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? :Ou + HS@CPgRH @ P J XCf@R@CBjN MYB@\G@CaSMYBqRcD J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK Mh1D 0 GjDFEbPH = 7 B @\G J :s + 7 B @\G J s ?
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DRAM (8x512KB)
DRAM (8x512KB)
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P HLK M s H ] J MYP GjDOPtJLI HLK MN MSEtED J fcEbBMYB [VWBBH ;MSEboH RcD B@CP J EMYP@ OHJLI HLK M7D ] o fg@\GjM oHS@CB[EgHL] Ng@CRgH Rc<M ^fcD
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ohDOo=S]M E @CHoHS@\MSE J HSRgH H J DOBBM H T ohDOo=S]M Eb@CH B HLK MGjEbHSPBo@CG@CRcMYB ; u ARcD RHSRcMYB $ ^fcDH J DOBBHSo.RHSRcMYB J MYP GOm] rYfcMYB PHhohDOo=S]M E @CHMSigBjDFEaLHLE HLK MUfgoHhXCHLG DO P J @CHoDOPcMSE
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RHSRcMYB DOBbBjD =P HLK M7s H ] J M^DFE DO P J @CH7DOPQGjEbD eRcDR@ ;DFEDOP GjDOB tHSBB@Co J MYoM7PcM
J HSBjMRcM NEM9BjDFGHSRcMhNgHLEbHHho=H ] ^f@CPgH+ XCfcD `DOPcDW95/gRcDOB J E @\GjMhPHBjD JLI HLK M u : B@ BjGjDOoH
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^fHSXqRcMYB eMYBRHSRcMYB ED' fg@CB@\GHSRcMYB RcDFaSDOo BjDFE J MYXCM J HSRcMYB BbB@Co tRHSRcMYBHSX\GHSohDOP GjD
fcG@CX @OHSRcMYB N MSE7foH B=]M RgHSB J MYohM N MSE 1D 0 DOohNgX\M RHSRcMYB7RHNg@CXCsg#H N M^RDOo BjDFE
J MYX\M J HSRcMYB PM oHS@CB NgEg$]M 0 @ ohM rYHLEbHSPQG@ PRcMUfooDOPcMSE GjDOohN MURcDH J DOBbBjM HLGjM RDM UBjDFE J MYohNgHLEbG@CXCsHSRcM B@\rYPD@ ; J H ^fcDGjM^RHSB HSB N M^RDOopH J DOBBbHLE
GjM RcMYB MYB PcM @CPRDFNDOPgRcDOPQGjD:RcD BbfH X\M J HSXC@ OHJLI HLK M ]f Pg@ J H R@ DFEDOPkJ I H DOP GjED
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J MYohNgHLEbG@CXCsHSohDOP GjMUDOP GjED URD fo DOBbBjD J HSBM N M Rc1D 7 BjD J MYX\M J HLE`MYBARHSRcMYB`RcD
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Dados da memória
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caminho de
dados da memória
P0
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Registradores Primários
Registradores Secundários
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caminho de
dados computados
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crossbars
Dados para a memória
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^fcD NDFE o@\GjDHOaLHSXC@CHLEH NHLEG@\E RcD ^fHSX`GHSoHSPscM9RD NgEMSigX\DOoHHEDOBMYXCftJLI HLK M=R@CBGjEb@\igf m] RH
J MYohD J I HeHBjDFE aLHSPQG@H BjMYBH = @
fGjEM7rYHSPsM ^fcD BjDeGjDOo J YM o M DOBjGfRcM D ] H:DOB J Eb@CGH7RH:NEb@CoDO@\EbH HLNgXC@ J HJLI LHK M NHLEbHSX\DOXCH
NgHLEbHGjDOBGjDOB J MYopHho=H ] fg@CPH+ XCfcD `DOPcD9W 5
# # B@CBjGjDOoUH J MYPBb@CBjGjDDOo R@\aSDFEbBHSB J DO] XCfX HSB`RgHeo=H ] ^f@CPgH + XCfcD `DOPcDW95 J MYPcD J GHSRcMYB N MSEAfoH
E DORcD GjMSEMY@CRHSX DOBjN D J @CHSXCoDOPQGjDRcDOBjDOP aSMYX\a^@ RHNgHLE HeH o=H ] ^f@CPH VWBBHUEDORcDRcDFaSDFEgH ] BjDFE`fgBHSRH
NgHLEbH H GjEbM J H RcDRgHSRcMYBADOPQGjEbDNgHLEGjDOB RcDfgoH HLNgXC@ J HJLI HLK M7BDOPRcM D10^D J fGHSRHSBDOo J HSRgH foH
RHSB J DO] XCfgXCHSB ! fD BjD NEbDFGjDOPRcD ohDOR@\ED ] H E H$ HLK M DOPQGjED J MYohNfcGHJLI HLK M D J MYo fPg@ J HJLI HLK M N MSE fDWDOBBD PA]f ohDFEM
ohMYBjGjE H/H%NEMSN MSESJLI HLK M RcD<GjEbHLigHSX scM c]f G@ X BjDOPgRcM ;DO@\GjM = J MYohNgfGHJLI HLK M ?:D<M GjEbHLiHSXCscM/rYHSBjGjM
N DOX\M HLGjM=RcD M B@CBjGjDOoH<BjDFE NgHLEbHSXCDOX\M= J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK M ? BB@Co NM RcD17 BjD HOaLHSXC@CHLE EDOX HJLI MSK DOB
RcD J fBGjM W iDOPD m ] J @CMhNgHLEbHhHHLNgX @ J HJLI HLK MNgHLEbHSXCDOXCH DOBBjD J HSBjM cRcDOBj,D B9H 7 BjD`oDOR@\EqH Eb$H HLK MDOPQGjED`HSBqMSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB RcD N MYPQGjM fcGfHSP GjD fcG@ XC@OHSRHSB
NgHLEbH7H J MYohNgfcGHJLI HLK M:DUM7PA]f ohDFEMRcD UGjEbHSPgBo@\G@CRMYB Z[MSEGHSPQGjM H7fP@CRHSRDfG@CXC@OHSRH
NgHLEbHhHSB ohDOR@CRgHSB RcDFaSDBjDFE HLNgXC@ J HJLI HLK M RcD ofX\G@\NgX @ J HJLI HLK M7RcD oHLGjEb@FDOBGjEb@CRg@CohDOPB@CMYPHSX MY@WDOB J MYXCs@ RH J MYohM N MSE ^fcD HSX DO] opRDBjDFE foUHhHLNgXC@ J HJLI HLK MeigHSBjGHSP GjD J MYPscD J @ RHDi DOoDOBjGfgRHSRH#DOXCH<D ] igHSBjGHSP GjD
HLNEMSNgEb@CHSRH<NgHLEbHfoUH o=H ] fg@CPH J MYo J DO] XCfXCHSB7@CPQGjDFE XC@\rYHSRHSB N MSEfoH<EDORD RcDGjMSN MYX\MSrY@CH
GjMSEMY@CRgHSX fcGjE H J HLEbH J GjDFE m ] BjG@ J H @CP GjDFEDOBBHSP GjDRgHUHLNgXC@ J HJLI HLK M9D] HUN MYBBb@\ig@CXC@ RHSRcDARcD fcG@ XC@OHJLI HLK M
RcM DOo X @CPsH NgHLEbHHhRg@CBjGjEb@\if@ JLI HLK M@CP@ J @CHSX RcMYB RHSRcMYB HSXCrSMSEb@\GohMfcG@ XC@ OHSRcM;MY@kHSRHLNGHSRcM7HNgHLEG@\E RcMHSX\rSMSE @\GohMNEbMSNMYBGjM DOo : l EbHLG9H 7
BjDRH R@Ca^@CB HLK M RM NgEMSigX\DOoH RcD ;MSEboH aSMYXCfgo'DF] GjEb@ J #H BDOPRc
M fD J HSRH P ]M J HSX J fX HeNHLEGjDRH
ofX\G@\NgX @ J HJLI HLK M ;grYfcEbH = : @CX fBjGjEbHMHSX\rSMSEb@CGohMNgHLEbHhfgo J fci MhRcD K J DO] XCfXCHSB
MSN DFEbHJLI HLK MHBjDFE DO@CGHD ] e MYPRcD D`] foH oHLGjEb@ RD R@CoDOPB MSK DOB D] foHhoHLGjE @ RcDR@ ohDOPB MSK DOB D D] fgoHhoHLGjEb@ RcDR@CohDOPgB MSK DOB D ] R@Ca^@CRg@CRH DOo BfcigoUHLGjEb@ FDOB dd$ dc% cdeD cc' J HSRH foUH:RcDOX HSB RcD R@CoDOPB MSK DOB
^MYPRc
D %D`] M PA]f ohDFEMRcD J DO] XCfX HSBqNEbDOBjDOPQGjDOBWDOo foH RHSBWHLEbDOBjGHSB RcM J fci M MYf =A
(a)
5
(c)
7
5
7
B 01
(e)
B 01
A 00
A 10
1
3
A 01
B 11
A 11
2
C
B 00
B 10
B 00
B 00
1
8
3
B 10
C 01
1
7
A 10
A 01
2
A 11
1
A 00
8
4
A
B
B
5
C
B 11
B 10
A
(b)
B 01
B 00
3
8
4
C 11
C 10
A 00
B 11
B 10
2
4
5
C 00
A 00 7 A 10
3 A 10
(d)
C´01 7 C´11
C´10
C´00
5
multicast em linha
A 11
A 01
2
A 11
4
1
8
3
C´00
2
C´10
C´11
8
transmissão
ponto−a−ponto
4
t@\rYfcEbH = : X\rSMSE @\GohMRcDofX\G@\NXC@ J HJLI HLK MhRcDoHLGjEb@DFDOB GjEb@CRg@CohDOPB@CMYPHSX
Vqo)BDFrYf@CRH#YDOBbBHSB BfcioHLGjEb@FDOBkB HLK MRg@CBjGjEb@\if m ] RHSB DOPQGjED HSB/ fHLGjEbM J DO] XCfXCHSBkRcD fgoH RHSB H J DOB
RcM J fiM D] R@\a @CR@CRgHRHoDOBoH ;MSEboHhD R@CBjGjEb@Cigf m ] RHDOo
foUH ;H J D MSEGjMSrSMYPHSX H T ;H J DRcD
oHLGjEb@ RcDFaSD BDFE J MYX\M J HSRHRcD ;MSEboH GjE HSPBjN MYBjGHADOoBfgH ;H J D NgHLEbH<^fcD BfHSB X @CPsHSB
M J fcN DOo J MYX fPHSB HLMUX\MYPrSMRgH ;H J D DHSB ofX\G@CNgXC@ J HJLI MSK DOB DOP GjED NgHLEGjDOB RD D N MYBBbHSoBjDFE
;DO@\GHSB RcD ;MSEboHUoHS@CB B@ ohNgX\DO%B DOX\DOoDOPQGjM HhDOX\DOohDOP GjMDOo J MYX fPHSB qVWBBHRg@CBjGjEb@\if@ JLI HLK MNM RcD
BjDFE MSiBjDFEaLHSRHP*H ;rYfEbH = : = H ? oHLGjEb@ @ P@ J @CHSX GHSoi DO] o D ] R@\a @CR@ RHD J MYX\M J HSRH=PH<igHSBD RcM J fci M PH Rg@\ED JLI HLK M
MSEGjMSrSMYPHSX HST B RfgHSB NEb@CohDO@CEbHSB ZtHSBB9H 7 BD qDOP G HLK M AH T ;HSBD RD R@ BjGjEb@\igfg@ JLI HLK M7RcMYBDOX\DOohDOP GjMYB B J DO] X fXCHSBN DFEGjDOP J DOP GjDOB7HST B
H J DOB RcD $H FDOo fo DOoXC@CPgsH J MYo
HBbfHBfcigoHLGjE @ cPHEDFGHN DFEN DOPR@ J fX HLEAH T
H J D`DOo ^fcDADOBjG HLK MB@CGfHSRHS%B J MYP;MSEbohD7D] ohMYBjGjEbHSRcMhPH ;rYfcE H = : =;i ? d @CofX\GHSPcDOHSoDOPQGjD M
ohDOBoMeH J MYP GjD J D J MYopHSBABfigoHLGjEb@ FDOB J MYPQG@ RHSB J DO] X fXCHSB`RHUoHLGjE @ J MYohM oMYBjGjEbHSRcM PH
;rYfcE H = : = J ? VWo0BjDFrYfg@CR#H HSB J DO] XCfX HSB RgHigHSBjD ^fcD J MYP G DO oDOX\DOohDOP GjMYB RcD D = @ P@ J @CHSX ?[@ P@ J @CHSo
H J MYohNgfcGHJLI HLK M fHSPRcM H J MYoNgfcGHJLI HLK MGjDFEbo@ P#H tDOBBHSB J DO] XCfXCHSBDOP a^@ HSo M EDOBbfX\GHSRcM ]
=K
HLN DOPHSB NHLEbHHSB J DO] XCfgXCHSBWRg@\EDFGHSohDOP GjD H J @CoH RcDOXCHSB% J MYohM oMYBjGjEbHSRcMPH<;rYfcE H = : = R? VqBbBHSB
T BfH NgHLEGjDRgH J MYohNgfcGHJLI HLK M
fHSPRcMH J MYohNgfGHJLI HLK M
J DO] XCfXCHSB'qN MSEBfH aSD% R HLK M @CP m ] J @\M=H
GjDFEbo@ PHPHSB J DO] XCfXCHSB`RcMUGjMSN MMeEbDOBfX\GHSRcMUDOBjGHe] Rg@CBjGjEb@\if m ] RcMDOPQGjEbDHSB J DO] XCfXCHSB N DFEGjDOP J DOP GjDOB
H T H J DRcMhGjMSN MURcM J fiM J MYoMUohMYBjGjEbHSRMUPH*;rYfcE H = : =;@D ? VWBBjDhHSX\rSMSEb@\GoM N MSE^DO] o ;H$ J MYo fcDhHLN DOPHSB fo NXCHSPcM RcD J DO] X fXCHSBAGjEbHLigHSX scDhRcD J HSRH
aSD% BB@Co kDOX\D9D ] HLNEbMSNEb@CHSRcM:NgHLEbH B@\GfgHJLI MSK DOBDO3
o ^fcD oHS@CBRcM ^fcD fgoH:ofX\G@CNgXC@ J HJLI HLK M
RcDoUHLGjEb@FDOB NgED J @CBHBDFE ;DO@\GH BBb@C
o cNgXCHSPMYB R@ ;DFEDOP GjDOB GjEbHLigHSX sHSo
B@ o fXCGHSPcDOHSohDOP GjDDOo
ofX\G@\NgX @ J HJLI MSK DOBR@ DFEDOP GjDO%B J Eb@CHSPgRcM7foH7DOBjN D ] J @\D RcD XC@CPsH7RcDUNEbM^RfkJLI HLK M = $? VWBBjD
G@\N MhRcD J MYohNgfGHJLI HLK MeGHSo i DO] o D ] J sHSoHSRcM RcD J MYohNgfGHJLI HLK MeB@CBGY]M XC@ J H VWo foH J MYoNgfcGHJLI HLK M RDqo fgX\G@\NgXC@ J HJLI HLK M RDqoHLGjEb@ FDOB J MYohM DOBBb#H M`P`]f ohDFEM RcDqMSNDFE HJLI MSK DOB
RcD N MYP GjM fcGfHSP GjDPcD J DOBBgHL] Eb@CHSBD ] u ! <DOo J HSRH fgoHRHSB J DO] XCfX HSB HSRgHXC@CPsH RcD
RcDFaSDUBDFEo fgX\G@\NgXC@ J HSRHDOX\DOoDOPQGjM7HDOX\DOohDOP GjMN MSE J HSRH J MYXCfPgH RcD l DOohMY%B DOPQG HLK M !
ofX\G@\NgX @ J HJLI MSK DOB RcDXC@CPgsHN MSE J MYX fPH HSRgHfgoH RDOBBHSB ofX\G@\NgX @ J HJLI MSK DOB J MYPgB@CBjGjDADOo UMSNDFE HJLI MSK DOB RcD o fgX\G@\NgXC@ J HJLI HLK M
D = : ?
MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOBqRD BjMYoH MYohM HS@CPRHABjD NgED J @CBH BjMYoUHLEqM DOX\DOohDOP GjM RgH oHLGjEb@ @CP@ J @CHS"X GjDOoMYB
oHS@CB foHBMYoHhNgHLEbH J HSRHUofX\G@CNgXC@ J HJLI HLK MRcD XC@CPsHN MSE J MYX fPH BBb@CoGjDOohMY%B NgHLEbH J HSRH
foHhRDOBBHSB ofX\G@\NXC@ J HJLI MSK DO%B u MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB`RcD N MYPQGjM fcGfHSP GjD MYoMGjDOohMYB !o fgX\G@\NgXC@ J HJLI MSK DO%B YMGjMSGHSXRcD MSNDFE HJLI MSK DOBWRcD NMYP GjM fcGfHSP GjD PcD J DOBBHL] E @CHSB
NgHLEbHhHhofX\G@CNgXC@ J HJLI HLK MhRcDOBBbHSB oHLGjEb@ FDOB D ] u ! d fcN MYPRc*M ^fcDHSB oHLGjEbD@ FDOB HBjD J MYohNfcGHLE
B HLK M ^fHSRcE HSRHSBRcDXCHSRM ! J sDFrY9H 7 BjDeHLM P`]f ohDFEM RcD u ! a d D ^f@CBjDFEboMYB J HSX J fXCHLE ^fHSP GHSB
MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOBB HLK M ;DO@\GHSBPcM7GjMSGHSX iHSBjGH7ofX\G@\NXC@ J HLEADOBBjDaLHSX\MSE NDOXCMP`]f ohDFEMRD J DO] XCfXCHS%B MYf
a M ^fcDEDOBbfX\GHDOo u ! a a Z[M Rc1D 7 BjD GHSo i DO] o J HSX J fX HLEH ^fHSP G@CRHSRcD RcD J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK M PD J DOBBHL] Eb@CH d fcN MYPRcM fo
J fci M J MYo.XCHSRcM RcD J DO] X fXCHS*B =;GjMSGHSX RcD a J DO] XCfX HSB ? Dfo NEbMSigX\DOoH J MYo.oHLGjEbD@ FDOB H fgHSPQG@CRgHSRcDRDRgHSRcMYB`GjEbHSPBo@CG@CRcMYBD ] b = RH R@CBjGjE @\igf@ JLI HLK MeRH oHLGjEb@ ?`oUHS@CB b = RH
R@CBGjEb@\igf@jJLI HLK MRHoHLGjEb@ ?kD = : ?qRgHNgHSBbBHLrSDOoRcD NgHLEbHH J HSoUHSRHBfcN DFEb@\MS'E ^fcDP HLK MUH J MYP GjD J DPgH%]f X\G@CoH J HSoHSRgH =;DN MSE @CBBMhM ;HLGjMS*E = : ? RgHho fXCG@\NgXC@ J HJLI HLK M ? n:HSB DA] MXCHSRMRcDAfoHoHLGjEbD@ ^fcDAHLiEbHSPcrSD`GjM^RgHSB HSB J DO] XCfX HSB B R@ ohDOPB MSK DOB RcDAfoH
oHLGjEbD@ J MYPQG@CRgHDOo foH J DO] XCfX HhB HLK M ! ! cMYPRcD ! D] M BbB@C
o GjDOohMYB fcDAMUPA]f ohDFEM
GjMSGHSX RD DOX\DOohDOP GjMYB GjEbHSPBbo@\G@CRcMYBeD ] u ! b b ! b b = : ? MYf ! b b = : ? NgHLEbH : d >D fg@CBjDFEbohMYB HOaLHSXC@CHLEAM J MYohN MSEGHSohDOP GjM RgHEDOXCHJLI HLK M DOP GjEDM PAg]f ohDFEMURcDMSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOBARcD
= I
N MYPQGjM fcGfHSP GjDhDH fHSP G@CRHSRDRDRHSRcMYBAGjEbHSPBbo@\G@CRH# N M RcDOohMYBAR@\a @CR@CE`fo aLHSX\MSE N DOX\M
MYfcGjEMgMSiGjDOPRcM u ! a a ! b b = : ? MYf u ! = : ? d D:HEDORcD7RD7@CP GjDFE J MYPcD10 HLK M GjMSEMY@CRgHSX P HLK M G@CaSDOBBjD7H ;fP J @\MYPHSXC@CRgHSRcD RD hDOo
XC@CPgsH# H6 fHSP G@CRHSRDeRcD J MYo fPg@ J HJLI HLK M BDFEb@CHNgEMSN MSE J @\MYPHSX H(; ! b b = : ?D H7NEMSN MSESJLI HLK M
BjDFEb@ HhRcD u ! ;= : ? # # + (' + TD*R2U
N Eb@CohDO@CEM NgHLE HS oDFGjEM`RM`B@ BjGjDOoH DA] ^fHSP GHSB J DO] XCfgXCHSB[DOBjG HLK M J MYPcD J GHSRHSBtD RcD fcD ;MSEboH DOBBH
J MYPcD10 HLK M D ] ;DO@\GH = ^fHS@CB HSB Rg@CohDOPB MSK DOB RgHEDORcD GjMSEMY@CRgHSX ? ?`DFNDOPgRcDOPRcMhRcDOBBDOB NgHLE HS ohDFGjEbMYB%
MYB RgHSRcMYB PcD J DOBBgHL] Eb@\MYB NgHLE HhfoH J MYohNfcGHJLI HLK MeRcDFaSDOopBjDFE R@ BjGjEb@\igf m ] RcMYBqRDfoH ;MSEboHR@ D17
EDOP GjD NgHLEbHUo@CP@CoU@ OHLE HUPcD J DOBB@CRgHSRcDRcD J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK MeD ED J MYohNgfcGHJLI HLK M
fGjEM NHLE HS ohDFGjEM@CoNMSEbGHSPQGjDUD ] MAGHSoHSPscM RcMANgH J MSGjD fcG@ XC@ OHSRcM`NgHLEbHAH`GjEbHSPBoU@CBB HLK MARcD
RHSRcMYBWD`M GHSoHSPgscMRM J HLi D J I HSXCscMRcMNH J MSGjDW?`DFN DOPRcDOPRcM RHNgEMSN MSESJLI HLK MDOP GjED`DOX\DO%B ^GjDO*o 7
BjDfo :oUHS@\MSE MYf:ohDOPcMSE d DM MSE rSEbHSPRcD RcDFaS1D 7 BjDDFa @\GHLE`HLM o=9H ] 0c@CohM
H J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK MUDOPQGjED J DO] XCfXCHS%B 9B
H ] ^fcDPcDOBBD J HSBjMUM J fBGjMD] DOX\DFaLHSRcM
+ (' + NgHLE HS ohDFGjEMNgEb@CP J @\NHSX RcM =D ] HR@CoDOPB HLK MRHSBWoHLGjEb@FDOB AfgHSPQGjMoUHS@\MSEWHoUHLGjEb@ oHS@CB RHSRcMYB HhBjD J MYohNgfcGHLE D oHS@CB RHSRMYB HhBjD J MYofP@ J HLE fGjEMNgHLE HS ohDFGjEMRM $EDOXCH J @\MYPHSRM J MYo
foRcMYB NgHLE HS oDFGjEMYB RcMB@ BjGjDOoH#WD] M
PA]f oDFEM RcD J DO] XCfXCHSBfcG@CXC@ OHSRgHSBANgHLEbH EDOBjMYXCaSDFEMNEMSiX\DOoH PAg]f ohDFEM aLHLEb@OHL] aSDOX RcD J DO] XCfgXCHSB
R@CBNMYP m ] aSDO@CB@ P f@WP6
H ^fHSP G@CRHSRcD RcD J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK M PD J DOBBHL] Eb@CH D DOo ^fHSPQGjM J HSRgH J DO] X fXCH
RcDFaSD J MYoNgfcGHLE NgHLE HHLG@CPcrY@\E MUEDOBfX\GHSR>M ;PHSX # B D10^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjMYB MSE HSo
D10 D J fcGHSRcMYBABjMSiEbDM + 5 B@Co
D10 J XCfgB@\aLHSohDOPQGjD BH ] ^fcDDOBBD B@Cof#7
CX HSRcMSE DFE H J HLNgH$ RD MSEbPD J DFE GjM^RMYB MYB RHSRMYB PcD J DOBBgHL] Eb@\MYB B D10^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjMYB B HLK MigHSBjDOHSRcMYB PcMHSX\rSMSEb@CGohMRcDOB J Eb@CGjMPHBjD JLI HLK M =>=>=
NEb@CohDO@CEM D10^N DFEb@ ohDOPQGjMD ] ^oHSP GjDOPRcM;0 MM PA]f ohDFEMRD J DO] XCfXCHSB%^aLHLEb@CHLEqM GHSoHSPscMRcM
?v
NEMSiX\DOoH DMSigBjDFEaLHLE MYB D ;DO@\GjMYB PHEbDOXCHJLI HLK MhMSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB J MYohNfcGHSRHSB RHSRMYB GjEbHSPBoU@\G@CRcMYB VqB J MYXCscDOf#7 BjD aLHLEb@CHLEM:GHSoHSPgscMRH7oHLGjE @ J MYP G@CRH DOo foH J DO] XCfXCH RcD ? v 0 ? v DOo ? v 0
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? v :FvSv 0 :FvSv : ? v 0 : ? v uLvSv 0 uLvSv D u ? v 0 u ? v BjDFrYfgPRcMD10^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjM D ] goHSP GjDOPRcM*;0 MMGHSoUHSPscMRcMNEMSiX\DOoH#^a HLEb@ HLE MPA]f ohDFEM
RcD J DO] X fXCHSB fBHSRHSBeD MSigBjDFEaLHLEeMYB D ;DO@\GjMYB PH'EDOXCHJLI HLK M<MSNDFE HJLI MSK DOB J MYohNgfcGHSRHSB N MSEeRgHSRcMYB
GjEbHSPBbo@\G@CRcMYBVWB J MYXCscDFEbHSo7 BjDMYBBjDFrYfg@CPQGjDOBGHSoHSPscMYB RcD J fci MYB u 0 u 0 u @; 0 @; 0
; !$= 02$= 02=7D
@? 0
@? 0 ? # # NgEb@CohDO@\EbMD10^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjM<H BjDFE DO@\GjM ;MY@ J MYo M d l V n 9R@\EbDFGHSohDOPQGjD RH
; MSEboH J MYohM ;MY@ MSiG@ RcMWfcG@ XC@OHSPRcM HLN DOPHSBfoUH J Y]M R@\rSM fG@CXC@OHSRcM NgHLEbH DOBBjD
D10 NDFE @CohDOP GjM MY@ M J Y]M R@\rSM MSEb@CrY@CPHSX RcM d l V n @ J MYo HLNDOPgHSBUHSX\rYfoUHSBHSX 7
GjDFEbHJLI MSK DOB NgHLEbH HSRHLNGHLE HSB J sHSoHSRHSBWNgHLEbH HSB fPtJLI MSK DOB RcD GjMYoHSRgH RcD GjDOohN M R@CBNMYP m ] aSDO@CBtPcM
HSo ig@\DOP GjDRcDB@CofXCHJLI HLK M
B EbDOBfX\GHSRcMYB B HLK M EDFN MSEGHSRcMYB PH ;rYfcE H ? : = H ? Z[M RcD17 BjDMSigBDFEa HLE J XCHLEbHSohDOP GjD PH
;rYfcE HHGjEbHSPB@jJLI HLK M DOP GjEDAMYB ohM^RMYB RD MSN DFEbHJLI HLK MhRcDOP GjEMD ;MSEbHRcM 1 J MYP;MSEbohD`MaSDFGjMSE
HSfohDOP GH GjEbHSPB@jJLI HLK M PM J HSBjMRcD # D $ $ H J MYPQGjD J D NgHLE H aSDFGjMSEDOB RcD7GHSoUHSPscM
ohDOPcMSE 9BcH ] ^fcD DOBBbHSB MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB`fBHSoGjE DO B aSDFGjMSEDOB D N MSEGHSPQGjM oHS@CB DOBjNHJ I MeRcDohDOo9S]M Eb@CH /D ! 'fBbHSo RcMY@CB aSDFGjMSEDOB J HSRH cMSEbHSo GHSoi DO] o DO@CGjMYB 1D 0^N DFEb@ ohDOPQGjMYB fgBHSPRcM
M J MYohM foHHLNgX @ J HJLI HLK M $ J HSRHUfoH
:Ou @ J S]M N@CHSB @CPgRcDFN DOPRcDOP GjDOB Rc
$H FDOPRcMUBjDOfNEgS]M NEb@CM N DOBHLE RcDAMPA]f ohDFEbMRcD PcM BjDFE :O#u K gHLN DOPHSB :Ou @NfRcDFEbHSo BjDFE fcG@ XC@ OHSRHSB
NgHLEbHM /N MSE ^fcDHSB u EbDOBjGHSPQGjDOB:B HLK M=EDOBDFEa HSRgHSB NgHLEbHM9Bb@CBjGjDOoH = foUHNgHLEbH
J MYofP@ J HJLI HLK MD MYfGjEbHANgHLEbHAR@CBNgHLEbHLEkHSB RcDOoHS@ B @? BtEDOBfX\GHSRMY%B S1D 0^NgEDOBBjMYBkHLGjEbH a DO] B
RH o'DO] R@CHRgHSBqigHSPgRHSBWRD ohDOo=S]M E @CHHLNEDOBDOPQGHSRHSB N MSE J HSRgH DOo fPtJLI HLK MRcMGHSoUHSPscM
RcMhaSDFGjMSE`N MSE $N M^RcDOoBDFE DOP J MYP GjEbHSRcMYB DOo ? : =;i ? B J fcEaLHSBkP HLK M B HLK MBfH aSDO%B QoHSBkHS@ PRH NM Rc1D 7 BjD MSigBDFEa HLE fgoH GjE HSPB@ JLI HLK M DOP GjED MYB ohM RcMYB
RcD MSN DFEbHJLI HLK M RcDOP GjEMDMSE HRcM 1WDOPQGjED uLvSv D ; vSv DOX\DOohDOP GjMYBhN MSE M J HSBjM
RcM1D 0 NDFE @CohDOP GjM<RcD :Ou @ '@CPRDFNDOPgRcDOPQGjDOB MSE HSo PcD J DOBBHL] Eb@ HSB HSX\rYfoHSB HSX\GjDFEbHJLI MSK DOB
HSR@ J @CMYPHS@CB NgHLEbH $H FDFE J MYo fD M J Y]M R@\rSM ;MYBBjD 1D 0 D J fcGHSRcMeDOoNgHLEbHSXCDOX\M
] @CoNMSEbGHSPQGjD X\DOoigEbHLE ^fcD PcDOBBD J HSBjM qGjM^RHSBHSB 7B HLK M 1D 0 D J fcGHSRHSBRcD ;MSEboH
V)
@CPRDFNDOPgRcDOPQGjD cMYf:Bj,D B#H P HLK M s H] B@CP J EMYP@ OHJLI HLK MeDOPQGjED DOXCHSB D J HSRHUfgoHRcDOXCHSB GjEbHLigHSXCsgH J MYo
?u
fo J YM P9BfP GjMURcDRHSRMYB R@CBjG@ PQGjM
Single−threaded STREAM out−of−the−box
Multi−threaded STREAM out−of−the−box (126 threads)
420
400
380
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
240
220
220
200
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
400
bandwidth / thread (MB/s)
bandwidth / thread (MB/s)
420
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
0.5
=H ?
1
1.5
2
2.5
number of elements / thread
200
3
5
112 248
400
600
800
=;i ?
1000
1200
1400
1600
2000
number elements / thread
x 10
t@\rYfcEbH ? : d l V n BjDOo
HSX\GjDFEbHJLI MSK DOB : = H ? D :Ou @ ;= i
?
PHeD10 D J ftJLI HLK M J MYo foH ]f P@ J H HLG@CPcrSDhfoHeN DFE MSE oHSP J D oUHS@\MSE J MYo*7
NgHLEbHSRgH<H J HSRgH BDFNgHLEbHSRHPHD10 D J ftJLI HLK M J MYo o ]f X\G@\NgX HSB J MYohM N M RcD BjDFE
aSDFEb@; J HSRcMPH*;rYfcE H ? : ) BBjM<H J MYPQGjD J DN MSE ^fcD7PH D10^D J fkJLI HLK M J MYo o g]f X\G@\NgXCHSB DOXCHSBeN DFEbRcDOo GjDOohN M<DOB27
N DFEbHSPRcM NMSEeED J fcEbBMYB J MYohNHLEG@CXCsHSRMYB ^fcD7DOBjG HLK M BjDOPgRcM'fBbHSRcMYBUN MSEeMYfcGjEbHSB igHSPRH
HLrSEDFrYHSRH HLG@ PcrY@CRHUNDOX HaSDFEbB HLK M J MYo a HL] Eb@CHSB J MSEEDOBjN MYPRcD HeT BMYoH RHSB`igHSPRHSB MSi7
BjDFEaLHSRHSBNgHLEbHGjM RHSB HSB 7ZtHLEbH7aSDFGjMSEDOBrSEbHSPRcDOB'[H7igHSPRH aLHLEb@CHRD :#:Ou = # ? H
H :OuLv = $ ? aS%D FDOB oUHS@\MSE RcM ^fcD M J HSBjM J MYo HLN DOPHSB foU
#
! BjDFrYf@\E ;MSEbHSo-H a HSXC@ HSRcMYB J HSBjMYB RcD D10 D J ftJLI HLK MNgHLEbHSXCDOXCH RcD fo ]f P@ J M J Y]M R@\rSM
;MY@ NgHLEbHSX\DOXC@DOHSRcMoHSP fgHSXCohDOP GjD fBbHSPRcM B B HLK M J Eb@CHSRHSBhPcM @ P m ] J @\M RcM
NEMSrSE HSo#H gHSP GjDOB Rc
M NEb@ P J @\NgHSX PQGjDOBRcD J HSRH:1D 0^D J fkJLI HLK M RMY>B ^fHLGjEM SDFEbPcDOXCB = $ # $ ! D $ ? GjM RHSBHSB
B HLK MB@ J EMYP@ OHSRHSB D DOP G HLK MMGjDOoNM J MYohD J I HeHhBjDFE J MYP GHSRcM B B HLK MUBb@CP J EM$7
P@ OHSRgHSB PcM aLHSohDOP GjD HLM ;PHSX RcD J HSR
H HSP GjDOB RcDBDNgHLEbHLE RD J MYPQGHLE`MhGjDOohN M
cMSE HSo ;DO@\GjMYB[1D 0 NDFE @CohDOP GjMYB NgHLE H ohDOR@CE MA@CohNgH J GjM`PcM`RDOBjDOohN DOPscM J HSfgBHSRcM`NMSEtohM RcMYB
RcD NgHLEbG@ JLI HLK MRcMX\M^MSN YfBMRcMYB X\M J HS@C%B SN MYX m ] G@ J HSBkRD HSX\M J HJLI HLK MRcD D MSG@CoU@ OHJLI HLK M
#? ;
RcD J Y]M R@\rSM d HLK MYGHSoi OD ] o J MYohNHLEbHSRHSBkD10 D J ftJLI MSK DOB RcM d l V n J MYo-o g]f X\G@\NgXCHSB APcM
J X\MSNgB HD10 D J ftJLI MSK DOB DOo foUH o=H ] ^f@CPgH J MYohDFE J @CHSX RcD ohDOo=S]M Eb@ H J MYoNgHLEG@CXCsgHSRH RD`rSE HSPRcD
N MSEGjD # #
_`BHSPRcM M Bb@CBjGjDOoH RcD RM J X\MSNgB J MYohM fo ]f P@ J M URcD ? :Ou + ;MSEbHSo.DOBjGf#7
RHSRHSB GHSPQGjM HhNgHLEG@ JLI HLK MRM DOoigX\M J MYB J MYohMURD MSEboUH J m ] J XC@ J HDOP GjEDHSB MSG9H 7 BjD fD7NgHLEG@jJLI HLK M igX\M J HSRHD J m ] J XC@ J H'RcD7@CP GjDFEbHJLI MSK DOB J MSEEDOBNMYPgRcDOo6H'NgHSRcE MSK DOBeRcD
H J DOBBjM J MSEbEDOBjN MYPRcDOP GjDOBANgHLEbH J HSRH VqBBDOBANgHSRcE MSK DOB RcDhH J DOBBM DOBjG HLK M7@CXCfgBjGjEbHSRcMYB`PH
;rYfcE H ? u NgHLEbHhM J HSBjMURcDRfgHSB _`o NgHSRcE HLK MRcDUH J DOBBjM7igX\M J HSRcMB@\rYPD@ ; J H fcD J HSRgH 'H J DOBBH:fo igX\M J M J MYPQGOm ] rYfcM
RcDRHSRMYB PHhohDOo=S]M E @CH .qH ] fo NgHSRcE HLK M RcD H J DOBBjM J m] J XC@ J M B@\rYPg@ ; J H fD J HSRH H J DOBBH DOX\DOohDOP GjMYB PH oDOo=S]M Eb@CH
H J MYo.foNgHSBBMU@\rYfHSX HLMePA]f oDFEMRcD d D D] MUPA]f ohDFEbMGjMSGHSX RD H : aLHS@ H J DOBBHLE MYB DOXCDOohDOPQGjMYB c c D
v a HS@ H J DOBbBHLE MYB DOX\DOohDOP GjMYB /d c
HSBB@ o NMSE R@CHSP GjD
ZtHLEbH'DFa^@CGHLE ^fcD:GjM^RHSB HSB H J DOBbBHSBBjDOo foH'ohDOBoH'EDFrY@ HLK MRcD ohDOo=S]M Eb@CH'HLM
ohDOBoMhGjDOohN M PcMohM RcM J m ] J XC@ J MhHSB ;MSEbHSo J MYo ig@CPHSRgHSB DOorSEbfcN MYB RcD MY@\GjM BDOPRcM
^fcD J HSRHerSEbfcN M J MYohD J I HOaLH HU1D 0 D J ftJLI HLK M DOo foHUEDFrY@ HLK M R@ ;DFEDOPQGjDRcMUDOBNgHJ I M RD@\GjDFE HJLI MSK DOB MYo ig@CPHSPgRcMArSEbfcN MYBkRcD MY@\GjM N DFEbo@\Gj1D 7 BjD MEDOfBjMRcD XC@CPsHSBtRcD 1 fcD J MYPQGDO o @
= MYf K DOXCDOohDOPQGjMYB RcD NED J @ B HLK MURfcNXCH 1+U2& 5 1*5 J Y]M Rg@\rSM fcG@ XC@OHSRcMPcDOBbBjD D10 N DFEb@CohDOP GjMD ] Rg@ DFEbDOPQGjD`RcM J Y]M R@\rSM MSEb@\rY@CPgHSXRcM d l V n N Y]M B
J HSRH J MYP9BjfgPQGjM7RDMSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB= # ! 1 D $ ? tGjM RHSB HSB B HLK M B@CP#7
J EMYPD@ OHSRHSB fBHSPRcMMED J fcEbBMRcD`igHLEEbDO@\EbHSB RcD 1gM^fcD R@Co@ P f@ M J fBGjMRDABb@CP J EM$7
P@ OHJLI HLK M BcH ] fcDhDOBbBjDUohD J HSP@ BohM%DU] of@\GjMoHS@CBEgHL] Ng@CRcM RcM ^fcDhigHLEbEDO@\EbHSB @CoNgX\DOohDOP GHSRHSB
DOo BWDOX\DOohDOP GjMYB B HLK MH J DOBBHSRcMYB DOo ohM RcM igX\M J HSRcM M ^fcD Bb@\rYP@ ; J H fcDAH NEb@CohDO@CEbH NEM J DOBBHM NgEb@CohDO@\EbM rSEbfcN MRcD DOX\DOohDOP GjMYB HS$R BjH J DOP GjDOB PcMaSDFGjMSE HBjDFrYfPgRH NEM J DOBBH
MUBjDFrYfgPRcMhrSEbfcN MhRcD DOX\DOoDOPQGjMYB HS9R BjH J DOP GjDOB DHSBB@Co N MSE Rg@CHSPQGjD
? =
NgHSRcE HLK M<RcD H J DOBBjM=HLM D ] MSEYJ I HSRHSohDOP GjD rYXCMSigHSX MYf BjD,BH# Mp]f P@ J M'rSEbfNM<RcD
@CP GjDFEDOBBjD HLG@\aSM8D ] M:rYX\MSiHSXqD MYBDOX\DOohDOP GjMYBhB HLK M oHLN DOHSRcMYBRH:oDOo=S]M Eb@CH7NEb@CP J @CNgHSXkNgHLEbH H
ohDOo=S]M E @CH PH MSEboUH J MYP aSDOP J @\MYPHSX % D DOBjG HLK M DOBjNgHSXCsHSRMYBN MSE
GjM RcMhM B hB HLK MeHSX\M J HSRHSB`Bj'D fc DOP J @CHSXCoDOPQGjD M ^fcDB@\rYPg@ ; J H ^fcDBjDHLN DOPHSB = :Ou @ ?
hB HLK M fBbHSRHSB NHLEbHEDOBMYX\aSDFE M NEMSiX\DOo#H HSB NEb@ ohDO@\EbHSB PcM J s@\N BjDFE HLK M HSX\$M 7
J HSRHSB DOBbBjD J HSBM HSB NEb@ ohDO@\EbHSB ^fHLGjEM HSX\M J HSRHSBABjDFE HLK M HSB`RcMUNE @CohDO@\EM $ HSB
BjDFrYf@ PQGjDOB BDFE HLK MUHSB RMBjDFrYfPRcM DHSBBb@CoN MSE R@CHSP GjD V ] @CoNMSEbGHSPQGjD NDFE J DFiDFE ^fcD cRcDOBBH MSE o#H cHSX\rYfPB AG DO o GjM^RgHSB HSB M J fcNg9H 7
RHSB DMYfcGjEMYB GDO opGjM^RHSB HSB XC@Ca EDOB 1+U2& 5
1* BB@Co J MYohM PMD10^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjMHSP GjDFEb@\MSE' HLN Y]M B J HSRH J MYP9BfP GjM RcD MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB6= # $ ! %
eD$ ? gGjM RHSB HSB B HLK MB@CP J EbMYP@OHSRHSB fBbHSPRcMMED J fcE BjMRcDAigHLEEDO@CEbHSB RcD
BDOX\DOohDOP GjMYBB HLK M:H J DOBBbHSRcMYBDOo ohM RcM J m ] J XC@ J M J MYohD J I HSPRcM DOo rSEbfNMYB' DOo NMYBb@ JLI MSK DOB
R@ ;DFEDOP GjDOB RM:aSDFGjMS'E qM ^fcD fcD R@ FDFE*^fcDeBjD D ] M PA]f ohDFEM RcD D! D ] M PA]f ohDFEM
RcDhDOX\DOoDOPQGjMY%B tMNgEb@CohDO@\EbMerSEbfNMRDhMY@\GjM J MYohD J I H H NEbM J DOBBbHLEMYBMY@\GjM7DOX\DOohDOP GjMYB
HS9R BH J DOPQGjDOB PcM J MYohD J I M<RM aSDFGjMS'E fo6DOX\DOohDOP GjM N MS
E BjDFrYfPgRcM rSEbfcN M RDMY@\GjM
J MYoD J I HhHNEbM J DOBBbHLE H NgHLEG@\E RcMDOX\DOohDOP GjM MGjDFE J DO@\EbM rSEbfNM J MYohD J I HHNgEM J DOBbBHLE
HhNgHLEbG@\E RcMhDOX\DOohDOP GjM u DHSBBb@Co N MSE R@CHSP GjD
VWBBjDDOBNgHJ I HSohDOP GjM9D] PcD J DOBBHL] E @\MeN MSE ^fcDBDGjM RHSB HSB J MYoD J I HSBBjDOo HNgEM J DOBbBHLE
H NgHLEG@\EARHeEDFrY@ HLK M@CPg@ J @CHSX RcM aSDFGjMS'E GjM^RcMYB`MYBADOX\DOoDOPQGjMYB BjDFE @CHSo oHLN DOHSRcMYBADOo fo g]f P@ J M
% J HSfBHSPgRcM J MYPQGjDOPkJLI HLK M7DH ;DFGHSPRcM7PcDFrYHLG@Ca HSohDOP GjDeH N DFE ;MSEboHSP J D HSBjMfo rSEbfcN M
RcD 7HLG@C$P BjH7M ;gPHSX RcM:aSDFGjMS'E kDeDOBbBjD P HLK M ;MSE M NEb@ ohDO@\EM rSEbfNM t@CBBM:B@\rYPg@ ; J H ^fcD
HS@CPRgHs H ] oHS@CBDOXCDOohDOPQGjMYBhH:BjDFEDOo NEM J DOBBHSRMYB PcM @CP m ] J @CM7RcM7aSDFGjMSE rSEbfcN M J MYP G@CP^f#H DOP G HLK M M NEbM J DOBBbHSohDOPQGjM:H NgHLEG@\E RcM J MYohD J I M:RcM aSDFGjMSE?`DOBBH ;MSEbo#H Dh] NMYBbBOm ] aSDOXkoHSP GjDFE
HSBhaLHSPQGHLrSDOPgBURcD MY@\GjM :H J DOBBbHSPRcM HohDOBboHXC@CPsgH:RcD :BjDOo J HSfBHLENEbDOBB HLK M
D10 J DOBB@\aLHhDOo fo DOBjN D J m ] ; J M
?AH ohDOBoH MSEboUH fD PcMe1D 0^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjMUHSP GjDFEb@\MSE gM D] oUHSPQG@CRM J MYohMerYX\MSigHSX DH
HSX\M J HJLI HLK MeRcD J MYPQG@CP^fHhBjDOPgRcMP HLK MigHSX HSP J DOHSRH ?#?
Blocked Mode
thread 0
Cyclic Mode
thread1
thread 0
thread1
t@\rYfcEbH ? u tV ^0 DOoNgX\MYB RcD NgHLEG@ JLI HLK MRcMX\M^MSN6= u @? WohM RcMiX\M J HSRM = H t? D oM^RcM J m ] J XC@ J M
=;i ?
`_ oH J MYohNHLEbHJLI HLK MUDOP GjED MYB EbDOBfX\GHSRcMYB RMYB ohM RcMYB RcD NgHLEbG@ JLI HLK MhigX\M J HSRcMhD J m ] J X @ J MNM RcD
BjDFEtDOP J MYP GjEbHSRcMPH ;rYfEbHG? <; kZtHLEbHAM ohDOBoM`GHSoUHSPscM RcD aSDFGjMSE'QM RcDOBjDOoNDOPgscM HSX J HSPkJ I HSRcM
PcM ohM RcM J m ] J XC@ J M%Dh] Ng@\MSE RcM^fcDMHLG@CPcrY@CRM PM oM^RcM igXCM J HSRcM DOBbBjDhohM^RM J HSRH J HLEEDFrYH foUH:XC@ PsHRcD RH:oDOo=S]M Eb@CH:NEb@CP J @\NgHSXkD fBH:MYBMYfcGjEMYBBjDFGjD DOX\DOohDOP GjMYBhRH
ohDOBoUHXC@CPgsHAoHS@CB GHLE RcD>= foUHXC@CPgsH RcD GjDOo @= MYfeMY@\GjM NgHSXCHOa^EbHSB RcD NEbD J @CB HLK M
RfcNXCH ? MohM RcM igX\M J HSRcM N MSEGHSP GjM J HSRH XC@CPgsHeRD D] fgBHSRH N MSEHLNDOPgHSB foH M ohM RcM J m ] J XC@ J M J HSRH XC@CPsH RD %D ] H J DOBBHSRgH7N MSEMY@\GjM DOo fgo rSEbfcN M B
AH J DOBBbHSo0HoDOBoHXC@ PsH`HLNE'M 0c@CoHSRgHSohDOPQGjD`PcMohDOBbohM@CPBGHSPQGjD DOP fgHSPQGjMHXC@CPsH
HS@CPRgHDOBjGH ] BjDOPRcMeGjEb$H O@CRH RH ohDOo=S]M Eb@ HNEb@ P J @\NgHSX Z[MSE J HSfBH R@CBBM J HSRH GjDOo ^fcD
DOBjN DFEbHLE oUHS@CB N DOX\MYB RHSRcMYB RcM fD MUPcD J DOBBHL] E @\M
Z[MSEGHSP GjM WH o'DO] R@CH:RcM:GjDOoNM RcD DOBjN DFEbHN MSERHSRcMYBD ] oHS@CMSEPcM ohM RcM J m ] J X @ J M:VWBBjD
D] fgo EDOBfgX\GHSRcMe@ ohN MSEGHSPQGjDNMY@ B J MYP GjEbHLEb@CHeHe@CP Gf@ JLI HLK MeRcD ^fcD ^fHSPRMUs H] NHLEbHSX\DOXC@CBbohMPcM
H J DOBBjMRcMYBWRHSRcMY%B s H ] rYHSPsMYBWRcD N DFE MSE oHSP J D DOBBD J HSBjM H ;MSEboH J MYohMMYBWRHSRMYB ;MSEbHSo
J MYohNgHLEbG@CXCsHSRcMYB H J HLi MYf7NMSE NgE,D BjfgR@ J HLE MURcDOBjDOoNDOPgscMhRcMB@CBjGjDOoUH # `HSB ohDOR@CRHSB`EDFN MSEGHSRgHSB H J @CoH# MYBRHSRMYB`H J DOBbBHSRcMYBN MSE foH
OD BjG HLK M7BjDOoNEDR@CB27
GjEb@\if m ] RcMYB N MSEhGjM^RcMYBUMYB 9Z[MSE J HSfBbH R@CBBM rSEbHSPRcD NHLEGjD7RcMYBH J DOBbBjMYB6= RH MSE RcDOo
RcD aabc ? B HLK MED ;DFEDO P J @CHSB H EDOohMSGjMYB GjDOohN M RcDhH J DOBBjMH fo UX\M J HSXD] ^fHSBjDGjE DO B aSD%FDOB ohDOPcMSE RcM fD M GjDOohN M RcD
H J DOBBjMH fo EDOoMSGjM= @ J @ J X\MYB : A J @ J X\MYB ? Z[HLE H oDOXCscMSEbHLEH7N DFE ;MSEboHSP J D RcM
d l V n ;MY@fBbHSRcM MED J fEbBjMRcD rSE fcN MYBWRcDA@CP GjDFEDOBBjD RcM J X\MSNgBWNgHLEbHMSEYJ I HLE fcD`GjM RcMYB
MYB DOX\DOoDOPQGjMYB RMhaSDFGjMSE H J DOBBHSRMYB N MSE fo
H ^fHSPRcMGjEbH$O@CRMYB NgHLEbHM % MYBbBjDOo
?#@
Blocked (126 threads)
Cyclic (126 threads)
50
50
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
40
total bandwidth (GB/s)
total bandwidth (GB/s)
40
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
200
400
600
800
=H ?
1000
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
number of elements / thread
0
200
400
600
800
=;i ?
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
number of elements / thread
t@\rYfcEbH ? <; qZ[DFE ;MSEboHSP J OD B RcMUoM^RcMhiX\M J HSRM= H ? qohM cR M J m ] J X @ J M = O: u @ @?
J MYX\M J SH RcMYB PM X\M J HSX RH ^fcDOXCH
AfgHSPRcM DOBBjDED J fcEbBM%D
] fG@CXC@OHSRcMeM NEMSrSEbHSoHSRMSERcDFaSDBjDFE J f@CRHSRMYBjM BcH ] ^fcDhP HLK M s H ]
J M^DFEDO P J @CHhRcD @CohNgXCDOohDOPQGHSRgHDOo M J HSBjMRcM d l V n J MYo
R@CBGjEb@\igf@jJLI HLK MRcD DOXCDOohDOPQGjMYB DOo#igX\M J MY%B @CBBjMP HLK M MY@fo0NEMSigXCDOoHN MSE ^fcD J HSRH GjDOo
H J DOBBjMe1D 0 J X fB@\aSMhHfo igX\M J MRcDohDOo=S]M Eb@ H J MYPQGOm ] rYfM
]f P@ J HR@ ;DFEDOPtJ I H<DOo EbDOXCHJLI HLK M=HLM9@\GjDOo ? : <; PcDOBbBjD J HSBjM :D ] fDM 'HLrSMSEbH0D ]
;MSESJ I HSRcMHBjDFE X\M J HSX QMYf Bj,D B#H HLrSMSE HMYBWrSEbfcN MYBqRD @CP GjDFEDOBBjD DOBjG HLK MhHLG@\aSMYB D MYBWDOX\DOohDOP GjMYB B HLK M
oHLN DOHSRcMYBRH7oDOo=S]M Eb@CH7NEb@CP J @CNgHSXtNgHLEbH:M RcD ;MSEboH H ;MSESJ I HLE J HSRH XC@CPsgH RcD fBHSRgHNMSE fgo
H P^fo HUBjDFE GjEb$H O@CRgHHLM RcDOBbBjDohDOBohM d D RfHSB 7DOo R@ DFEDOP GjDOBNED J @CBbHSo RgH:ohDOBboH XC@CPsH:PH ohDOo=S]M Eb@C#H qDOBBH
XC@CPgsHUBjDFEH ] GjEb$H O@CRH NgHLE H RMY@CB X\M J HS@CB R@ DFEDOP GjDOB M J HSBMRcM d l V n DOo ohM RcM
igX\M J HSRcM @CBBjM P HLK M2D ] fo NEMSiX\DOo#H qN MSE ^fcD R@ ;DFEDOP GjDOB P^fP J H GjEbHLiHSXCsHSo P^foH
ohDOBoUH7XC@CPgsH RcD ;rYfcEbH ? >= J MYohNgHLEbH7MYBEbDOBfX\GHSRcMYBMSiG@CRcMYB fcG@CXCD@ OHSPRcM X\M J HS@CBAD rYXCMSigHS@CB Z[M^Rc1D 7 BDhMSigBjDFEaLHLE ^fcD RcD HLGjM ;MY@tNMYBbBOm ] aSDOXtHLG@CPcrY@\E foUH oHS@\MSE
igHSPRgHhRcDohDOo=S]M Eb@ HhfcG@CXC@ OHSPgRcM X\M J HS@CB # & ! # # o'DF] GjM^RcMhfBbfHSXgRcD`HSX\M J HJLI HLK MRD :D ] BjD' cf DOP J @ HSX @CBGjM D ] cHSB f HLGjEbMNEb@ ohDO@\EbHSB HUBDFEDOopfgBHSRHSB B HLK MeHSB f HLGjEbMeRcM v HSB f HLGjEbMUNEg$]M 0c@CoHSB B HLK M HSB ^fHLGjEM RcM
?A
Blocked (126 threads)
50
40
40
total bandwidth (GB/s)
total bandwidth (GB/s)
Local (126 threads)
50
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
200
400
600
800
=H ?
1000
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
1200
1400
number of elements / thread
1600
1800
2000
0
200
400
600
800
=;i ?
1000
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
number of elements / thread
t@\rYfcEbH ? >= Z[DFE ;MSEboHSP J D J MYo U X\M J HSXC= H ? D rYX\MSigHSX ;= i ? f BbHSPRcMeoM^RcM gi X\M J HSRcM = O: u @
?
: DHSBB@ o NMSE Rg@CHSPQGjD
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J HSBjM HSB B HLK M HSX\M J HSRHSB J @ J XC@ J HSoDOPQGjDPcMYB v H$ NgHLEbGjDRcM v H : ;$H NgHLEbGjDRcM : H ; u ;H$ NHLEGjD RcM ; u H ;#; H$ NgHLEGjD
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DFa @\GH ^fcDHSX\rYfPgB ; fDOo
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N M^RD`BjDFE HLG^D ] uLv oUHS@\MSAE fHSPgRcMBDfBHHNMYX m ] G@ J HiHSXCHSP J DOHSRH AfgHSPRcMGjM^RHSB HSB DOBjG HLK MBjDOPgRcM fBHSRHS%B H HSX\M J HJLI HLK M7P HLK M $H R@ ;DFEDOPtJ I #H BcH ] ^fcDGjM^RMYBAMYB hG DO o GjM RHSB HSB
HLG@\aLHSB ?K
Scale − 600 elements/thread
40
35
35
30
30
total bandwidth (GB/s)
total bandwidth (GB/s)
Copy − 600 elements/thread
40
25
20
15
10
25
20
15
10
5
5
0
0
20
40
=H ?
60
Balanced
Unbalanced
80
100
120
0
0
140
20
40
number of threads
Balanced
Unbalanced
80
100
120
140
number of threads
Add − 600 elements/thread
Triad − 600 elements/thread
40
40
35
35
30
30
total bandwidth (GB/s)
total bandwidth (GB/s)
=;i ?
60
25
20
15
10
25
20
15
10
5
5
0
0
20
40
=J ?
60
Balanced
Unbalanced
80
100
120
0
0
140
number of threads
20
40
=R ?
60
Balanced
Unbalanced
80
100
120
140
number of threads
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X\M J HS@ BWD NHLEG@ JLI HLK MhDOo igX\M J MYB% J MYoa HL] Eb@\MYB PAg]f ohDFEMYB RcD =;GHSoHSPscMRMhaSDFGjMSE
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# # ! #
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HLEb@\Go<DF] G@ J HSB DHLEbo$H FDOPHLE`MUEbDOBfX\GHSRcM MYoMes H] RDFNDOPgR DO P J @CHSB DOP GjEDHSB @CPgBjGjEbftJLI MSK DOB>= foH
MSN DFEbHJLI HLK M P HLK MeN M RcDBjDFE`1D 0^D J fGHSRH HSPQGjDOB ^fcDMYB`RHSRcMYB GjDOPsHSo.B@CRcMUGjEbH$O@CRcMYB%N MSE D10 DOo*7
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UD ;MSESJ I HLEfgoH Bj'D f DO P J @CH RcD@CPgBjGjEbftJLI MSK DOB RcDOP GjEMRcM =GHSX ^fcDhM GjDOohN MRcDDOBjN DFEbH
N MSE MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOBARcDFN DOPRcDOP GjDOB B,D BjHeohDOPcMSE VWBBHhG^D ] J P@ J HeGHSo i DO] o EDORf M J fBGjM RcM ^fcDBjD $H UPcM ;gPHSXkRM BH ] ^fcD PcDOBBD J HSBjM [B HLK M7PcD J DOBBHL] E @CHSBohDOPcMYB@\GjDFEbHJLI MSK DOB NgHLEbH M
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;MY@oUHSP fHSX ohDOPQGjD`DOB J Eb@CGjM =;M J MYohNg@CX HSRcMSEWfBbHSRcMhr JFJ hP HLK MBfcN MSEGH a HHHSX\GjDFEbHJLI HLK MhRcD
ohM RcMBHLG@CB ;HLGS]M Eb@CM ?`fBHSPRcMH G^D ] J P@ J H7RcD [GjEbHSPB MSEboUHSPRcM RD@CP J EDOohDOP GjM
fopDOo RcD @CP J EDOohDOP Gj
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G D ] J P@ J HUNM RcD BjDFE oUHS@CB i DOo DOPQGjDOPgR@CRHhHLGjEbH a DO] BARcMh1D 0 DOohNgX\MPg*H ;rYfcEbH ? : <@ Y]M R@CrSMhMSEb@\rY@CPHSX "!#$%&'((*)
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ohDOo=S]M E @CHhP HLK MGjDFEboU@CPHSo M J HSBjMRcDeaSDFGjMSEbDOBhrSEbHSPRcDO'B H:N DFE ;MSEboHSP J DeRcM B@CBjGjDOoUH J MYohMfo GjM RcM8D ] X @Co@\GHSRH
N DOXCHigHSPRHhRgHhohDOo=S]M Eb@CHNgEb@CP J @\NHSXgDM P HLK M $H o fg@\GHhR@ ;DFEDOPtJ I H Unrolled local (126 threads)
Local (126 threads)
90
90
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
80
70
total bandwidth (GB/s)
total bandwidth (GB/s)
70
60
50
40
30
60
50
40
30
20
20
10
10
0
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
80
200
400
600
800
=H ?
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0
200
400
600
number of elements / thread
t@\rYfcEbH ? A ?`DOBjDOohN DOPscMRD J Y]M R@\rSM J MYo J MYo
X\M J HS@CB DNgHLEG@jJLI HLK MDOoigX\M J M = :Ou @ @?
# # #
800
=;i ?
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
number of elements / thread
! #
= H ? BjDOo
tfgBHSPRcM
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J MYohNgHLE HSRcMYB J MYo#MYB EDOBfgX\GHSRcMYB D'^f@\aLHSX\DOP GjDOBqNfcigXC@ J HSRMYBkNgHLEbHM d ) Eb@\rY@CP ; KLvSv W= vSv PH
;rYfcE H ? K cMY@ fBHSRcM PcM J HSBjM'RcM J XCMSNg%B fo aSDFGjMSE RcDGHSoHSPsM ;0 M- fD7BjDOohNEbDD10 J DORD7M
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fBHSPgRcMaSDFGjMSEDOB RDGHSoHSPscMhaLHLEb@OHL] aSDOX J MYohMefoUH ;fPkJLI HLK MRcMPA]f ohDFEbMRcD NEM J DOBBHSRcMSEbDOB Z[M Rc1D 7 BjD PMSGHLCE ^fcD MYBqaSDFGjMSEDOB fBHSRcMYB J MYo-M d ) Eb@\rY@CP ; KLvSv W= vSv B HLK M of@\GjMoHS@CMSEDO%B D ^fcD M J X\MSNgBP HLK M GjDOo ohDOo=S]M E @CH Bf ; J @CDOPQGjDNgHLE H1D 0^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjMYB J MYo aSDFGjMSEDOB:RDOBBjD
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Rc1D 7 XC@ PsH @:
Cyclops (249,984 elements)
SGI Origin 3800−400 (5,000,000 elements / processor)
60
60
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
50
total bandwidth (GB/s)
total bandwidth (GB/s)
50
Copy
Add
Scale
Triad
40
30
20
10
40
30
20
10
0
124 8
16
32
48
=H ?
64
96
112
0
126
20
=;i ?
40
60
number of threads
80
100
120
number of processors
t@\rYfcEbH ? K MYohNgHLEbHJLI HLK M RHeN DFE ;MSEboHSP J DRcD= H ? J X\MSNB J MYo X\M J HS@CB%
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u =I <I K = DOX\DOohDOP GjMYB ? N DFE ;MSEboHSP J DeRcD6=;i ? d ) Eb@\rY@CP ; KLvSv W= vSv =;GHSoHSPgscM:RcM7aSDFGjMSE
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# # # # # #
# #
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d l V n NgHLEbHM J X\MSNgB D ] HLG@CPcrY@ RH J MYo foH J MYoig@ PHJLI HLK M RDUNgHLEG@jJLI HLK M:RcDeDOX\DOohDOP GjMYB
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N MYX m ] G@ J H RcDeHSX\M J HJLI HLK M RcDRcD ;MSEboHiHSXCHSP J DOHSRH7GHSoi DO] o GjDOo fo @ ohNgH J GjM
N MYB@\G@\aSMePcMeRcDOBDOohN DOPscM goHSB`HLN DOPHSB fHSPgRcM J MYo ig@CPHSRgH J MYo.MefBjM RcD XCM J HS@CB D
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J Eb@CHJLI HLK MRD J MYPBjGHSP GjDOB% aSDFGjMSEbDOB D oHLjG Eb@DFDOB%YD @CP@ J @CHSXC@OHJLI HLK MARcD aSDFGjMSEDOB D oUHLGjEb@FDOB&=;GjEbH$FDOPgRcM
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ohDOBoMYBAEDOBfX\GHSRMYB MYohM M + 5 Bb@Co P HLK M M DFEbD J D@CP ;MSEboHJLI MSK DOB RcDGjDOohN M GjEbHSPB J MSEbEb@CRcM P HLK MD] N MYBB m ] aSDOX ;$H FDFE`foH J MYohNHLEbHJLI HLK MeRcDOBbBjDaLHSX\MSE GjDFE J DO@\EbHDFGHLNgH D ] H EbDOHSXC@ OHJLI HLK MRcMYB 1D 0^N DFEb@CoDOPQGjMYBkNgEMSNEb@CHSoDOPQGjD R@\GjMY'B QfcG@CXCD@ OHSPRcM HS*o 7
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:D NgHLEbHSXCDOXCHSB MYf J EbfOHSRgHSB J MYo.rYHLEbHSP G@CH RcD P HLK M rSDFEbHLE'DOo.GjDOohN MeRcD D10^D J fkJLI HLK M
foH@CP GjDFEEbfNkJLI HLK MRDFa^@CRgH HT GjDOP GHLG@\aLHhRcDAMSNDFE HJLI MSK DOB RcD ohDOo=S]M Eb@ H J MYo RgHSRcMYB RcDOBHSXC@ PsHSRcMYB ZtHLEbH HUaSDFE B HLK M B RcM , MY@[fcG@CXCD@ OHSRcMM J Y]M R@\rSM ohMYBjGjEbHSRcM PH ;rYfcEbH? :#: N DOPHSB
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NgHLEbH ;H J @CX @\GHLE MeHLrSDOPgRHSohDOP GjM RHSB @CPBjGjE ftJLI MSK DOB ;DO@\GjMUN DOX\M J MYohN@CXCHSRcMSE B MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOB`DOBjG HLK M
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820
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, D] fo tX @Co@\GHSRcMUNMSE MSN DFEbHJLI MSK DOBARcDoDOo=S]M Eb@CHhDM J MYohNg@CXCHSRMS'E J MYo HUaSDFE B HLK M
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J Y]M R@\rSMYB RcDo=H ] ^f@CPHrSDFEbHSRMYB N DOX\MYB RcMY@CB J MYohNg@CXCHSRMSEDOB MSEbDOo J MYohNgHLEbHSRMYB @K
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RcD :RcM D] RDMY@\GjM M J HSBjM RcM J MYoNg@CXCHSRcMSE MSG@Co@OHSRMgM ;HLGjMSE RcD NgHSBBbHhHBjDFE RcD ^fHLGjEMePHD10^GjDOPgB HLK MeRcM DRMY@CB PcMNgHLE HSX\DOXC@CBoMRHSB @CPBjGjEbfkJLI MSK DOB MYoMeHSB MSNDFE HJLI MSK DOB`RD :D hPcM J HSBjM RgHaSDFEbB HLK M v HS@ PRHP HLK M B HLK M NgHLEbHSX\DOXCHSB MYf
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aSDFEbB HLK M .qH ] HeaSDFEbB HLK M 3 BfcN DFEbHUH N DFE ;MSEboHSP J DRHeaSDFEbB HLK M DOBBH aSDFEbB HLK M s H ] @CP ;MSEboHJLI MSK DOBARcD
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computação/comunicação (flop/byte)
2x2x2
70
valores práticos
60
valores teóricos
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
número de elementos em uma dimensão
de uma matriz em uma célula
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Tamanho de Problema Fixo (600x600)
computação/comunicação (flop/byte)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
2x2x2
3x3x3
4x4x4
número de células
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2x2x2
3x3x3
4 ×107
4 ×107
3 ×107
com multicast
sem multicast
2 ×107
bytes transmitidos
bytes transmitidos
3 ×107
1 ×107
com multicast
sem multicast
2 ×10
7
1 ×107
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
número de elementos em uma dimensão
de uma matriz em uma célula
0
50
100
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200
250
300
número de elementos em uma dimensão
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2.5 ×108
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1.5 ×108
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bytes transmitidos
2.0 ×108
5 ×107
com multicast
sem multicast
1.5 ×108
1.0 ×108
5 ×107
0
50
100
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200
250
300
número de elementos em uma dimensão
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0
50
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número de elementos em uma dimensão
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