International Experiences for the
Urban Environment Improvement
Emissões de Veículos a Diesel
Dr. Bernd Wiedemann
São Paulo, 27.10.2009
Excellence in Automotive R&D
Agenda
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts
2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment
2.2 Aerodynamic
2.3 Hybrid
2.4 Indirect Solutions
Photocase
3. Conclusion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
Traffic growth
freight traffic
passenger traffic
other countries
other countries
OECD
OECD
Æ Two global trends
Æ The traffic problems get worse.
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Source: „Mobility 2030“, WBCSD, 2004
3
Status, Overview and Conflicts
Urbanization progress
Source: UN Department of Economics and Social Affaires; Bosch
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
urban population in %
Urbanization progress
Absolute:
2030: 4,967 bn
Absolute:
1950: 0,733 bn
Source: Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung
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Status Truck Markets
Year 2007: about 1 Million Trucks
Year 2015 : 1.15 Million of Trucks
Europe
0,240 m
North America
0,250 m.
China/India
Japan/Korea
0,465 m
South America
0,75 m
Rest of the World
Passenger cars:
56 Million
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
0,120 m
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Status Truck Markets
Medium and heavy duty trucks
World
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Western Europe
North America
China
1
Source: Global Insight
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
Different Transient Test Cycles
Source: Navistar
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
Emissions Regulation: US EPA
NOx: -96%
Soot: -94%
Source: Navistar
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
Emissions Regulation: Europe
2013:
Euro VI
Source: Scania
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
Fuel consumption of different emission standards compared to Euro III
100%
100%
98%*
96%
Fuel consumption [%]
96%*
98%
Source: MAN
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Status, Overview and Conflicts
Factor
Emissions Regulation: Cost Development
Source: Scania
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Agenda
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts
2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment
2.2 Aerodynamic
2.3 Hybrid
2.4 Indirect Solutions
Photocase
3. Conclusion
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Examples of Fuel Saving Technologies
Source: Renault Trucks
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Energy losses at an European long haul truck
Aerodynamic
13,6%
Exhaust heat
31,3%
Auxiliaries
1,4%
Propulsion system
2,7%
Exhaust
Aftertreatment
System
Cooling
21,3%
Brakes
5,7%
Rolling Resistance
15,6%
Engine Brake
3,5%
Source: Daimler
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Key technologies
EGR system
Particulate filter system
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Common Rail
SCR catalyst
Two-stage supercharging
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Combined Systems
Source: Haldor Topsoe
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
BSFC [g/kWh]
Injection system: High pressure Injection with high EGR rate
Smoke [FSN]
P-Rail= 1800 / EGR=20%
P-Rail= 2000 / EGR=30%
P-Rail= 2200 / EGR=40%
P-Rail= 2400 / EGR=45%
NOx [g/kWh]
Source: MAN
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Exhaust gas aftertreatment system: MAN AdBlue-System D20
CAN Bus connection to ECU
muffler with reduction
catalyser (SCR) and NH3blocking catalytic onverter
metering system with
control-unit
temperature
sensor
AdBlue® tank
temperature
sensor
metering module
(AdBlue®-)
air
reservoir
air
compressor
fluid level sensor
AdBlue®-Mixer
air supply
Source: MAN
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Technology for Euro V
Source: Scania
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Technology for Euro VI
Advanced
• Engine management
• High-pressure injection
• Premixed combustion
• EGR
• SCR
No PM aftertreatment
Technical Challenges for Euro VI:
Æ Diesel oxidising catalyst (DOC): Ageing
Æ Urea injection: Mixer substrate
Æ SCR: Ageing and Efficiency
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Source: Scania
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Torque [ft-lb]
Aftertreatment System Challenges
Engine speed [rpm]
Source: Navistar
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Foco em Meio Ambiente (Emissões)
Euro 0
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Euro 3
(- 67%)
Euro 4
(- 77%)
Euro 5
(- 87%)
Euro 6
(- 97%)
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Line-up
Alternative EURO V
or EEV
Alternative EEV with SCR
Torque máximo [Nm]
Fonte: Innovative MAN Euro V Engines without Exhaust Treatment , 2009
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Source: MAN
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Reduction of Fuel consumption: Automatic transmission for Buses
Ecomat
5-speed
<2002
Ecomat
6-speed
2002
Ecomat
6-speed
optimized
2006
EcoLife
2007
EcoLife
with
Topodyn
2009
EcoLife
Hybrid
2012
Source: ZF
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Reduction of Fuel consumption
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Gas Vehicles
Energy Source
Energy Conductor
Automotive Technology
Engine Development
Cummins Westport
Diesel Cycle
MAN Buses
NGC1
Stoichiometric Burn
(Otto Cycle)
Dual Fuel (Diesel Cycle)
MWM – BRC System
VW – MWM – Bosch
Lean Burn (Otto Cycle)
Gas System
Dual Fuel (Diesel Cycle)
MAN Marine
NGL2
Lean Burn (Otto Cycle)
LPG3
Diesel Cycle
Syntetic
Diesel Cycle
(SynDiesel)
MAN Buses
1) GNC = Gás Natural Comprimido
2) GNL = Gás Natural Liquefeito
3) LPG = Liquefied Petroleum Gas
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
CNG/LNG
Natural gas engines already Euro 5 compatible
•
More than 2800 natural-gas MAN engines in operation.
•
Two six-cylinder natural gas engines, CNG and LNG (naval)
•
Extremely low level of exhaust emissions;
•
Euro 5 emissions standards and EEV standard.
MAN NL 323 F CNG
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
CNG: Paises Emergentes
CICLO OTTO
CICLO OTTO
CICLO DIESEL
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:
MODELO: VW 17.250 EG OT
MODELO: VW 17.250 EG OT
MODELO: VW 15.180
MOTOR: CUMMINS CG 250
MOTOR: MWM 6.12 TCE GNV (PROTÓTIPO)
MOTOR: MWM 6.10 TCA DUAL FUEL (PROTÓTIPO)
TORQUE: 895 Nm @ 1400 rpm
TORQUE: 820 Nm @ 1300 to 1900 rpm
TORQUE: 657 Nm @ 1600 rpm
POTÊNCIA: 250 cv @ 2400 rpm
POTÊNCIA: 250 cv @ 2500 rpm
PBT: 17 T
PBT: 17 T
COMPRIMENTO: 12 m
COMPRIMENTO: 12 m
6 CILINDROS: 170 m3
6 CILINDROS: 170 m3
AUTONÔMIA: 270 km
AUTONÔMIA: 280 km
ACUMULADOS: 100.000 km
ACUMULADOS: 40.000 km
AUTONÔMIA: 490 km
NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO III
NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO III
NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO II
MENOS EFICIENTE QUE A TECNOLOGIA
DIESEL PODENDO ATINGIR EURO IV
COM CATALISADOR. REDUZ A ZERO AS
EMISSÕES DE MP. MOTOR COMERCIAL.
MENOS EFICIENTE QUE A TECNOLOGIA
DIESEL. MOTOR PROTÓTIPO COM
DESENVOLVIMENTO DESCONTINUADO
PELA MWM-I.
ACARRETA EM ATÉ 30% DE ECONOMIA
DE COMBUSTÍVEL. ATENDE EURO II COM
REDUÇÃO DE 75% AS EMISSÕES DE MP.
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
POTÊNCIA: 206 cv @ 2600 rpm
PBT: 15 T
TANQUE DE DIESEL: 275 L
4 CILINDROS: 120 m3
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Powertrain and Aftertreatment
LPG Engine – MAN Buses
• Buses MAN operating on LPG Runs from 175 kW / 238 hp to 195 kW / 265 hp.
MAN NL243
Engine: G2866 DUH05
• LPG engine (175 kW)
• 3-way catalytic converter
• EEV
• For underfloor installation
• Rear installation
MAN LPG Engine: G2876 DUH01
• The gas mixer is diferent between this and
G2866 DHU05
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Fuels
Hydrogen
Diesel / Electricity
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Alcohol
CNG
Bio Diesel
LPG
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Agenda
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts
2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment
2.2 Aerodynamic
2.3 Hybrid
2.4 Indirect Solutions
Photocase
3. Conclusion
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Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics
Heavy Duty
Style of roof
Spoiler
A-Pillar
Aeropaket
Side mirror
Side lining
Deflector
Cooling-air duct
Bumper
Underride
protection/
Spoiler
Source: VDA/MAN
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Aerodynamics
Trailer
Front Fairing
These devices are attached
to the front side
of the trailer to improve
handling and reduce
drag caused by the
tractor-trailer gap.
These devices can also
be used on smaller noncombination box trucks
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt
Trailer Side Skirts
These are body panels
installed on trailers which
cover the gap between the
rear wheels of the tractor
and the wheels of the trailer.
Rear Tail Fairing
Rear Tail Fairing
These devices are
designed to reduce the
significant drag created
at the back of the trailer.
35
Aerodynamics
Source: Scania
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Agenda
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts
2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment
2.2 Aerodynamic
2.3 Hybrid
2.4 Indirect Solutions
Photocase
3. Conclusion
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Hybrid Systems
Options for clean fuels which are produced from electricity.
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Hybrid and E-Mobility
VW Micro Bus: 1972
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Hybrid Systems
MAN Lion`s City Hybrid
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Hybrid Systems
Various energy storage devices by energie and power density
Source: Bosch Rexroth AG
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Hybrid Systems
Operating inviroment and load cycle
brake power [mass x deceleration]
High
Low
Storage volume:
Bus/ Garbage Truck:
20t, 30km/h,
65l
garbage truck
lift truck
swapbody
Delivery truck:
7t, 50km/h,
bus
truck
75l
Passenger Car:
2t 50/100km/h, 12/85l
telehandler
wheel loader
passenger car
brake frequency
High
Source: Bosch Rexroth AG
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Hybrid Systems
energy density [kWh/kg]
Energy density of different energy carriers
4,0
9 kWh/kg
Future:
Liquid
H2
3,5
Gasoline/ Diesel
8 kWh/l
3,0
2,5
Today:
Gaseous H2
2,0
Today:
Liquid
H2
1,5
400kg Li-Ion
1,0
5kg Diesel
0,5
Metallic hydride
Li-Ion
NiMH
0,0
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
energy density [kWh/l]
Æ The energy density of liquid fuels is not approximately reached
Æ Weight and volume requirements for batteries and gas tanks are clearly higher!
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Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Vehicles
System
Alternative System Main Engine System
Supplier
MAN
Electric
Diesel
Eaton
Allison
Hybrid System
ZF – Voith
Eaton
Hydraulic
Diesel
Bosch RexRoth
H2
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Hybrid Systems
Trucks: GM 2-Mode hybrid system
Number:
1200 GM Hybrid Buses
Saving of Fuel: 1.75 million gallons annually
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Hybrid Systems
Future commercial-vehicle
Usage:
urban traffic
Type:
Parallel Hybrid
Fuel saving: 35%
Diesel: 235 kW
Electric range: 2km
Source: Renault Trucks
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Hybrid Systems
Hybrid City Bus: MAN
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Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Transmission
Source: ZF
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Hybrid Systems
Electric driven drop center axle AVE 130
liquid-cooled
asynchronous motor:
Pmax = 120 kW
Pnominal = 60kW
Source: ZF
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Hybrid
HEV System – Electric and Diesel Power
Motor
Controller/Inverter
DC/DC Converter
Fuller
Automated
Transmission
(AMT)
Electric
Clutch
Assembly
120VAC/60Hz Power Panel
Auxiliary Power Generator
(APG) Inverter
Hybrid Electric
Motor
Power Electronics Carrier (PEC)
Lithium Ion Batteries and
Battery Controls
Source: Eaton
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Hybrid Systems
Trucks: Eample of a hydrostatic regenerative braking system
Garbage truck:
• frequent starting
• average distance: 50 m
Hydrostatic:
+ robust
+ higher energy density than batteries
- noise
Source: Bosch Rexroth AG
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Hybrid Systems
Trucks: Example of Hydraulic Hybrid
EPA`s Full Series Hydraulic
Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle
• 60-70% mpg improvement in
city driving
• 2-3 year payback has attracts
attention from fleets
• Potential for net Lifetime savings
over $50,000 with $2.75/gal fuel
costs
• Demonstration to accelerate
technology transfer to industry &
familiarity with technology
• Partners (UPS, Eaton,
International Truck, US Army)
Source: EPA
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Hybrid Systems
Flywhell
Source: Torotrak
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Hybrid Systems
Véículos Híbridos – Ônibus à Hidrogênio
„ A Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos – EMTU/SP coordena o
“Projeto Ônibus Brasileiro a Hidrogênio”, veículo que será utilizado no
Corredor Metropolitano ABD (São Mateus – Jabaquara).
„ O primeiro protótipo do veículo foi fabricado para a EMTU/SP, em Caxias do
Sul (RS). O ônibus tem emissão zero de poluentes, liberando para a
atmosfera apenas vapor d´água e foi lançado em 1º/07/2009 na sede da
EMTU/SP, em São Bernardo do Campo (SP).
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Agenda
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts
2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment
2.2 Aerodynamic
2.3 Hybrid
2.4 Indirect Solutions
Photocase
3. Conclusion
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Indirect Solutions
More Effective and Cleaner Freight on Road
Joint
Distribution
Route
Optimization
Decreasing
Deadhead
Kilometers
Safety
Combined
Transportation
Changing
Time for
Freight
Quality
Consumption
Time
Distant
Sustainable Freight on Road
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Discharge
56
Indirect Solutions
Æ Under ideal conditions significant improvements will be possible
Source: Daimler
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Indirect Solutions
Developing Joint distribution
• Cargo consolidation and mass delivery are beneficial for
reduction of convective transportation, traffic jam and
deadhead kilometers as well as improvement of logistics
efficiency.
• Not only energy consumption and pollutant discharge
but also stock level and logistics cost are decreased.
Without Hub Center
With Hub Center
Area Ａ
Area Ｄ
Area Ａ
Area Ｄ
Area Ｂ
Area Ｅ
Area Ｂ
Area Ｅ
Area Ｃ
Area Ｆ
Area Ｃ
Area Ｆ
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Indirect Solutions
ITS: Intelligent Traffic Systems
• ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is a new transport system which is comprised of an advanced
information and telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.
• ITS contributes much to solving problems such as traffic accidents and congestions.
• ITS consists of nine development areas such as advances in navigation systems, electronic toll
collection system, assistance for safe driving and so forth.
Nine Development Areas of ITS (Development)
- Advances in navigation systems
- Electronic toll collection systems
- Assistance for safe driving
- Optimization of traffic management
- Increasing efficiency in road management
- Support for public transport
- Increasing efficiency in commercial vehicle
operations
Improving safety Increasing (Improving) traffic
efficiency Improving comfortableness
(convenience) Contributing to the preservation of
environment Creating new industries/business
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- Support for pedestrians
- Support for emergency vehicle operations
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Indirect Solutions
Delivery Route Optimization
Intelligent Traffic Systems:
Sagawa in Tokyo
Route optimization during delivery
has become possible because of
the development of positioning,
ITS, GIS and TMS. IT innovation is
advancing urban delivery
efficiency with lower social and
environmental cost during
transportation.
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Indirect Solutions
Examples for new solutions outside the drivetrain
-Kommunikation und Vernetzung mit der Umgebung (Car-2-X)
-Kontrolle des Funktionszustandes von Fahrzeugbauteilen – on-Board Diagnose
- Vollständige parametrische Erfassung des Innenraums inklusive der Fahrzeuginsassen
Personalisierung, Wohlfühlen
• Communication and networking with the environment (Car-2-X)
• Monitoring of the state of function of vehicle components (on-board diagnosis)
• Complete parametric acquisition of the interior space including the car passengers,
personalisation, feeling of comfort
Source: VW
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Indirect Solutions
Integrated Approach: Short Term Concept
Breakdown of the Targeted Reduced CO2 Emissions in the Transportation Sector in Japan
Targeted Reduction Amount (2002-2010)
Promotion of use of public
transportation
(3 million CO2-t; 7%)
Roadmap oriented to CO2
reduction
“Top-runner” fuel
efficiency standards
Example Japan:
(17 million CO2-t;
41%)
• “Top-runner” efficiency standards
Enhancement of freight
transportation efficiencies
(large trucks, modal shift,
etc.)
• Low Emission Vehicles
• Improvement of Traffic Flow
• Enhancement of Freight
(8 million CO2-t; 20%)
Transportation efficiencies
• Promotion of use of Public
Transportation
Improvement of traffic flow
(5 million CO2-t;12%)
Development/dissemination of lowemission vehicles (Except “toprunner)
(8 million CO2-t; 20%)
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Total: 42 million CO2-t/a
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Agenda
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts
2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment
2.2 Aerodynamic
2.3 Hybrid
2.4 Indirect Solutions
Photocase
3. Conclusion
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Conclusion
Source: Scania
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Conclusion
Emission regulations for trucks are more and more
converging worldwide.
Environment and load cycle define the powertrain.
Busses and distribution trucks:
Electrical hybrids demonstrate advantages in urban
environment
Vehicles with extreme stop and go may be favorable for
hydraulic hybrids or fly wheels
Suburban and inter urban focus on
- driveline optimisation,
- improved rolling resistance,
- aerodynamics and energy management.
Photocase
Optimised transport management, operation modes and
system integration with the combination of
vehicle-2-environment communication will make
also a major contribution
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Thank you
Dr. Bernd Wiedemann
IAV GmbH
Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr
Carnotstrasse 1, 10587 BERLIN (GERMANY)
Phone: +49 30 39978-9061
[email protected]
Excellence in Automotive R&D