Os fundamentos da verdade no
pensamento de René Descartes:
uma relação à sua época, uma proposta à
nossa época
1
!"!#$%&'()%&*+&,)(-+(./&0()+)/1
2
José Luiz Izidoro**
RESUMO
! "#$%"&! '&! ()%*+&! ,-..! )! */! 012$&'&! /32%3'&! 0&2! "#%124153(! 1!
'1(%&#63#73(8! %3*(3'3(! 01+3(! 219&+*7:1(! %*+4*23"(! &%&22"'3(! #1(43!
)0&%3;!</!/1"&!3!1(41!%+"/3!'1!"#(1=*23#738!>1#?!@1(%3241(!'1(1#9&+91!
*/3! 6+&(&63! 1/! A*(%3! '1! 912'3'1(! (B+"'3(! 1! *#"912(3"(;! <+1! C35! *(&!
/14B'"%&! '3! 'D9"'3! 0323! +"A12432E(1! '1! 4&'3(! 3(! "'1"3(! 021%&#%1A"'3(!
1! #F&! (*A/14"'3(! 3&! G*1(4"&#3/1#4&;! H1*! /)4&'&! %&#(43! '1! G*342&!
03((&(8! 3! (3A12I! 3! 'D9"'38! 3! 3#J+"(18! 3! ($#41(1! 1! 3! 219"(F&;! K&/! 1+18!
@1(%3241(!%L1=3!M!%124153!"#'*A"4J91+!'3!1N"(4?#%"3!'&!(*O1"4&!01#(3#41!
1!'&!H12!012C1"4&;!P*#'3/1#43#'&E(1!/*4*3/1#418!1(H1(!'&"(!02"#%$0"&(!
(F&! 0&(4&(! %&/&! C*#'3/1#4&(! '1! 4&'3! 3! 213+"'3'1;! ! &AO14"9&! '1(41!
423A3+L&!)!'1/&#(4232!1/!G*1!(1#4"'&!(1!0&'1!362/32!G*1!&!01#(3/1#4&!
'1!@1(%3241(!21021(1#43!*/3!2137F&!M(!(*3(!%"2%*#(4Q#%"3(!L"(4B2"%3(!
1! 1/! G*1! (1#4"'&! (1! 0&'1! '"512! G*1! 1+1! 43/A)/! 0&((3! (12! 02&0&(4&!
M! 21R1NF&! (&A21! #&((3! )0&%3;! S323! 43#4&! (1! 02141#'1! '1/&#(4232! 3!
"#R*?#%"3! '3! #&7F&! %3241("3#3! '1! (*AO14"9"'3'1! 0323! 3! C&2/37F&! '&!
(*O1"4&! #3! T&'12#"'3'1! 1! #3! SB(E/&'12#"'3'1;! </! (1=*"'38! (12F&!
30&#43'&(! 3+=*#(! '1(36&(! '3! SB(E/&'12#"'3'18! A1/! %&/&! 3+=*/3(!
02&0&(43(!'1!34*3+"537F&!'3(!"#4*"7:1(!%3241("3#3(;
Palavras-chaveI!T)4&'&;!H*O1"4&!01#(3#41;!H12!012C1"4&;!T&'12#"'3'1;!
SB(E/&'12#"'3'1;
ABSTRACT
UL1! 132+V! (191#411#4L! %1#4*2V! "(! 3! 012"&'! /32W1'! AV! *#%1243"#4V! 3#'!
'"(42*(48!%3*(1'!AV!%*+4*23+!219&+*4"&#(!&%%*22"#=!34!4L"(!4"/1;!X/"'!4L"(!
%+"/341!&C!"#(1%*2"4V8!>1#1!@1(%3241(!'191+&0(!3!0L"+&(&0LV!"#!(132%L!
Y! Z23'*3#'&! '&! K*2(&! '1! P"+&(&63! '&! K1#42&! '1! <#("#&! H*012"&2! '1! [*"5! '1! P&23;!
3*=*(4&\]9"+1+3^=/3"+;%&/
YY!@&*4&2!1/!K"?#%"3(!'3!>1+"="F&!01+3!_#"912("'3'1!T14&'"(43!'1!HF&!S3*+&;!S2&C1((&2!'&!
K1#42&!'1!<#("#&!H*012"&2!'1![*"5!'1!P&23;!O1(&`#*30^L&4/3"+;%&/
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
53
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
&C! (&+"'! 3#'! *#"912(3+! 42*4L(;! .4! /3W1(! *(1! &C! /14L&'"%3+! '&*A4! 4&! C211!
V&*2(1+C!&C!3++!021%&#%1"91'!"'13(!3#'!#&#E(*AO1%41'!4&!G*1(4"&#"#=;!h"(!
/14L&'! %&#("(4(! &C! C&*2! (410(8! #3/1+V8! '&*A48! 3#3+V("(8! (V#4L1("(! 3#'!
219"1i;!j"4L!"48!@1(%3241(!322"91(!34!"#'*A"43A+1!%1243"#4V!4L1!1N"(41#%1!
&C!4L1!4L"#W"#=!(*AO1%4!3#'!4L1!012C1%4!k1"#=;!k3("#=!13%L!&4L128!4L1(1!
4i&!02"#%"0+1(!321!+3"'!3(!4L1!C&*#'34"&#!&C!3++!213+"4V;!UL1!&AO1%4"91!&C!4L"(!
03012!"(!4&!(L&i!"#!iL34!(1#(1!%3#!A1!(3"'!4L34!4L1!4L&*=L4!&C!@1(%3241(!
21021(1#4(!3!213%4"&#!4&!4L1"2!L"(4&2"%3+!%"2%*/(43#%1(!3#'!"#!iL34!(1#(1!
i1!%3#!(3V!"4!%3#!3+(&!A1!02&0&(1'!4&!21R1%4!&#!&*2!4"/1;!UL121C&21!"4!
"#41#'(!4&!'1/&#(42341!4L1!"#R*1#%1!&C!4L1!K3241("3#!#&4"&#!&C!(*AO1%4"9"4V!
C&2!4L1!C&2/34"&#!&C!4L1!(*AO1%4!"#!T&'12#"4V!3#'!S&(4/&'12#"(/;!UL1#!
i"++! A1! 0&"#4"#=! &*4! (&/1! %L3++1#=1(! S&(4E/&'12#"4V! 3(! i1++! 3(! (&/1!
02&0&(1'!*0'341!&C!4L1!"#4*"4"&#(!K3241("3#;
Keywords:! T14L&';! UL"#W"#=! ! (*AO1%4;! k1! 012C1%4;! T&'12#"4V;!
S&(4/&'12#"4V;
1 INTRODUÇÃO
!"#$%"&!'&!()%*+&!,-..!%&#6=*23E(1!%&/&!*/!012$&'&!/32%3'&!
01+3! #1%1(("'3'1! '3! C&2/*+37F&! '1! */! #&9&! 01#(3/1#4&! 6+&(B6%&8!
%3035! '1! 21(0&#'12! M(! G*1(4:1(! "#(43*23'3(! 01+3(! 423#(C&2/37:1(!
L"(4B2"%3(! 1! 01+&(! C1#l/1#&(! %*+4*23"(! G*1! %323%412"5323/! 3! 423#("7F&!
'3!%L3/3'3!.'3'1!T)'"3!0323!3!)0&%3!G*18!/3"(!432'18!%L3/32E(1E"3!
T&'12#"'3'1;
! /&9"/1#4&8! G*1! 6%&*! %&#L1%"'&! %&/&! >1#3(%"/1#4&8! 3!
>1C&2/3! S2&41(43#41! 1! 3! >19&+*7F&! K"1#4$6%3! 3%3A323/! 0&2! 423512! M!
4&#38! %3'3! */! M! (*3! /3#1"238! &! C34&! 1/"#1#41! '3! 0&(("A"+"'3'1! '1! (1!
G*1(4"&#32!3(!912'3'1(!34)!1#4F&!1(43A1+1%"'3(!01+3!423'"7F&!6+&(B6%3!
18!(&A214*'&8!&!"/1#(&!1'"C$%"&!41B2"%&!%&#(42*$'&!#&(!D+4"/&(!()%*+&(8!
G*18! '1! /&'&! =1#)2"%&8! (1! 0&'1! %L3/32! 01#(3/1#4&! 1(%&+J(4"%&8!
%323%412"53'&! 0&2! C&241! 41#'?#%"3! M! 41#434"93! '1! %&#%"+"37F&! 1#421! C)! 1!
235F&;
X! 4&/3'3! '1! %&#(%"?#%"3! '1((3! 21+34"9"'3'18! G*1! %&#("(41!
#3! %&#(43437F&! '3! "/0&(("A"+"'3'1! '1! (1! 3+%3#732! G*3+G*12! 3%&2'&!
'16#"4"9&8!G*3+G*12!(3A12!"#G*1(4"&#J91+!3%12%3!'3!1((?#%"3!'3(!%&"(3(!
3! 0324"2! '&! 02&%1((&! 1(01%*+34"9&8! 341(43#'&! #F&! L3912! 21(*+43'&(!
#&(!D+4"/&(!9"#41!()%*+&(!'1!"#91(4"=37F&!&#4&+B="%38!(1!+193'3!34)!3(!
(*3(! %&#(1G*?#%"3(! /3"(! 1N421/3(8! 21(*+432"3! "#19"4391+/1#41! #*/!
54
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
43+! %14"%"(/&! G*1! "/0&(("A"+"432"3! 3! %&#(42*7F&! '1! G*3+G*12! ("(41/3!
6+&(B6%&!&*!%"1#4$6%&;!.(4&!0&2G*18!*/3!915!'1(42*$'&(!&(!02"#%$0"&(!'1!
4&'&!&!%&#L1%"/1#4&!L*/3#&8!%&22&12E(1E"3/!3(!02B02"3(!23$51(!'1!4&'3!
3!6+&(&63!1!'1!4&'3!3!%"?#%"3;
m1((1!%&#41N4&8!1/12="*!3!6=*23!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(8!G*18!%&/!
(1*! =23#'"&(&! ("(41/3! 6+&(B6%&8! '19&+91*! 3&! %&#L1%"/1#4&! L*/3#&!
3! 0&(("A"+"'3'1! '3! %&#(42*7F&! '1! */! 01#(3/1#4&! 6+&(B6%&E%"1#4$6%&!
'"=#&!'1!%&#("'1237F&!1!%21'"A"+"'3'18!0&2G*1!C*#'3/1#43'&!1/!A3(1(!
(B+"'3(8!%30351(!'1!%&#C12"2E+L1!(1=*23#73!1!93+"'3'1;
! &AO14"9&! '1(41! 423A3+L&! %&#("(41! 1/! '1/&#(4232! &! /&'&!
/1'"3#41!&!G*3+!&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!@1(%3241(!C&"!%3035!'1!3((1=*232!M!
235F&!L*/3#3!3!0&(("A"+"'3'1!'1!21%&#L1%12!3!1N"(4?#%"3!'1!912'3'1(!
(B+"'3(8! "#'&! 34)! 3&(! C*#'3/1#4&(! 02"/1"2&(! '1! 4&'3! 3! 912'3'1;! H*3!
0124"#?#%"3!O*(4"6%3E(1!01+3!34*3+"'3'1!'&(!02&A+1/3(!%&#41/0+3'&(!01+&!
("(41/3! 6+&(B6%&! %3241("3#&;! K&/! 1C1"4&8! &(! '1(36&(! 10"(41/&+B="%&(!
G*1! "/0*+("&#323/! &! (1*! 1/01#L&! "#91(4"=34"9&! 012/3#1%1/! 3"#'3!
9"=1#41(8!"/0&#'&!3&!L&/1/!%&#41/0&2Q#1&!3!012=*#43!(1/021!34*3+!
01+3!1((?#%"3!'1!("!1!'3(!%&"(3(8!G*1!(1!%&#912=1!#1%1((32"3/1#41!#3!
21R1NF&!(&A21!&!(1#4"'&!'1!4&'3!3!1N"(4?#%"3;
2 DESCARTES E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A VERDADE
H1!&!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&!3%3A&*!0&2!(3+93=*32'32!3!%124153!'3!
1N"(4?#%"3!'3!912'3'18!18!'1(43!C&2/38!=323#4"2!3!(1=*23#73!#1%1((J2"3!
3&! '1(1#9&+9"/1#4&! '1! G*3+G*12! ("(41/3! 6+&(B6%&E%"1#4$6%&8! "(4&! (1!
'191!1/!02"/1"2&!+*=32!3!*/3!%323%412$(4"%3!02B02"3!'3!01((&3!L"(4B2"%3!
'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(;!K&/&!1+1!/1(/&!'1(%2191!1/!(1*! Discurso do
Método8!(*3!9"'3!C&"!/32%3'3!0&2!*/!%&#(43#41!1!%21(%1#41!'1(1O&!'1!
%&#L1%12!3!912'3'18!'1!43+!/&'&!G*1!(1!0&'1!362/32!(1/!21%1"&!G*1!3!
1+3A&237F&!'1!(1*!("(41/3!6+&(B6%&!O3/3"(!(1!4&2#32"3!9"J91+!(1#F&!0&2!
*/! 3(01%4&! "#42$#(1%&! M! (*3! 012(&#3+"'3'1I! @1(%3241(! C&"! */! L&/1/!
303"N&#3'&!01+3!912'3'1;
U1#'&!%&#L1%"'&8!'1('1!A1/!%1'&8!3!'"912("'3'1!'3(!%&221#41(!
6+&(B6%3(8!1!41(41/*#L3'&!3!0+*23+"'3'1!'3(!%*+4*23(!L*/3#3(8!&!O&91/!
@1(%3241(! 9"*E(1! &A2"=3'&! 3! 1#C21#432! &! 02&A+1/3! '3! 21+34"9"'3'1! '3!
912'3'1;
>1%*(3#'&E(18! 0&2)/8! 3! 3'12"2! 3&! 01#(3/1#4&! %)4"%&8! G*1! 1/!
+"#L3(! =123"(! (1! %323%412"53! 0&2! 362/32! 3! "#1N"(4?#%"3! '3! 912'3'18! &!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
55
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
01#(3'&2! C23#%?(! 1/01#L&*E(1! "#%3#(391+/1#41! #3! A*(%3! '1! */!
%&#L1%"/1#4&!(1=*2&8!%3035!'1!(34"(C3512!&!(1*!'1(1O&!'1!(3A12;!hJ8!
%&#4*'&8!*/!3(01%4&!C*#'3/1#43+!0323!3!%&/0211#(F&!'&!(*023%"43'&!
'1(1O&! '1! %&#L1%"/1#4&! G*1! (1! 912"6%3! #3! 01((&3! '1! @1(%3241(I! )!
G*18!0323!1+18!/*"4&!/3"(!G*1!*/!/12&!&AO14&!'1!0&((18!3!912'3'1!(1!
%323%412"53!%&/&!C*#'3/1#4&!#1%1((J2"&!'3!)4"%38!%&/&!(1!912"6%3!#&!
G*1!1+1!'"5!3!(1*!02B02"&!21(01"4&I!op;;;q!1*!(1/021!4"91!*/!"/1#(&!'1(1O&!
'1!3021#'12!3!'"(4"#=*"2!&!912'3'1"2&!'&!C3+(&8!0323!912!%+32&!#3(!/"#L3(!
37:1(!1!%3/"#L32!%&/!(1=*23#73!#1(43!9"'3r!s@<HKX>U<H8!c\te8!0;!
eeu;!
H*3! "#91(4"=37F&! 6+&(B6%3! 03241! '1! (1*! &4"/"(/&! 1/! 21+37F&! M!
235F&! L*/3#38! 1#41#'"'3! %&/&! *#"912(3+/1#418! 1/A&23! 1/! '"912(&(!
=23*(8! '&43'3! '3! C3%*+'3'1! '1! %&#L1%128! "(4&! )8! '3! %303%"'3'1! '1!
'"(%12#"2!1#421!&!912'3'1"2&!1!&!C3+(&;!X!0324"2!'1!43+!021((*0&(4&8!1+1!(1!
O*+=&*! "#%3035! '1! (34"(C3512E(1! %&/! G*3"(G*12! &0"#":1(! 3+L1"3(! 3#41(!
'1! (*A/14?E+3(! 3&! 1N3/1! '1! (*3! 02B02"3! 235F&8! #&! "#4*"4&! '1! 912"6%32!
3! 0&(("A"+"'3'1! '1! 3+%3#732! O*$5&(! /1+L&21(8! #3! /1'"'3! 1/! G*1! +L&!
012/"4"((1! (*3! 02B02"3! %303%"'3'1! '1! '"(%12#"/1#4&;! v! 43+! 021/"((38!
3%21(%1#43E(1!&!02"#%$0"&!(1=*#'&!&!G*3+!3!3+/3!L*/3#3!#F&!41#'1!3!
302&N"/32E(1!&*!3C3(432E(1!'1!3+=&!3!#F&!(12!1#G*3#4&!"(4&!+L1!032173!
(12!&*!#F&!*/!A1/;!X!%303%"'3'1!'1!%&#L1%128!0&243#4&8!%&#912=1E(1!
#3!304"'F&!0323!1(%&+L12!1#421!&!A&/!1!&!/3*8!G*18!0&2!(*3!9158!4&2#3E
(1! C*#'3/1#4&! '3! 02JN"(;! m&43E(18! %&/! 1C1"4&8! 3! "#(0"237F&! (&%2J4"%&E
0+34l#"%3! '3! )4"%3! %3241("3#38! /32%3'3! 0&2! C&241! "#41+1%4*3+"(/&8! #3!
/1'"'3! 1/! G*1! 342"A*"! 3&! %&#L1%"/1#4&! &! (434*(! '1! C*#'3/1#4&!
#1%1((J2"&!0323!&!214&!3="2;
X(("/8!@1(%3241(!0&'1!%&/!235F&!(12!'16#"'&!%&/&!3+=*)/!G*1!
1(43A1+1%1*!3!A*(%3!'3!912'3'1!%&/&!02"&2"'3'1!0323!("!/1(/&8!0&2G*1!
9"*!3$8!1!(&/1#41!3$8!&!(1#4"'&!1N"(41#%"3+!'1!4&'&!&!(1*!3="2;
3 O MÉTODO: CAMINHO QUE LEVA À VERDADE
S12%1A1#'&! 3! "/0&(("A"+"'3'1! '1! 1#%&#4232! G*3+G*12! 912'3'1!
(1=*23!#&(!+"92&(!&*!#3(!1N012"?#%"3(!G*1!(1!0&'1!412!'&!/*#'&8!*/3!
915!%&#("'123'3!3!'"912("'3'1!1!E!0&2!G*1!#F&!'"512!E!3!%&#423'"7F&!G*1!
1N"(41!1#421!3(!+1"4*23(!G*1!(1!C15!'&!/*#'&!'*23#41!&(!()%*+&(!G*1!&!
021%1'123/8!@1(%3241(!(1!9"*!#3!1(0123#73!'1!1#%&#42328!01+&!/1#&(!#&!
"#412"&2!'1!(1*!02B02"&!23%"&%$#"&8!&(!02"#%$0"&(!%30351(!'1!C*#'3/1#432!
56
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
3!93+"'3'1!'1!3+=*/!%&#L1%"/1#4&;!S323!1N1%*432!43+!1/0211#'"/1#4&8!
#&!1#43#4&8!1+1!(1!'1032&*!%&/!3!#1%1(("'3'1!'1!1(43A1+1%12!*/!/&'&!
'1!%&#L1%12!G*1!1(0)%"1!'1!%&"(3(!(1!0&'1!%&#("'1232!912'3'1"23;!K&/!
1C1"4&8!#&!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&8
X!%&+&%37F&!%2$4"%3!'3!01(G*"(3!6+&(B6%3!O*(4"6%3E(1!
0&2!/&4"9&(!#F&!(B!L"(4B2"%&(8!%&/&!43/A)/!41B2"%&(;!
@1!C34&8!#1#L*/3!%&#(42*7F&!%"1#4$6%3!&*!6+&(B6%3!
0&'1!412!62/153!(1/!3#41(!'1"N32!1(43A1+1%"'&!G*1!
&! L&/1/! 41/! 3! %303%"'3'1! '1! 34"#="2! 3! 912'3'1!
/1'"3#41! (*3(! C3%*+'3'1(! %&=#"4"93(;! H&/1#41!
'10&"(!G*1!(1!4"912!'1/&#(423'&!G*1!&!L&/1/!0&'1!
34"#="2! %&/! %124153! 3! 912'3'1! '3(! %&"(3(! )! G*1! 3!
01(G*"(3!&#4&+B="%3!0&'1!02&%1'12!%&/!(1=*23#73!
sT [email protected]!c\tc8!0;!w]u;
!
X! 02141#(F&! '1! %&#C12"2! (&+"'15! 3! 43+! 01(G*"(3! '1/&#(423E(1!
"/1#(3/1#41!&*(3'38!#3!/1'"'3!1/!G*1!OJ!#F&!(1!0&'"3!4"232!02&91"4&!
'&! 32%3A&*7&! 41B2"%&! 02&'*5"'&! #&! /1'"19&;! x! G*1! &(! 3+"%12%1(! 3$!
%&#(42*$'&(! OJ! #F&! (1! 021(4393/! 3&! G*1! 3=&23! (1! 02141#'"3! 12"="2;!
! 1/0211#'"/1#4&! %3241("3#&8! 0&243#4&8! %&#("(4"3! #F&! 1/! '32! %3A&!
3! */3! &A23! "#%&#%+*(38! /3(! 1/! C&2O32! A3(1(! (*6%"1#41/1#41! (B+"'3(!
0323! */3! #&93! %&#(42*7F&;! hJ8! 0&2)/8! #1(41! (1#4"'&8! */! 02&A+1/3!
10"(41/&+B="%&I!H1!3!23%"&#3+"'3'1!(1!912"6%3!*#"912(3+/1#41!021(1#41!
#&(! L&/1#(8! '&#'1! '12"93! 3! '"912("'3'1! 1! 3! /*+4"0+"%"'3'1! '1! (*3(!
&0"#":1(8! G*18! 0&2! 9151(8! %L1=3/! /1(/&! M! 3A(&+*43! &0&("7F&;!
H1=*#'&! 3! 012%107F&! %3241("3#38! 43+! /*+4"0+"%"'3'1! #F&! '1#&43!
G*1! *#(! (1O3/! /3"(! 23%"&#3"(! G*1! &*42&(8! /3(! 301#3(! G*1! 42"+L1/!
o%3/"#L&(r! '"C121#41(8! #F&! +193#'&! 1/! %&#43! &(! /1(/&(! C34&21(;! X!
16%J%"3!'3!C3%*+'3'1!23%"&#3+!("4*3E(18!0&"(8!#3!%&#("'1237F&!/JN"/3!
1! 1(%2*0*+&(3! '1! 4&'&(! &(! C34&21(! G*1! 1(41O3/! %&#4"'&(! 1/! %3'3!
G*1(4F&;
!
</!915!'1!(1=*"2!0&2!*/!%3/"#L&!3A124&!0&2!&*421/8!@1(%3241(!
021%"(393! %&+&%32E(1! 1/! */! 0&#4&! '1! 0324"'3! #&9&8! 41#'&! 1/! 9"(43!
*/3!/143!&AO14"938!1!42"+L32!%&/!(1=*23#73!&!012%*2(&!1#421!1(41(!'&"(!
0&#4&(!s0324"'3!1!/143u;![J!#F&!(1!4234393!'1!012%&2212!*/3!9"3!G*3+G*128!
1/! /1"&! M! '"912("'3'1! '1! 423O14B2"3(! 0&(($91"(8! /3(! '1! 1#%&#4232! &!
%3/"#L&! 0&2! 1N%1+?#%"38! &! hodos;! </! 412/&(! 10"(41/&+B="%&(8! 3!
"#4*"7F&! &2"="#J2"3! '&! 01#(3/1#4&! '1! @1(%3241(! )! 3! #1%1(("'3'1! '3!
1+3A&237F&!'1!*/!/)4&'&;
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
57
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
! 1(43A1+1%"/1#4&! '1((1! /)4&'&! 41/8! 0&243#4&8! %&/&!
021((*0&(43! 3! %303%"'3'1! 01%*+"32! M! 235F&! L*/3#3! '1! %&#L1%12! 1!
'"(4"#=*"2! &! 912'3'1"2&! '&! C3+(&;! H*3! 6#3+"'3'1! )! 3! '1! %&#'*5"2! 1(43!
/1(/3!235F&!0&2!*/!%3/"#L&!(1=*2&8!34239)(!'&!G*3+!(1!0&((3!%L1=32!
M! 912'3'18! */3! 915! (*0&(43! (*3! 1N"(4?#%"3;! T3(! (1! 0&2! */! +3'&! (1!
'1(43%3!3!&*(3'"3!%&/!3!G*3+!@1(%3241(!(1!'1412/"#&*!0323!%&#(42*"2!
1(41!%3/"#L&!1/!A*(%3!'3!912'3'18!0&2!&*42&8!#F&!(1!0&'1!#1=+"=1#%"32!
3!02*'?#%"3!%&/!G*1!(1!02&0l(!3!'1(42*"2!3(!C3+(3(!912'3'1(8!%&#C&2/1!
(1!0&'1!#&432!3&!&A(12932!&!(1*!/)4&'&;
e;c!@<HK>.yz !@ !TxU @ !KX>U<H.Xm
!/)4&'&!'1(1#9&+9"'&!0&2!@1(%3241(!%&#("(41!1/!30+"%32!G*342&!
021%1"4&(!&*!21=23(!#&!1N3/1!'1!G*3+G*12!%&"(3!G*1!(1!G*1"23!%&#L1%12;!
! 02"/1"2&! 1! /3"(! %323%412$(4"%&! '&(! %2"4)2"&(! %&#("(41! #3! %L3/3'3!
'D9"'3!/14B'"%38!G*1!(1!0&'12"3!1N0+"%32!%&/&!*/3!(*(01#(F&!'3G*1+3(!
"'1"3(!G*18!'&43'3(!'1!9123%"'3'18!#F&!(1!1#%&#423/8!4&'39"38!'&43'3(!
'1! "#'*A"4J91+! 912'3'1! 1! 19"'?#%"3;! m1(41! (1#4"'&8! 1+1! (1! '"(4"#=*1!
%+323/1#41!'&(!%)4"%&(8!1/!%*O&!01#(3/1#4&!3!'D9"'3!(1!"#(43*23!%&/&!
0&#4&!'1!%L1=3'3;!m&!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&8!3&!%&#42J2"&8!0324"#'&!'3!
'D9"'3!02141#'1E(1!%L1=32!M!%124153;
@1(%3241(!012%1A1!G*1!1N"(41!301#3(!*/!%3/"#L&!
G*1! (*0123! 3! 'D9"'3I! &! G*1! 3! 342391((3! 4&'38!
1(=&43#!'&E+L1! 4&'3(! 3(! '"/1#(:1(;! *! (1O3I!
0321%1E+L1! "/0&(($91+! 91#%12! 3! 'D9"'3! 19"43#'&E3!
&*!02141#'1#'&!"#(43+32E(1!'1('1!+&=&!#*/3!C2J="+!
%124153! {! 1! C2J="+! O*(43/1#41! 0&2G*1! 3"#'3! #F&!
(*A/14"'3! 3&(! 41(41(! '3! 'D9"'3;! @1(%3241(! 3%1"43!
&!'1(36&!'3!'D9"'3!G*1!423#(03((393!3!34/&(C123!
%*+4*23+! '1! (*3! )0&%3|! 3%1"43E3! 0323! %&/A34?E
+3! %&/! (*3(! 02B02"3(! 32/3(;! <"(! 0&2! G*1! '*9"'3!
/14&'"%3/1#41!'1!4*'&!sS<HHXmhX8!c\te8!0;!,.-u;
X! (1=*#'3! 1! 3! 412%1"23! 03241! '&! /)4&'&! %3241("3#&! 1(4F&! 1/!
1(421"43!21+37F&!%&/!3!'D9"'3!/14B'"%3;!HF&!1+3(!3!3#J+"(1!1!3!($#41(18!
G*1!%&#("(41/8!21(01%4"93/1#418!1/!'"9"'"2!&*!(103232!%3'3!02&A+1/3!
1/! 43#43(! 03241(! G*3#43(! (1O3! 0&(($91+! 18! '10&"(! '1! 412! 1N3/"#3'&! 1!
(&+*%"&#3'&! %3'3! */3! '1! (*3(! '"6%*+'3'1(8! *#"2! #&93/1#41! 1(43(!
/1(/3(!03241(8!3!6/!'1!%&#L1%12!&!4&'&!'&!&AO14&!1N3/"#3'&;!X!G*3243!
14303!'&!/)4&'&!)!*/3!%*"'3'&(3!219"(F&!'1!4&'&!&!1N3/1!213+"53'&!#&!
&AO14&8!3!6/!'1!=323#4"2!3!%124153!'1!G*1!41#L3!("'&!%&#("'123'&!4*'&!
58
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
G*3#4&! C&23! #1%1((J2"&! 0323! (1! 3+%3#732! 3! %124153! 1/! 21+37F&! 3! 1(41!
/1(/&!&AO14&;
4 OS FUNDAMENTOS DA VERDADE NO PENSAMENTO DE
DESCARTES
_4"+"53#'&! (1*! /)4&'&8! @1(%3241(! C&"! +193'&! 3! %&#("'1232!
C3+(&! 4*'&! G*3#4&! C&((1! (*(%14$91+! '1! "#%1241538! %&#C&2/1! "#'"%393! 3!
02"/1"23! 21=23;! </! (*3! A*(%3! '3! 912'3'18! 0&243#4&8! 1+1! (1! 9"*! '"3#41!
'3! #1%1(("'3'1! '1! '1(C3512E(1! '1! G*3+G*12! "'1"3! 1/! G*1! (1! 0*'1((1!
912"6%32! 3+=*/3! 'D9"'38! 0&2! /1#&2! G*1! C&((18! %&#("'123#'&E3! %&/&!
3A(&+*43/1#41!C3+(3;! !21(*+43'&!'1!4F&!2"=&2&(3!02&93!(12"3!3!%124153!
'3!1N"(4?#%"3!&*!'3!"#1N"(4?#%"3!'1!3+=*/3!912'3'1!"#'*A"4J91+;
_/3! 915! %&#("'123'&(! %&/&! C3+(&(! 4&'&(! &(! '3'&(! '1! %*O3(!
C&#41(!0&'1/!02&9"2!3+=*/!1#=3#&8!3%3A393!0&2!%3"2!0&2!41223!3!/3"&2"3!
'3(!"#C&2/37:1(!34)!1#4F&!4"'3(!%&/&!912'3'1"23(!0&2!@1(%3241(;!!K&/!
1C1"4&8!(1!&(!(1#4"'&(!M(!9151(!(1!1#=3#3/8!1#4F&!)!0&(($91+!G*1!1(41O3/!
(1/021!1#=3#3'&(8!&!G*1!4&2#3!21%*(J91+!%&/&!912'3'1"2&!4*'&!G*3#4&!
&!0321%1!301#3(!01+&(!(1#4"'&(;!H1!&(!L&/1#(!M(!9151(!(1!1G*"9&%3/8!
1#4F&! 43+915! 1(41O3/! (1/021! 1G*"9&%3'&(8! &! G*1! 4&2#3! 210211#($91+!
3%21'"4328!'1!3#41/F&8!1/!3+=&!G*1!(1!C373!%&#L1%12!301#3(!0&2!412!("'&!
'"4&!0&2!*/!L&/1/;!H1!&(!01#(3/1#4&(!G*1!(1!41/!'*23#41!&!(&#L&!M(!
9151(!(F&!4F&!9"9&(!1!(1!0321%1/!4F&!213"(!G*3#4&!MG*1+1(!G*1!(1!41/!
'*23#41!3!9"=$+"38!1#4F&!)!0&(($91+!G*1!#F&!L3O3!/3"&2!912'3'1!#&(!G*1!
(1!41/!3%&2'3'&!'&!G*1!#&(!G*1!(1!41/!'*23#41!&!(&#L&;
X(("/8!1(4J!%&/&!G*1!G*1A23'3!4&'3!3!213+"'3'1!(1#($91+8!*/3!
915!G*1!1+3!4&'3!(1!41#L3!'1/&#(423'&!'*A"4J91+;!>1(43/8!#&!1#43#4&8!
'*3(! 213+"'3'1(! G*1! (1! /&(423/! o"#G*1A2J91"(r8! 3! (3A128! &! (*O1"4&!
01#(3#41!1!&!(12!012C1"4&8!%&#C&2/1!3'"3#41!(1!'1/&#(4232J;!HF&!1(41(!
&(!C*#'3/1#4&(!(&A21!&(!G*3"(!(1!%&#(42B"!3!%124153!'1!4&'3!1!G*3+G*12!
&*423!213+"'3'1;
};c! !H_[<.U !S<mHXmU<!K T !P_m@XT<mU !@X!-<>@X@<
@3!'D9"'3!23'"%3+8!G*1!@1(%3241(!30+"%323!M!213+"'3'18!1/12="38!
"#19"4391+/1#418! */3! %1241538! 0&2G*1! (1! 1+1! 01#(393! (12! C3+(&! 4*'&!
G*3#4&!3#41(!4&/323!%&/&!912'3'1"2&8!1#4F&!123!"#1=J91+!&!C34&!'1!G*1!
1+1!01#(393;!H1!01#(3938!0&2)/8!1#4F&!43/A)/!#F&!0&'12E(1E"3!'*9"'32!
'&! C34&! '1! G*1! 1+1! 123! 3+=*/3! %&"(38! "(4&! )8! '1! G*1! 1N"(4"3;! X(("/8! &!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
59
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
~cogito, ergo sum’!s01#(&8!+&=&!(&*u!1(4393!1(43A1+1%"'&!%&/&!02"/1"2&!
02"#%$0"&!'1!(*3!6+&(&638!0&2G*1!3!1(43!912'3'1!#1#L*/3!'D9"'3!0&'"3!
3A3+32;
S323!&!A&/!1#41#'"/1#4&!'1(41!%L3/3'&!~%&="4&!%3241("3#&!G*18!%&/&!
(1!9"*8!%&#(4"4*"!&!02"/1"2&!02"#%$0"&!'1!(*3!/143C$("%38!)!/"(412!1(%+321%12!
3!#&7F&!'&!~1=&!G*1!#1+1!1(4J!%&#4"'38!"(4&!)8!3!#34*2153!'1(41!~1*!G*1!
~01#(38! +&=&! 1N"(41;! .(4&! 0&2G*1! 3! 1N"(4?#%"3! '&! ~1=&! (1! 'J! 1#G*3#4&!
1N"(4?#%"3!'1!3+=&!G*1!01#(38!#3!/1'"'3!1/!G*18!3!(1*!21(01"4&8!#3'3!
/3"(!(1!362/&*!3!#F&!(12!G*1!1+1!01#(3;!@1(41!/&'&8!&!~1*!%3241("3#&!
(1! %&#6=*23! 3! 02"#%$0"&! 301#3(! %&/&! */! (*O1"4&! 01#(3#418! G*18! 1/!
(*3!#34*21538!#F&!"/0+"%3!#1#L*/3!#1%1(("'3'1!'1!1N41#(F&!/3412"3+8!
&*8!%&/&!'16#1!&!02B02"&!@1(%3241(!sc\te8!0;!}bu8!&!~1=&!(1!3021(1#43!
%&/&!op;;;q!*/3!(*A(4Q#%"3!%*O3!1((?#%"3!&*!#34*2153!%&#("(41!301#3(!#&!
01#(328!1!G*18!0323!(128!#F&!#1%1(("43!'1!#1#L*/!+*=328!#1/!'101#'1!
'1!G*3+G*12!%&"(3!/3412"3+;r
m&41E(18!0&243#4&8!3!'"(4"#7F&!213+!G*1!LJ!1#421!%&20&!1!/1(421!
#&!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&8!*/3!915!G*18!OJ!#&!02"/1"2&!02"#%$0"&!'1!(*3!
6+&(&638!1(4393!1(43A1+1%"'3!3!#1%1(("'3'1!'3!1N"(4?#%"3!'3!/1#41!18!
1/! %&#4230324"'38! 3! %&#4"#=?#%"3! '&! %&20&! 1/! 21+37F&! 3! 1(43! /1(/3!
/1#41;
};c;c O critério do verdadeiro: clareza e distinção
H1!&!~%&="4&!OJ!C&23!"#(43*23'&!%&/&!02"/1"2&!02"#%$0"&8!1!(1!1+1!
%&#(4"4*$3! */3! 912'3'1! "#'*A"4J91+! 1! (1=*238! 1#4F&8! '19"3! L3912! #1+1!
3+=*/3!%323%412$(4"%3!G*1!3(("/!&!651((1;!!H12"3/8!0&243#4&8!'&!/1(/&!
/&'&8! (1=*23(! 1! "#'*A"4J91"(! G*3"(G*12! "'1"3(! G*1! C&((1/! '&43'3(!
'1(43!/1(/3!%323%412$(4"%3;!
<N3/"#3#'&!(*3!912'3'1!02"/1"238!"(4&!)8!(1*!~%&="4&!12=&!(*/8!
@1(%3241(!012%1A1*!G*1!#F&!L39"3!&*42&!/&4"9&!01+&!G*3+!(1!+L1!'191((1!
342"A*"2! "#'*A"43A"+"'3'1! (1#F&! 3! %+32153! %&/! G*1! (1! 1(43A1+1%1! 3!
21+37F&!%3*(3+!1#421!3!1N"(4?#%"3!'&!01#(3#41!1!&!(1*!34&!'1!01#(32;!!U3+!
21+37F&!(1!&A(1293!%+323!1!'"(4"#43/1#41!1#421!&!1C1"4&!s&!01#(3/1#4&u!1!
(*3!%3*(3!s3!1N"(4?#%"3!'&!01#(3#41u;!-12'3'1"23(8!0&243#4&8!'1912"3/!
(12!4&'3(!3G*1+3(! "'1"3(! 1/! G*1!(1!912"6%3((1!1(43!/1(/3!%+32153!1!
'"(4"#7F&;! @&! %&="4&8! 0&243#4&8! @1(%3241(! 4&/&*! 3! 21=23! &*! 0323'"=/3!
G*1! *(32"38! 3! 0324"2! '1! 1#4F&8! 0323! '"(4"#=*"2! &! 912'3'1"2&! '&! C3+(&I!
%&#("'123#'&!%&/&!912'3'1"2&!4*'&!G*3#4&!0*'1((1!(12!%&#L1%"'&!'1!
60
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
/&'&!%+32&!1!'"(4"#4&8!1!O*+=3#'&!C3+(&!4*'&!G*3#4&!#F&!&!0*'1((1;
};c;]!A dúvida hiperbólica: limite da concepção clara e distinta
mF&! &A(43#41! &! 0301+! '1(1/01#L3'&! 01+3(! "'1"3(! %+323(! 1!
'"(4"#43(! #&! ("(41/3! %3241("3#&8! L39"3! #1+3(! */! +"/"41! G*1! 3(! 4&2#393!
"#%30351(! '1! =323#4"28! 0&2! ("! /1(/3(8! 3! (1=*23#73! 1N"="'3! 01+3!
02141#(F&! '1! */! (3A12! "#'*A"4J91+8! %&/&! 30&#43! T&443! S1((3#L38!
'"((1243#'&!3%12%3!'1!43"(!"'1"3(;
p;;;q!K&/!1+3(!{!1!(&/1#41!%&/!"')"3(!'1((1!4"0&!{!
0321%"3!1N1G*$91+!3!%&#(42*7F&!'1!*/3!o%3'1"3!'1!
235:1(r8! %*O&(! 1+&(! (12"3/! "#4*$'&(! %&/! 3! %+32153!
'3(! 19"'?#%"3(! /341/J4"%3(! 1! "#412+"=3'&(! %&/!
3! %&12?#%"3! 012C1"43! '3(! '1/&#(4237:1(! '1! G*1! 3!
/341/J4"%3! C&2#1%"3! &(! 1N1/0+&(;! K&#(42*$'3! 0&2!
(*%1(("93(!"#4*"7:1(!+"=3'3(!0&2!9$#%*+&!'1'*4"9&8!3!
012C1"43!(3A1'&2"3!{!30+"%J91+!3!G*3"(G*12!&AO14&(!
{! '1912"3! (12! */3! 41(("4*23! '1! "')"3(! %+323(;! X!
%+32153!'3(!"')"3(8!0&2)/8!21021(1#43!*/3!=323#4"3!
301#3(!(*AO14"93I!0&2G*1!(F&!012C1"43/1#41!%+323(!
1!'"(4"#43(!)!G*1!3(!"')"3(!(1!"/0:1/!%&/!3!C&273!
'1!19"'?#%"3(;!T3(!G*1/!=323#41!G*1!3!43"(!"')"3(8!
1/A&23!%+323(8!%&221(0&#'3!3+=&!213+€!m1((1!0&#4&!
'&!1(C&27&!'1!C*#'3/1#437F&!'3!%124153!%"1#4$6%38!
@1(%3241(!3/0+"3!3!'D9"'3!3&!/JN"/&8!4&2#3#'&E3!
oL"012AB+"%3rI!03((3!3!'*9"'32!34)!/1(/&!'3(!"')"3(!
%+323(!1!'"(4"#43(8!G*1!&!1(0$2"4&!1(0&#43#13/1#41!
3'/"41!%&/&!19"'1#41(!sS<HHXmhX8!c\te8!0;!,.-u;
!'1(36&!1/0211#'"'&!0&2!@1(%3241(!/"=238!0&243#4&8!'&!0+3#&!
+B="%&!0323!&!0+3#&!&#4&+B="%&;!H*3!4321C3!%&#("(4"38!1#4F&8!1/!1(=&432!&!
3A"(/&!G*1!0321%"3!"/0&2E(1!1#421!&!01#(3/1#4&!1!3!213+"'3'18!0&2G*1!
3! 19"'?#%"3! '1! */3! "'1"3! #F&! =323#41! 3! 1N"(4?#%"3! '1! */3! 213+"'3'1!
1N41#(3! G*1! 3! 1+3! %&221(0&#'3;! @*9"'32! L"012A&+"%3/1#41! %&#("(418!
3(("/8!1/!21%&#L1%12!%+32153!1!'"(4"#7F&!%&/&!=323#4"3(!'3!(&+"'15!'1!
*/3!"'1"3!301#3(!1#G*3#4&!"'1"38!(1/!G*1212!1N423"2!'3$!3!#1%1(("'3'1!
'1!*/3!1N"(4?#%"3!&#4&+B="%38!'1(%&A2"#'&8!#&(!+"/"41(!'3!235F&!L*/3#38!
3!"/0&(("A"+"'3'1!'1!(1!"#C12"2!*/3!#34*2153!%&20B213!'1!*/3!#34*2153!
"#41+"=$91+8!G*1!(1!C*#'3!021%"(3/1#41!#3!'"(4"#7F&!G*1!(1!'191!021(12932!
(1/021!1#421!1((3(!'*3(!#34*2153(;!
h39"38! 0&2)/8! &*423! G*1(4F&! 3! (12! 3"#'3! "#91(4"=3'38! 3! (3A12I!
(1!3!#34*2153!'&!(*O1"4&!01#(3#41!%&#("(41!1/!01#(328!1!"(4&!)!'*9"'328!
G*1!0&2!(*3!915!)!'1(%&#L1%128!1#4F&!'&#'1!9"123!3!1(41!/1(/&!(*O1"4&!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
61
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
3! "'1"3! '1! %&#L1%128! 9"(4&! G*1! &! %&#L1%12! )8! %+323! 1! '"(4"#43/1#418!
012C1"7F&!/3"&2!G*1!&!'*9"'32€
@3! (&+*7F&! s&#'1! 9&%?! 3021(1#43! 1((3! (&+*7F&f21(0&(43!
'3! 012=*#43! 3#412"&2€u! '1(41! 02&A+1/3! 02&9"2"3! &! 3+"%12%1! %3035! '1!
C*#'3/1#432!&#4&+&="%3/1#41!&!G*1!@1(%3241(!OJ!3+%3#7323!+&="%3/1#418!
%&/&!3!(1=*"2!'1/&#(4232E(1EJ;
};]! !H<>!S<>P<.U !K T !P_m@XT<mU !@X!-<>@X@<
*3#'&!&!~01#(3#41!(1!02&0:1!3!1(01%*+32!(&A21!3!&2"=1/!'&!
01#(32!1/!3+=&!G*1!(1O3!(*012"&2!1/!012C1"7F&!M!(*3!#34*21538!1+1!(1!
'10323!%&/!3!19"'?#%"3!'1!G*1!"(4&!+L1!41#L3!3'9"#'&!'1!3+=&!G*1!(1O3!
/3"(!012C1"4&!G*1!3!(*3!02B02"3!#34*2153;!<"(!&!G*1!362/3!@1(%3241(!3!
21(01"4&!'1(43!"'1"3!'1!*/!(12!/3"(!012C1"4&!G*1!&!(1*I
p;;;q!4"2JE+3!'&!#3'3!123!/3#"C1(43/1#41!"/0&(($91+|!
18! 9"(4&! G*1! #F&! LJ! /1#&(! 210*=#Q#%"3! 1/! G*1!
&! /3"(! 012C1"4&! (1O3! */3! %&#(1G‚?#%"3! 1! */3!
'101#'?#%"3!'&!/1#&(!012C1"4&!'&!G*1!1/!3'/"4"2!
G*1! '&! #3'3! 02&%1'1! 3+=*/3! %&"(38! 1*! #F&! 0&'"3!
4"2JE+3! 43/0&*%&! '1! /"/! 02B02"&;! @1! C&2/3! G*1!
21(4393! 301#3(! G*1! 4"91((1! ("'&! 0&(43! 1/! /"/!
0&2!*/3!#34*2153!G*1!C&((1!912'3'1"23/1#41!/3"(!
012C1"43!'&!G*1!3!/"#L38!1!G*1!/1(/&!4"91((1!1/!
("!4&'3(!3(!012C1"7:1(!'1!G*1!1*!0&'12"3!412!3+=*/3!
"')"38! "(4&! )8! 0323! 1N0+"%32E/1! #*/3! 03+39238! G*1!
C&((1! @1*(;! X! "((&! 3%21(%1#41"! G*18! '3'&! G*1!
%&#L1%"3!3+=*/3(!012C1"7:1(!G*1!#F&!0&((*$38!1*!
#F&!123!&!D#"%&!(12!G*1!1N"(4"3!s;;;u|!/3(!G*1!'19"3!
#1%1((32"3/1#41! L3912! 3+=*/! &*42&! /3"(! 012C1"4&8!
'&! G*3+! 1*! '101#'1((1! 1! '1! G*1/! 1*! 4"91((1!
21%1A"'&!4*'&!&!G*1!0&((*$3!s@<HKX>U<H8!c\te8!
0;}bu;
!23%"&%$#"&!G*1!3!1(41!(1!(1=*1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!@1(%3241(!9"(3!
%&#L1%12!%&/!(1=*23#73!1!%124153!3!#34*2153!'1(41!(12!'&43'&!'1!4&'3(!
3(!012C1"7:1(8!"(4&!)8!@1*(;!H1=*#'&!&(!(1*(!23%"&%$#"&(8!*/3!02"/1"23!
213+"'3'1!3!(12!%&#("'123'3!0323!&!%&#L1%"/1#4&!'3!#34*2153!'1!@1*(!
)!3!'"(4"#7F&!213+!1#421!3!"'1"3!G*1!(1!41/!'1!*/3!%&"(3!1!1(43!/1(/3!
%&"(3!1N"(4"#'&!213+/1#418!&*8!0323!*(32!&(!(1*(!412/&(8!3!'"(4"#7F&!213+!
1#421!3!#34*2153!"#41+"=$91+!1!3!#34*2153!%&20B213;!X(("/8!G*3#'&!(1!1(4J!
(&#L3#'&8!0&2!1N1/0+&8!1N"(41/!"'1"3(!G*1!(1!3021(1#43/!%+323/1#418!
/1(/&! (1/! G*1! #1%1(("41/8! 0323! 43#4&8! '1! 1N"(4"21/! %&20&23+/1#41;!
T3(! (1! */3! "'1"3! %+323! 1! '"(4"#43! #F&! 0&((*"! 1N"(4?#%"3! %&20B2138! #F&!
62
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
&A(43#41!(*3!%+32153!1!'"(4"#7F&8!/1(/&!3(("/!#F&!(1!0&'1!#1=32!G*1!1+3!
1N"(43!1#G*3#4&!"'1"38!"(4&!)8!G*18!*/3!915!'&43'3!'1!%+32153!1!'"(4"#7F&8!
1+3! 0&((*3! "#'*A"4391+/1#41! */3! #34*2153! "#41+"=$91+;! K&#("'123'38! 0&2!
1N1/0+&8!3!"'1"3!'1!*/!42"Q#=*+&8!LJ!#1+3!"#%+*(3!3!#1%1(("'3'1!'1!G*1!
3! (&/3! '1! (1*(! Q#=*+&(! (1O3! "=*3+! 3! ctg! =23*(8! &! G*18! %&#4*'&8! #F&!
"/0+"%3! '1! /&'&! 3+=*/! 1/! G*1! 1N"(43! '1! C34&! */! 42"Q#=*+&! #&! /*#'&8!
'1! 43+! /&'&! G*1! 3! #34*2153! "#41+"=$91+! '1! */! 42"Q#=*+&! (B! "/0+"%3! #3!
1N"(4?#%"3! '1(43! /1(/3! #34*2153! "#41+"=$91+8! 18! #*#%38! #3! 1N"(4?#%"3! '1!
*/3!#34*2153!%&20B213;! !/1(/&8!0&2)/8!#F&!(1!'J!#&!G*1!43#=1!M!"'1"3!
'&!H12!012C1"4&8!0&2!G*18!#1(41!%3(&8!3!1N"(4?#%"3!'1(41!(12!1(4J!"#%+*(3!
1/!(*3!02B02"3!"'1"3;!.(4&!(1!912"6%3!0&2G*18!*/3!915!%&#("'123'&!1/!(*3!
012C1"7F&8!)!#1%1((J2"&!G*1!1(41!H12!(1O3!("/0+1(8!"(4&!)8!G*1!#F&!(1O3!
%&/0&(4&8! 9"(4&! G*1! 3! %&/0&("7F&! '1#&43! '101#'?#%"3! 1#421! 03241(8! 1!
3!'101#'?#%"3!"/0+"%3!1/!"/012C1"7F&;!X(("/8!3!%&#%+*(F&!BA9"3!M!G*1!
(1!%L1=3!)!3!'1!G*18!#&!H12!012C1"4&8!OJ!#F&!(1!0&'1!C3+32!'1!'"(4"#7F&!
213+! 1#421! #34*2153! "#41+"=$91+! 1! #34*2153! %&20B2138! /3(! '1! */3! D#"%3!
#34*21538!G*1!41/!"#%+*$'3!1/!("!(*3!1N"(4?#%"3!213+;!
K*/021!#&432!3!%&"#%"'?#%"3!1#421!&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!@1(%3241(!
1!&(!'1!3+=*#(!(1*(!021'1%1((&21(8!#&!G*1!43#=1!M!02&93!'3!1N"(4?#%"3!
#1%1((J2"3! '1! @1*(8! %&/&! &! '1! X9"%1#38! #&! G*3+8! &! H12! S12C1"4&! (1!
'16#1!%&/&!3G*1+1!1/!G*1!3!1N"(4?#%"3!%&"#%"'1!%&/!3!1((?#%"3!1!1(4J!
#1+3! "/0+"%3'3! s><Xn<8! c\\g8! 0;deeEde}u8! &*! &! '1! X#(1+/&8! 1/! %*O&!
32=*/1#4&!&#4&+B="%&8!3!1N"(4?#%"3!'1!@1*(8!#3!/1'"'3!1/!G*1!)!*/3!'1!
(*3(!012C1"7:1(!1(4J!"/0+"%3'3!1/!(*3!02B02"3!"'1"38!1#G*3#4&!)!"'1"3!'1!
(12!'&43'&!'1!4&'3(!3(!012C1"7:1(!s><Xn<8!c\\g8!0;}\dE}\wu;
! 03((&! (1=*"#41! #&! 23%"&%$#"&! %3241("3#&! %&#("(4"3! 1/! C3512!
&! %3/"#L&! '1! 214&2#&8! G*1! ("=#"6%38! 4&/3#'&! @1*(! %&/&! C*#'3/1#4&8!
342"A*"2! %32J412! '1! 912'3'1! 3! 4&'3(! G*3#43(! C&((1/! 3(! "'1"3(! G*1! (1!
0*'1((1/!%&#%1A12!%+323!1!'"(4"#43/1#418!%&/&!341(43!&!421%L&!3!(1=*"2I
<#6/8! (1! LJ! 3"#'3! L&/1#(! G*1! #F&! 1(41O3/! A1/!
012(*3'"'&(! '3! 1N"(4?#%"3! '1! @1*(! 1! '3! 3+/38!
%&/! 3(! 235:1(! G*1! 3021(1#41"8! G*12&! G*1! (3"A3/!
G*1! 4&'3(! 3(! &*423(! %&"(3(8! '3(! G*3"(! (1! O*+=3/!
43+915! %124"6%3'&(8! %&/&! 3! '1! 4121/! */! %&20&8!
L3912! 3(42&(! 1! */3! 412238! 1! %&"(3(! (1/1+L3#41(8!
(F&! 3"#'3! /1#&(! %1243(;! S&"(8! 1/A&23! (1! 0&((*3!
'1((3(! %&"(3(! */3! %124153! /&23+8! G*1! )! '1! 43+!
&2'1/!G*18!1N%14&!(1#'&E(1!1N42393=3#418!0321%1!
"/0&(($91+! 0lE+3! 1/! 'D9"'3|! 4&'39"38! G*3#'&! (1!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
63
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
42343! '3! %124153! /143C$("%38! #F&! (1! 0&'1! #1=328! 3!
#F&!(12!G*1!(1O3/&(!'1(32235&3'&(8!G*1!)!/&4"9&!
(*6%"1#418!0323!#F&!1(432/&(!"#41"23/1#41!(1=*2&(!
3! 21(01"4&8! &! C34&! '1! (1! 3'9124"2! G*1! 0&'1/&(! '&!
/1(/&! /&'&! "/3="#328! G*3#'&! 3'&2/1%"'&(8! G*1!
41/&(!&*42&!%&20&8!G*1!91/&(!&*42&(!3(42&(!1!&*423!
412238! (1/! G*1! #3! 213+"'3'1! 3(("/! &! (1O3;! s;;;u! <8!
3"#'3! G*1! &(! /1+L&21(! 1(0$2"4&(! 1(4*'1/! &! %3(&!
43#4&!G*3#4&!+L1(!302&*9128!#F&!%21"&!G*1!0&((3/!
'32!G*3+G*12!235F&!G*1!(1O3!(*6%"1#41!0323!'1(C3512!
1((3!'D9"'38!(1!#F&!021((*0*(121/!3!1N"(4?#%"3!'1!
@1*(!s@<HKX>U<H8!c\te8!0;!}\Edgu;
!
x! 3(("/8! 0&243#4&8! G*1! &! 01#(3'&2! %&#(1=*1! 342"A*"2! 3! @1*(! &!
1(434*4&!'1!C*#'3/1#4&!/143C$("%&!'3!213+"'3'1;!K&/&!(1!0&'1!012%1A128!
LJ8! '1! C34&8! #&! 01#(3/1#4&! %3241("3#&8! '*3(! 912'3'1(! C*#'3/1#43"(8!
"(4&!)8!'&"(!3N"&/3(!(&A21!&(!G*3"(!(1!C*#'3/1#43!3!912'3'1I!&!(*O1"4&!
01#(3#41! 1! &! H12! 012C1"4&;! mF&! (1! '1918! 1#42143#4&8! 02141#'12! G*1! */!
'1+1(!(1!C373!(&A21((3"2!(&A21!&!&*42&;!x!0&2!"(4&!G*1!#F&!(1!0&'1!362/32!
G*1!3!6=*23!'1!@1*(!41#L3!("'&!"/0+3#43'3!0&2!@1(%3241(!1/!(1*!("(41/3!
6+&(B6%&!%&/&!*/!/12&!21%*2(&!&*!303234&!G*1!#F&!41#L3!&*423!6#3+"'3'1!
(1#F&!'32!%&12?#%"3!3!(1*!'"(%*2(&8!=323#4"#'&!3!1N"(4?#%"3!'3!213+"'3'1!
/3412"3+;!S&2!&*42&!+3'&8!#F&!(1!0&'1!#1=32!3!%2*%"3+!"/0&24Q#%"3!'&!(*O1"4&!
01#(3#41!0323!(1*!("(41/3!/143C$("%&;
!
H18! 3&! /1(/&! 41/0&8! &! (*O1"4&! 01#(3#41! 1! &! H12! 012C1"4&! (1!
%&+&%3/!%&/&!02"#%$0"&(!'3!912'3'18!)!0&2G*1!%3'3!*/!'1(41(!02"#%$0"&(!
=323#41!3!912'3'1!3!0324"2!'1!(1#4"'&(!'"C121#41(!1!%3'3!*/!3!(1*!/&'&;!
X(("/8! 3! 912'3'1! G*1! &! (*O1"4&! =323#41! )! */3! 912'3'1! +B="%38! G*1! (1!
302&N"/3! '&! (*O1"4&! '&! %&#L1%"/1#4&8! 18! 0&243#4&! (1! '"5! %&/&! 912'3'1!
(*AO14"93!&*!%124153;!S&2!(*3!9158!3!912'3'1!G*1!(1!A3(1"3!#&!H12!012C1"4&!
)!*/3!912'3'1!&#4&+B="%38!G*1!(1!302&N"/3!'&!&AO14&!'&!%&#L1%"/1#4&8!
18!0&243#4&!(1!'"5!%&/&!912'3'1!&AO14"93!&*!213+"'3'18!G*1!(1!21+3%"&#3!
'"2143/1#41! %&/! &! (12|! 3G*1+3! %&/! &! %&#L1%12;! <(43! (1! 9&+43! 0323! 3!
1N"(4?#%"3|!3G*1+3!0323!3!1((?#%"3;
X(("/8!3(!'*3(!912'3'1(!02"/1"23(!OJ!#F&!C*#'3/1#43/!301#3(!
3!&*423(!912'3'1(8!/3(!C*#'3/1#43/E(1!/*4*3/1#418!#3!/1'"'3!1/!G*1!
&!(*O1"4&!01#(3#41!)8!0323!("!/1(/&8!&!C*#'3/1#4&!+B="%&!'&!H12!012C1"4&8!
0&2!%&#412!1/!("!(*3!"'1"38!/3(!(B!0&'1!1#%&#4232!#1+1!(1*!C*#'3/1#4&!
&#4&+B="%&8!0&2!412!21%1A"'&!'1+1!(*3!1N"(4?#%"3;
!
P"%38! 0&243#4&8! '1/&#(423'&! &! C3(%"#3#41! %3/"#L&! 012%&22"'&!
64
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
0&2! @1(%3241(8! #&! "#4*"4&! '1! '19&+912! M! 235F&! L*/3#3! 3! %&#63#73!
1/! ("! /1(/3! %&/&! C3%*+'3'1! '1! '"(4"#=*"2! &! 912'3'1"2&! '&! C3+(&;! <+1!
0&'18!%&/!1C1"4&8!(129"2!3&!L&/1/!%&#41/0&2Q#1&!%&/&!21C12?#%"3!#&!
1/01#L&!01+3!34"9"'3'1!6+&(B6%3;!T3(8!G*1!L&/1/!)!1(41€!*1!4237&(!
%323%412"53/!3!L*/3#"'3'1!C&2O3'3!3!0324"2!'3(!"#4*"7:1(!%3241("3#3(€!
</!G*1!/1'"'3!(1!912"6%3!(*3!"#R*?#%"3!#3!%&#(4"4*"7F&!'3!(&%"1'3'1!
/&'12#3!1!0B(E/&'12#38!1!'1!G*1!/&'&!(1*!01#(3/1#4&!0&'1!%&#42"A*"2!
0323!*/3!21#&937F&!%*+4*23+!3!0324"2!'3(!%323%412$(4"%3(!'1!#&((3!)0&%3€!
X!21R1NF&!G*1!(1!(1=*1!02&0:1E(1!3!+3#732!+*51(!(&A21!1(43(!G*1(4:1(;
5 O SUJEITO CARTESIANO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA MODERNIDADE
E DA PÓS-MODERNIDADE
K&#C&2/1! 3%"/3! OJ! (1! 362/&*8! &! 01#(3/1#4&! %3241("3#&8!
"#(12"#'&E(1!#*/!012$&'&!'1!"#%124153(!1!=2391(!/&'"6%37:1(!%*+4*23"(8!
21021(1#4&*! */3! 912'3'1"23! 219&+*7F&! 10"(41/&+B="%38! %&#C12"#'&! M!
23%"&#3+"'3'1!L*/3#3!*/!+*=32!#*#%3!3#41(!&%*03'&!0&2!1+3;!U3/A)/!
OJ! (1! '"((1! G*1! #&! 01#(3/1#4&! %3241("3#&! (*O1"4&! 1! H12! 012C1"4&!
C*#'3/1#43/E(1!/*4*3/1#41;!hJ8!0&2)/8!#1(41!0&#4&8!%&#("'1237:1(!
3!(121/!C1"43(!#&!"#4*"4&!'1!(1!%&/0211#'12!/1+L&2!1/!G*1!(1!("4*3!3!
23'"%3+!#&9"'3'1!4235"'3!01+3!"#91(4"=37F&!6+&(B6%3!'1!>1#1!@1(%3241(;
S2"/1"23/1#418! )! 021%"(&! +1932! 1/! %&#43! 3! #34*2153! '3! "'1"3!
'1! @1*(! %&#4"'3! #&! 01#(3/1#4&! %3241("3#&;! </! (1*! ("(41/38! %&/!
1C1"4&8! &! H12! 012C1"4&! 1#%&#423! +*=32! '1! '1(43G*18! /3(! '"C121#%"3E
(1! 1((1#%"3+/1#41! '3! "'1"3! '1! @1*(! %&#4"'3! #&! 1'"C$%"&! %*+4*23+! G*1!
%323%412"53! &! 012$&'&! G*1! &! 021%1'1;! ! %&#%1"4&! %3241("3#&! '1! H12!
012C1"4&! #F&! %&"#%"'1! #1%1((32"3/1#41! %&/! &! @1*(! %2"(4F&! 2191+3'&8!
1/A&23!43/A)/!#F&!(1!&0&#L3!3!1+1!0&2!(*3!#34*2153;! !(1*!%&#%1"4&!
'1!'1*(!)!&!%&#%1"4&!'1!'1*(!'&(!6+B(&C&(;!H*3!1N"(4?#%"3!(1!021'"%3!
23%"&#3+! 1! #1%1((32"3/1#41! '1! (*3! 02B02"3! 1((?#%"3I! 1+3! )! */! '3'&!
3%1(($91+!M!235F&!L*/3#3;!mF&!G*1!&*42&(!OJ!#F&!&!4"91((1/!%&#%1A"'&!
'1(43!C&2/38!/3(!3=&238!1!(&/1#41!3=&238!3!1N"(4?#%"3!#1%1((J2"3!'1!
@1*(!OJ!#F&!(1!%&#6=*2393!%&/&!*/!021Q/A*+&!0323!3!C)8!/3(!3#41(!
%&/&! */! 02"#%$0"&! 0323! 3! %"?#%"38! 0323! &! (3A12;! <! (1! OJ! (1! 4&2#323!
L3A"4*3+! %&#(42*"2! 6+&(&63! A3(13'3! #3! 1N"(4?#%"3! '1! @1*(! 1! 1/! (*3(!
"/0+"%37:1(! %&(/&+B="%3(8! &! /1(/&! #F&! (1! 0&'1! 362/32! 3%12%3! '3!
6+&(&63!G*1!1/!@1(%3241(!(1!"#3*=*238!23'"%3'3!#3!1N"(4?#%"3!'&!(*O1"4&!
1#G*3#4&!C*#'3/1#4&!10"(41/&+B="%&!'1!4&'3!3!213+"'3'1;! !0301+!G*1!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
65
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
&!(*O1"4&!&%*03!#&!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&!%&#(4"4*"8!0&243#4&8!912'3'1"23!
#&9"'3'1I! 1+18! &! (*O1"4&! 23%"&#3+8! )! &! %1#42&! '&! %&#L1%"/1#4&;! X! 1(41!
21(01"4&8!362/3!@3#"1+!m12V!'3!K2*5I!
p;;;q!H*3!4&/3'3!'1!'1%"(F&!1/!/1"&!3!*/3!)0&%3!'1!
"#&937:1(! 1! "#%124153(! '1*! */3! #&93! 012(01%4"93!
#&!%3/0&!10"(41/&+B="%&;!XA3#'&#3#'&!*/3!9"(F&!
%&(/&+B="%3!'&!L&/1/!%1#423+"53'3!#3!3*4&2"'3'1!1!
#3!21+"="F&8!1+1!02&0:1!*/!&+L32!%1#423'&!#3!%124153!
'&!%&#L1%"/1#4&!3!0324"2!'&!02B02"&!"#'"9"'*&;!<((1!
C*#'3/1#4&!3#42&0&+B="%&!'1*!&2"=1/!3&!%L3/3'&!
23%"&#3+"(/&!sK>_ƒ8!]gcc8!0;!etu;
.#3*=*2393E(1! 3$! #F&! 301#3(! */! #&9&! %&#%1"4&8! #F&! 301#3(!
*/3! #&93! "'1&+&="38! /3(! */3! #&93! )0&%38! 3! T&'12#"'3'18! /32%3'3!
01+3!%&#63#73!#3!235F&!1!1/!(*3!%303%"'3'1!'1!%&#L1%12!1!'&/"#32!3!
213+"'3'1;! !23%"&#3+"(/&!C&2O&*!&!L&/1/!/&'12#&8!G*1!1N012"/1#4&*!
&(!A1#1C$%"&(!3'9"#'&(!'1!(*3!#&93!9"(F&!'1!/*#'&;
X(! %&#G*"(43(! 3+%3#73'3(! 01+&! (3A12! L*/3#&! %&#62/393/!
3! 93+"'3'1! '3! #&7F&! '1! 02&=21((&8! "'1#4"6%3#'&! &! /1+L&2! 3&! /3"(!
#&9&8!1!'123/!3&!"#'"9$'*&!1!M!(*AO14"9"'3'1!*/!93+&2!G*1!#*#%3!+L1(!
C&23! 342"A*$'&;! ! 23%"&#3+"(/&! "#"%"3'&! 1/! @1(%3241(! '1*! C&2/3! 3! */!
"+*/"#"(/&8!G*1!%&#("'12&*!41#1A2&(3!4&'3!3!423O14B2"3!%*+4*23+!012%&22"'3!
01+&!L&/1/!'3!.'3'1!T)'"3;! !L&/1/!/&'12#&8!01+&!%&#42J2"&8!(1!9"3!
%&/&!L&/1/!'3!235F&8!/12=*+L3'&!#3!+*5!G*1!'1+3!1/3#3;
!6#3+!'&!()%*+&!,.,!21021(1#43!A1/!3!(*0121(4"/3!%&/!G*1!3!
(*AO14"9"'3'1!1!3!23%"&#3+"'3'1!C&23/!4"'3(!01+&!L&/1/!'3(!+*51(;!m1(41!
0&#4&!'3!L"(4B2"38!&!L&/1/!(1!/3239"+L393!01+&(!21(*+43'&(!%&#%214&(!
&A4"'&(! 01+&! /)4&'&! G*1! %323%412"53! 3! %"?#%"3! /&'12#3;! <#G*3#4&! 3(!
%"?#%"3(!'3!#34*2153!&(41#4393/!(*3!=23#'"&(3!304"'F&!0323!%&#L1%12!3!
213+"'3'1!1!02&'*5"2!/1"&(!'1!3/1#"532!&(!+"/"41(!"#121#41(!M!%&#'"7F&!
L*/3#38! 3(! %"?#%"3(! L*/3#3(! 02&/14"3/! 1(G*3'2"#L32! 4&'3(! 3(!
'"/1#(:1(! '1! (1*! &AO14&8! &! L&/1/8! 1! 1G*3%"&#32! 4&'3(! 3(! 41#(:1(!
G*1! %323%412"53/! 3(! 21+37:1(! '&(! "#'"9$'*&(! %&#("=&! /1(/&(8! %&/! 3!
213+"'3'1!1!%&/!&(!&*42&(!"#'"9$'*&(;
m1(41! (1#4"'&8! 3! 93+&2"537F&! '3! 23%"&#3+"'3'1! "#(43*23'3! 0&2!
@1(%3241(!0&'1!412!1#%&#423'&!(*3!1N021((F&!/JN"/3!#&!%"1#4"6%"(/&!
'&! ()%*+&! ,.,;! <(418! %&/! 1C1"4&8! #3! /1'"'3! 1/! G*1! %&#("(41! 1/! */3!
912'3'1"23! 1N3%12A37F&! '&! 23%"&#3+"(/&8! %&#(4"4*"! 3&! /1(/&! 41/0&!
&! (1*! 0&#4&! /JN"/&8! 18! #34*23+/1#418! &! (1*! 0&#4&! '1! 0324"'3! 0323! &!
66
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
'1%+$#"&;!x!G*1!3!0324"2!'&!"#$%"&!'&!()%*+&!,,!%&/173/!3!4&2#321/E(1!
9"($91"(! 3(! %&#(1G*?#%"3(! '1(42*4"93(! '3! 1N3%12A37F&! 23%"&#3+"(43;! X(!
%"?#%"3(!L*/3#3(8!3!0("%&+&="38!3!3#42&0&+&="38!3!(&%"&+&="38!#F&!C&23/!
%30351(! '1! 1G*"+"A232! &(! %&#R"4&(! G*1! %323%412"53/! 3(! 21+37:1(! 1#421!
&(! (*O1"4&(! 1! 1#421! 3(! (&%"1'3'1(8! 18! 0&2! 9151(8! %L1=323/! /1(/&! 3!
02&'*5"2! "'1&+&="3(! %30351(! '1! C*#'3/1#432! &! B'"&! 1! 3! '1(42*"7F&! '1!
0&9&(! "#41"2&(;! X(! %"?#%"3(! #34*23"(8! 3! C$("%38! 3! G*$/"%38! 3! A"&+&="38! 3!
/1'"%"#38!1!3!4)%#"%3!02&'*5"23/!&(!21%*2(&(!/3412"3"(!%30351(!'1!'32!
935F&!3&(!%&#R"4&(!1!3/0+"32!&!0&'12!'1!'&/$#"&!'1!*#(!(&A21!&*42&(;!
@*3(!=*1223(!/*#'"3"(8!3!'1(42*"7F&!'1!%"'3'1(!"#41"23(8!3!&%&22?#%"3!'1!
=23#'1(!/3((3%21(!1!&!3=2393/1#4&!'3(!'1("=*3+'3'1(!(&%"3"(!1(4F&!
1#421!&(!21(*+43'&(!'3!3A(&+*4"537F&!G*1!&!L&/1/!/&'12#&!%&#C12"*!M!
(*3!23%"&#3+"'3'1!1!M!(*AO14"9"'3'1;
X! ($#41(1! G*1! (1! 02&'*5"*! 1#421! &! 1N3=12&! 23%"&#3+"(43! 1! &(!
(1*(! C23%3((&(! #F&! 0&'12"3! '1"N32! '1! =1232! */! #&9&! 012$&'&I! 3! SB(E
/&'12#"'3'1!1(4J!/32%3'3!01+3!%&#(%"?#%"3!'1!G*1!&(!1C1"4&(!'3!0*23!
23%"&#3+"'3'1!#F&!(F&!4F&!+*/"#&(&(!G*3#4&!(1!1(012393;!X!02&N"/"'3'1!
L"(4B2"%3!3"#'3!#F&!012/"41!3!9"(*3+"537F&!/3"(!%+323!'&(!+"/"41(!1!'3(!
%323%412$(4"%3(!G*1!/32%3/!1(43!)0&%38!/3(!3!/*'3#73!0321%1!341(432!
*/! C34&I! 3! T&'12#"'3'1! 03((&*;! *1! 4237&(! %323%412"53/! &! L&/1/!
'1(43!)0&%3€!</!G*1!1+1!(1!'"(4"#=*1!'3(!=1237:1(!G*1!&!021%1'123/€
H1! LJ! 3+=&! 1/! %&/*/! 1#421! &! L&/1/! /1'"193+! 1! &! L&/1/!
/&'12#&8! 1+1(! (1! 3((1/1+L3/! 021%"(3/1#41! 01+&! C34&! '1! 4121/! */3!
21C12?#%"3;!<#G*3#4&!3G*1+1!30&"393!(*3!%&(/&+&="3!1/!*/3!%&#%107F&!
41&+B="%38! 1(41! 3! C*#'3/1#43! 1/! (*3! '"/1#(F&! 23%"&#3+! 1! (*AO14"93;!
! L&/1/! 0B(E/&'12#&8! 0&2)/8! 43+915! (1! %323%412"51! 0&2! */3! "#)'"43!
C3+43!'1!0323'"=/3;!H1=*#'&!K2*5!s]gcc8!0;etu8!3!=3/3!'1!'1%107:1(!
=123'3(! 01+&! 23%"&#3+"(/&! op;;;q! +19&*! &! (*O1"4&! 3! 012'12! %&#63#73! #3!
235F&8!1#423#'&!'1!C&2/3!'1(%&#42&+3'3!#&!*#"912(&!'3(!1/&7:1(r;!H1!
3!/32%3!'3!T&'12#"'3'1!)!&!23%"&#3+"(/&8!0321%1!(1#(34&!01#(32!G*1!
3!/32%3!'3!SB(E/&'12#"'3'1!(1O3!*/!o"223%"&#3+"(/&r8!*/3!1N3%12A3'3!
93+&2"537F&!'3!(1#(37F&!1!'3!1/&7F&;
.#%3035! '1! 3(("/"+32! 3(! C2*(4237:1(! G*1! 3! %"?#%"3! =12&*8! &!
L&/1/! 0B(E/&'12#&! 021C12"*! 1#421=32E(1! "#%3#(391+/1#41! M! A*(%3!
'1! (*3! (34"(C37F&! 01((&3+;! <! 3(("/! 1+1! (1! 1/A2"3=3! '1! 1(0&2J'"%3(!
(1#(37:1(! '1! 0235128! "(1#43#'&E(1! '3! #1%1(("'3'1! '1! 1(43A1+1%12!
G*3+G*12! 21+37F&! 1#421! 1+3(;! H1/! C*#'3/1#4&(8! (1/! 21C12?#%"38! (1/!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
67
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
0323'"=/38!&!'1%10%"&#3'&!L&/1/!0B(E/&'12#&!(1!%&#("'123!+"921!'&!
'1912!'1!1#%&#4232!3+=*/!(1#4"'&!0323!(*3!1N"(4?#%"3;!X!03(("9"'3'18!&!
"#'"9"'*3+"(/&!1!&!%&/&'"(/&!%"2%*#'3/!&!(*O1"4&!G*1!(1!%3#(&*!'1!%2"32!
1N01%434"93(;! !L&/1/!0B(E/&'12#&!1(4J!(34"(C1"4&;
S&'12"3/8! 0&2! 3%3(&8! 3(! "#4*"7:1(! %3241("3#3(! 4235121/! 3+=*/!
%21(%"/1#4&! 3&! L&/1/! '1! #&((3! )0&%3€! mF&! 1(432"3/! 43/A)/! 1+3(!
/12=*+L3'3(! #&! C23%3((&! '&! 23%"&#3+"(/&! /&'12#&€! X! 21(0&(43! '1!
Z"++1(EZ3(4&#! Z23#=12! )! &4"/"(43;! K&#("'123#'&! 3! 0124"#?#%"3! 34*3+! '&!
01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&8!1+1!362/3I
p;;;q!_/3!915!3((1=*23'&!&!1(C&27&!'1!%&/0211#(F&!
+13+8! 0&'1! 1! '191! '1(1#9&+912E(1! +"921/1#41! */3!
21R1NF&!G*1!'"(%*43!&!41N4&!0323!21+3%"&#JE+&8!'1!*/!
+3'&8!M(!%"2%*#(4Q#%"3(!L"(4B2"%3(!G*1!+L1!"#C*#'1/!
(*3!21+34"9"'3'1!18!'1!&*42&8!3&(!412/&(!34*3"(!'&(!
02&A+1/3(!G*1!1+1!%&+&%3!sZ>XmZ<>8!c\te8!0;!wu;
!
m1(41! (1#4"'&8! 3&! 01#(3/1#4&! %3241("3#&! #F&! %3A1! 3! /1(/3!
21O1"7F&! 3! G*1! 3! %*+4*23! 0B(E/&'12#3! %&#'1#&*! &! %"1#4"6%"(/&;! S1+&!
%&#42J2"&8!3(!"#4*"7:1(!'1!@1(%3241(!0&'1/!%&#42"A*"2!0323!3!C&2/37F&!
'3!"'1#4"'3'1!%*+4*23+!0B(E/&'12#3!0&2G*1!%&+&%3/!02&A+1/3(!G*1!(1!
912"6%3/!1/!#&((3!)0&%3;!@1!C34&8!&!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&!0&'1!(12!
%&#("'123'&!%&/&!/32%&!41B2"%&!G*1!"#3*=*23!&!23%"&#3+"(/&8!/3(8!#1/!
0&2!"(4&!(1!'191!342"A*"2!3!1+1!3!%3*(37F&!#1%1((J2"3!'1!4&'&(!&(!(1*(!
1C1"4&(!#1=34"9&(;!
!
! /)4&'&! %3241("3#&! #F&! 1(4J! C3'3'&! 3&! &(423%"(/&! &*!
M! "#*4"+"'3'18! /3(! 1#%&#423! 21((&#Q#%"3! #3! #1%1(("'3'1! '1! (1!
1+3A&232! */3! )4"%3! +"A1243! '1! 021%&#%1"4&(8! C*#'3'3! #3! %&#("'1237F&!
02*'1#418! /3(! %&#63#418! '3! 235F&! L*/3#3;! m*/3! %*+4*23! 0+*23+8! 3!
*#"912(3+"'3'1!'3!C3%*+'3'1!23%"&#3+!0&'1!+1932!&!L&/1/!0B(E/&'12#&!
3&! 1(43A1+1%"/1#4&! '1! C2*4*&(&! '"J+&=&8! G*18! '1(0"'&8! #3! /1'"'3! '&!
0&(($91+8!'1!%&#%107:1(!0&*%&!21R14"'3(!&*!#F&!(*A/14"'3(!3&!1N3/1!
'3!235F&8!0&((3!%&#("'1232!&!L&/1/!1/!(*3!%&/0+1N"'3'18!+193#'&!1/!
%&#438!'1!/&'&!/"#*%"&(&8!3!"#6#"'3'1!'&(!C34&21(!1#9&+9"'&(!1/!%3'3!
G*1(4F&;
6 CONSIDERAÇÕS FINAIS
x!021%"(&!(3+93=*32'32!3!'"(4"#7F&!1#421!&!23%"&#3+"(/&!%3241("3#&!
1!&!%"1#4"6%"(/&!/&'12#&;! !02"/1"2&!%323%412"53E(1!01+3!2193+&2"537F&!
68
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
'3!235F&8!C21#41!3&!'1(%2)'"4&!3!1+3!342"A*$'&!1/!%"2%*#(4Q#%"3(!L"(4B2"%3(!
/*"4&! 1(01%$6%3(;! ! (1=*#'&! %323%412"53E(1! 01+3! (*01293+&2"537F&! '3!
23%"&#3+"'3'18!1/!'142"/1#4&!'3(!'1/3"(!'"/1#(:1(!%&#(4"4*4"93(!'&!(12!
L*/3#&;!m1(41!(1#4"'&8!#F&!(12"3!"/0+3*($91+!362/32!G*1!3!1N3%12A37F&!
23%"&#3+"(43!41#L3!("'&!*/3!'"(4&27F&!'&!23%"&#3+"(/&;!X!012%107F&!'1(43!
"#%&12?#%"3!0&'1!'"(0&2!&!L&/1/!0B(E/&'12#&!3!21%&#("'1232!3!"#4*"7F&!
23%"&#3+"(438!C351#'&E&!1/12="2!'1!(1*!/323(/&!3#4"E23%"&#3+;
!01#(3/1#4&!%3241("3#&!#F&!#1=+"=1#%"3!&(!+"/"41(!01%*+"321(!
M! 235F&! L*/3#3;! X&! G*1! 0321%18! @1(%3241(! 4"#L3! %&#(%"?#%"3! '3!
/*+4"0+"%"'3'1!'&(!%3/"#L&(!G*1!(&A219"912"3/!M!(*3!%2$4"%3;!m&!02B02"&!
1#%3'13/1#4&! '3(! 235:1(! +B="%3(! '3! C*#'3/1#437F&! '3! 213+"'3'1!
3021(1#43'3(! 1/! (*3! &A23! (1! 0&'1! #&432! 3! '"/"#*"7F&! '&! 9"=&2!
32=*/1#434"9&!G*1!LJ!#3!03((3=1/!'&(!02"/1"2&(!02"#%$0"&(!/143C$("%&(!
M(!(*3(!%&#(1G*?#%"3(!/3412"3"(;
!
S2&9391+/1#41! '19"'&! 3&! 1(0$2"4&! "223%"&#3+"(43! G*1! /32%3! &!
01#(3/1#4&! 0B(E/&'12#&8! %&(4*/&*E(18! #3(! D+4"/3(! ')%3'3(8! 342"A*"2!
3&! 01#(3/1#4&! %3241("3#&! */3! %&#&437F&! '&=/J4"%38! C*#'3/1#43'38!
1/!A&3!032418!#3!%2$4"%3!W3#4"3#3!M!235F&!0*23;! !G*1!(1!'1(%&#("'1238!
#1(41!%3(&8!)!G*18!3#41(!'1!(12!*/!("(41/3!1/01#L3'&!#3!1+3A&237F&!
'1!*/!/3013/1#4&!*#"912(3+!'&!%&#L1%"/1#4&!L*/3#&8!&!01#(3/1#4&!
'1! @1(%3241(! #3(%1! 3! 0324"2! '1! */3! %2$4"%3! 3! (*3(! %"2%*#(4Q#%"3(!
L"(4B2"%3(;!H1!@1(%3241(!02141#'1*!1#%&#4232!21(0&(43(8!)!0&2G*1!3#41(!
C&"!%3035!'1!1+3A&232!012=*#43(;!U&'&!(1*!1/01#L&!#F&!41/!%&/&!D#"%3!
6#3+"'3'1! "#93+"'32! 3! 32=*/1#437F&! %)4"%38! /3(! 1N021((3! 912'3'1"2&!
'1(%&#41#43/1#4&!%&/!3(!(&+*7:1(!1#%&#423'3(!1/!(*3!)0&%3!0323!&(!
02&A+1/3(!10"(41/&+B="%&(!1!%*+4*23"(!G*1!3$!(1!912"6%393/;
!
X&!L&/1/!0B(E/&'12#&8!3!6=*23!'1!>1#?!@1(%3241(!0&'1!1!'191!
(129"2! %&/&! 1N1/0+&! '1! 3+=*)/! G*1! 3((*/1! 0&(4*23! 3*41#4"%3/1#41!
6+&(B6%3;! S323! 43#4&8! )! 021%"(&! +"A12432E(1! '3! 41#'?#%"3! 3! 3((&%"JE+&!
3&(! 1C1"4&(! '1! */! '&=/34"(/&! "/0&("4"9&;! X! 02&0B("4&8! 1/! (*3! A*(%3!
'3!912'3'1!#F&!LJ!4237&!/3"(!C&241!G*1!(*3!%303%"'3'1!'1!'*9"'328!'1!
G*1(4"&#32;! X+)/! '"((&8! )! 021%"(&! 21%&#("'1232! &! C34&! '1! G*1! 4&'3! (*3!
"#91(4"=37F&! 0&((*"! */3! &2"1#437F&! 1N0+"%"43/1#41! )4"%3;! U&'&! &! (1*!
1(C&27&!1/!o%&#L1%12!A1/r!#F&!1(4393!9&+43'&!(1#F&!0323!&!(1*!'1(1O&!
'1!o3="2!A1/r;
!
H1! 3! )4"%3! '&! T1'"19&! 1! '3! T&'12#"'3'1! #F&! C&"! %3035! '1!
341#'12!3!4&'3(!3(!3(0"237:1(!'&!1(0$2"4&!L*/3#&8!43/0&*%&!(1!'191!
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
69
X*=*(4&!m"+&!'1! +"91"23!-"+1+3!1![&()!n*"5!.5"'&2&
362/32! G*1! 3! +"G*"'15! '&(! 93+&21(! G*1! (1! 912"6%3/! #&(! 41/0&(! 0B(E
/&'12#&(!41#L3!3+%3#73'&!1(41!&AO14"9&;!X+"J(8!&!G*1!3!1N012"?#%"3!41/!
/&(423'&! )! G*1! &! "#'"9"'*3+"(/&8! 3! "#'"C121#73! 1! 3! 03(("9"'3'1! 0B(E
/&'12#&(! 21021(1#43/! 0323! &! L&/1/! 3/1373(! 4F&! 012"=&(3(! G*3#4&!
3G*1+3(!G*1!C&23/!02&'*5"'3(!01+&!1(0$2"4&!%"1#4"6%"(43;
!
H1!&!L&/1/!/1'"193+!%&/0&24&*E(1!%&/&!%2"3#738!G*1!3%1"43!
03(("93/1#41! 3(! 912'3'1(! 3021(1#43'3(! 01+3! 3*4&2"'3'1! %&#(4"4*$'38!
1!(18!0&2!&*42&!+3'&8!&!L&/1/!/&'12#&!3'&4&*!3!0&(4*23!3'&+1(%1#41!
'1! G*1/! 21O1"43! 4*'&! &! G*3#4&! &! 021%1'1238! %&#63#'&! %1=3/1#41! 1/!
(*3! %303%"'3'1! '1! A1/! O*+=328! &! L&/1/! 0B(E/&'12#&! 41/! 1/! (*3(!
/F&(!3!&0&24*#"'3'1!'1!3((*/"2!*/3!0&(4*23!3'*+438!%&#("'123#'&!(*3!
L"(4&2"%"'3'1! 1! 3(! +"/"437:1(! '1! (*3(! C3%*+'3'1(! 23%"&#3"(8! (1/8! %&/!
"(4&8!'1(C3+1%12!'"3#41!'&(!C23%3((&(!'1!*/3!1N3%12A37F&!23%"&#3+"(43;
!
X*N"+"3'&!01+3(!"#4*"7:1(!%3241("3#3(8!&!L&/1/!%&#41/0&2Q#1&!
0&'1!1!'191!30+"%32E(1!M!+"A12437F&!'1!(1*(!021%&#%1"4&(8!21%&#L1%1#'&!
1/! ("! &! %32J412! 0&("4"9&8! 1/A&23! #F&! 3A(&+*4&8! '1! (*3! 23%"&#3+"'3'18!
1! 1(C&273#'&E(1! 01+3! %&#(42*7F&! '1! */3! )4"%3! %3035! '1! 341#'128! #3!
/1'"'3! '&! 0&(($91+8! M(! #1%1(("'3'1(! "#'"9"'*3"(! 1! %&+14"93(! '1! #&((3!
)0&%3;
REFERÊNCIAS
K>_ƒ8! @3#"1+! m12V! '3;! X! '"(%*((F&! 6+&(B6%3! '3! T&'12#"'3'1! 1! '3!
SB(E/&'12#"'3'1;! ; !"#$%&'I! S2"/1"2&(! 1(%2"4&(! 1/! P"+&(&63;! HF&!
[&F&! '1+E>1"8! #;! ce8! ]gcc;! @"(0&#$91+! 1/I! „L440Iffiii;*C(O;1'*;A2f
0&243+]E210&("4&2"&fP"+1f219"(43+3A+1fe`@Xm.<n`m<>…`@X`K>_ƒ;0'C!
†;!X%1((&!1/I!c]!O*#;!]gce;
@<HKX>U<H8!>1#);!@"(%*2(&!'&!T)4&'&I!0323!A1/!%&#'*5"2!3!02B02"3!
235F&!1!02&%*232!3!912'3'1!#3(!%"?#%"3(;!.#I!````````;!Descartes;!e;!
1';!U23';![;!Z*"#(A*2=|!k1#4&!S23'&![D#"&2;!HF&!S3*+&I!XA2"+!K*+4*23+8!
c\te;!0;!dEcg8!ctEc\8!]dEbc;!sK&+;! (!S1#(3'&21(u;
Z>XmZ<>8! Z"++1(EZ3(4&#;! .#42&'*7F&;! .#I! @<HKX>U<H8! >1#);!
Descartes;!e;!1';!U23';![;!Z*"#(A*2=|!k1#4&!S23'&![D#"&2;!HF&!S3*+&I!
XA2"+!K*+4*23+8!c\te;!0;!d!E!]};!sK&+;! (!S1#(3'&21(u;
T [email protected]!k34"(43;! !"#$%&'%()$#$(*I! (!6+B(&C&(!'&! %"'1#41;!U23';!
k1#l#"!n1/&(;;!e;1';!HF&!S3*+&I!S3*+"#3(8!c\tc;!9;]8!0;!}\dE}\w8!deeE
de};!sK&+;!P"+&(&63u;
70
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
(!C*#'3/1#4&(!'3!912'3'1!#&!01#(3/1#4&!'1!>1#)!@1(%3241(
S<HHXmhX8! [&()! X/)2"%&! T&443;! @1(%3241(I! -"'3! 1! &A23;! .#I!
@<HKX>U<H8! >1#);! Descartes;! U23';! [;! Z*"#(A*2=|! k1#4&! S23'&!
[D#"&2;;! e;! 1';! HF&! S3*+&I! XA2"+! K*+4*23+8! c\te;! 0;! -! E! ,.,;! sK&+;! (!
S1#(3'&21(u;
><Xn<8!Z"&93#1|!XmU.H<>.8!@32"&;!+,#-.",*%&*%/,)$#$(*I!X#4"=*"'3'1!
1!.'3'1!T)'"3;;!w;!1';!HF&!S3*+&I!S3*+*(8!c\\g;!9;c8!0;!}\dE}\w8!deeE
de};
Artigo recebido em: 07/3/2013
Aceito para publicação em: 11/7/2013
K<H!>19"(43!a![*"5!'1!P&23!a!9;]b!a!#;c!a!0;!deEbc!a![3#;f'15;!]gce
71