORGÂNICOS E MISTOS USADOS EM
AQUACULTURA.
3.1.
Porquê devemos fertilizar o nosso tanque?
2VBOEPTFBEVCBPTPMPEFVNBIPSUBPVNBDIBNCBFTUÈPBDPMPDBSTFBÎOVUSJFOUFTRVFBTQMBOUBT
necessitam para o seu desenvolvimento.
/BÃHVBEPTUBORVFTBDPOUFDFPNFTNP2VBOEPTFGFSUJMJ[BPUBORVFJODPSQPSBNTFNBJTOVUSJFOUFT
DPNPPGÓTGPSPQPUÃTTJPDÃMDJPNBHOÊTJPOBÃHVB"TTJNPUBORVFGÊSUJMQSPEV[NVJUPQMÄODUPOQBSBP
21
QFJYF
3.2.
Fertilização do tanque, antes do povoamento
6NBTFNBOBEFQPJTEBDBJBHFNPUBORVFFTUÃQSPOUPQBSBSFDFCFSBÃHVB4FHVFTFEFQPJTBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈP
EPUBORVFQBSBRVFTFEËJOÎDJPÆGPSNBÉÈPOBUVSBMEPQMÄODUPO
1BSB GFSUJMJ[BS P UBORVF QPEFTF VTBS FTUSVNF seco/curtido EF BOJNBJT DPNP HBMJOIBT QBUPT CPJT
DBCSJUPTPVBEVCPPVGFSUJMJ[BOUFDPNQPTUP
0FTUFSDPEFHBMJOIBTFQBUPTTÈPNFMIPSFTQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSBTFHVJEPEPEFTVÎOPTFQPSÙMUJNPEF
CPWJOPT
2VJO[FEJBTEFQPJTEFGFSUJMJ[BSPUBORVFKÃTFDPNFÉBBUFSBMJNFOUPOBUVSBMQBSBPQFJYF%FQPJTEF
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUFVNNËTBÃHVBñDBSÃCFNWFSEF
¦HVBWFSEFTJHOJñDBRVFIÃNBJTBMJNFOUPOBUVSBMOPUBORVFFPTQFJYFTDSFTDFSÈPNBJTSBQJEBNFOUF
Atenção P BEVCP PV GFSUJMJ[BOUF PSHÄOJDP EFWF TFS BQMJDBEP DPN DSJUÊSJP QBSB FWJUBS
DPOUBNJOBÉÈPFQPMVJÉÈPEBÃHVBFDPNQSPNFUJNFOUPEPQSPEVUPñOBM
/FN TFNQSF VN QSPEVUPS UFN HSBOEF EJTQPOJCJMJEBEF EF FTUSVNF /FTTFT DBTPT QPEFTF VTBS PT
fertilizantes químicosRVFUBNCÊNBKVEBNOBQSPEVÉÈPEPQMÄODUPO0UJQPFRVBOUJEBEFTBTFSFN
BQMJDBEPTJTPMBEBNFOUFWËNJOEJDBEPTOBUBCFMBNBJTBCBJYP
5BCFMB'FSUJMJ[BÉÈPPSHÄOJDBFJOPSHÄOJDB"/5&4EPQPWPBNFOUPPOEFTFBQMJDBBQFOBTVNEFMFTFN
DBEBQSPDFTTPEFBEVCBÉÈP
Adubo orgânico
"WFT kg/ha
Referência
4VÎOPT 7JEBM+ÙOJPS
#PWJOPT
Adubo inorgânico
kg/ha
Referência
4VMGBUPEFBNÓOJP 7JEBM+ÙOJPS
Superfosfato simples
75
6TBOEPBQFOBTFTUSVNFEFTVÎOPTFTTFEFWFTFSNJTUVSBEPDPNBTTFHVJOUFTRVBOUJEBEFTEFGFSUJMJ[BOUFT
químicos.
5BCFMB'FSUJMJ[BÉÈPNJTUB"/5&4EPQPWPBNFOUPPOEFTFBQMJDBBDPNCJOBÉÈPEPTUSËTDPNQPTUPTFN
simultâneo.
Fonte
&TUSVNFEFTVÎOP
4VQFSGPTGBUPUSJQMP
4VMGBUPEFBNÓOJP
kg/ha
LH
LH
LH
Referência
7JEBM+ÙOJPS
.BTPQSPEVUPSQPEFPQUBSUBNCÊNQPSQSPEV[JSPadubo composto1BSBUBMEFWFTFQSPDFEFSEP
TFHVJOUFNPEPUPEBTBTQMBOUBTWFSEFTDBQJOBEBTFOÈPVUJMJ[BEBTFSWBTEBOJOIBT
CFNDPNPUPEPTPT
22
EFTQFSEÎDJPTEBNBDIBNCBEFWFNTFSDPMPDBEPTOVNCVSBDPQSFWJBNFOUFBCFSUPQBSBPFGFJUP
%FQPJTEPCVSBDPFTUBSDIFJPUBQBTFDPNUFSSBFEFJYBTFEFDPSSFSPQSPDFTTPEFEFDPNQPTJÉÈP%FQPJT
EFBMHVOTNFTFTFTTBTQMBOUBTFPVUSPTEFTQFSEÎDJPTFOUFSSBEPTGPSNBNVNBNBTTBFTDVSBPBEVCP
DPNQPTUP
RVFEFWFSÃTFSEJTUSJCVÎEBOPGVOEPEPUBORVFBOUFTEFFODIËMPDPNÃHVB"WBOUBHFN
EFTUBBEVCBÉÈPÊEFTFUSBUBSEFVNNÊUPEPQSÃUJDPFCBSBUP
3.3. Fertilização do tanque, depois do povoamento
1BSBHBSBOUJSBNBOVUFOÉÈPEBDPMPSBÉÈPWFSEFOPUBORVFEFWFTFBEJDJPOBSPBEVCPPSHÄOJDPQFMP
NFOPTVNBWF[QPSTFNBOB*NQPSUBSFGFSJSRVFNFTNPVNUBORVFUFOEPBBOPTEFVTPFMFOÈPUFN
DPOEJÉ×FTEFQSPEV[JSPQMÄODUPOOBUVSBMNFOUFTFNBiBKVEBuEBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈP
a) Adubação ou fertilização orgânica (COLOCAR UM DELES)
5BCFMB "EVCBÉÈP PSHÄOJDB QBSB NBOVUFOÉÈP POEF Ê BQMJDBEP BQFOBT VN UJQP EF BEVCP FN DBEB
QSPDFTTPEFBEVCBÉÈP
Adubo orgânico
kg/há/semana
"WFT
4VÎOPT
#PWJOPT
Vantagens da adubação orgânica
"QJTDJDVMUVSBEFTFNQFOIBVNQBQFMJNQPSUBOUFOPNFJPBNCJFOUFBPVUJMJ[BSPFTUSVNFEPTBOJNBJT
para fertilizar os tanques.
4FGPSFNPCFEFDJEBTBTPSJFOUBÉ×FTUÊDOJDBTRVBOUPÆTRVBOUJEBEFTEFFTUSVNFBTFSFNDPMPDBEBTOPT
UBORVFTBTCBDUÊSJBTFYJTUFOUFTOBÃHVBJSÈPEFHSBEBSPFTUSVNFFFMFTUSBOTGPSNBSTFÈPFNOVUSJFOUFT
OFDFTTÃSJPTQBSBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPñUPQMÄODUPO
"TTJNFNWF[EPTFYDSFNFOUPTEPTBOJNBJTJSFNEJSFDUBNFOUFQBSBPTDVSTPTEFÃHVBQSJNFJSPFMFT
QBTTBNQFMPTUBORVFTEFQJTDJDVMUVSBPOEFTFSÈPEFHSBEBEPTQBSBTÓEFQPJTQBTTBSFNQBSBPTDVSTPT
EFÃHVB%FTUBGPSNBBÃHVBTBJNVJUPNBJTMJNQBQSFKVEJDBOEPNFOPTPNFJPBNCJFOUF
C
Adubação Química (COLOCAR UM DELES)
5BCFMB "EVCBÉÈP RVÎNJDB QBSB NBOVUFOÉÈP POEF Ê BQMJDBEP BQFOBT VN UJQP EF BEVCP FN DBEB
QSPDFTTPEFBEVCBÉÈP
Adubo inorgânico
kg/ha
Adição de ureia (g)
4VQFSGPTGBUP5SJQMP10
B
4VQFSGPTGBUP4JNQMFT10
B
/1,
B
c) Adubação mista
1BSB B BEVCBÉÈP NJTUB EFWFTF VTBS NFUBEF EF GFSUJMJ[BÉÈP PSHÄOJDB NBJT B NFUBEF EPT GFSUJMJ[BOUFT
RVÎNJDPTJOEJDBEPTOBTUBCFMBTBDJNBFOVODBOBTEPTBHFOTUPUBJTEFDBEBVNB
Observação:TFPQSPEVUPSUJWFSEJWFSTPTUJQPTEFFTUSVNFEFWFSÃTFNQSFRVFQPTTÎWFMNJTUVSÃMPTFN
EPTFTQSPQPSDJPOBJTQBSBBQMJDBÉÈPOPUBORVF*TUPQFSNJUFVNNFMIPSBQSPWFJUBNFOUPEPTNFTNPTOB
23
QSPEVÉÈPEBQSPEVUJWJEBEFOBUVSBMEPUBORVF
"GSFRVËODJBEFBQMJDBÉÈPEFQFOEFEBUSBOTQBSËODJBEBÃHVB4FNQSFRVFDPMPDBSBNÈPEFOUSPEBÃHVB
EPUBORVFFDPOTFHVJSWFSPTEFEPTEFWFSFQFUJSBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈP
3.4
Métodos de aplicação do adubo
&YJTUFNWÃSJBTNBOFJSBTEFBEVCBSVNUBORVFEFQJTDJDVMUVSB"GPSNBEFDPMPDBSPFTUSVNFOPUBORVF
pode ser DIRECTA ou INDIRECTA.
a) Forma indirecta ou horizontaMmÊRVBOEPBGPOUFEFBEVCPTBWJÃSJPTFTUÃCVMPTDVSSBJT
FTUÃ
BGBTUBEBEPUBORVFFPFTUSVNFUFNEFTFSMFWBEPBUÊPUBORVF
Exemplos:
r 0FTUSVNFEPTDVSSBJTQPEFTFSDBOBMJ[BEPQBSBPTUBORVFTEVSBOUFBMBWBHFN
r 1BSBUBORVFTQFRVFOPTBN
FOÈPNVJUPBGBTUBEPTEPDVSSBMQPEFTFVTBSVN
SFHBEPSDPNGVSPTNBJPSFT
QBSBFTQBMIBSPFTUSVNFEJMVÎEP
0FTUSVNFEJMVÎEPFNÃHVBÊVNBEBTNFMIPSFTNBOFJSBTEFBEVCBSFQPEFTFSEJTUSJCVÎEPQPSNFJPEF
aspersores (para tanques maiores).
r 0FTUSVNFEFBWJÃSJPTEFWJEBNFOUFTFQBSBEPEBTFSSBEVSBQPEFTFS
m-BOÉBEPQPSUPEPPUBORVFOBBEVCBÉÈPBOUFTEPQPWPBNFOUPPV
m/PTDPNFEPSFTQBSBTFHVJNFOUPEBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPPV
– Em sacos especiais dentro do tanque.
" GPSNB JOEJSFDUB PV IPSJ[POUBM EF BEVCBÉÈP UFN B WBOUBHFN EF QFSNJUJS B BEJÉÈP PV TVTQFOTÈP EB
NFTNBTFNQSFRVFOFDFTTÃSJPNBTUFNBEFTWBOUBHFNEFOFDFTTJUBSEFVNTJTUFNBEFUVCBHFNQBSB
DBOBMJ[BSPFTUSVNFEJMVÎEPBUÊBPUBORVF
C
Forma directa ou verticalm­RVBOEPPFTUSVNFEPTBOJNBJTÊMBOÉBEPEJSFDUBNFOUFOB
ÃHVBEPWJWFJSP
Exemplos:
r $POTUSVÉÈPEFDBQPFJSBTUPUBMPVQBSDJBMNFOUFQPSDJNBEPUBORVF
r "DFTTPEFQPSDPTFQBUPTÆÃHVBEPTUBORVFT
" GPSNB EJSFDUB PV WFSUJDBM EF BEVCBÉÈP UFN B WBOUBHFN EF SFEV[JS B NÈPEFPCSB NBT UFN B
EFTWBOUBHFN EB OFDFTTJEBEF EF DPOTUSVÉÈP EF VNB DBQPFJSB QBUFJSB PV VN DVSSBM F EF PDPSSFS VN
FYDFTTPEFGFSUJMJ[BÉÈP
0TDPNFEPVSPTEPTQBUPTEFWFNTFSFTQBMIBEPTOPJOUFSJPSEPUBORVFFOÈPFNUFSSBWJTUPRVFBSBÉÈP
RVFDBJSOBÃHVBQPEFTFSBQSPWFJUBEBQFMPTQFJYFTFQPEFDPOUSJCVJSQBSBBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPEBÃHVB
IV – POVOAMENTO
O número adequado de alevinos para se povoar um viveiro depende de diversos factores. Os mais
JNQPSUBOUFTTÈP
r "RVBMJEBEFEPTPMPFEBÃHVB
24
r %JTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFBEVCPPSHÄOJDPFJOPSHÄOJDP
r %JTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFTVCQSPEVUPTBHSÎDPMBT
r 3FDVSTPQBSBBRVJTJÉÈPEFSBÉÈP
r 5JQPEFDVMUJWPBEPQUBEPDPOTJEFSBOEPBQSPEVÉÈPGJOBMRVFEFTFKBPQJTDJDVMUPSPCUFS
DPNTFVTQFJYFT
4.1.
Transporte dos Alevinos
0T BMFWJOPT BERVJSJEPT EFWFN UFS RVBMJEBEFT HFOÊUJDBT RVF HBSBOUBN FMFWBEB TPCSFWJWËODJB SÃQJEP
DSFTDJNFOUPBMDBODFEFNBJPSNBTTBDPSQPSBMFNSFMBÉÈPBPTQFJYFTOBUJWPTCFNDPNPNBJPSSFTJTUËODJB
às doenças.
0USBOTQPSUFEPTBMFWJOPTEPUBORVFEFPSJHFNQBSBPUBORVFEFEFTUJOPEFWFTFSFGFDUVBEPFNEJBTOÈP
NVJUPRVFOUFTEFQSFGFSËODJBOBTQSJNFJSBTIPSBTPVOPñNEPEJB/PUSBOTQPSUFEFQFJYFTÊOFDFTTÃSJP
UFSTFFNBUFOÉÈPBMHVNBTSFHSBT
r 4FBEJTUÄODJBBQFSDPSSFSGPSDVSUBQPEFNTFVTBSCBMEFTEFMJUSPTQBSBUSBOTQPSUBSEF
BBMFWJOPTEVSBOUFEVBTIPSBT"DBEBIPSBTEFWFTFGB[FSBNVEBOÉBEBÃHVB
r 4FEVSBOUFPUSBOTQPSUFNPSSFSFNBMHVOTQFJYFTFTUFTEFWFNTFSSFUJSBEPTEPTCBMEFT
r 4FPUSBOTQPSUFGPSEFNBJTUFNQPSFDPNFOEBTFRVFEFJYFFNKFKVNQPSQFMPNFOPT
IPSBTFTFKBNDPMPDBEPTHSEFQFJYFQPSMJUSPEFÃHVB%FWFNTFSVTBEPTTBDPTQMÃTUJDPT
SFTJTUFOUFT9DNDPNBQSPYJNBEBNFOUFMJUSPTEFÃHVBFMJUSPTEFPYJHÊOJP
4.2. Povoamento
"TPMUVSBEPTBMFWJOPTOPTUBORVFTEFFOHPSEBEFWFTFSGFJUBRVBOEPBUFNQFSBUVSBEBÃHVBEPTTBDPT
USBOTQPSUBEPSFT GPS JHVBM Æ EP UBORVF 1BSB UBM BOUFT EB TPMUVSB SFDPNFOEBTF RVF TF EFJYFN óVUVBS
PTTBDPTUSBOTQPSUBEPSFTOBÃHVBEPUBORVFQPSDFSDBEFBNJOVUPTBUÊRVFBTUFNQFSBUVSBTTF
JHVBMFN %FQPJT HSBEVBMNFOUF MJCFSUBNTF BT BMFWJOPT QBSB P UBORVF DVJEBOEP QBSB RVF OÈP TFKBN
causados danos físicos aos animais.
4FPPCKFDUJWPEPDVMUJWPGPSBQSPEVÉÈPEFBMFWJOPT
m $PMPDBNTFBNCPTPTTFYPTOPUBORVFQPSDBEBN).
m 6NUBORVFDPNNEFTVQFSGÎDJFQPEFSFDFCFSQFJYFT
1PSPVUSPMBEPTFPPCKFDUJWPEPDVMUJWPGPSBFOHPSEB
m 0JEFBMÊBERVJSJSUJMÃQJBTNBDIPSFWFSUJEBTN) (as fêmeas crescem menos e, quando
DPNFÉBNBTFSFQSPEV[JSDBVTBVNBTVQFSQPQVMBÉÈPOPTUBORVFTPRVFBVNFOUBBDPN
QFUJÉÈPBMJNFOUBSQSFKVEJDBOEPPDSFTDJNFOUPEPTQFJYFT
/BVUJMJ[BÉÈPEFHBJPMBTóVUVBOUFTQBSBDSJBÉÈPEFNBDIPTEFUJMÃQJBTÈPDPMPDBEPTBBMFWJOPTN
FNHBJPMBTEFWPMVNFNBJPSRVFN.
1BSBHBJPMBTQFRVFOBTNBJTFñDJFOUFTQPSVOJEBEFEFWPMVNFEFWJEPBNBJPSGBDJMJEBEFQBSBBUSPDBEF
ÃHVB
BUBYBEFQPWPBNFOUPQPEFDIFHBSBUÊBMFWJOPTN.
"QSPEVUJWJEBEFWBSJBEFBLHEFUJMÃQJBTN.
25
26
1-"/05&.¦5*$0NJO
I – INTRODUÇÃO
II – SISTEMAS DE CRIAÇÃO
m1JTDJDVMUVSBFYUFOTJWB
m1JTDJDVMUVSBTFNJJOUFOTJWB
– Piscicultura intensiva
m1JTDJDVMUVSBTVQFSJOUFOTJWB
III – TÉCNICAS DE CRIAÇÃO
– Monocultura
– Policultura
m1JTDJDVMUVSB*OUFHSBEB
r3J[JQJTDJDVMUVSB
Módulo 4
4JTUFNBTEF$SJBÉÈP
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
SISTEMAS DE CRIAÇÃO
28
I – INTRODUÇÃO
0TTJTUFNBTEFDSJBÉÈPTÈPPTEJGFSFOUFTUJQPTEFDPOTUSVÉÈPFUPEBBEJOÄNJDBBNCJFOUBMEPTDBUJWFJSPT
RVFBMCFSHBNPTBNJNBJTBTFSFNDSJBEPT
*NQPSUBSFGFSJSRVFPQFJYFBPDPOUSÃSJPEPTPVUSPTBOJNBJTUFSSFTUSFTQPEFTFSDSJBEPEFWÃSJBTNBOFJSBT
EJGFSFOUFTEFQFOEFOEPEBTDPOEJÉ×FTEBQSPQSJFEBEFUJQPEFBMJNFOUPFTQÊDJFDPOTJEFSBEBFBDFJUBÉÈP
de mercado.
"FTDPMIBEVNTJTUFNBEFDSJBÉÈPEFQFOEFEFGBDUPSFTUBJTDPNP
r $POEJÉ×FTñOBODFJSBTEPQSPEVUPS
r 1SPEVUJWJEBEFFTQFSBEB
r 5PQPHSBñBEPUFSSFOPTFPUFSSFOPTFMFDDJPOBEPÊQMBOPPVBDJEFOUBEP
r %JTQPOJCJMJEBEFEBÃHVB
r 5FDOPMPHJBEJTQPOÎWFMPVBTFSVUJMJ[BEB
0TTJTUFNBTEFDSJBÉÈPDMBTTJñDBNTFFNFYUFOTJWPTFNJJOUFOTJWPJOUFOTJWPFTVQFSJOUFOTJWP
II – SISTEMAS DE CRIAÇÃO
2.1
Piscicultura extensiva
&TUFUJQPEFQJTDJDVMUVSBDBSBDUFSJ[BTFQFMPTTFHVJOUFTBTQFDUPT
­BDSJBÉÈPNBJTTJNQMFTFEFNFOPSFTEFTQFTBTQBSBPDSJBEPSRVFQPEFTFSQSBUJDBEBFNÃHVBT
GFDIBEBTBSUJGJDJBJTRVFGPSBNDPOTUSVÎEBTQBSBPVUSBGJOBMJEBEFQPSFYFNQMPQBSBBSNB[FOBS
ÃHVBQBSB JSSJHBÉÈP QBSB BCFCFSBNFOUP EF BOJNBJT FOFSHJB FMÊDUSJDB FUD " QJTDJDVMUVSB
FYUFOTJWBQPEFTFSQSBUJDBEBOBTMBHPBTOBUVSBJTQSFGFSFODJBMNFOUFBTQFRVFOBTFSBTBTCFN
DPNPFNPVUSBTÃSFBTJOVOEBEBTFGFDIBEBTDPNPPTHSBOEFTMBHPT
"BMJNFOUBÉÈPEPTQFJYFTÊEFQFOEFOUFFYDMVTJWBNFOUFEPTBMJNFOUPTOBUVSBJTQSPEV[JEPT
nos diferentes níveis tróficos da cadeia alimentar desse ecossistema. Ou seja, o produtor apenas
SFBMJ[BPQPWPBNFOUPJOJDJBMEPUBORVFOÈPGB[FOEPBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPFOFNBMJNFOUBPTQFJYFTDPN
SBÉÈPPVPVUSPUJQPEFBMJNFOUPJOUFSGFSJOEPPNÎOJNPQPTTÎWFMOPTGBDUPSFTEFQSPEVUJWJEBEF
0TBOJNBJTEPNÊTUJDPTQPEFNUFSBDFTTPBPTUBORVFTFNCVTDBEFÃHVBFOBUVSBMNFOUFEFJYBN
DBJSTFVTFYDSFNFOUPTRVFGFSUJMJ[BNBÃHVBGBWPSFDFOEPBQSPEVÉÈPEFQFJYFT
(FSBMNFOUFPQSPEVUPSUFNEJñDVMEBEFTEFFGFDUVBSVNFTWB[JBNFOUPUPUBMEPUBORVF
'BMUBEFDPOUSPMPEBSFQSPEVÉÈPEPTBOJNBJTFNDSJBÉÈP
#BJYB EFOTJEBEF JOJDJBM EF QPWPBNFOUP HFSBMNFOUF EPJT QFJYFT QBSB DBEB NFUSP RVBESBEP
SFTVMUBOEPFNCBJYPTÎOEJDFTEFQSPEVUJWJEBEFRVFEJñDJMNFOUFVMUSBQBTTBNPTLHIBBOP
2.2
Piscicultura semi intensiva
&TUFUJQPEFQJTDJDVMUVSBDBSBDUFSJ[BTFQFMPTTFHVJOUFTBTQFDUPT
29
&YJHFNBJTEFEFEJDBÉÈPQPSQBSUFEPDSJBEPS
0TDVTUPTEFQSPEVÉÈPTÈPNBJTFMFWBEPTEPRVFOVNTJTUFNBFYUFOTJWP
4JTUFNBSBDJPOBMFFDPOÓNJDPEFQSPEVÉÈPQPSJOUFHSBSTFQFSGFJUBNFOUFDPNBBHSJDVMUVSB
FYBSSP[
FQFDVÃSJBFYTVÎOPTBWFT
FSFDPNFOEBEPQBSBDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFTUSPQJDBJT
6OJEBEFEFQSPEVÉÈPEFWFTFSDPOTUSVÎEB
0T UBORVFT BQSFTFOUBN VNB NBJPS EFOTJEBEF EF QFJYFT FN NÊEJB EF B QFJYFT N)
QPJTRVBOUJEBEFTNBJPSFTQPEFNDBVTBSQSPCMFNBTOBQSPEVÉÈPFTBÙEFEPTQFJYFT
0TMVDSPTTÈPNBJPSFTRVFBQJTDJDVMUVSBFYUFOTJWBFBQSPEVUJWJEBEFRVFQPEFDIFHBSBUPOIB
BOP
/PSNBMNFOUFTÈPGFJUBTWÃSJBTDBQUVSBTQBSDJBJTBPMPOHPEPBOPNBTBQPTTJCJMJEBEFEF
FTWB[JBNFOUPUPUBMQFSNJUFFGFDUVBSDBQUVSBTUPUBJT
0TUBORVFTEFWFNTFSTFDBEPTFFYQPTUPTBPTPMQPSBMHVOTEJBTQBSBOPGJNEFDBEBDJDMPEF
QSPEVÉÈP/PDBTPEPTUBORVFTEFUFSSBFTUFQSPDFTTPEFWFTFSQFSJÓEJDPTFHVJEPEBDBJBHFN
­SFDPNFOEBEBBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPPSHÄOJDBPVRVÎNJDBEPTUBORVFT
)ÃOFDFTTJEBEFEFTFTVQMFNFOUBSBBMJNFOUBÉÈPEPTQFJYFT(FSBMNFOUFFTUBTVQMFNFOUBÉÈPÊ
GFJUBDPNEFTQFSEÎDJPTPVFYDFEFOUFTBHSPQFDVÃSJPTQBSBRVFPTDVTUPTEFQSPEVÉÈPOÈPTFKB
FMFWBEP
"EFTWBOUBHFNEBQJTDJDVMUVSBTFNJJOUFOTJWBÊPQPVDPDPOUSPMPEBSFQSPEVÉÈPEPTBOJNBJT
2.3.
Piscicultura Intensiva
&TUFUJQPEFQJTDJDVMUVSBDBSBDUFSJ[BTFQFMPTTFHVJOUFTBTQFDUPT
$SJBÉÈPSFBMJ[BEBFNUBORVFTQSPKFDUBEPTFTQFDJBMNFOUFDPNPGJNEFTFBMDBOÉBSBMUPWBMPS
EFNFSDBEP
0T UBORVFT QPTTVFN TJTUFNB EF BCBTUFDJNFOUP F FTDPBNFOUP EF ÃHVB DPOUSPMBEPT F TÈP
QPWPBEPTDPNQFJYFTEFWBMPSDPNFSDJBM
"TUBYBTEFQPWPBNFOUPTÈPBMUBTFQSPHSBNBEBTEFBDPSEPDPNBTSFDPNFOEBÉ×FTQBSBVNB
DSJBÉÈPDPNFSDJBMEFBMUBQSPEVUJWJEBEF
1BSBBVNFOUBSPDSFTDJNFOUPEPTQFJYFTVTBTFBMFWJOPTEFCPBRVBMJEBEF
1BSBBMÊNEBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPÊGPSOFDJEBSBÉÈPCBMBODFBEBRVFQSPQPSDJPOBFMFWBEBDPOWFSTÈPBMJ
NFOUBSFDBQB[EFQSPNPWFSVNDSFTDJNFOUPSÃQJEPQBSBRVFBQSPEVÉÈPTFKBFDPOPNJDBNFOUF
WJÃWFM
"ENJOJTUSBÉÈPEFSBÉ×FTTVQMFNFOUBSFTÊPCSJHBUÓSJB
0TQBSÄNFUSPTMJHBEPTÆRVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBDPNPPQ)UFNQFSBUVSBPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPDPOEV
UJWJEBEFTBMJOJEBEFUVSCJEF[TÓMJEPTUPUBJTEJTTPMWJEPT54%
QSPGVOEJEBEFEBÃHVBQPUFODJBMEF
ÓYJEPSFEVÉÈP03
EFWFNTFSNPOJUPSJ[BEPT
*OEJTQFOTÃWFMBVUJMJ[BÉÈPEFBFSBEPSFTQBSBFMFWBSPOÎWFMEFPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEP
"QSFTFOUBVNBQSPEVUJWJEBEFFMFWBEBQPEFOEPVMUSBQBTTBSLHNBOPQFMPTJTUFNBSBDJPOBM
EFDVTUPFMFWBEPDPNNÈPEFPCSBFTQFDJBMJ[BEBFBMUPOÎWFMEFNFDBOJ[BÉÈP
30
2.4
Piscicultura Super Intensiva
&TUFUJQPEFQJTDJDVMUVSBDBSBDUFSJ[BTFQFMPTTFHVJOUFTBTQFDUPT
­BDSJBÉÈPNBJTEJTQFOEJPTBQPSRVFPQJTDJDVMUPSUFNEFGB[FSVNJOWFTUJNFOUPFMFWBEPQBSBJOJDJBS
a piscicultura.
­QSBUJDBEPFNMPDBJTPOEFBÃHVBÊSFOPWBEBDPOTUBOUFNFOUFPVTFKBBÃHVBFOUSBFTBJJNFEJBUBNFOUF
do tanque.
" ÃHVB EF DSJBÉÈP OFTUF TJTUFNB UFN EF TFS EF FYDFMFOUF RVBMJEBEF MJWSF EF RVBMRVFS UJQP EF
SFTÎEVPNFUBCÓMJUPTQSJODJQBMNFOUFPBNPOÎBDPPVSFTUPTEFBMJNFOUPT
FDPNFMFWBEPUFPS
EFPYJHÊOJP
/BNBJPSQBSUFEBTVOJEBEFTEFQSPEVÉÈPTÈPUBORVFTEFDJNFOUPEFQMÃTUJDPPVHBJPMBTóVUVBOUFT
UBNCÊNDPOIFDJEPTQPSUBORVFTSFEF
"EFOTJEBEFEFQPWPBNFOUPÊNVJUPFMFWBEBmQFJYFTFNDBEBNFUSPDÙCJDPEFHBJPMB
ou de tanque).
"ENJOJTUSBÉÈPEFSBÉ×FTTVQMFNFOUBSFTÊPCSJHBUÓSJB
"SBÉÈPJOEVTUSJBMJ[BEBÊPBMJNFOUPNBJTBEFRVBEPQBSBBFOHPSEBQPSTFSFNBMUBNFOUFCBMBODFBEPT
QSPUFÎOBT HPSEVSBT NJOFSBJT WJUBNJOBT F PVUSPT OVUSJFOUFT FN RVBOUJEBEF F RVBMJEBEF RVF
TBUJTGBÉBNBTOFDFTTJEBEFTOVUSJDJPOBJTEPTBOJNBJT
HBSBOUJOEPPDSFTDJNFOUPNÃYJNPEPTQFJYFT
/BQJTDJDVMUVSBFYUFOTJWBPVTFNJJOUFOTJWBPTQFJYFTQPEFNBUÊEFJYBSEFSFDFCFSSBÉÈPFNBMHVNEJB
EBTFNBOBNBTFTTBQSÃUJDBOÈPÊSFDPNFOEÃWFMQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSBJOUFOTJWBOFNOBTVQFSJOUFOTJWB
&NUPEPTPTUJQPTEFQJTDJDVMUVSBUPEPPFTGPSÉPÊGFJUPQBSBJNQFEJSBJOWBTÈPEFPSHBOJTNPTJOEFTFKÃWFJT
FYQFJYFTTFMWBHFOTRVFHFSBMNFOUFTÈPDBSOÎWPSPTFQPEFNQSFEBSPTQFJYFTEFDVMUJWPQBSBBMÊNEF
DPNQFUJSFNDPNPTQFJYFTEFDSJBÉÈPQPSBMJNFOUPTOBUVSBJTFDPOTVNJSFNWBMJPTPTBMJNFOUPTBSUJñDJBJT
DPMPDBOEPFNSJTDPBQPQVMBÉÈPEPTQFJYFTEFDSJBÉÈP
III – PRINCIPAIS TÉCNICAS DE CRIAÇÃO
3.1
Monocultura
­PUJQPEFDSJBÉÈPRVFÊFOWPMWFBQFOBTVNBFTQÊDJFFOPSNBMNFOUFVUJMJ[BEBFNÃHVBTDPSSFOUFT
POEFFYJTUFMJNJUBÉÈPEFBMJNFOUPOBUVSBM/BNPOPDVMUVSBBBUFOÉÈPSFDBJTPCSFBCJPMPHJBEBFTQÊDJF
FBTUÊDOJDBTEFHFTUÈPJTUPÊRVBOUPNBJPSGPSBEFOTJEBEFBOJNBJTÃSFB
NBJPSEFWFTFSBBUFOÉÈP
EBEBFÊNBJTSFDPNFOEBEBQBSBPTJTUFNBJOUFOTJWP
"NBJPSEFTWBOUBHFNEFTUBQSÃUJDBÊBTVCVUJMJ[BÉÈPEPTBMJNFOUPTOBUVSBJTOÈPDPOTVNJEPTQFMBFTQÊDJF
FTDPMIJEBQPSOÈPGB[FSQBSUFEPTFVIÃCJUPBMJNFOUBS$POTFRVFOUFNFOUFBQPMVJÉÈPPSHÄOJDBÊVN
EPTQSPCMFNBTEFTUFTJTUFNB
3.2
Policultura
$POTJTUFOBDSJBÉÈPEFEJGFSFOUFTFTQÊDJFTEFIÃCJUPTBMJNFOUBSFTEJTUJOUPTPOEFÊGFJUPPBQSPWFJUBNFOUP
EPTEJGFSFOUFTOÎWFJTEFUSÓñDPTEFOUSPEPTUBORVFTBñNEFHBSBOUJSPBVNFOUPEBQSPEVUJWJEBEF
/FTUFUJQPEFTJTUFNBEFWFTFFTUBCFMFDFSOBEFOTJEBEFEPTUBORVFTBQSPQPSÉÈPSFMBUJWBEBTFTQÊDJFT
31
"QSPQPSÉÈPÊEFñOJEBUFOEPFNDPOUBFTQÊDJFQSJODJQBMPVTFDVOEÃSJBBTFSFNDSJBEBTCVTDBOEPVNB
NBJPS QSPEVUJWJEBEF 1PEFN TFS DSJBEBT KVOUBT QPS FYFNQMP B DBSQB DPNVN F B UJMÃQJB FOUSF PVUSBT
DPNCJOBÉ×FT
" QSPQPSÉÈP SFDPNFOEBEB Ê EF EF QFJYFT EF TVQFSGÎDJF UJMÃQJB DBSQB DBQJN
F P SFTUBOUF FOUSF
QFJYFTEFDPMVOBEFÃHVBDBSQBEFDBCFÉBHSBOEF
FEFGVOEPDBSQBDPNVN
3.3
Piscicultura Integrada
" QJTDJDVMUVSB QPEF TFS DPNCJOBEB DPN B QSÃUJDB EB BHSJDVMUVSB F B QFDVÃSJB P RVF QPEF DPOEV[JS
B VNB CPB VUJMJ[BÉÈP EF SFDVSTPT MPDBJT F SFTVMUBS FN BMUB QSPEVÉÈP F BMUPT MVDSPT " JOUFHSBÉÈP UFN
DPNPPCKFDUJWPPBQSPWFJUBNFOUPEBSBÉÈPOÈPEJHFSJEBEPTEFKFDUPTEPTBOJNBJTUFSSFTUSFTDSJBEPTF
EFTQFSEÎDJPTEBBHSJDVMUVSBQBSBGFSUJMJ[BSBÃHVBEPTUBORVFT
0TBOJNBJTUFSSFTUSFTTÈPDSJBEPTFNJOTUBMBÉ×FTBEKBDFOUFTBPTUBORVFTQBSBRVFPTFYDSFNFOUPTFPT
SFTUPTEFDPNJEBQPTTBNTFSBQSPWFJUBEPTEJSFDUBNFOUFQFMPTPSHBOJTNPTBRVÃUJDPT
6N QJTDJDVMUPS JTPMBEP PV BTTPDJBEP QPEF GB[FS B QJTDJDVMUVSB JOUFHSBEB UFOEP FN DPOUB P TFHVJOUF
FYFNQMPEFJOUFHSBÉÈPCFNTVDFEJEB
&YFNQMPEFQJTDJDVMUVSBJOUFHSBEBTVTUFOUÃWFM
r
BUBORVFTmDPNBMFWJOPTDBEB
r
6NBDBQPFJSBmDPNQBUPT
r
6NBÃSFBEFYNFUSPTEFIPSUÎDPMBT
4BCFOEPRVFTFEFWFFTQFSBSOPNÎOJNPNFTFTQBSBTFFGFDUVBSBDBQUVSBTJHOJñDBRVF
r
&NVNBOPQPEFGB[FSDBQUVSBTEFQFJYF
r
1PEFUFSUPOFMBEBEFQFJYF
r
4FEPTQBUPTGPSFNGËNFBTFNBDIPTFOUÈP
m6NBGËNFBQPEFUFSQPSNÊEJBQBUJOIPTFGËNFBTQPEFNUFSQBUJOIPTRVFQSFDJTBN
de 4 a 5 meses para crescer.
m4FQPSBOPVNBGËNFBUFNQPTUVSBTFOUÈPGËNFBTQPEFNEBSPSJHFNBQBUJOIPT
$PNPUFSSFOPGÊSUJMBQSPEVÉÈPEFBHSÎDPMBQPEFTFSQFSNBOFOUFUPEPPBOP
FBCVOEBOUF
3.3.2
A Rizipiscicultura
3J[JQJTDJDVMUVSBÊVNTJTUFNBBVUPTVTUFOUÃWFMEFUFDOPMPHJBMJNQBDBSBDUFSJ[BEPQFMBDSJBÉÈPDPOKVOUBPV
BMUFSOBEBEFBSSP[JSSJHBEPFDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFTTFNPVTPEFBHSPUÓYJDPTSFEV[JOEPPVTPEFNBRVJOBSJB
DPOTFSWBOEPPNFJPBNCJFOUFQSPQPSDJPOBOEPBVNFOUPEFSFOEBQPSÃSFBFDPOTUJUVJOEPTFOVNBEBT
GPSNBTNBJTSBDJPOBJTEFVUJMJ[BSVNNFJPBRVÃUJDPKÃFYJTUFOUFBQSPWFJUBOEPPQBSBPVUSPTñOT
"JOUFHSBÉÈPEPBSSP[DPNPQFJYFÊVNBBMUFSOBUJWBEFSFEVÉÈPEFDVTUPTEBMBWPVSBBSSP[FJSBQPSRVF
PQFJYFQSFQBSBPTPMPQBSBPQSÓYJNPDSJBÉÈPEPBSSP[JSSJHBEPSFDJDMBBNBUÊSJBPSHÄOJDBFDPOTPNF
TFNFOUFTEFQMBOUBTJOWBTPSBTDPOUJEBTOPTPMPDPNPBSSP[WFSNFMIPFPVUSBTQMBOUBTBRVÃUJDBT0QFJYF
UBNCÊNDPOTPNFMBSWBTEFJOTFDUPTTFNFOUFTEFBSSP[QFSEJEBTOBDBQUVSBFSFTUPTDVMUVSBJTEBMBWPVSB
RVFTÈPGPDPTEFGVOHPT
32
1BSBPCUFSUBJTSFTVMUBEPTTÈPVUJMJ[BEBTFTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFTRVFQPTTVFNIÃCJUPTBMJNFOUBSFTEJGFSFODJBEPT
DPNPQPSFYFNQMPBTDBSQBTGBDJMJUBOEPBFYFDVÉÈPEFTUFUSBCBMIP
É importante mencionar que desde a fase inicial até a captura, os peixes não consomem as
plantas de arrozVNBWF[RVFRVBOEPPTBMFWJOPTTÈPDPMPDBEPTEJBTBQÓTBTFNFOUFJSBEPBSSP[
BTSBÎ[FTEPBSSP[KÃTFFODPOUSBNCFNQSPUFHJEBTQFMPTPMP&TTFTBMFWJOPTQPTTVFNOPSNBMNFOUFBUÊ
6 centímetros de comprimento.
0DVMUJWPEFQFJYFFNSJ[JQJTDJDVMUVSBJOJDJBOBÊQPDBEBGPSNBÉÈPEBOPWBMBWPVSBFNVNNPNFOUPEF
QPVDBEJTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFSFDVSTPT"TTJNTFQPSVNMBEPFTUBQSÃUJDBSFEV[PTDVTUPTEFQSPEVÉÈPQPS
outro, incrementa a renda.
33
34
1-"/05&.¦5*$0NJO
I – INTRODUÇÃO
II – IMPORTÂNCIA DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO CULTIVO DE PEIXE
III – OS PRINCIPAIS PARÂMETROS DE QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA
1BSÄNFUSPTGÎTJDPTRVÎNJDPTEBÃHVB
r5FNQFSBUVSB
r5SBOTQBSËODJB
rQ)
r0YJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEP
r%JÓYJEPEFDBSCPOP
r4BJTEJTTPMWJEPT
r4ÓMJEPTTVTQFOTPT
r/JUSJUP
1BSÄNFUSPT#JPMÓHJDPTEBÃHVB
IV – ALIMENTAÇÃO DOS PEIXES DE ÁGUA DOCE
5JQPTEFBMJNFOUBÉÈPOBBRVBDVMUVSB
r"MJNFOUPOBUVSBM
r"MJNFOUPBSUJñDJBMPVTVQMFNFOUBS
– Suplementos nutricionais
5JQPTEFSBÉÈP
r'BSJOBEB
r(SBOVMBEB
Módulo 5
2VBMJEBEFEB¦HVBF"MJNFOUBÉÈPEPT1FJYFT$VMUJWBEPT
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
QUALIDADE DE ÁGUA E ALIMENTAÇÃO DOS PEIXES
CULTIVADOS
35
36
I. INTRODUÇÃO
i*OEFQFOEFOUFNFOUFEBTDPOEJÉ×FTUPQPHSÃñDBTUBNBOIPEPUFSSFOPUJQPEFTPMPPRVFWBJEFñOJSP
NPEFMPEFQJTDJDVMUVSBFPNFMIPSTJTUFNBEFDSJBÉÈPBTFSJNQMBOUBEPÊBRVBOUJEBEFFBRVBMJEBEFEB
ÃHVBu)VFU
1BSBPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPTBOJNBJTDSJBEPTFNDBUJWFJSPFDPOTFRVFOUFNFOUFPCUFSTFVNBQSPEVÉÈP
FDPOPNJDBNFOUFWJÃWFMÊOFDFTTÃSJPUFSVNDFSUPDPOUSPMPEBRVBMJEBEFEBÃHVB&NQJTDJDVMUVSBFTTB
RVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBTÊOPSNBMNFOUFPTGBDUPSFTGÎTJDPTRVÎNJDPTFCJPMÓHJDPT
" UFNQFSBUVSB P PYJHÊOJP B TBMJOJEBEF F P Q) BDJEF[
TÈP EFUFSNJOBOUFT OP EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP F
TPCSFWJWËODJBEPTQFJYFT
.BT P TVDFTTP OB QJTDJDVMUVSB QBTTB UBNCÊN QFMB BENJOJTUSBÉÈP EF VNB BMJNFOUBÉÈP BEFRVBEB BPT
QFJYFT 1PS JTTP UPSOBTF JOEJTQFOTÃWFM P DPOIFDJNFOUP EPT IÃCJUPT BMJNFOUBSFT F OFDFTTJEBEFT
OVUSJDJPOBJTEPTQFJYFTQBSBBBEFRVBÉÈPEBSBÉÈPBTFSGPSOFDJEBWJTUPRVFBOVUSJÉÈPUFNFGFJUPEJSFDUP
OBTPCSFWJWËODJBOPDSFTDJNFOUPFOBSFQSPEVÉÈP
0IÃCJUPBMJNFOUBSGPSOFDFOPTVNBJEFJBEBTOFDFTTJEBEFTOVUSJDJPOBJTEFDBEBFTQÊDJF1PSFYFNQMP
QFJYFTDBSOÎWPSPTBQSPWFJUBNNFMIPSPTBMJNFOUPTEFPSJHFNBOJNBMOFDFTTJUBOEPEFNBJPSDPOUFÙEP
QSPUÊJDPOBSBÉÈPEPRVFPTIFSCÎWPSPTRVBOEPDSJBEPTFNDBUJWFJSP
4ÈP DPOTJEFSBEPT QSJODJQBJT OVUSJFOUFT BT QSPUFÎOBT PT DBSCPIJESBUPT F BT HPSEVSBT " FOFSHJB Ê VN
DPNQPOFOUF UBNCÊN OFDFTTÃSJP QBSB BT GVOÉ×FT WJUBJT EP QFJYF DPNP DSFTDJNFOUP MPDPNPÉÈP F
SFQSPEVÉÈP
1PSUBOUPPGPSOFDJNFOUPEFBMJNFOUPBEFRVBEPFNRVBOUJEBEFFRVBMJEBEFÊJNQPSUBOUFQBSBPTVDFTTP
da piscicultura.
II. IMPORTÂNCIA DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO CULTIVO DE PEIXE
"ÃHVBÊPDPNQPTUPDPOTJEFSBEPDPNPBFTTËODJBEPQMBOFUBFEPNJOBQPSDPNQMFUPBDPNQPTJÉÈP
RVÎNJDBEPTTFSFTWJWPTBMÊNEFTFSPNFJPPOEFWJWFNPTQFJYFT6NBÃHVBCPBQBSBPQFTDBEPOFN
TFNQSFÊVNBÃHVBCPBQBSBCFCFSNPT"RVBOUJEBEFFBRVBMJEBEFEBÃHVBTÈPVNGBDUPSQSFQPOEFSBOUF
QBSBPDSJBEPSEFDJEJSBFTQÊDJFEFQFJYFBTFSDSJBEB
/P EJNFOTJPOBNFOUP EF VN QSPKFDUP EFWF DPOTJEFSBSTF VNB WB[ÈP TVñDJFOUF QBSB FODIFS P NBJPS
UBORVFFNEJBTOPWFOUBFTFJTIPSBTFSFQPSBÃHVBQFSEJEBQFMPTQSPDFTTPTEFJOñMUSBÉÈPFFWBQPSBÉÈP
&TUBQFSEBEJÃSJBEFWFTFSEFDFSDBEFDN
" QJTDJDVMUVSB OFDFTTJUB EF ÃHVB QBSB FODIFS PT UBORVFT F DPNQFOTBS BT QFSEBT QPS FWBQPSBÉÈP F
JOñMUSBÉÈP "T QFSEBT QPS FWBQPSBÉÈP EFQFOEFN EPT GBDUPSFT DMJNÃUJDPT OPSNBMNFOUF UFNQFSBUVSB
JOTPMBÉÈPIVNJEBEFEPBSWFOUPTFUD$BTPIBKBEÊñDFEFPYJHÊOJPBUSPDBEFÃHVBEFWFSÃTFSNBJT
frequente.
III. OS PRINCIPAIS PARÂMETROS DE QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA
Parâmetros físicos /químicos da água
"TDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBTGÎTJDBTFRVÎNJDBTEBÃHVBTÈPGVOEBNFOUBJTQBSBPTPSHBOJTNPTRVFOFMBWJWFN"T
WBSJBÉ×FTNBJTJNQPSUBOUFTRVFEFWFNTFSNPOJUPSJ[BEBTFNDVMUJWPEFQFJYFTTÈP
37
r 5FNQFSBUVSB
"UFNQFSBUVSBFYFSDFQSPGVOEBJOóVËODJBTPCSFBWJEBBRVÃUJDBFEFTFNQFOIBQBQFMQSFQPOEFSBOUF
OBBMJNFOUBÉÈPSFQSPEVÉÈPFSFTJTUËODJBÆTEPFOÉBTQBSBDBEBHSVQPEFQFJYFT&MBUBNCÊNJOóVFODJB
EJSFDUBNFOUFOBEJTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPSFHVMBOEPBJOHFTUÈPEFBMJNFOUPTQFMPTQFJYFT
%BÎBWBOUBHFNEBTSFHJ×FTUSPQJDBJTQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSBVNBWF[RVFOFMBTPTQFJYFTJOHFSFNBMJNFOUPT
TFNHSBOEFTDPOTUSBOHJNFOUPTQSBUJDBNFOUFEVSBOUFUPEPPBOP
"GBJYBJEFBMEBTFTQÊDJFTUSPQJDBJTFTUÃFOUSFB$TFOEPPOÎWFMÓQUJNPQBSBBNBJPSJBFOUSF
F $ 5FNQFSBUVSBT JOGFSJPSFT B $ OPSNBMNFOUF BGFDUBN P NFUBCPMJTNP EPT QFJYFT USPQJDBJT
QSPWPDBOEPEJNJOVJÉÈPEFBQFUJUFFEBTUBYBTEFDSFTDJNFOUP"UFNQFSBUVSBMFUBMNVJUPWBSJÃWFMFOUSF
FTQÊDJFTTFOEPEF$QBSBBTDBSQBT$QBSBBTUJMÃQJBT
0DPOUSPMPEFUFNQFSBUVSBEBÃHVBEBTVOJEBEFTEFQSPEVÉÈPQPEFTFSGFJUPQPSNFJPTBSUJñDJBJTDPNP
VTPEFBRVFDFEPSFTNBTÊNVJUPEJTQFOEJPTP
1PSJTTPBPTFDPOTUSVJSVNUBORVFEFWFTFFTDPMIFSVNMPDBMCFNFYQPTUPBPTPMFBPWFOUPPOEFQPTTB
tirar o maior rendimento dos dois.
r 5SBOTQBSËODJB
" USBOTQBSËODJB Ê VNB NFEJEB EJSFDUBNFOUF SFMBDJPOBEB DPN B RVBOUJEBEF EF NBUÊSJB PSHÄOJDB
QMÄODUPONBUFSJBJTFNTVTQFOTÈPEFDPSSFOUFTEBTDIVWBTFUDQSFTFOUFOBÃHVB
2VBOEPBUSBOTQBSËODJBFTUÃSFMBDJPOBEBÆTQBSUÎDVMBTEFBSHJMBFFNTVTQFOTÈPPFYDFTTPEFQBSUÎDVMBT
EFBSHJMBRVFHSVEBNOBTCSÄORVJBTDBVTBNQSPCMFNBTEFSFTQJSBÉÈPOPTQFJYFT
BÃHVBBQSFTFOUBVNB
DPMPSBÉÈPOBDPSEFDBGÊÃHVBCBSSFOUB
&TUBTFPVUSBTÃHVBTBNBSFMBEBTPVBDBTUBOIBEBTQSPWFOJFOUFT
EFQÄOUBOPTPVDIBSOFDBTTÈPÃDJEBTFJNQSÓQSJBTQBSBDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFT
/P DBTP EF FTUBS SFMBDJPOBEB B FYDFTTP EF QMÄODUPO B ÃHVB BQSFTFOUB DPMPSBÉÈP FTWFSEFBEB F TÈP
HFSBMNFOUFCPBTQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSB
O disco de SecchiÊPFRVJQBNFOUPVTBEPQBSBNFEJSFTTFQBSÄNFUSP6NBUSBOTQBSËODJBJEFBMEBÃHVB
EFVNUBORVFNFEJEBQFMPEJTDPEF4FDDIJFTUÃFNUPSOPEFFDNJOEJDBOEPVNBCPBQSPEVÉÈP
CJPMÓHJDBOPTUBORVFT
0FTUBCFMFDJNFOUPEFVNBUSBOTQBSËODJBJEFBMQBSBQJTDJDVMUVSBÊNVJUPEJGÎDJMNBTFTUÃOPSNBMNFOUF
FOUF B DN 5BORVFT NVJUP USBOTQBSFOUFT NBJT EF DN
GBWPSFDFN P EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP EF
NBDSÓñUBT+ÃBUSBOTQBSËODJBNFOPSEFDNJOEJDBFYDFTTPEFNBUÊSJBFNTVTQFOTÈP
"TÃHVBTOBUVSBJTOÈPTÈPQVSBTFBQSFTFOUBNVNBTÊSJFEFNBUFSJBJTEJTTPMWJEPTFFNTVTQFOTÈPUBJT
DPNPQBSUÎDVMBTEFBSHJMBEFUSJUPTPSHÄOJDPTFPTQSÓQSJPTNJDSPSHBOJTNPTRVFWJWFNOBÃHVB
&TTFDPOKVOUPEFNBUFSJBJTEJTQFSTPTOBÃHVBSFEV[BQFOFUSBÉÈPEBMV[JNQFEJOEPRVFHSBOEFQBSUF
BUJOKBBTDBNBEBTNBJTQSPGVOEBT&TUFFGFJUPEFSFEVÉÈPEFMV[BPBUSBWFTTBSBDPMVOBEBÃHVBÊDIBNBEP
EF563#*%&;
r Q)
­BNFEJEBRVFFYQSFTTBTFVNBÃHVBÊÃDJEBPVBMDBMJOBFNFTDBMBRVFWBSJB[FSP
BDBUPS[F
FWBSJB
FNGVOÉÈPEFOVNFSPTPTGBDUPSFTRVÎNJDPTFCJPMÓHJDPT
0 Q) JOUFSWÊN GSFRVFOUFNFOUF OB EJTUSJCVJÉÈP EPT PSHBOJTNPT BRVÃUJDPT " SFTQJSBÉÈP GPUPTTÎOUFTF
BEVCBÉÈPDBJBHFNFQPMVJÉÈPTÈPGBDUPSFTDBQB[FTEFBMUFSBSPQ)OBÃHVB
"NFMIPSÃHVBQBSBBDSJBÉÈPEPQFJYFÊBRVFQPTTVJVNBSFBDÉÈPMJHFJSBNFOUFBMDBMJOBJTUPÊQ)FOUSF
38
r 0YJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEP0%
0PYJHÊOJPEBÃHVBÊQSPWFOJFOUFEBBUNPTGFSBFEPTWFHFUBJTRVFPDPSSFNTVCNFSTPTFRVFMJCFSUBNP
PYJHÊOJPBUSBWÊTEBGPUPTTÎOUFTF0PYJHÊOJPÊDPOTVNJEPQFMPTBOJNBJTDPNPPTQFJYFT
QFMPTWFHFUBJT
BMHBTFQMBOUBTBRVÃUJDBTTVCNFSTBT
FUBNCÊNQFMPQSPDFTTPEFEFDPNQPTJÉÈPEBNBUÊSJBPSHÄOJDB
0IPSÃSJPJEFBMQBSBDPOUSPMPEPTOÎWFJTEF0%ÊMPHPQFMBNBOIÈQPJTEVSBOUFBOPJUFUPEPTPTPSHBOJTNPT
EPUBORVFQFJYFTBMHBTNJDSPSHBOJTNPTQMÄODUPOFUD
DPOTPNFN01PSUBOUPÊOBTQSJNFJSBTIPSBT
EBNBOIÈRVFBDPODFOUSBÉÈPEF0%TFFODPOUSBDSÎUJDBPRVFQPEFPDBTJPOBSQSPCMFNBTDSÓOJDPTOPT
QFJYFTFBUÊBNPSUF
0VUSBJNQPSUÄODJBÊRVFPTOÎWFJTEF0%UFNVNBSFMBÉÈPJOWFSTBNFOUFQSPQPSDJPOBMBPBVNFOUPEB
UFNQFSBUVSBPVTFKBRVBOUPNBJPSGPSBUFNQFSBUVSBEBÃHVBNFOPSTFSÃBRVBOUJEBEFEF0%
&YJTUFNEVBTGPOUFTOBUVSBJTEFPCUFOÉÈPEFPYJHÊOJP
–
Difusão directa
"USBWÊTEPDPOUBDUPFQFOFUSBÉÈPEJSFDUBEPBSBUNPTGÊSJDPOBÃHVB0PYJHÊOJPEBBUNPTGFSBFOUSBOB
ÃHVBQSJODJQBMNFOUFQPSNJTUVSBNFDÄOJDBQSPWPDBEBQFMBBDÉÈPEPTWFOUPTQPSDPSSFOUFTOBUVSBJTEF
NBTTBTIÎCSJEBTFBHJUBÉ×FTDBVTBEBTQFMBUPQPHSBñBEPUFSSFOP
"DPODFOUSBÉÈPEPPYJHÊOJPOBÃHVBWBSJBDPNBTVBUFNQFSBUVSBSFMBÉÈPDPODFOUSBÉÈPUFNQFSBUVSB
FTUÃJOUJNBNFOUFMJHBEB
CFNDPNPBTPMVCJMJEBEFEFTTFHÃTEFQFOEFBJOEBEBQSFTTÈPBUNPTGÊSJDB
"TPMVCJMJEBEFEPPYJHÊOJPOBÃHVBEJNJOVJÆNFEJEBRVFBUFNQFSBUVSBBVNFOUB&NUFNQFSBUVSBBMUB
PTQFJYFTMPHPVUJMJ[BNP0%EBÃHVBQPEFOEPPDPSSFSNPSUBMJEBEFQPSBTñYJB
–
Processo de fotossíntese
"MJCFSUBÉÈPEFPYJHÊOJPOBÃHVBNFEJBOUFQSPDFTTPGPUPTTJOUÊUJDPQFMPñUPQMÄODUPOBMHBTFNFTQFDJBM
ÊBQSJODJQBMGPOUFEFPCUFOÉÈPEP0%FNVNTJTUFNBEFDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFT
%VSBOUF P QSPDFTTP GPUPTTJOUÊUJDP QFMPT ÓSHÈPT DMPSPñMBEPT EPT WFHFUBJT P HÃT DBSCÓOJDP $0
Ê
EFTEPCSBEPTPCBBDÉÈPEBMV[TPMBS
&ORVBOUPPDBSCPOP$
ÊVUJMJ[BEPQBSBBTÎOUFTFEFIJESBUPTEFDBSCPOPFDBSCPOBUPTPPYJHÊOJPÊ
FYQFMJEPDPOUSJCVJOEPQBSBBPYJHFOBÉÈPEBÃHVB
4FNBMV[TPMBSJNQPSUBOUÎTTJNBQBSBFTTFQSPDFTTPPPYJHÊOJPÊFYQFMJEPEVSBOUFBTIPSBTEPEJBFN
RVFFMBÊTVñDJFOUFQBSBFTTBGVOÉÈPñTJPMÓHJDBFBUÊPOEFQPTTBQFOFUSBSFNRVBOUJEBEFTVñDJFOUF
©OPJUFIÃDPOTVNPEF0%FOÈPQSPEVÉÈP
&N ÃHVBT UVSWBT F DPN CBJYB USBOTQBSËODJB B QSPEVÉÈP GPUPTTJOUÊUJDB QPEF EJNJOVJS PV BUÊ NFTNP
QBSBS1PEFTFOPUBSQPSUBOUPRVFPQSPDFTTPGPUPTTJOUÊUJDPEPTPSHBOJTNPTDMPSPñMBEPTFTUÃMJNJUBEP
ÆTDBNBEBTTVQFSñDJBJTEFÃHVBPOEFBNBJPSQBSUFEBMV[ÊBCTPSWJEB
r %JÓYJEPEF$BSCPOP$02)
0HÃTDBSCÓOJDPTFKBOPFTUBEPMJWSFPVOBGPSNBEFÃDJEPGSBDPPVEFCJDBSCPOBUPFODPOUSBTFOBÃHVB
FNTPMVÉÈPJOTUÃWFMFÆTWF[FTTPCSFBGPSNBEFDBSCPOBUPTRVFQSFDJQJUBN
Quando ocorre um aumento de CO2PQ)EJNJOVJPDPOUSÃSJPUBNCÊNQPEFPDPSSFS0TBMUPTUFPSFT
de CO2 QPEFN TFS FODPOUSBEPT RVBOEP VTBTF ÃHVB TVCUFSSÄOFB RVBOEP PDPSSF VN iCMPPNu BMUP
DPOTVNPEFPYJHÊOJPEVSBOUFPQSPDFTTPEFSFTQJSBÉÈP
EFBMHBTÆOPJUFFOPUSBOTQPSUFEFQFJYFT0T
OÎWFJTTVCMFUBJTFTUÈPFOUSFBNHMFMFUBJTEFBNHM0CO2QPEFTFSSFNPWJEPEBÃHVBQFMB
BFSBÉÈPEBÃHVBQFMPBVNFOUPEFQ)QFMPDPOUSPMFñUPQMÄODUPOFQFMBDPOTUSVÉÈPDPSSFDUBEPTWJWFJSPT
39
FOUSBEBEFÃHVBPQPTUBÆTBÎEBTBÎEBEBÃHVBOPGVOEPGPSNBSFDUBOHVMBSFUD
r 4BJT%JTTPMWJEPT
.VJUBT TVCTUÄODJBT FODPOUSBNTF EJTTPMWJEBT OB ÃHVB &ORVBOUP BMHVNBT TÈP FTTFODJBJT QBSB B
TPCSFWJWËODJB EPT PSHBOJTNPT DPNP P OJUSPHÊOJP F P GÓTGPSP PVUSBT TÈP UÓYJDBT DPNP B BNÓOJB F
provocam mortalidade e insucesso nos cultivos.
r 4ÓMJEPTTVTQFOTPT
0TTÓMJEPTTVTQFOTPTDPSSFTQPOEFNBQBSUÎDVMBTEFBMJNFOUPOÈPDPOTVNJEPTGF[FTPVNBUÊSJBJOPSHÄOJDB
FNTVTQFOTÈPOBDPMVOBEFÃHVB
"ÃHVBTVKBQSFKVEJDBPQFJYFEFEVBTGPSNBT
– DirectaQFMPTGFSJNFOUPTPVBDÙNVMPTOBTCSÄORVJBTDPNQSPNFUFOEPBSFTQJSBÉÈPEPT
BOJNBJT
– IndirectaQFMBEJNJOVJÉÈPEBQFOFUSBÉÈPEFMV[OBÃHVBSFEV[JOEPBQSPEVUJWJEBEF
natural do viveiro.
5FPSFTEFHMTÈPTVQPSUBEPTQPSFTQÊDJFTUSPQJDBJTTFOEPPOÎWFMJEFBMEFHM
0ñMUSPNFDÄOJDPTJNQMFTQPEFEJNJOVJSPTNFTNPTTFOEPRVFVNñMUSPEFNEFDBNBEBñMUSBOUF
DBTDBMIP EF NN
N EF BMUVSB N EF DPNQSJNFOUP F N EF MBSHVSB ñMUSB VN DBOBM EF
BMJNFOUBÉÈPDPNEFTDBSHBEFMT
r /JUSJUP
0OJUSJUPÊVNQSPEVUPJOUFSNFEJÃSJPOBPYJEBÉÈPCJPMÓHJDBEBBNÓOJBBOJUSBUPOJUSJñDBÉÈP
$PODFOUSBÉ×FT
FMFWBEBTQPEFNPDPSSFSFNDPOTFRVËODJBEFQPMVJÉÈPPSHÄOJDBPVUFPSEF0%CBJYP
1BSBPTQFJYFTPOJUSJUPÊNVJUPUÓYJDPQPJTDPNCJOBTFÆIFNPHMPCJOBOPTBOHVFPSJHJOBOEPBNFUB
IFNPHMPCJOBNÃUSBOTQPSUBEPSBEFPYJHÊOJP
RVFDPOGFSFDPMPSBÉÈPBDBTUBOIBEBBPTBOHVFNBUBOEP
PQFJYFQPSBTñYJB
"QSFTFOÉBEFJ×FTEFDMPSPQPEFEJNJOVJSBUPYJDJEBEFEPOJUSJUP0OÎWFMEFOJUSJUPOPNFJPOÈPEFWF
FYDFEFSBNHM
/B BOÃMJTF RVÎNJDB EF VNB ÃHVB EFTUJOBEB Æ QJTDJDVMUVSB UPSOBNTF OFDFTTÃSJBT BT TFHVJOUFT
EFUFSNJOBÉ×FT
5BCFMBOÎWFJTEFTFKBEPTEFRVBMJEBEFEFÃHVB
Especificação da análise
Níveis desejados
Q)
B
"MDBMJOJEBEF
BNHMFNTFVFRVJWBMFOUFFN$B$0
%VSF[B
$B$0
"DJNBEFNHMFNTFVFRVJWBMFOUFFN
0EJTTPMWJEP
"DJNBEFNHM
$0MJWSF
"CBJYPEFNHM
40
"NÓOJB
"CBJYPEFNHM
(ÃTTVMGÎESJDP
"CBJYPEFNHM
.FUBOP
"CBJYPEFNHM
'FSSP
"CBJYPEFNHM
"MVNÎOJP
"CBJYPEFNHM
1SFTFOÉBEFOJUSBUPTGPTGBUPTDBSCPOBUPTFTVMGBUPT
1BSÄNFUSPTCJPMÓHJDPTEBÃHVB
6NUBORVFEFDSJBÉÈPEFQFJYFTBQFTBSEFTFSVNBNCJFOUFUPUBMPVQBSDJBMNFOUFDPOUSPMBEPOÈPEFJYB
EF DPOTUJUVJS VN TJTUFNB FDPMÓHJDP RVF EFWF TFS FTUVEBEP QPJT UPEBT BT PVUSBT NPEBMJEBEFT TPGSFN
JOóVËODJBEBTDPOEJÉ×FTCJPMÓHJDBTEPNFJPBMÊNEBTDPOEJÉ×FTDJUBEBTOPTUÓQJDPTBOUFSJPSFT­EF
fundamental importância o controlo do plâncton.
.BUÊSJBPSHÄOJDBRVBOEPFNFYDFTTPMFWBBVNBPYJEBÉÈPCBDUFSJBOBRVFSFNPWFPPYJHÊOJPEBÃHVB
DSJBOEPQSPCMFNBTEFSFTQJSBÉÈPBPTQFJYFTFPVUSPTPSHBOJTNPTBRVÃUJDPT
"RVBMJEBEFEBÃHVBÊJOóVFODJBEBQFMBGSFRVËODJBEFBMJNFOUBÉÈPVNBWF[RVFPFYDFTTPEFSBÉÈPOP
UBORVFQSPWPDBEJNJOVJÉÈPEPPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPOBÃHVBQSFKVEJDBOEPPTQFJYFT
"TÃHVBTEFDPSFTWFSEFBEBTÈPHFSBMNFOUFCPBTQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSB
IV. ALIMENTAÇÃO DOS PEIXES DE ÁGUA DOCE
0TQFJYFTDPNPRVBMRVFSPVUSPBOJNBMEFWFNTFSBMJNFOUBEPTEJBSJBNFOUF
&NTJTUFNBTFYUFOTJWPTEFQSPEVÉÈPBUJMÃQJBEFQFOEFFYDMVTJWBNFOUFPBMJNFOUPOBUVSBMFORVBOUP
RVFFNTJTUFNBTTFNJJOUFOTJWPUBOUPPBMJNFOUPOBUVSBMDPNPPBSUJñDJBMQPEFNTFSVUJMJ[BEPT
0BMJNFOUPEFWFTFSMBOÉBEPOPTDPNFEPVSPTOBQBSUFNFOPTGVOEBEFGPSNBRVFTFQPTTBWFSPTQFJYFT
B DPNFSFN %FWFTFBMJNFOUBSTÓDPNBRVBOUJEBEFRVFFMFTQPEFNDPNFSEFNPEPRVFOÈP IBKB
BDÙNVMPEFBMJNFOUPEFNBUÊSJBPSHÄOJDBOPUBORVF
Deve-se ter em conta que:
r 4FPTQFJYFTTÈPTBVEÃWFJTFMFTDPNFSÈPEFQSFTTB
r 4FFMFTDPNFNUVEPEFQSFTTBEFWFTFEBSVNQPVDPNBJTOPEJBTFHVJOUF
r 2VBOEPDPNFÉBSBTPCSBSSBÉÈPOBTVQFSGÎDJFTJHOJñDBRVFPTQFJYFTFTUÈPTBDJBEPT
0OÙNFSPEFWF[FTRVFPTQFJYFTEFWFNTFSBMJNFOUBEPTQPSEJBWBSJBFNGVOÉÈPEBFTQÊDJFDSJBEB
UFNQFSBUVSBJEBEFPVUBNBOIPEPTQFJYFTFRVBMJEBEFEBÃHVBEPUBORVF"TTJNRVBOUPNFOPSGPSB
UFNQFSBUVSBNFOPSTFSÃPDPOTVNPEFSBÉÈPRVBOUPNBJTKPWFNGPSPQFJYFNBJTWF[FTQPSEJBFMFEFWF
ser alimentado.
1BSBQFJYFTDBSOÎWPSPTQPSFYFNQMPBSBÉÈPBENJOJTUSBEBEVBTBPEJBÊTVñDJFOUFQPSÊNQBSBQFJYFT
41
PNOÎWPSPTDPNPBUJMÃQJBBSBÉÈPGPSOFDJEBUSËTBPEJBSFTVMUBFNNFMIPSEFTFNQFOIP
2VBOUP BPT IPSÃSJPT EF GPSOFDJNFOUP EF SBÉÈP FTUFT WBSJBN DPOGPSNF B FTQÊDJF DVMUJWBEB 0 JEFBM Ê
GPSOFDFSBSBÉÈPTFNQSFOPTNFTNPTIPSÃSJPTUPEPTPTEJBTQBSBRVFIBKBVNDPOEJDJPOBNFOUPEPT
QFJYFT­GVOEBNFOUBMQPSÊNOÈPGPSOFDFSBMJNFOUPBPTQFJYFTRVBOEPBTDPODFOUSBÉ×FTEFPYJHÊOJP
FTUJWFSFNCBJYBTQBSBOÈPBHSBWBSBJOEBNBJTBTJUVBÉÈP0NBJTJNQPSUBOUFÊRVFPUSBUBEPSTFKBVN
CPNPCTFSWBEPSQPJTEFMFJSÃEFQFOEFSBTBÙEFFPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPBEFRVBEPEPTQFJYFT
1BSBBMÊNEBTVBEJTUSJCVJÉÈPBGPSNBEFQSFQBSPEPTBMJNFOUPTUBNCÊNEFWFTFSUJEBFNDPOUB
r 1BSBBMFWJOPTBSBÉÈPFNGPSNBEFGBSJOIBEFWFTFSEJTUSJCVÎEBBPMPOHPEBTNBSHFOTEPT
tanques.
r 1BSBQFJYFTEFBHSBNBTBTSBÎ[FTHSÈPTWFSEVSBTGSVUBTFTFNFOUFTEFWFNTFSPGFSFDJEPT
FNQFRVFOPTQFEBÉPTEFNPEPRVFPQFJYFQPTTBBCPDBOIBS6NBCPBQSÃUJDBÊEFJYBSBT
TFNFOUFTSBÎ[FTFHSÈPTEFNPMIPQFMPNFOPTIPSBTBOUFTEBEJTUSJCVJÉÈP
2VBMRVFS QSPEVUPS FYUFOTJWP QPEF QSPEV[JS B SBÉÈP QBSB P TFV QFJYF 1BSB UBM EFWFSÃ UFS FN DPOUB B
SBÉÈPBTFSDPOGFDDJPOBEBEFWFSÃDPOUFSPTTFHVJOUFTJOHSFEJFOUFTFNRVBOUJEBEFTFRVBMJEBEFTRVF
SFTQFJUFNBTOFDFTTJEBEFTOVUSJDJPOBJTEFDBEBFTQÊDJF
r 'POUFTQSPUÊJDBTmGBSJOIBTQFJYFEFDBNBSÈPEFWÎTDFSBTEFGSBOHPEFGPMIBTEF
NBOEJPRVFJSBDPQSBPVEFMFHVNJOPTBTDPNPPTGFJK×FTBTPKBPVPBNFOEPJN
r 'POUFTFOFSHÊUJDBT
m(PSEVSBmÓMFPEFDP[JOIBRVFUBNCÊNHBSBOUFPQPEFSEFóVUVBCJMJEBEFÆSBÉÈP
m$BSCPIJESBUPTmUSJHPNBOEJPDBFUDQBSBHBSBOUJSBMJHBÉÈPBEFTÈP
EPTJOHSFEJFOUFT
m'JCSBTmGBSFMPTEFDFSFBJT
r 7JUBNJOBTFTBJTNJOFSBJTmGSVUBTFMFHVNFT
4.1. Tipos de alimentos na aquacultura
/BQJTDJDVMUVSBFYJTUFNEPJTUJQPTEFBMJNFOUPT
r "MJNFOUPOBUVSBM
0TBMJNFOUPTOBUVSBJTTÈPBRVFMFTQSPEV[JEPTOPUBORVF4ÈPQMBOUBTFBOJNBJTNJDSPTDÓQJDPTRVFTF
EFTFOWPMWFNDPNPSFTVMUBEPEFBEVCBÉÈPCFNDPNPPNBUFSJBMPSHÄOJDPNPSUPPVFNEFDPN
QPTJÉÈPOPGVOEPEPUBORVFFRVFTÈPDPOTVNJEPTQFMPTQFJYFT
5JQPT EJGFSFOUFT EF QFJYFT DPOTPNFN BMJNFOUPT OBUVSBJT EJGFSFOUFT "MHVOT QSPDVSBN JOTFDUPT PV
NJOIPDBT OP GVOEP EP UBORVF BMHVOT EÈP QSFGFSËODJB ÆT QMBOUBT TVCNFSTBT PV SBTUFKBOUFT F PVUSPT
BMJNFOUBNTFEFQMBOUBTFBOJNBJTQFRVFOPTOBÃHVB
5PEPTPTPSHBOJTNPTRVFWJWFNOVNUBORVFEJSFDUBPVJOEJSFDUBNFOUFQBSUJDJQBNEPDSFTDJNOFUPEP
QFJYF
r "MJNFOUPBSUJñDJBMPVTVQMFNFOUBS
0TBMJNFOUPTBSUJñDJBJTTÈPBTSBÉ×FTCBMBODFBEBTQBSBQFJYFTPVTJNJMBSFTHSBOVMBEBTPVFNQÓFUPEPT
PTTVCQSPEVUPTBHSPQFDVÃSJPTMPDBJTRVFPQJTDJDVMUPSQPTTBPGFSFDFSBPTQFJYFTBFYFNQMPEFWFSEVSBT
SBÎ[FTMFHVNFTGSVUBTHSÈPTGBSFMPTFUD
42
0BMJNFOUPBSUJñDJBMEFWFTFSBENJOJTUSBEPEJBSJBNFOUFOBRVBOUJEBEFEFBUÊEBCJPNBTTBEJWJEJEP
FNEVBTPVNBJTSFGFJÉ×FTEFQSFGFSËODJBOPNFTNPMPDBMFÆTNFTNBTIPSBTEPEJB
nr. de peixes X peso individual X percentagem de ração diária
'ÓSNVMBQBSBDÃMDVMPEFSBÉÈPEJÃSJB
Ração diária=
100
nr. de peixes X peso individual X percentagem de ração diária
Ração diária=
100
Exemplo:
6NUBORVFDPNÃSFBEF1000 metrosRVBESBEPTFQSPGVOEJEBEFNÊEJBEF120 centímetros, tendo
VNBQPQVMBÉÈPEF800 peixes com peso de 200 gramasDBEBBEPQUBOEPBQSPQPSÉÈPde 3% de ração,
Ração diária (g)=
Ração diária (g)=
4FSÈPOFDFTTÃSJPTHEFSBÉÈPQPSEJB
800 X 200 (g) X 3
100
800 X 200 (g) X 3
100
= 480 g de raçã por dia
= 480 g de raçã por dia
/PEFDPSSFSEPDVMUJWPGB[TFOFDFTTÃSJPBEFRVBSDPOTUBOUFNFOUFBTRVBOUJEBEFTGPSOFDJEBTEFBMJNFOUPT
de acordo com o crescimento.
0TQFJYFTDSFTDFNNBJTSBQJEBNFOUFRVBOEPIÃEJTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFBMJNFOUPTQPSRVFÊBUSBWÊTEBEJFUB
BMJNFOUBSRVFFMFTSFDFCFNOVUSJFOUFTQBSBBUFOEFSBTTVBTOFDFTTJEBEFTOVUSJDJPOBJTEJÃSJBT
– Suplementos nutricionais
B
1SPUFÎOBT
1SPUFÎOBTTÈPNPMÊDVMBTHSBOEFTFDPNQMFYBT&MBTDPNQPSUBNPTBNJOPÃDJEPTRVFTÈPDPNQPOFOUFT
JOEJTQFOTÃWFJT Æ FTUSVUVSB F FN NVJUPT DBTPT GVODJPOBN DPNP DPFO[JNBT EF SFBDÉ×FT DFMVMBSFT
JNQPSUBOUFT0TBNJOPÃDJEPTRVFOÈPQPEFNTFSTJOUFUJ[BEPTQFMPTBOJNBJTPVRVFTÈPTJOUFUJ[BEPTFN
RVBOUJEBEFTJOTVñDJFOUFTEFWFNTFSTVQMFNFOUBEBTOBEJFUB
"TUJMBQJBTBTTJNDPNPPVUSPTBOJNBJTOÈPOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFSFRVFSFNBTQSPUFÎOBTOBTVBEJFUBNBT
TJNVNCPNCBMBODFBNFOUPBNJOPBDÎEJDP"TTJNOÈPJNQPSUBBRVBOUJEBEFEFQSPUFÎOBFYJTUFOUFOPT
BMJNFOUPT BENJOJTUSBEPT BPT QFJYFT QPSRVF P DSFTDJNFOUP TBEJP EPT BOJNBJT EFQFOEF EB RVBMJEBEF
EFTTFTBNJOPÃDJEPTQSFTFOUFT
0T OÎWFJT QSPUFJDPT EFQFOEFN EF GBDUPSFT DPNP B FTQÊDJF JEBEF UBNBOIP UFNQFSBUVSB EB ÃHVB
TBMJOJEBEFFRVBMJEBEFEBQSPUFÎOB"GBMUBEFBNJOPÃDJEPTBEFRVBEPTQBSBVNBEBEBFTQÊDJFSFTVMUBFN
CBJYPEFTFNQFOIPOPDSFTDJNFOUP
C
7JUBNJOBT
"TWJUBNJOBTTÈPDPNQPTUPTPSHÄOJDPTRVFTÈPOFDFTTÃSJPFNQFRVFOBTRVBOUJEBEFTQBSBPDSFTDJNFOUP
SFQSPEVÉÈPFTBÙEFOPSNBJTEPTBOJNBJT%FñDJËODJBTWJUBNÎOJDBTQPEFNSFTVMUBSFNEPFOÉBTEFPSJHFN
OVUSJDJPOBM DPNP SFEV[JEP DSFTDJNFOUP PV VN BVNFOUP EB TVTDFQUJCJMJEBEF QBSB DPOUSBJS JOGFDÉ×FT
Todavia, suplementos de vitaminas nãoTÈPJODMVÎEPTOBTSBÉ×FTBSUJñDJBJTPVTVQMFNFOUBSFTQBSBUJMÃQJBT
RVFTÈPQSPEV[JEBTFNEFOTJEBEFTCBJYBTPVNPEFSBEBTRVFDSFTDFNFNUBORVFTGFSUJMJ[BEPT"TTVNF
TFRVFTPCFTUBTDPOEJÉ×FTBUJMÃQJBDPOTVNFVNBRVBOUJEBEFTVñDJFOUFEFBMJNFOUPOBUVSBMDBQB[EF
satisfazer as suas necessidades vitamínicas.
D
.JOFSBJT
43
0TNJOFSBJTTÈPFMFNFOUPTJOPSHÄOJDPTOFDFTTÃSJPTBPBOJNBJTQBSBNBOUFSBTTVBTGVOÉ×FTNFUBCÓMJDBT
UBJTDPNPBFTUSVUVSBEPTPTTPTEFOUFTFUFDJEPTPTNPSSFHVMBÉÈPJNQVMTPTFUSBOTNJTT×FTOFSWPTBT
DPOUSBDÉÈP NVTDVMBS SFHVMBÉÈP EP Q) EP TBOHVF F PVUSPT óVJEPT 0T QFJYFT UËN B DBQBDJEBEF EF
BCTPSWFSPTNJOFSBJTEBÃHVBEVSBOUFBSFTQJSBÉÈPFQPSJTTPOÈPTÈPOPSNBMNFOUFBEJDJPOBEPTÆTEJFUBT
QBSBDVMUJWPFYUFOTJWP©FYDFQÉÈPEFBMHVOTNJOFSBJTDPNPPGÓTGPSPEFWFNTFSBEJDJPOBEPTÆEJFUBFN
QFJYFTDSJBEPTFNDBUJWFJSP
4.2. Tipos de ração para peixes
1PSWJWFSFNFNNFJPBRVÃUJDPPTQFJYFTFOGSFOUBNPQSPCMFNBEFTFVTBMJNFOUPTQFSEFSFNOVUSJFOUFT
QSJODJQBMNFOUF PT IJESPTTPMÙWFJT 4FOEP BTTJN P QSPDFTTBNFOUP BEFRVBEP EB SBÉÈP Ê GVOEBNFOUBM
OBBMJNFOUBÉÈPEPTBOJNBJTFNDBUJWFJSP"TGPSNBTGÎTJDBTNBJTDPNVOTEFGPSOFDJNFOUPEFSBÉÈPBPT
QFJYFTTÈP
r
'BSJOBEBPTJOHSFEJFOUFTEBSBÉÈPTÈPBQFOBTNPÎEPTFNJTUVSBEPT4VBVUJMJ[BÉÈPÊBQFOBT
SFDPNFOEBEBOPTQSJNFJSPTFTUÃHJPTEFEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPTQFJYFTVNBWF[RVFBTVBDBQBDJEBEF
EFDBQUVSBSBMJNFOUPTÊGSBDB6NBWF[RVFBTQFSEBTEFOVUSJFOUFTTÈPNVJUPHSBOEFTQPEFOEPDBVTBS
B QPMVJÉÈP EB ÃHVB EPT UBORVFT FTUF UJQP EF SBÉÈP OÈP Ê NVJUP SFDPNFOEBEP QBSB PVUSBT GBTFT EF
DSFTDJNFOUPEPQFJYF
r
(SBOVMBEBBTGBSJOIBTQPSNFJPEBDPNCJOBÉÈPEFIVNJEBEFFQSFTTÈPTÈPUSBOTGPSNBEBT
FN HSÄOVMPT 1BSB TF GB[FS PT HSÄOVMPT Ê OFDFTTÃSJP QSJNFJSP DP[FS QBSUF EPT JOHSFEJFOUFT DVKP WBMPS
OVUSJDJPOBMÊBVNFOUBEPQFMBBDÉÈPEBUFNQFSBUVSBFNTFHVJEBEFWFNTFSQSPEV[JEBTGBSJOIBTRVFTF
KVOUBNBPTJOHSFEJFOUFTMÎRVJEPTÈPBNBTTBEPTHSBOVMBEBTTFDPTFEFQPJTFNCBMBEPTFNTBDPTDBJYBT
FBSNB[FOBS1PSÊNUFNVNDVTUPEFQSPEVÉÈPNBJTFMFWBEPRVBOEPDPNQBSBEBÆSBÉÈPGBSJOBEB
&NBMHVOTDBTPTIÃOFDFTTJEBEFEFFYUSVTÃMB/BFYUSVTÈPQBSBBMÊNEBIVNJEBEFFQSFTTÈPPTHSÄOVMPT
EBSBÉÈPQBTTBNQPSTFDBHFNSÃQJEBFNFMFWBEBTUFNQFSBUVSBTRVFGBDVMUBNBTVBEJMBUBÉÈP"EJMBUBÉÈP
ÊPSFTVMUBEPEFQFRVFOPTFTQBÉPTDPNBSEFOUSPEPHSÄOVMPRVFQFSNJUFNRVFFTUFTFKBNBJTFTUÃWFM
FóVUVFOBÃHVB4VBFTUBCJMJEBEFOBTVQFSGÎDJFEBÃHVBÊEFDFSDBEFNJOVUPTPRVFHBSBOUFTVB
RVBMJEBEF&TUFUJQPEFSBÉÈPSFEV[BTQFSEBTEFOVUSJFOUFTOBÃHVB
44
**OUSPEVÉÈP
II. Conceito de doença
III. Principais causas das doenças
IV. Mecanismos de defesa
71SJODJQBJTTJOUPNBTRVFBVYJMJBNOBEFUFDÉÈPEFEPFOÉBT
7*.FEJEBTBTFUPNBSRVBOEPTVSHFNQFJYFTEPFOUFTOPUBORVF
7**1SFWFOÉÈPEFEPFOÉBT
7***1BSBTJUBTEPTQFJYFT
IX. Tipos de tratamento
Módulo 6
1-"/05&.¦5*$0NJO
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
PREVENÇÃO E TRATAMENTO DAS DOENÇAS
45
46
I.
INTRODUÇÃO
0TQFJYFTOPSNBMNFOUFDPOWJWFNFNFRVJMÎCSJPDPNPTQBSBTJUBTFBHFOUFTQBUPHÊOJDPT.BTDPNPPT
PVUSPTTFSFTWJWPTBTFTQÊDJFTDSJBEBTFNUBORVFTEFBRVBDVMUVSBUBNCÊNTÈPTVTDFQUÎWFJTÆTEPFOÉBT
" TVTDFQUJCJMJEBEF ÆT EPFOÉBT WBSJB DPN B FTQÊDJF JEBEF QBSUJDVMBSJEBEFT JOEJWJEVBJT F BMUFSBÉ×FT
BNCJFOUBJT
$PNPEJ[PEJUBEPQPQVMBSiBQSFWFOÉÈPÊPNFMIPSSFNÊEJPuOÈPJSFNPTBRVJQSFTDSFWFSNFEJDBNFOUPT
OFNEPTFTUFSBQËVUJDBT*SFNPTSFDPNFOEBSCPBTQSÃUJDBTEFNBOVTFBNFOUPRVFBVYJMJBNOBQSFWFOÉÈP
EFEPFOÉBTFNQFJYFT1BSBRVFBBDUJWJEBEFUFOIBTVTUFOUBCJMJEBEFEFWFNPTTFNQSFCVTDBSPFRVJMÎCSJP
FOUSFPBNCJFOUFBSUJñDJBMRVFDSJBNPTFPTTFVTIBCJUBOUFT
II.
CONCEITO DE DOENÇA
%PFOÉB Ê BMUFSBÉÈP EP FTUBEP ñTJPMÓHJDP GÎTJDP F DPNQPSUBNFOUBM EF VN PSHBOJTNP FN SFTQPTUB Æ
QSFTFOÉBEFVNPVNBJTPSHBOJTNPTQBUPHÊOJDPTMFWBOEPPBPQBEFDJNFOUPFQPSWF[FTÆNPSUF
III.
PRINCIPAIS CAUSAS DAS DOENÇAS
"DPODFOUSBÉÈPEFPSHBOJTNPTTFKBNQFJYFTBWFTPV)PNFOTJOFWJUBWFMNFOUFPDBTJPOBPQPSUVOJEBEF
QBSBBQSPMJGFSBÉÈPEFTFVTQBSBTJUBTFEPFOÉBT
"NCJFOUFT EFTGBWPSÃWFJT PV VNB EJFUB EFTCBMBODFBEB TÈP GBDUPSFT EF TUSFTT RVF BDUVBN EF GPSNB
QSFKVEJDJBMOBTBÙEFEPTBOJNBJTFEJNJOVFNBTVBJNVOJEBEF&TUBTDPOEJÉ×FTEFCJMJUBNPTBOJNBJTF
GBDJMJUBNPBQBSFDJNFOUPEFEPFOÉBTNBJTHSBWFT/BNBJPSJBEPTDBTPTBTFOGFSNJEBEFTJOGFDDJPTBTF
QBSBTJUÃSJBTOPSNBMNFOUFTÈPDPOTFRVËODJBTEFVNDVJEBEPEFñDJFOUFFEFDPOEJÉ×FTBOUJIJHJÊOJDBT
UBOUPFNÃHVBTMJWSFTDPNPFNBRVÃSJPT
a) Causas ambientais
Temperatura:$BEBFTQÊDJFOFDFTTJUBEFVNBUFNQFSBUVSBJEFBMQBSBPTFVDSFTDJNFOUPFSFQSPEVÉÈP
4FPTMJNJUFTEFUFNQFSBUVSBJEFBJTOÈPGPSFNSFTQFJUBEPTQPEFSÃGBWPSFDFSÆJOTUBMBÉÈPEFEPFOÉBT
Transparência: FTUÃSFMBDJPOBEBQSFTFOÉBEFTFEJNFOUPTFBQSPEVÉÈPEFQMÄODUPO0QMÄODUPOÊVN
BMJNFOUPDPNVNBÓQUJNBDPNQPTJÉÈPOVUSJDJPOBMFFNDVMUJWPTFYUFOTJWPTÊJOEJTQFOTÃWFMQBSBVNB
EJFUBNBJTFRVJMJCSBEB"BVTËODJBEPQMÄODUPOQPEFDBVTBSVNEÊñDFOVUSJDJPOBMFGBDJMJUBSPTVSHJNFOUP
de doenças.
0YJHÊOJPBGBMUBEFPYJHÊOJPQPEFMFWBSBPTUSFTTñTJPMÓHJDPFQSFEJTQPTJÉÈPÆTEPFOÉBT&NUBORVFT
TVQFSBEVCBEPTFPVDPNFYDFTTPEFQFJYFTOPSNBMNFOUFPDPSSFBGBMUBEFPYJHÊOJP
pH:WBMPSFTGPSBEPJOUFSWBMPJEFBMQBSBBFTQÊDJFFNDVMUJWPQPEFNQPSVNMBEPJOUFSGFSJSOFHBUJWBNFOUF
OBTSFBDÉ×FTñTJPMÓHJDBTEPTBOJNBJTFQPSPVUSPMBEPFMJNJOBSPVEJñDVMUBSBGPSNBÉÈPEPQMÄODUPO
Compostos nitrogenados:FYDFTTPEFBNÓOJBOJUSJUPTOJUSBUPTFVSFJBTÈPUÓYJDPTFQPEFNDBVTBSP
TUSFTTOPTQFJYFTQSFEJTQPOEPMIFTBPTVSHJNFOUPEFEPFOÉBTPVDBVTBOEPJOUPYJDBÉ×FTGBUBJT
1SPEVUPTBHSPUÓYJDPTGVOHJDJEBTIFSCJDJEBTPVJOTFDUJDJEBTVTBEPTOPDPNCBUFÆTQSBHBTOBTDVMUVSBT
TÈPPVUSBGPOUFEFQPMVJÉÈPQBSBBQJTDJDVMUVSB&TUFTQSPEVUPTHFSBMNFOUFEFTUSPFNPQMÄODUPOFQPEFN
DBVTBSBNPSUFEPTQFJYFTQPSJOUPYJDBÉÈP
b) Causas nutricionais
0T QFJYFT DPN EÊñDF BMJNFOUBS UBOUP EF BMJNFOUP OBUVSBM DPNP BSUJñDJBM ñDBN EFCJMJUBEPT F
47
BQSFTFOUBNNFOPSSFTJTUËODJBÆTJOGFDÉ×FTEVSBOUFPDVMUJWP
"EFñDJËODJBWJUBNÎOJDBEJNJOVJBDBQBDJEBEFEFDJDBUSJ[BÉÈPEFGFSJNFOUPTDBVTBEPTQFMPNBOVTFBNFOUP
EVSBOUFBQFTDBPVUSBOTQPSUFFBVNFOUBBTQSPCBCJMJEBEFTEFJOTUBMBÉ×FTEFCBDUÊSJBTFWÎSVTOFTTBT
MFT×FT
c) Causas ligadas ao maneio
r "MUBEFOTJEBEFQPQVMBDJPOBMOPTUBORVFTRVFGBWPSFDFÆSÃQJEBEJTTFNJOBÉÈPEPTBHFOUFTQB
UPHÊOJDPT
r &YQPTJÉÈPFYDFTTJWBÆTTVCTUÄODJBTUÓYJDBTDPNPJOTFDUJDJEBTFNFEJDBNFOUPTRVFSFTVMUBFN
JOUPYJDBÉ×FT
r *OUSPEVÉÈPEFÃHVBDPOUBNJOBEBOBTVOJEBEFTEFDVMUJWP
r "ENJOJTUSBÉÈPEFSBÉ×FTDPOUBNJOBEBTFTQFDJBMNFOUFÆCBTFEFQSPEVUPTSFTJEVBJTEFBOJNBJTOÈPFT
UFSJMJ[BEPT
"EVCBÉÈPDPNNBUFSJBMDPOUBNJOBEP
d) Factores determinantes para o aparecimento de doenças
&YUSFNPTOBBMJNFOUBÉÈPJTUPÊUBYBTFYDFTTJWBNFOUFBMUBTPVCBJYBTBTTPDJBEBTÆGSBDBUSPDBEFÃHVB
TÈPDPOTJEFSBEPTPTGBDUPSFTNBJTDPNVOTRVFEFUFSNJOBNPBQBSFDJNFOUPEFEPFOÉBTFNVOJEBEFT
EFDVMUJWPEFQFJYFT&TUBTDPOEJÉ×FTSFTVMUBNOPBDÙNVMPEFSFTÎEVPTPSHÄOJDPTRVFTÈPTVCTUSBUPF
BMJNFOUPFYDFMFOUFQBSBCBDUÊSJBTFQBSBTJUBTSFTVMUBOEPOVNBVNFOUPEBQSPCBCJMJEBEFEFTVSHJNFOUP
de doenças.
IV. MECANISMOS DE DEFESA
0T QFJYFT FN DVMUJWP FTUÈP FYQPTUPT ÆT WÃSJBT DPOEJÉ×FT BEWFSTBT DPNP BT SFQFOUJOBT BMUFSBÉ×FT
BNCJFOUBJT F EF RVBMJEBEF EF ÃHVB Æ QSFTFOÉB EF PSHBOJTNPT QBUPHÊOJDPT FUD .BT DPNP QFJYFT
EJTQ×FNEFEJWFSTPTNFDBOJTNPTEFSFTQPTUBÆFTTBTDPOEJÉ×FTBEWFSTBTFTUFTNVJUBTWF[FTSFTJTUFN
EFWJEPBPTTFVNFDBOJTNPTEFEFGFTB
B
.FDBOJTNPTOÈPFTQFDÎñDPTTÈPOBUPTEPBOJNBMFDBSBDUFSÎTUJDPTEBFTQÊDJFSFTVMUBEPEF
IFSBOÉBHFOÊUJDB
O muco:ÊBTVCTUÄODJBQSFTFOUFFNUPEBBTVQFSGÎDJFFYUFSJPSEPQFJYFRVFUFNDPNPGVOÉ×FTGBDJMJUBS
BOBUBÉÈPQPSSFEVÉÈPEPBUSJUPDPNBÃHVBFHBSBOUJSBPTNPSSFHVMBÉÈP0NVDPGVODJPOBUBNCÊN
DPNP VNB JNQPSUBOUF CBSSFJSB DPOUSB PSHBOJTNPT QBUPHÊOJDPT QPSRVF OFMF FODPOUSBNTF UBNCÊN
TVCTUÄODJBT CBDUFSJDJEBT F GVOHJDJEBT BOUJDPSQPT F FO[JNBT RVF EFTUSPFN BT DÊMVMBT EPT PSHBOJTNPT
JOWBTPSFT"QSPEVÉÈPEPNVDPÊVNNFDBOJTNPIPSNPOBMFÊNFMIPSBEBDPNVNBEJFUBBEFRVBEB
BQMJDBÉÈPEFVNBTBMJOJEBEFEBÃHVBPVQ)BEFRVBEPTÆFTQÊDJFFNDVMUJWP
"BQMJDBÉÈPDPOUÎOVBEFQSPEVUPTPYJEBUJWPTDPNPPDMPSPÃHVBPYJHFOBEBPVQFSNBOHBOBUPEFQPUÃTTJP
EFTUSPFNPNVDPFYQPOEPPTBOJNBJTBPBUBRVFQBSBTJUÃSJPFQBUPHÊOJDP
As escamas:BTFTDBNBTFBQFMFTÈPBQSPUFDÉÈPNFDÄOJDBEPTQFJYFTFBKVEBNOBSFHVMBÉÈPPTNÓUJDB
0TQFJYFTRVFOÈPBQSFTFOUBNFTDBNBTFTUÈPNBJTTVKFJUPTÆTMFT×FTFQPSJTTPEFTFOWPMWFSBNIÃCJUPT
EFWJEBRVFPTQSPUFHFNDPNPBDBNVóBHFNOPMPEP
0TQBSBTJUBTRVFTFñYBNOBTFTDBNBTGBWPSFDFNÆTVBQFSEBFTVCTFRVFOUFJOTUBMBÉÈPEFCBDUÊSJBTF
48
GVOHPTQBUPHÊOJDPT0TDVJEBEPTOPNBOVTFBNFOUPEFWFNÆTFNFMIBOÉBEPNVDPTFSUPNBEPTQBSB
evitar a perda de escamas.
0TJTUFNBJNVOPMÓHJDPPTJTUFNBJNVOPMÓHJDPEPTQFJYFTFQBSUFEFDÊMVMBTTBOHVÎOFBTUBMDPNPEF
PVUSPTBOJNBJTQPTTVFNEJWFSTBTFO[JNBTRVFEFTUSPFNBTCBDUÊSJBTFPTWÎSVT
"GBHPDJUPTFÊPQSJODJQBMNFDBOJTNPEFEFGFTBDFMVMBSEVSBOUFBRVBMTVCTUÄODJBTFDÊMVMBTFTUSBOIBT
CFN DPNP QBSUF EF UFDJEPT EFHFOFSBEPT TÈP EFTUSVÎEBT F SFBCTPSWJEBT 0T MFVDÓDJUPT PV HMÓCVMPT
CSBODPTEPTÈPBTDÊMVMBTEPTBOHVFSFTQPOTÃWFJTQPSFTUBGVOÉÈP
1BSBBVYJMJBSFTUBQSPUFDÉÈPPTUSPNCÓDJUPTBDUVBNOBDPBHVMBÉÈPEPTBOHVFFWJUBOEPIFNPSSBHJBTFPT
FSJUSÓDJUPTPVHMÓCVMPTWFSNFMIPTUSBOTQPSUBNPPYJHÊOJPEBTCSÄORVJBTQBSBPTUFDJEPT
Reconstituição de tecidosPTQFJYFTUËNHSBOEFDBQBDJEBEFEFSFHFOFSBSUFDJEPTEBOJñDBEPTFQBSB
UBMDPOUBNDPNPQSPDFTTPEFJOóBNBÉÈPQBSBPDPNCBUFEFBHFOUFTJOWBTPSFT%VSBOUFPBUBRVFEF
PSHBOJTNPT QBUPHÊOJDPT PT QFJYFT SFBHFN DPN JOóBNBÉ×FT EPT UFDJEPT BGFDUBEPT 0 QSPDFTTP EF
JOóBNBÉÈPÊDPOTUJUVÎEPQPSBVNFOUPEPNFUBCPMJTNPQSPUÊJDPMPDBMBVNFOUPEBTÎOUFTFEFMFVDÓDJUPT
FBDUJWBÉÈPEPTJTUFNBGBHPDJUÃSJPEFTUSVJOEPPBHFOUFQBUPHÊOJDP
Reacção de emergência:QFJYFTTVCNFUJEPTÆDPOEJÉ×FTBNCJFOUBJTRVFTVQFSFNBTTVBTDBQBDJEBEFT
BEBQUBUJWBTOPSNBJTTPGSFNBMUFSBÉ×FTIPSNPOBJTNFUBCÓMJDBTñTJPMÓHJDBTFGÎTJDBTEJNJOVJOEPBTVB
TPCSFWJWËODJB&NSFTQPTUBPTQFJYFTSFBHFNBVNFOUBOEPBWBTPDPOTUSJÉÈPBQSFTTÈPTBOHVÎOFBFB
JSSJHBÉÈPOBSFHJÈPEBTCSÄORVJBTBUSBWÊTEBBESFOBMJOB
%FDPSSFPBVNFOUPEBGSFRVËODJBSFTQJSBUÓSJBFEBRVBOUJEBEFEFHMJDPTFOPTBOHVFDPNPSFGPSÉPEF
PYJHÊOJPFFOFSHJBQBSBBTSFBDÉ×FTEFFNFSHËODJB
C
3FBDÉ×FTFTQFDÎñDBTTÈPBTBMUFSBÉ×FTJNVOPMÓHJDBTBERVJSJEBT
Imunidade humoral: Ê B QSPEVÉÈP EF BOUJDPSQPT FTQFDÎñDPT BT JNVOVHMPCVMJOBT
BQFOBT BQÓT B
EFUFDÉÈPEBQSFTFOÉBEFPSHBOJTNPTPVTVCTUÄODJBTFTUSBOIBT
Imunidade celular:BMHVNBTEBTDÊMVMBTRVFBDUVBNEVSBOUFBJNVOJEBEFIVNPSBMBERVJSFNiNFNÓSJB
JNVOPMÓHJDBuFFTUÈPQSPOUBTQBSBDPNCBUFSPNFTNPBHFOUFQBUPHÊOJDPFNTJUVBÉ×FTGVUVSBT&TUFUJQP
EFJNVOJEBEFÊDPNVNFNVJUPJNQPSUBOUFEVSBOUFBTJOGFDÉ×FTDSÓOJDBTEBOEPBPQPSUVOJEBEFEP
PSHBOJTNPEPQFJYFSFBHJSEFJNFEJBUPBPTJOWBTPSFT
V. PRINCIPAIS SINAIS QUE AUXILIAM NA DETECÇÃO DE DOENÇAS E
DEFICIÊNCIAS NUTRICIONAIS
"TEFñDJËODJBTOVUSJDJPOBJTDPNPGPJSFGFSJEPBOUFSJPSNFOUFGBWPSFDFNPBQBSFDJNFOUPEFEPFOÉBT0T
TFVTTJOUPNBTDPOGVOEFNTFNBTTÈPVNBMFSUBQBSBPQSPEVUPS0TQSJODJQBJTTJOUPNBTRVFBVYJMJBNOB
EFUFDÉÈPEFEFñDJËODJBTOVUSJDJPOBJTFEPFOÉBTOPTQFJYFTTÈP
5.1.Sinais comportamentais:
m "OPSFYJBPVIJQPSFYJBmQFSEBUPUBMPVQBSDJBMEFBQFUJUF
m "TñYJBmQFJYFTOBTVQFSGÎDJFEBÃHVBFNNPWJNFOUPTEFBCSJSFGFDIBSBCPDB
– Prurido
m QFJYFTSPÉBOEPBTQBSFEFTPVFNBMHVNBPVUSBTVQFSGÎDJF
49
m -FUBSHJBmQFJYFTQBSBEPTPVDPNSFEVÉÈPEFSFóFYPTPVBJOEB
m 1FJYFTFYDFTTJWBNFOUFBHJUBEPT
m /BUBÉÈPFNDÎSDVMPTPVDPNPDPSQPFNQPTJÉÈPMBUFSBM
m %JTUSJCVJÉÈPBOPSNBMEPTQFJYFTOPUBORVF
5.2.Sinais clínicos externos:
m $PMPSBÉÈPBOPSNBMFTDVSFDJNFOUPPVQBMJEF[
m %FGPSNBÉ×FTDPSQPSBJT
m &SPTÈPPVQPESJEÈPEBTCBSCBUBOBT
m )FNPSSBHJBTOPTPMIPTDPSQPCBSCBUBOBTPVCPDB
m -FT×FTDPSQPSBJT
m .BODIBTEFTQJHNFOUBEBTOPDPSQP
m %FGPSNBÉ×FTEPBCEÓNFOJODIBÉPPVBMPOHBNFOUP
m 4BMJËODJBFPQBDJEBEFEPTPMIPT
m &YDFTTPEFQSPEVÉÈPEFNVDP
m 1BMJEF[OFDSPTFPVEFGPSNJEBEFEBTCSÄORVJBT
5.3.Sinais clínicos internos:
m )FNPSSBHJBMFT×FTPVDPMPSBÉÈPBOPSNBMOPTÓSHÈPTJOUFSOPT
m 'MVÎEPPQBDPOBDBWJEBEFBCEPNJOBM
m 'MVÎEPBNBSFMBEPPVTBOHVJOPMFOUPOPJOUFTUJOP
m "VNFOUPEPUBNBOIPIJQFSQMBTUJB
EPTÓSHÈPTJOUFSOPT
VI. MEDIDAS A SEREM TOMADAS EM CASOS DE DOENÇAS NO TANQUE
4FNQSF RVF VN QJTDJDVMUPS EFUFDUBS B QSFTFOÉB EF QFJYFT DPN DPNQPSUBNFOUP GPSB EP OPSNBM PV
BOPNBMJBTGÎTJDBTFYUFSOBTPVJOUFSOBTOPTQFJYFTEFWF
r 1SPDVSBSBQPJPEFVNQSPñTTJPOBMDBQBDJUBEPQBSBEBSBTPSJFOUBÉ×FTOFDFTTÃSJBT
r 3FDPMIFSVNBBNPTUSBFFODBNJOIBSQBSBPMBCPSBUÓSJPNBJTQSÓYJNPQBSBFGFJUPTEFBOÃMJTF
r &OUFSSBSPTQFJYFTDPMPDBOEPTFVNBDBNBEBEFDBMWJWBQPSDJNBFNDBTPEFNPSUBMJEBEF
FYDFTTJWB
0QJTDJDVMUPSOÈPEFWF
r "ENJOJTUSBSRVBMRVFSNFEJDBNFOUPBOUFTEFDPOTVMUBSVNUÊDOJDPIBCJMJUBEPQBSBPFGFJUP
r 6TBSPTBQFUSFDIPTPVUSPTUBORVFTTBVEÃWFJTNBTFNTBSPTBQFUSFDIPTEFQFTDBSFEFTUBSSBGBTF
PVUSPT
EPTUBORVFTDPNQSPCMFNBTFNPVUSPTUBORVFTTBVEÃWFJT
50
VII. PREVENÇÃO DE DOENÇAS
&NBNCJFOUFOBUVSBMBTQPTTJCJMJEBEFTEPTQFJYFTñDBSFNEPFOUFTTÈPNVJUPQFRVFOBT&NDBUJWFJSP
FTTBDPOEJÉÈPQPEFQSFWBMFDFSEFTEFRVFNFEJEBTEFQSFWFOÉÈPTFKBNUPNBEBT
1SFWFOJOEP QPEFNPT FWJUBS P BQBSFDJNFOUP EF GBDUPSFT RVF QPEFSJBN QSPWPDBS P TVSHJNFOUP EF
EPFOÉBTOPTQFJYFTPVBTVBDPOUBNJOBÉÈPQPSQBSBTJUBT"NFEJEBDIBWFQBSBBQSFWFOÉÈPEBTEPFOÉBTÊ
BTTFHVSBSBRVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBOVUSJÉÈPFRVJMJCSBEBFNBOFJPBEFRVBEPOPTUBORVFT$POUVEPDVJEBEPT
BEJDJPOBJTEFWFNTFSUPNBEPT
Cuidados na construção dos tanques
r 0UBORVFEFWFTFSDPOTUSVÎEPFNMPDBMTFNSJTDPEFDPOUBNJOBÉÈPQPSBHSPUÓYJDPTJTUPÊ
MPDBMPOEFOÈPIBKBSJTDPEBÃHVBQSPWFOJFOUFEBBHSJDVMUVSBFTQFDJBMNFOUFTFFTUBGPSÆ
CBTFEFBHSPUÓYJDPT
QBTTBSQBSBPUBORVFQJTDÎDPMB
r /VODBDPOTUSVJSUBORVFTJOUFSMJHBEPTQBSBFWJUBSBEJTTFNJOBÉÈPEFEPFOÉBTEFVNUBORVF
para o outro.
r %FTJOGFDÉÈPEPTUBORVFTBOUFTEPQPWPBNFOUP
r $PMPDBÉÈPEFñMUSPTQBSBFMJNJOBSPVFWJUBSBFOUSBEBEFPSHBOJTNPTJOEFTFKBEPT
Planeamento prévio das operações de rotina:
r 4FMFDDJPOBSFTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFTRVFTFBEBQUFNCFNBPDMJNBEBSFHJÈP
r .BUFSJBMEFUSBOTQPSUFFSFDFQÉÈPEPTOPWPTQFJYFTEFWFFTUBSEFWJEBNFOUFMJNQPFTF
QPTTÎWFMEFTJOGFDUBEP
r $FSUJñDBSTFEFRVFOPWPTQPWPBNFOUPTTÈPGFJUPTDPNQFJYFTTBVEÃWFJTFMJWSFTEFPSHBOJTNPT
QBUPHÊOJDPT
r $PMPDBSPTOPWPTPSHBOJTNPTFNRVBSFOUFOB
Gestão adequada das unidades de cultivo
r "TTFHVSBSBOVUSJÉÈPCBMBODFBEBFEPTFBEBDPOGPSNFPTJTUFNBEFDVMUJWPFJEBEFEPTQFJYFT
r "TTFHVSBSRVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBFNBOFJPBEFRVBEPT
r %FMJDBEF[BEVSBOUFPUSBOTQPSUFFBQFTDBQBSDJBM
7.4. Higiene, limpeza e monitoria dos tanques
r &WJUBSPVTPEFSBÉ×FTFNCPMPSBEBTPVGFSNFOUBEBT
r 3FNPWFSPTQFJYFTNPSUPTr&WJUBSPVTPFYDFTTJWPEFRVÎNJDPTPVNFEJDBNFOUPT
r %FQPJTEFQPWPBEPPUBORVFEFWFTFNPOJUPSBSQFSJPEJDBNFOUFPTQBSÄNFUSPTGÎTJDPTRVÎNJDPT
EBÃHVB
r /VODBVTBSPTUBORVFTDPNPiQJTDJOBTuQBSBPMB[FSIVNBOP
7.5. Observar os sinais de alerta
r $PNQPSUBNFOUPBOPSNBMEPTQFJYFT
r "MUFSBÉ×FTGÎTJDBTFYUFSJPSFT
51
VIII. PARASITAS DOS PEIXES
0T QBSBTJUBT FTUÈP QSFTFOUFT FN UPEPT PT BNCJFOUFT NBT FN DBUJWFJSP TÈP NBJT BCVOEBOUFT F
OPSNBMNFOUF TÈP NBJT BDUJWPT EFWJEP Æ GSBHJMJEBEF SFTVMUBOUF EF VN NBJPS TUSFTT BQSFTFOUBEP QFMPT
QFJYFTOFTTFTBNCJFOUFT0TQBSBTJUBTNBJTDPNVOTTÈP
r "SHVMPTF"SHVMVTKBQPOJDVN
QJPMIPEFQFJYF
4ÈPDPQÊQPEFTPWBJTBDIBUBEPTRVFNFEFNEFBNNFFYJTUFNDFSDBEFFTQÊDJFTFNUPEPP
NVOEP1BSFDFNTFSVNJNQPSUBOUFWFDUPSEFEPFOÉBTWJSBJTFCBDUFSJBOBTOBDBSQBDPNVN0QJPMIPEF
QFJYFñYBTFOPDPSQPPVCBSCBUBOBTQPSWFOUPTBTFBMJNFOUBTFEFóVJEPTDPSQPSBJTRVFTVHBBUSBWÊTEF
QSPCÓTDJEFT3BSBNFOUFQSPWPDBBNPSUFEPQFJYFNBTVNBJOGFTUBÉÈPTFWFSBDBVTBBOFNJBDPOEV[JOEP
ÆQFSEFEFQFTPFSFEVÉÈPEPDSFTDJNFOUP
$PNPP"SHVMVTOÈPÊTFOTÎWFMÆFMFWBÉÈPEBTBMJOJEBEFPDPOUSPMPÊGFJUPBQFOBTDPNPVTPEFJOTFDUJDJEBT
UBMDPNPPEJNFUJMEJCSPNPEJDMPSPFUJMGPTGBUPOBDPODFOUSBÉÈPBNH-
r $PTUÎBTF$PTUJBOFDBUSJY
%PFOÉB EF WÊV BUBDB OB NBJPSJB EBT WF[FT BMFWJOPT DPN DSFTDJNFOUP SFUBSEBEP 0T TJOUPNBT TÈP P
TVSHJNFOUPEFVNBDPCFSUVSBUJQPWÊVOBTCBSCBUBOBTQFMFFCSÄORVJBTCFNDPNPNVDPOBTHVFMSBT
6NB TPMVÉÈP EF EF /B$M TBM EF DP[JOIB
EVSBOUF B NJOVUPT PV GPSNPM FN NM
EF GPSNPM B QPS NM EF ÃHVB
EVSBOUF NJOVUPT Ê TVñDJFOUF QBSB BUFOVBS PT FGFJUPT EFTUB
DPOUBNJOBÉÈP
r (JSPEBDUJMPTF(ZSPEBDUZVTTQ
0(ZSPEBDUZVTTQÊVNUSFNÃUPEPWFSNF
DPNHBODIPTñYBEPSFTDBQB[EFDPNQMFUBSPTFVDJDMPEF
vida num único hospedeiro.
&NCPSBQPTTBTFSFODPOUSBEPOBTCSÄORVJBTP(ZSPEBDUZVTTQñYBTFOPSNBMNFOUFOBQFMFFCBSCBUBOBT
EPT QFJYFT 0T QFJYFT DPOUBNJOBEPT ñDBN DPN B DPS QÃMJEB DPSQP DPCFSUP QPS NVDP F CBSCBUBOBT
RVFCSBEJÉBT"NPSUBOEBEFFOUSFBMFWJOPTFKVWFOJTQPEFTFSBMUB
0DPOUSPMPÊHFSBMNFOUFGFJUPDPNSFDVSTPÆCBOIPTEFGPSNBMJOBEFBNMNQPSVNBIPSB
PVNMNQPSUFNQPJOEFñOJEP"NCPTUSBUBNFOUPTEFWFNTFSFGFDUVBEPTFNUBORVFTEFNBUFSJBM
JNQFSNFÃWFMDPNPñCSBEFWJESPQMÃTUJDPPVDJNFOUP
r *DUJPGUJSÎBTF (Ichthyophthirius multifilis)
­VNBQBSBTJUPTFQSPUP[PÃSJBEFEJGÎDJMDPOUSPMPDBQB[EFJOGFTUBSEJWFSTBTFTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFT0TQFJYFT
NBJTKPWFOTTÈPNBJTTVTDFQUÎWFJTÆDPOUBNJOBÉÈPEPRVFPTBEVMUPT
0iÎDUJPuDPNPUBNCÊNÊDPOIFDJEBFTUBEPFOÉBÊDBSBDUFSJ[BEBQPSBQBSFDJNFOUPEFQPOUPTCSBODPT
BPMPOHPEFUPEPPDPSQPFTQFDJBMNFOUFOBTCBSCBUBOBTWJTÎWFJTBPMIPOV"QSFTFOÉBEPQSPUP[PÃSJP
DJMJBEP SFTVMUB FN JSSJUBÉÈP F P QFJYF SFBHF DPN NPWJNFOUPT RVF P QFSNJUBN SBTQBS B QFMF B BMHVN
TVCTUSBUP 1PS PVUSP MBEP PDPSSF UBNCÊN FYDFTTJWB QSPEVÉÈP EF NVDP F QSVSJEP EFWJEP B JSSJUBÉÈP
DBVTBEBQFMBQSFTFOÉBEPNFTNPQSPUP[PÃSJP
" BMUB UFNQFSBUVSB OÈP GBWPSFDF P EFTFOWPMWJNFOUP EB iÎDUJPu BTTJN B ÊQPDB NBJT RVFOUF EP BOP Ê
RVBOEPPTQFJYFTFTUÈPNBJTMJWSFTEFTTBJOGFTUBÉÈP0USBUBNFOUPÊGFJUPEFEJWFSTBTNBOFJSBTFOUSFFMBT
r 7FSEFEFNBMBRVJUBBNH-EVSBOUFIPSBTFNBBQMJDBÉ×FTDPNJOUFSWBMPTEFEJBT
entre as mesmas.
52
r 'PSNBMJOBFOUSFFNMNFNBBQMJDBÉ×FTDPNJOUFSWBMPTEFEJBTFOUSFBTNFTNBT
QPSUFNQPJOEFñOJEP
r
$PNCJOBÉÈPEFNMNEFGPSNBMJOBDPNHNEFWFSEFNBMBRVJUB&TUFUSBUBNFOUPÊ
NBJTFñDB[RVFPTSFTUBOUFTDPOUVEPPVTPEFWFSEFNBMBRVJUBOÈPÊQFSNJUJEPFNQFJYFTRVF
TÈPEFTUJOBEPTBPDPOTVNPIVNBOP0VUSBTNFEJEBTQPEFNTFSUPNBEBTQBSBBUFOVBSPT
FGFJUPTEPiÎDUJPu
r 5SPDBTUPUBJTEFÃHVBNBJTGSFRVFOUFT
r "VNFOUPEPóVYPEFÃHVB
r &MFWBÉÈPEBUFNQFSBUVSBEBÃHVBBUÊDFSDBEF$0TQFJYFTRVFTFSFDVQFSBNEFVNB
JDUJPGUJSÎBTFHBOIBNSFTJTUËODJBÆOPWBTDPOUBNJOBÉ×FT
r 4BQSPMFHOJPTF(Saprolegnia sp.)
4BQSPMFHOJPTF Ê VNB EBT JOGFDÉ×FT GÙOHJDBT NBJT GSFRVFOUFT RVF BGFDUB QFJYFT EF UPEBT JEBEFT FN
EJWFSTPT MVHBSFT EP NVOEP F BMJNFOUBNTF EF NBUÊSJB PSHÄOJDB FN EFDPNQPTJÉÈP 0 FYDFTTP EF
NBUÊSJB PSHÄOJDB OBT VOJEBEFT EF DVMUJWP BMJBEBT Æ NÃ OVUSJÉÈP F MFT×FT GÎTJDBT QPEF EFTFODBEFBS P
EFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEFTUFTGVOHPTFJOGFDÉ×FT&NQFSÎPEPTEFCBJYBTUFNQFSBUVSBTQBSBQFJYFTUSPQJDBJT
PVBQÓTBQFTDBPVUSBOTQPSUFBJNVOJEBEFFTUÃHFSBMNFOUFNBJTCBJYBGBWPSFDFOEPBDPOUBNJOBÉÈP
QPSFTUFUJQPEFGVOHPT
&TUFT GVOHPT JOTUBMBNTF FN MFT×FT FYUFSOBT DBVTBEBT QPS BHSFTT×FT CBDUÊSJBT PV PVUSPT QBSBTJUBT
0 TFV DSFTDJNFOUP Ê NBJT BDFMFSBEP FN UFNQFSBUVSBT FOUSF F  $ DPN UFOEËODJB B SFEV[JS FN
temperaturas mais elevadas.
0T TJOBJT EF JOGFTUBÉÈP TÈP P BQBSFDJNFOUP EF VNB NBTTB NJDFMJBM ñMBNFOUPTB
FTCSBORVJÉBEB PV
BDJO[FOUBEBDPCSJOEPQBSDJBMNFOUFPDPSQPEPQFJYF
%VSBOUFBJODVCBÉÈPEPTPWPTBJOGFDÉÈPPDPSSFBQFOBTFNPWPTNPSUPTPTRVBJTTÈPTVCTUSBUPTSJDPT
para o seu crescimento.
"QSJNFJSBNFEJEBEFDPOUSPMPÊBDPSSFDÉÈPEBTDBVTBTRVFQSFEJTQ×FNGFJUPDPNFNFSTÈPFNTPMVÉB
EFB[VMEFNFUJMFOPPVWFSEFEFNBMBRVJUBBNHMJUSPEVSBOUFIPSBT
IX. TIPOS DE TRATAMENTO
"TTJN QBSB VN DPOUSPMP BEFRVBEP EB TBOJEBEF FN QJTDJDVMUVSB B 13&7&/¬«0 Ê B NFMIPS BSNB /P
FOUBOUPRVBOEPBEPFOÉBKÃFTUÃJOTUBMBEBEFWFSÈPTFSQSFDFEJEPTPTUSBUBNFOUPT
"TGPSNBTEFUSBUBNFOUPNBJTFNQSFHBEBTTÈP
r 5ÓQJDPBQMJDBÉÈPEPNFEJDBNFOUPEJSFDUBNFOUFOPTMPDBJTEFJOGFDÉÈPEFWFOEPTFFWJUBS
VNDPOUBDUPEJSFDUPEPTQSPEVUPTDPNBTCSÄORVJBT
r *OKFDÉÈPQSJODJQBMNFOUFEFBOUJCJÓUJDPTFNQFJYFTEFHSBOEFWBMPSDPNPSFQSPEVUPSFT
QFJYFTPSOBNFOUBJTFUD
r 3BÉÈPNFEJDBEBGB[TFBJNQSFHOBÉÈPEPNFEJDBNFOUPOBSBÉÈPHFSBMNFOUFDPNBOUJCJÓUJDPT
r #BOIPTSÃQJEPTDPOTJTUFOBFYQPTJÉÈPEPTQFJYFTBVNBFMFWBEBDPODFOUSBÉÈPEP
NFEJDBNFOUPQPSÊNEFDVSUBEVSBÉÈPTFHVOEPTBNJOVUPT
r #BOIPTQSPMPOHBEPTPVGMVYPDPOUÎOVPPTQFJYFTTÈPTVCNFUJEPTBVNBCBJYB
53
DPODFOUSBÉÈPEPNFEJDBNFOUPQPSQFSÎPEPTNBJTMPOHPTNJOVUPTBIPSBT
1BSBPT
CBOIPTQSPñMÃUJDPTEFBMFWJOPTTÈPOFDFTTÃSJPTUBORVFTFTQFDÎñDPTTFOEPOPSNBMNFOUF
VUJMJ[BEPTEFQÓTJUPTEFÃHVBEFMJUSPTPVMJUSPT
r 5SBUBNFOUPQPSUFNQPJOEFñOJEPPTQFJYFTñDBNFYQPTUPTBVNBCBJYBDPODFOUSBÉÈP
UFSBQËVUJDBQPSUFNQPJOEFUFSNJOBEP&TUBGPSNBEFUSBUBNFOUPÊCBTUBOUFFNQSFHBEBFN
UBORVFTJNQFSNFÃWFJTFEFUFSSBEFHSBOEFTEJNFOT×FT
0CTFSWBÉ×FT
-BSWBTFBMFWJOPTTÈPNBJTTFOTÎWFJTBQSPEVUPTRVÎNJDPTRVFQFJYFTBEVMUPT
2VBOUPNBJPSBUFNQFSBUVSBEBÃHVBNBJPSBUPYJDJEBEFEFVNDFSUPQSPEVUPBPTQFJYFT
2VBOUPNFMIPSFTGPSFNBTDPOEJÉ×FTEBRVBMJEBEFEFÃHVBPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPQ)HÃT
DBSCÓOJDPFCBJYBTDPODFOUSBÉ×FTEFNFUBCÓMJDPTDPNPBBNÓOJBFOJUSJUP
NBJTGBDJMNFOUF
VNUSBUBNFOUPDPNQSPEVUPTRVÎNJDPTTFSÃUPMFSBEPQFMPTQFJYFT
54
1-"/05&.¦5*$0NJO
I. INTRODUÇÃO
II. PESCA TOTAL
%FQVSBÉÈPEPTQFJYFT
$VJEBEPTDPNPEFTQFKPEBÃHVB
(BJPMBTóVUVBOUFT
III. PESCA PARCIAL
IV. TAMANHO DO PEIXE CAPTURADO
V. TRANSPORTE DO PEIXE
VI. PROCESSAMENTO
Módulo 7
CAPTURA E PROCESSAMENTO
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
CAPTURA, TRANSPORTE E PROCESSAMENTO
55
56
I. INTRODUÇÃO
"IJTUÓSJBEBBRVBDVMUVSBJOJDJPVDPNBOFDFTTJEBEFEFTFDPOTVNJSQFJYFGSFTDPFNSFHJ×FTEFTGBWPSFDJEBT
QPSFTUFSFDVSTP%BNFTNBNBOFJSBRVFTFDSJBNGSBOHPTFTFFTDPMIFNBMHVOTQBSBPBCBUFQBSBP
DPOTVNP GBNJMJBS P QFJYF DSJBEP TPGSJB P NFTNP USBUBNFOUP $PN P QBTTBS EP UFNQP B OFDFTTJEBEF
EF BVNFOUP EF SFOEB MFWPV Æ DPNFSDJBMJ[BÉÈP EPT QFJYFT QSPEV[JEPT /FTTF QSPDFTTP B DBQUVSB
SFQSFTFOUBWBPNPNFOUPNVJUPFTQFSBEPQFMPQSPEVUPSFQFMBDPNVOJEBEFPOEFPTQFJYFTEFNBJPS
UBNBOIPFNFMIPSBQBSËODJBFSBNEJTQVUBEPT.VJUPTEFTTFTQFJYFTFSBNDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPTWJWPTFBTVB
TPCSFWJWËODJBEVSBOUFPUSBOTQPSUFHBSBOUJBBPDPNFSDJBOUFPSFUPSOPEPTDPNQSBEPSFTOBQSPEVÉÈP
TFHVJOUF
'PJPCTFSWBEPRVFPNBOVTFBNFOUPEPTQFJYFTEVSBOUFBDBQUVSBFSBUÈPJNQPSUBOUFRVBOUPEVSBOUFP
DVMUJWPQPJTTFSFBMJ[BEPEFGPSNBJODPSSFDUBDBVTBWBTUSFTTFDPNQSPNFUJBBRVBMJEBEFEPQFJYF/FTUF
DPOUFYUPPKFKVNBOUFTEBQFTDBSFWFMPVTFNVJUPJNQPSUBOUFVNBWF[RVFSFEV[JBPTEJTUÙSCJPTRVF
BBDUJWJEBEFQVEFTTFDBVTBSBPTQFJYFT'PJBTTJNRVFPTQSPEVUPSFTEFQFJYFDPNFÉBSBNBEBSNBJT
importância à esta etapa da piscicultura.
"DBQUVSBPVQFTDBEPTQFJYFTWBSJBNVJUPDPNPTJTUFNBEFDVMUJWPFUJQPEFVOJEBEFEFDVMUJWP
3FDPMIFOEPPTQFJYFTOPUBORVFWB[JPmQFTDBUPUBM
57
II. PESCA TOTAL
&NRVBMRVFSQSPDFTTPEFDSJBÉÈPÊOFDFTTÃSJPEBSTFVNUFNQPQBSBQFSNJUJSPEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPEPT
PSHBOJTNPT/BQJTDJDVMUVSBEVSBOUFPTQSJNFJSPTDJODPNFTFTOÈPÊSFDPNFOEÃWFMRVFTFGBÉBRVBMRVFS
UJQPEFQFTDBKÃRVFEVSBOUFFTTFQFSÎPEPBNBJPSQBSUFEBTFTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFTFODPOUSBNTFFNGBTF
de crescimento acelerado.
" QFTDB UPUBM Ê P QSPDFTTP EF DBQUVSB EF UPEPT PT QFJYFT FYJTUFOUFT OB VOJEBEF EF DVMUJWP
JOEFQFOEFOUFNFOUF EP TFV UBNBOIP PV FTUÃHJP ñTJPMÓHJDP " SFTQFDUJWB VOJEBEF EF QSPEVÉÈP Ê EF
TFHVJEBMJNQBTFDBFQSFQBSBEBQBSBOPWPDJDMPEFQSPEVÉÈP
0QSPEVUPSEFWFSÃGB[FSVNQMBOFBNFOUPEFUVEPPQSFDJTBSÃQBSBRVFOÈPGBMUFNBUFSJBMOPNFNFOUP
EBDBQUVSBEFTEFPQFTTPBMBUÊPNBUFSJBMOFDFTTÃSJP%FWFSÃUFSFNDPOUBBEJTQPOJCJMJEBEFEFNBUFSJBJT
DPNPSFEFTDPOUFOUPSFTCBMEFTTBDPTDPSEBTCPUJKBTEFPYJHÊOJPHFMPFUD
$BQUVSBEFWFSÃEFDPSSFSEFNBOIÈDFEPRVBOEPPEJBBJOEBFTUÃGSFTDP
&YJTUFNWÃSJPTNÊUPEPTEFDBQUVSBOBQFTDBUPUBMNBTPTNBJTDPOIFDJEPTTÈP
a) Drenagem dos tanques
&NUBORVFTEFHSBOEFTEJNFOT×FTPOEFÊEJGÎDJMGB[FSPBSSBTUPEFSFEFQBSBDBQUVSBSFDPNFOEBTF
RVFEVSBOUFBDPOTUSVÉÈPEPTNFTNPTQSFQBSFTFVNBDBJYBFNCFUÈPEFEJNFOT×FTNFOPSFT
BEKBDFOUFBPUBORVFOBQBSUFNBJTQSPGVOEBEPNFTNPQBSBPOEFTÈPFODBNJOIBEPTPTQFJYFT
EVSBOUF P QSPDFTTP EF FTWB[JBNFOUP 1PTUFSJPSNFOUF FTTFT QFJYFT TÈP SFDPMIJEPT FN DBJYBT PV
cestos.
b)
Redes de arrasto
&NUBORVFTQFRVFOPTEFGPSNBUPSFHVMBSFGVOEPQMBOPÊGÃDJMBVUJMJ[BÉÈPEFTUFNÊUPEP0OÎWFMEF
ÃHVBÊSFEV[JEPFFTUJDBTFQFSQFOEJDVMBSNFOUFVNBSFEFOVNBEBTFYUSFNJEBEFTEPUBORVFBRVBMÊ
BSSBTUBEBQBSBBDBQUVSB3FDPNFOEBTFRVFPGVOEPEPTUBORVFTOÈPUFOIBPCTUÃDVMPTFTFKBSFHVMBS
(plano).
&ORVBOUPTFGB[PBSSBTUPPTQFJYFTQPEFNTFSSFDPMIJEPTFNDFTUPTPVCBMEFTQBSBOÈPTPCSFDBSSFHBS
BSFEFOPñNEPNFTNP
"OUFT EF JOJDJBS B DBQUVSB Ê JNQPSUBOUF RVF TF GBÉB B WFSJñDBÉÈP PV NBOVUFOÉÈP SFMBUJWB Æ QPTTÎWFM
FYJTUËODJBEFWB[BNFOUPTOPUBORVFEJRVFTGVOEPUVCBHFOTFUD
BTTFHVSBSRVFBTFOUSBEBTFTBÎEBT
EFÃHVBOPUBORVFFTUÈPEFWJEBNFOUFQSPUFHJEBTQBSBJNQFEJSBGVHBEFQFJYFTSFUJSBSBTFSWBTEBOJOIBT
FNFYDFTTPOBTVQFSGÎDJFEPUBORVFFDPSUBSPDBQJNÆCFJSBEPUBORVF
0DPOUSPMPEFQSFEBEPSFTDPNPBWFTBRVÃUJDBTTBQPTDPCSBTMPOUSBTFPVUSPTBOJNBJTEFWFTFSNVJUP
CFNSFBMJ[BEPEFNPEPRVFFTUFTOÈPQFSUVSCFNBBDUJWJEBEF
3.1. Depuração dos peixes
0QFJYFDBQUVSBEPQPEFSÃTFSDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPWJWPPVBCBUJEP&NBNCPTPTDBTPTSFDPNFOEBTFRVFPT
QFJYFTQBTTFNQPSVNQFSÎPEPQSÊWJPEFDFSDBEFIPSBTEFKFKVN
0T QFJYFT PNOÎWPSPT DPNP BT UJMÃQJBT DPOTPNFN EJWFSTPT BMJNFOUPT DPN BMHBT MPEP EFUSJUPT F
BUÊ NJDSÓCJPT RVF MIFT DPOGFSFN VN DIFJSP DBSBDUFSÎTUJDP EFTBHSBEÃWFM QBSB B HSBOEF QBSUF EPT
DPOTVNJEPSFT/FTUFDBTPIÃOFDFTTJEBEFEFSFEV[JSPVFMJNJOBSPDIFJSPBMPEPQBSBRVFPQFJYFUFOIB
NBJPSBDFJUBÉÈPKVOUPBPTDPOTVNJEPSFT
58
0 QSPDFTTP EF EFQVSBÉÈP EPT QFJYFT Ê TJNQMFT PT QFJYFT EFWFN TFS FODBNJOIBEPT QBSB VN UBORVF
QSFGFSFODJBMNFOUFEFNBUFSJBMJNQFSNFÃWFMDPNPQMÃTUJDPPVDJNFOUPDPNÃHVBMJNQBFFNDJSDVMBÉÈP
%VSBOUFQFMPNFOPTIPSBTFTTFTQFJYFTEFWFSÈPTFSNBOUJEPTOFTTFBNCJFOUFTFNBMJNFOUBÉÈPQBSB
RVFñRVFNDPNPTJOUFTUJOPTMJNQPTFSFEV[BNPDIFJSPDBSBDUFSÎTUJDPEPTTFVTNÙTDVMPT
'JOEPFTUFQFSÎPEPPTQFJYFTQPEFNTFSDBQUVSBEPTQSPDFTTBEPTFPVDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPT
3.2. Cuidados com o despejo da água
"ÃHVBRVFTBJEPTUBORVFTOBQFTDBUPUBMOÈPOFDFTTBSJBNFOUFEFWFSÃTFSFMJNJOBEB.VJUBTWF[FTFTTB
ÃHVBBQSFTFOUBVNBRVBMJEBEFRVFRVÎNJDBFCJPMÓHJDBRVFQFSNJUFPTFVSFBQSPWFJUBNFOUPJTUPÊB
RVBOUJEBEFEFQMÄODUPOPQ)POJUSPHÊOJPUPUBMFUDTÈPJEFBJTQBSBPDSFTDJNFOUPEPTQFJYFT
­SFDPNFOEÃWFMRVFTFNQSFRVFQPTTÎWFMTFSFDVQFSFBÃHVBEBDBQUVSBUPUBMQBSBVNDJDMPEFQSPEVÉÈP
TFHVJOUF&TTBÃHVBEFWFSÃTFSFODBNJOIBEBQBSBVNSFTFSWBUÓSJPFEFQPJTSFVUJMJ[BEBOVNOPWPDJDMP
EFQSPEVÉÈP
2VBOEPBÃHVBOÈPBQSFTFOUBRVBMJEBEFTBQSPQSJBEBTQBSBPDVMUJWPEBFTQÊDJFFNDBVTBFMBQPEFSÃTFS
FMJNJOBEB$POUVEPEFWFSÃTFSUSBUBEBQBSBRVFOÈPDBVTFEBOPTBPTDPSQPTEFÃHVBQBSBPOEFTFSÈP
direccionadas.
0TñMUSPTEFBSFJBFPTñMUSPTCJPMÓHJDPTCBDUÊSJBTRVFBCTPSWFNPTDPOUBNJOBOUFT
TÈPPTNBJTVTBEPT
FNQJTDJDVMUVSBFYUFOTJWB&TUFTñMUSPTSFUËNRVBTFQPSDPNQMFUPPTDPOUBNJOBOUFTFBÃHVBÊEFTQFKBEB
DPNVNCBJYPOÎWFMEFQPMVJÉÈP
1BSBPTQSBUJDBOUFTEBQJTDJDVMUVSBJOUFHSBEBDPNBBHSJDVMUVSBEFTQFKPEBTÃHVBTEPTUBORVFTQJTDÎDPMB
OBTQMBOUBÉ×FTÊVNBNBJTWBMJBQFMPTGBDUPTEFBUFSSBTFSWJSEFVNñMUSPOBUVSBMFPTOVUSJFOUFTEJMVÎEPT
OBÃHVBTFSFNGBDJMNFOUFBCTPSWJEPTQFMBTQMBOUBTBVNFOUBOEPBTTJNPTFVSFOEJNFOUP
3.3. Gaiolas flutuantes
/PDBTPEBTHBJPMBTOPSNBMNFOUFÊDPMPDBEBVNBCBSSBBUSBWFTTBOEPPUPQPEBNFTNB6NEPTMBEPT
EBHBJPMBÊQVYBEPFQSFTPÆCBSSBDPODFOUSBOEPPQFJYFOBQBSUFNBJTQFRVFOBEBSFEF0QSPDFTTP
DPOUJOVBBUÊRVFUPEPPQFJYFñRVFDPODFOUSBEPOVNDBOUPEBSFEFPOEFFMFTQPEFNTFSSFUJSBEPTÆ
NÈPPVDPNBBKVEBEFQVÉÃT
III. PESCA PARCIAL
0DSFTDJNFOUPEPTQFJYFTÊNFMIPSRVBOEPOBVOJEBEFEFDVMUJWPFYJTUFNFNUBNBOIPTTJNJMBSFT.VJUBT
WF[FTQBSBHBSBOUJSFTTBVOJGPSNJEBEFPQJTDJDVMUPSFGFDUVBQFSJPEJDBNFOUFBQFTDBQBSDJBM
/BQFTDBQBSDJBMTÈPDBQUVSBEPTQFJYFTEFNBJPSUBNBOIPPVGËNFBTBEVMUBTQBSBTFEJNJOVJSBDBQBDJEBEF
EFSFQSPEVÉÈPFWJUBOEPBTTJNPTVSHJNFOUPEFQFJYFTEFJEBEFTFUBNBOIPTNVJUPEJGFSFOUFT/FTUF
DBTPTFSÃTVñDJFOUFCBJYBSVNQPVDPPOÎWFMEFÃHVBOPUBORVFEFGPSNBBQFSNJUJSBFOUSBEBEBTQFTTPBT
RVFWÈPQSPDFEFSÆDBQUVSBEPQFJYF1BSBPFGFJUPEFWFTFDPMPDBSVNBSFEFOPUVCPEFFTDPBNFOUPEB
ÃHVBEFGPSNBBFWJUBSBGVHBEPQFJYF4ÈPVTBEBTSFEFTDPNNBMIBHFNHSBOEFQBSBHBSBOUJSPFGFJUP
TFMFDUJWPSFNPWFOEPBQFOBTPTRVFOÈPDPOTFHVJSFNBUSBWFTTBSBNBMIB
&N UBORVFT GBNJMJBSFT EF DPNVOJEBEFT RVF UËN DFSUB EJñDVMEBEF FN SFGSJHFSBS P QFJYF BT GBNÎMJBT
SFUJSBNEPUBORVFPTNBJPSFTQFJYFTEFGPSNBTFMFDUJWBTFNQSFRVFIPVWFSOFDFTTJEBEFEFDPOTVNP
&TUBQFTDBQBSDJBMQFSNJUFPDSFTDJNFOUPEPTQFJYFTNBJTQFRVFOPT
59
IV. TAMANHO DO PEIXE CAPTURADO
2VBOEPPTQFJYFTKÃOÈPDSFTDFNNBJTQPSRVFBUJOHJSBNPTFVUBNBOIPNÃYJNPDPOWÊNDBQUVSÃMPT
QPJTPTHBTUPTDPNPNBOVTFJPFDPNBSBÉÈPKÃOÈPDPNQFOTBN1PSPVUSPMBEPPUBNBOIPEPQFJYF
DBQUVSBEPEFQFOEFEPñNBRVFTFEFTUJOBBQSPEVÉÈPFEBQSFGFSËODJBEPDPOTVNJEPS1PEFNTFS
BMFWJOPTQBSBQPWPBNFOUPTEFPVUSPTUBORVFTQFJYFTQBSBDPOTVNPGSFTDPQSPEVÉÈPEFDPOTFSWBTPVU
SPTñOT
/PSNBMNFOUFRVBOEPPQFJYFBUJOHFBNBUVSJEBEFTFYVBMFMFQÃSBEFDSFTDFS"TTJNDPOIFDFOEPP
DJDMP SFQSPEVUJWP EF DBEB FTQÊDJF Ê QPTTÎWFM EFUFSNJOBS DSPOPMPHJDBNFOUF B ÊQPDB QBSB B QFTDB PV
DBQUVSBEPTQFJYFT
V. TRANSPORTE DE PEIXE VIVO
0 QFJYF B TFS USBOTQPSUBEP WJWP EFWF QBTTBS QPS VN QFSÎPEP QSÊWJP EF IPSBT FN KFKVN 1FSÎPEPT
NBJPSFTQPEFNMFWBSPTQFJYFTBQSPDVSBSBMJNFOUPOPGVOEPEPWJWFJSPPRVFGBSÃDPNRVFTFKBNFN
CBSDBEPTDPNDPOUFÙEPFTUPNBDBMJOUFTUJOBMSFTVMUBOEPFNHSBOEFNPSUBMJEBEF0VUSBDPOTFRVËODJB
QPEFSÃTFSBPDPNQSPNFUJNFOUPEBRVBMJEBEFEBDBSOFEPQFJYF
0USBOTQPSUFEFQFJYFTWJWPTQPEFUFSñOBMJEBEFTBMFWJOPTQBSBPQPWPBNFOUPEFOPWBTVOJEBEFTEF
QSPEVÉÈPSFQSPEVUPSFTQFJYFTQBSBDPNFSDJBMJ[BÉÈPFNGVOÉÈPEBFYJHËODJBEPNFSDBEPFNQFJYFWJWP
0QSPDFTTPEFDBQUVSBEFWFTFSSÃQJEPEFNPEPBOÈPDPNQSPNFUFSBTPCSFWJWËODJBEPTQFJYFTPNB
OFJPEPTUBORVFTDBVTBTUSFTTOPTBOJNBJTPTRVBJTDPOTPNFNNVJUPPYJHÊOJPFFMFWBÉÈPEBUFNQFSBU
VSB0TPMPEPGVOEPEPTUBORVFTFTDBWBEPTRVFÊBHJUBEPEVSBOUFBDBQUVSBQPEFMJCFSUBSHBTFTUÓYJDPT
FBVNFOUBSBUVSCJEF[EBÃHVB&TUBTDPOEJÉ×FTEJñDVMUBNNVJUPPQSPDFTTPSFTQJSBUÓSJPEPTQFJYFT1PS
FTTBSB[ÈPBSBQJEF[OFTUBBDUJWJEBEFQPEFSÃEFUFSNJOBSPTFVTVDFTTP1BSBUBMVNBFRVJQBUSFJOBEBF
NBUFSJBJTBEFRVBEPTTÈPGVOEBNFOUBJT
1PSPVUSPMBEPPTQFJYFTUSBOTQPSUBEPTEFWFNFTUBSMJWSFTEFRVBJTRVFSJOKÙSJBT"EFMJDBEF[BEVSBOUFP
NBOVTFBNFOUPÊJOEJTQFOTÃWFM
4F P PCKFDUJWP EB DBQUVSB EP QFJYF Ê P TFV USBOTQPSUF EPT BOJNBJT WJWPT BT QSJNFJSBT QSPWJEËODJBT B
TFSFNUPNBEBTTÈPPEJBFBIPSBEPDBSSFHBNFOUPFBHBSBOUJBEFVNUSBOTQPSUBEPSRVFSFÙOBUPEBTBT
DPOEJÉ×FTQBSBUBM&TUBTQSPWJEËODJBTJSÈPEFUFSNJOBSPTEFNBJTFWFOUPT
0T BMFWJOPT QPEFN TFS USBOTQPSUBEPT FN TBDPT QMÃTUJDPT RVBOEP B RVBOUJEBEF B TFS USBOTQPSUBEB GPS
JOGFSJPSBDFNNJM
BMFWJOPTPVDBTPDPOUSÃSJPFNUBNCPSFUFTJTPUÊSNJDPT0TTBDPTQMÃTUJDPT
EFQSFGFSËODJBDPNDBQBDJEBEFQBSBMJUSPTQPEFNDPOUFSBUÊEPJTNJMFRVJOIFOUPT
RVBOEP
FODIJEPTQFMBNFUBEFDPNÃHVBEFCPBRVBMJEBEFFBPVUSBNFUBEFPYJHÊOJPHBTPTP0TTBDPTEFWFN
TFSBDPNPEBEPTFNDBJYBTEFQBQFMÈPQBSBPUSBOTQPSUF
1PSPVUSPMBEPRVBOEPPTBMFWJOPTTÈPUSBOTQPSUBEPTFNUBNCPSFUFTJTPUÊSNJDPTFTUFTEFWFNDPOUFS
NFUBEFEBTVBDBQBDJEBEFEFÃHVBFSFDFCFSBFSBÉÈPBSUJñDJBM1PSOÈPSFDFCFSFNPYJHÊOJPHBTPTPB
ÃHVB EPT UBNCPSFUFT EFWF TFS DPOUSPMBEB DPN GSFRVËODJB F USPDBEB TFNQSF RVF P OÎWFM EF PYJHÊOJP
CBJYBS
0TSFQSPEVUPSFTFPTQFJYFTQBSBPDPOTVNPTÈPHFSBMNFOUFUSBOTQPSUBEPTFNUBNCPSFUFTJTPUÊSNJDPT
DPNBFSBÉÈPEPNFTNPNPEPRVFPTBMFWJOPTEJNJOVJOEPTFBEFOTJEBEF
VI. PROCESSAMENTO
0QFJYFEFWFTFSDPOTVNJEPQSFGFSJWFMNFOUFGSFTDPNBTDPNPFTUFÊVNQSPEVUPRVFTFEFUFSJPSBDPN
60
NVJUBGBDJMJEBEFMPHPBQÓTTVBNPSUF7ÃSJBTTÈPBTUÊDOJDBTEFQSFTFSWBÉÈPEFCBJYPDVTUPRVFQPEFN
ser aplicadas.
7ÃSJPTFTUVEPTNPTUSBNRVFPQFJYFQFSNBOFDFNBJTUFNQPQSFTFSWBEPBQÓTBTVBNPSUFTFFTUBGPS
QPSDIPRVFUÊSNJDP"TTJNSFDPNFOEBTFRVFMPHPBQÓTBDBQUVSBPQFJYFTFKBDPMPDBEPBJOEBWJWPFN
SFDJQJFOUFDPNHFMPBUÊRVFNPSSB
a) Congelamento do peixe inteiroPQFJYFDPOHFMBEPEFWFTFSQSJNFJSBNFOUFMBWBEPFFTWJT
DFSBEP"TFTDBNBTEFWFNTFSNBOUJEBTQBSBBQSFTFSWBÉÈPEPDPSQPEPQFJYF
C
Filetes congelados:PTñMFUFTMJWSFTEFFTQJOIBTFYJHFNNBJPSFTDVJEBEPTOPTFVQSPDFTTBNFOUP
WJTUPRVFPNÙTDVMPñDBEFTQJEPEFRVBMRVFSFTUSVUVSBEFQSPUFDÉÈP
c) SecagemPQFJYFFTWJTDFSBEPQPEFTFSTBMHBEPFTFDPBPTPMPVTFDPQPSEFGVNBÉÈPFQPTUFSJPS
mente comercializado.
d) EnlatadosPTQFJYFTFOMBUBEPTTÈPDPOTFSWBTNVJUPBQSFDJBEBTFNRVBTFUPEPPNVOEPQPSÊN
QBSBPQFRVFOPQSPEVUPSFTUFUJQPEFUSBOTGPSNBÉÈPÊNBJTDPNQMFYB
e) VíscerasBTWÎTDFSBTEPTQFJYFTTBVEÃWFJTQPEFSÈPTFSBQSPWFJUBEBTQBSBBQSPEVÉÈPEFGBSJOIBRVF
QPEFSÃFOUSBSOBDPNQPTJÉÈPEFSBÉ×FTQBSBQFJYFT
f) PeleBQFMFEPQFJYFUBMDPNPEFPVUSPTBOJNBJTUFNTJEPBQSPWFJUBEBFNBMHVOTQBÎTFTQBSBB
QSPEVÉÈPEFBSUJHPTBSUFTBOBJTFEFMVYP
61
62
EM MOÇAMBIQUE E SUAS CARACTERÍSTICAS
1-"/05&.¦5*$0NJO
**OUSPEVÉÈP
**$BSBDUFSÎTUJDBTEBTUJMÃQJBT
III. Características das carpas
Módulo 8
PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES PISCÍCOLAS CRIADAS
&856202'8/$5'(&$3$&,7$d®2(0$*8$&8/785$
PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES PISCÍCOLAS CRIADAS EM
MOÇAMBIQUE E SUAS CARCTERÍSTICAS
63
64
I. INTRODUÇÃO
0TQFJYFTTÈPBOJNBJTBRVÃUJDPTRVFEFVNNPEPHFSBMSFBMJ[BNUPEPPTFVDJDMPEFWJEBOBÃHVB"T
FTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFTDSJBEBTFN.PÉBNCJRVFTÈPBTDIBNBEBTFTQÊDJFTUSPQJDBJTQPSRVFPTFVEFTFOWPMWJ
NFOUPNÃYJNPÊBUJOHJEPÆUFNQFSBUVSBTSFMBUJWBNFOUFNBJTBMUBTHFSBMNFOUFDPNQSFFOEJEBTFOUSF
F$
0TQFJYFTRVFWBNPTWFSOFTUFNÓEVMPUJMÃQJBTFDBSQBT
TÈPWFSUFCSBEPTJTUPÊQPTTVFNWÊSUFCSBT
e espinha óssea.
II. CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS TILÁPIAS
"TUJMÃQJBTTÈPFTQÊDJFTPSJHJOÃSJBTEB¦GSJDBVNBTEBSFHJÈP-FTUF.PÉBNCJRVF
PVUSBTEBSFHJÈP/PSUF
SJPT/JMP$POHPF+PSEÈP
FPVUSBTEBSFHJÈP0FTUF0HÊOFSPOreochromis e TilapiaFTUÈPOBUVSBMNFOUF
JHVBMNFOUFEJTUSJCVÎEPTQFMP/PSUFF4VMEF¦GSJDB'ÓTTFJTEFUJMÃQJBJOEJDBOEPBFYJTUËODJBEFTUFTBOJ
NBJTIÃNBJTEFNJMI×FTEFBOPTGPSBNFODPOUSBEPTFN¦GSJDB/PTÊDVMP99BUJMÃQJBGPJJOUSPEV[JEB
FNDFSDBEFQBÎTFTQBSBBBDUJWJEBEFBRVÎDPMB"DBSOFNBDJBFBMUBNFOUFOVUSJDJPOBMEFTQFSUPVP
JOUFSFTTFEFQSPEVUPSFTBMBSHBFTDBMBFBJNQPSUÄODJBDPNFSDJBMFCJPMÓHJDBEBUJMÃQJBDSFTDFVEFTEFFO
UÈPUPSOBOEPBBDUVBMNFOUFVNEPTHÊOFSPTNBJTJNQPSUBOUFTQBSBPDVMUJWBEPTFDPNFSDJBMJ[BEPTEP
mundo, perdendo apenas para a carpa.
%BTWÃSJBTEF[FOBTEFFTQÊDJFTEFUJMÃQJBTFYJTUFOUFTBMHVNBTTÈPNBJTVUJMJ[BEBTFNDVMUJWPFN.PÉBN
CJRVF UBJT DPNP Oreochromis niloticus UJMÃQJB OJMÓUJDB PV UJMÃQJB EP /JMP
B Oreochromis mossambicus
UJMÃQJBNPÉBNCJDBOB
FB5JMBQJBSFOEBMMJUJMÃQJBEFQFJUPBWFSNFMIBEP
2.1. Oreochromis niloticus: OBUJWBEBCBDJBEP/JMPÊBFTQÊDJFNBJTDVMUJWBEBOPNVOEP
"QSJODJQBMDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBGÎTJDBRVFEJTUJOHVFPO. niloticusEBTPVUSBTUJMÃQJBTÊBQSFTFOÉBEFSJTDPTFFT
USJBTQPSUPEPDPNQSJNFOUPEBCBSCBUBOBDBVEBM
&TUB FTQÊDJF EFTUBDBTF EBT EFNBJT QFMP DSFTDJNFOUP SÃQJEP SFQSPEVÉÈP NBJT UBSEJB QFSNJUJOEP BM
DBOÉBSNBJPSUBNBOIPBOUFTEBQSJNFJSBSFQSPEVÉÈP
FBMUBQSPMJñDJEBEFQPTTJCJMJUBOEPBQSPEVÉÈPEF
HSBOEFTRVBOUJEBEFTEFBMFWJOPT
"UJMÃQJBEP/JMPÊUBNCÊNDBSBDUFSJ[BEBQPSJODVCBSPTPWPTOBCPDB
EBGËNFB2VBOEPDSJBEBFNUBORVFTEFÃHVBTWFSEFTHFSBMNFOUFTVQFSBFNDSFTDJNFOUPFDPOWFSTÈP
BMJNFOUBS ÆT PVUSBT FTQÊDJFT EF UJMÃQJB 3FQSPEV[TF EVSBOUF P BOP UPEP NBT P QJDP DPJODJEF DPN B
ÊQPDBEBTDIVWBT"QSJNFJSBNBUVSBÉÈPPDPSSFFOUSFPTFPTDNDPNBNFTFTEFJEBEF©
$DBEBGËNFBQPEFQSPEV[JSDFSDBEFPWPTQPSEFTPWBTFOEPDPNVNPDPSSFSFNUSËTBRVBUSP
desovas por ano.
&TUFTTÈPBOJNBJTPNOÎWPSPTBMJNFOUBOEPTFQSJODJQBMNFOUFEFñUPQMÄODUPOBOJNBJTCFOUÓOJDPTWFH
FUBJTFNEFDPNQPTJÉÈPFEFUSJUPTUFOEPBBDUJWJEBEFNÃYJNBFNIPSÃSJPTNBJTRVFOUFT&NDBUJWFJSP
BDFJUBNCFNSBÉÈPBSUJñDJBM
7JWFNFNUFNQFSBUVSBTFOUSF$F$NBTPDSFTDJNFOUPEBUJMÃQJBEP/JMPÊNBYJNJ[BEPFNÃHVBT
$DPNxDPNQFMPNFOPTNH-EFPYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPFVNQ)EFB"UFNQFSBUVSBJEFBM
QBSBBSFQSPEVÉÈPÊEF$TFOEPJOJCJEBBCBJYPEF$
Oreochromis mossambicus1FSUFODFOUFBPHÊOFSP0SFPDISPNJTDVKBDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBQSJODJQBM
ÊBJODVCBÉÈPPSBMEPTPWPTFDVJEBEPTQBSFOUBJTEBTQÓTMBSWBTQFMBTGËNFBTUBMDPNPBUJMÃQJBEP/JMP
EJGFSFODJBOEP QPSÊN QFMB DPOTUSVÉÈP EF iOJOIPT QFMPT NBDIPT "QSFTFOUB WJTÎWFM EJNPSñTNP TFYVBM
65
TFOEPPTNBDIPTJOUFJSBNFOUFQSFUPTDPNVNBNBODIBCSBODBOBHBSHBOUBFWFSNFMIPOBTFYUSFNJEBEFT
EBTCBSCBUBOBTFORVBOUPBTGËNFBTTÈPDJO[BPVBDBTUBOIBEBT"PMPOHPEPDPSQPQPEFNTFWFSTFJT
GBJYBTWFSUJDBJTJSSFHVMBSFTFTDVSBT0"EVMUPQPEFQFTBSBUÊLHFNFEJSBUÊDNEFDPNQSJNFOUP
QPEFOEPWJWFSBBOPT0DPSSFNBJTGSFRVFOUFNFOUFFNFTUVÃSJPTEPRVFFNÃHVBEPDFT
"UJMÃQJBNPÉBNCJDBOBÊUBNCÊNPNOÎWPSBFBQSFTFOUBNBJPSEJWFSTJEBEFOPTBMJNFOUPTRVFJOHFSF
SFMBUJWBNFOUF BP TFV HÊOFSP DPNP BT EJÃUPNÃDJBT BMHBT WFSEFT QFRVFOPT DSVTUÃDFPT QFRVFOPT
JOWFSUFCSBEPTNBUÊSJBTWFHFUBJTFNEFDPNQPTJÉÈP"DFJUBCFNGBSJOIBEFNJMIPDP[JEBSFTUPTEFTPKB
EFBSSP[FSFTUPTEFDPNJEB"MJNFOUBTFEVSBOUFUPEPPEJBNBTBBDUJWJEBEFNÃYJNBÊOPIPSÃSJPEF
QJDPEBUFNQFSBUVSBEBÃHVBRVFHFSBMNFOUFÊFOUSFBTIPSBTFBTIPSBT"OPJUFBCTUÊNTF
EFTFBMJNFOUBS©UFNQFSBUVSBTBCBJYPEF$PBQFUJUFñDBFYUSFNBNFOUFSFEV[JEPBVNFOUBPSJTDP
EFDPOUSBJSEPFOÉBTFQÃSBEFDSFTDFSÆUFNQFSBUVSBTJOGFSJPSFTB$
" UJMÃQJB NPÉBNCJDBOB Ê VNB FTQÊDJF RVF UPMFSB VNB HSBOEF WBSJBÉÈP EF UFNQFSBUVSBT DPOUVEP Ê
NFOPTUPMFSBOUFBPGSJPRVFBUJMÃQJBEP/JMP5FNQFSBUVSBTÓQUJNBTQBSBPDSFTDJNFOUPWBSJBNFOUSF
$FPT$0DPOGPSUPUÊSNJDPEFTUFTBOJNBJTWBSJBFOUSFBP$
6NBDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBNBSDBOUFEFTUBFTQÊDJFÊBTVBHSBOEFUPMFSÄODJBÆNÃRVBMJEBEFEBÃHVBDPNPBBMUB
TBMJOJEBEFQPEFOEPTPCSFWJWFSBxBOÎWFJTEFPYJHÊOJPEFNH-FQ)EFB
Tilapia rendalliÊPSJHJOÃSJBEPSJP/JHFSEBTCBDJBTEPT$POHPF;BNCF[FFEPTMBHPT5BOHBOJDB
F.BMBHBSB[JDBSBDUFSJ[BEBQPSQPTTVJSBDBCFÉBFDPSQPEFDPMPSBÉÈPWFSEFB[FJUPOBPEPSTPFTDVSPFP
DPSQPHFSBMNFOUFDPNCBSSBTWFSUJDBJTOFHSBT"CBSCBUBOBEPSTBMDPNVNBQFRVFOBNBSHFNWFSNFMIB
FCSBODBBUÊDJO[BFTDVSPFBDBVEBMQPOUJBHVEBOBQPSÉÈPEPSTBMFDPNDPMPSBÉÈPWFSNFMIPPVBNBSFMP
OBQPSÉÈPWFOUSBM1PEFBUJOHJSVNNÃYJNPEFDNEFDPNQSJNFOUPQFTBSLHFWJWFSFNUPSOPEF
7 anos.
"UJOHFBNBUVSJEBEFTFYVBMDPNBNFTFTEFJEBEFDPNDFSDBEFDN/BBMUVSBEBSFQSPEVÉÈPP
NBDIPGB[VNCVSBDPOBTTVQFSGÎDJFTJOUFSJPSFTEPTUBMVEFTB
FNÃHVBSBTBPOEFBRVBOUJEBEF
EFPYJHÊOJP"GËNFBEFQPTJUBOPOJOIPEFBPWPT"JODVCBÉÈPEPTPWPTOÈPÊPSBM%VSBOUF
FTUBGBTFBGËNFBQFSNBOFDFKVOUPBPOJOIPBHJUBOEPDPOUJOVBNFOUFBCBSCBUBOBDBVEBMQBSBGPSOFDFS
PYJHÊOJPBPTFNCSJ×FT"QFOBTFNDBTPEFQFSJHPFMBJOUSPEV[PTBMFWJOPTOBCPDB0OÙNFSPEFEFTPWBT
WBSJBFOUSFFDPNJOUFSWBMPTEFBTFNBOBTBUFNQFSBUVSBTFOUSF$
"BMJNFOUBÉÈPEPKVWFOJTSFRVFSFSNBJPSUFPSQSPUFJDPEPRVFBEPTBEVMUPTQPSJTTPOFTUBGBTFRVBTF
TFNQSF BMJNFOUBNTF EF QFRVFOPT DSVTUÃDFPT BRVÃUJDPT 1PTUFSJPSNFOUF B TVB BMJNFOUBÉÈP UPSOBTF
IFSCÎWPSBPVEFUSJUÎWPSBDPOTVNJOEPGPMIBTGSVUPTGBSJOIBTFUVCÊSDVMPT
&TUBFTQÊDJFUBMDPNPBUJMÃQJBNPÉBNCJDBOBÊUPMFSBOUFBVNBHSBOEFWBSJFEBEFEFUFNQFSBUVSBEB
ÃHVBEFTEF$BUʞ$FBVNBTBMJOJEBEFEFBUÊxQ)EFBFVNNÎOJNPEFNHMEF
PYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEP
III. CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS CARPAS
"TDBSQBTTÈPQFJYFTPSJHJOÃSJPTEB&VSPQBPSJFOUBMF¦TJBFPTNBJTVTBEPTFNQJTDJDVMUVSBOPNVOEP&TUBT
FTQÊDJFTEFQFJYFEFÃHVBEPDFGPSBNJOUSPEV[JEBTFN.PÉBNCJRVFQPSWPMUBEFQPSBQSFTFOUBSFN
VNDSFTDJNFOUPSÃQJEPFFNDVMUJWPEFBMUBEFOTJEBEFQPEFSFNBUJOHJSFNBQFOBTVNBOPDFSDBEFLH
1PEFNWJWFSDFSDBEFBOPTFVMUSBQBTTBSLHEFQFTPFBUÊNFUSPEFDPNQSJNFOUP"RVBMJEBEF
EBDBSOFÊTBUJTGBUÓSJBNBTFTQJOIPTBFDPNHPTUPFTQFDÎñDB$PNPBOJNBJTUSPQJDBJTEFTFOWPMWFNTFÆ
UFNQFSBUVSBTFOUSF$F$
%BTWÃSJBTFTQÊDJFTEFDBSQBDVMUJWBEBTOPNVOEPFN.PÉBNCJRVFBTNBJTDPNVOTTÈPBDBSQBDPNVN
66
$ZQSJOVTDBSQJP
FBDBSQBDBQJN$UFOPQIBSZOHPEPOJEFMMB
Cyprinus carpio"DBSQBDPNVNOBTVBGPSNBTFMWBHFNÊDBSBDUFSJ[BEBQPSBQSFTFOUBSVNBDPS
WFSEFB[FJUPOBOBSFHJÈPEPSTBMEPDPSQPFBNBSFMBEBOBSFHJÈPMBUFSBMFOBCBSSJHBFDBCFÉBNBJTQFRVFOB
$POUVEPBHFSBÉÈPEFIÎCSJEPTUPSOBBTDPSFTNVJUPWBSJÃWFJT$PMPSBÉÈPFQSPQPSÉÈPTÈPWBSJÃWFJTF
BTFTDBNBTTÈPTFNQSFHSBOEFTFHSPTTBTDPCSJOEPUPEPPDPSQP1PTTVFNVNQBSEFCBSCJMI×FTOPT
DBOUPTEBCPDBBRVBMÊUFSNJOBMOPTJOEJWÎEVPTBEVMUPTFTVCUFSNJOBMFNJOEJWÎEVPTKPWFOT"FTQÊDJF
QPTTVJVNBFTQJOIBEPSTBMTFSSJMIBEB1PEFNBUJOHJSBNBUVSJEBEFDPNNFTFTDN
0TNBDIPTTÈP
EJGFSFODJBEPTEBTGËNFBTQPSBQSFTFOUBSFNVNBHSBOEFCBSCBUBOBWFOUSBM
"EFTPWBOBDBSQBDPNVNPDPSSFFOUSFBNFJBOPJUFFPBNBOIFDFSNBTTFBTDPOEJÉ×FTGPSFNGBWPSÃWFJT
QPEFEFTPWBSEVSBOUFUPEPPEJB"QSFTFOÉBEFWFHFUBÉÈPEFOTBÊUBNCÊNVNFTUÎNVMPQBSBBEFTPWB
KÃRVFPTPWPTTÈPBEFTJWPTFQSFDJTBNEFVNTVCTUSBUPDPNNVJUBTQMBOUBT0TPWPTRVFDBFNOPMPEP
UPSOBNTFJOWJÃWFJT-PHPEFQPJTEBGFSUJMJ[BÉÈPPTPWPTDPMBNTFÆTQMBOUBTBTTFHVSBOEPBQFSNBOËODJB
FNÃHVBGSFTDB©$PTPWPTGFSUJMJ[BEPTOFDFTTJUBNEFIPSBTQBSBJODVCBSFFDMPEJSNBTÆ
$TÈPOFDFTTÃSJBTBQFOBTIPSBTQBSBBTVBFDMPTÈP
"BMJNFOUBÉÈPOBUVSBMEBDBSQBDPNVNÊP[PPQMÄODUPOKVWFOJMFQFRVFOPTBOJNBJTEFGVOEPDPNP
NJOIPDBT MBSWBT EF JOTFDUPT QFRVFOPT NPMVTDPT F BUÊ BMHVOT EFUSJUPT RVBOEP BEVMUB 1PS TFS VNB
FTQÊDJFPNOÎWPSBFNDBUJWFJSPBDFJUBCFNBMJNFOUPTBSUJñDJBJTEFTEFRVFQBTUPTPTBTTJNDPNPGPMIBT
UFOSBT"MJNFOUBTFEVSBOUFUPEPPEJBNBTNPTUSBNBJPSBDUJWJEBEFBPOBTDFSFBPQÔSEPTPM
4PCSFWJWFÆTUFNQFSBUVSBTFOUSF$F$"PT$BUJOHFPNBJPSDSFTDJNFOUPNBTQÃSBEFDSFTDFS
RVBOEPBUFNQFSBUVSBEFTDFBCBJYPEF$3FQSPEV[TFBUFNQFSBUVSBTEF$FNÃHVBTQPVDP
QSPGVOEBTFOÈPTFBMJNFOUBBCBJYPEF$
­NBJTTFOTÎWFMÆFTDBTTF[EFPYJHÊOJPEPRVFBTUJMÃQJBTNBTSFTJTUFQPSBMHVNUFNQPDPNNFOPTNHM
QPEFOEPTFSDSJBEPFNÃHVBTQBSBEBT
3.2. Ctenopharyngodon idella
"DBSQBDBQJNÊVNQFJYFEFÃHVBEPDFEFPSJHFNBTJÃUJDBDBSBDUFSJ[BEBQPSQPTTVJSVNDPSQPSPMJÉP
CFNNBJTEFMHBEPFDPNQSJEPEPRVFBTPVUSBTDBSQBT5FNFTDBNBTHSBOEFTQSBUFBEBTFVOJGPSNFT
QFMPDPSQP­VNQFJYFDPNNVJUBBHJMJEBEFFSBQJEF[GBDUPOÈPNVJUPDPNVNFNPVUSBTDBSQBT/B
OBUVSF[BDIFHBBNBJTEFLHFBMDBOÉBDFSDBEFLHDPNVNBOPEFDVMUJWP
&TUFQFJYFÊDPOIFDJEPDPNPDBSQBDBQJNQPSRVFÊIFSCÎWPSPPRVBMQPEFDPOTVNJSEJBSJBNFOUFEF
BEPTFVQFTPTPNFOUFFNQMBOUBTBRVÃUJDBTDPNPPDBQJNWFSEFFGSFTDPUPSOBOEPTFEFTUF
NPEPVNFYDFMFOUFQSPEVUPSEFBEVCPPSHÄOJDP"MJNFOUBTFUBOUPOBTVQFSGÎDJFRVBOUPOPGVOEP
"DBSQBDBQJNUFNPTFVEFTFOWPMWJNFOUPNBYJNJ[BEPFOUSFPT$F$PYJHÊOJPEJTTPMWJEPBDJNB
EFNHMFUPMFSBOEPQ)FOUSFB
67
68