THE BRAZILIAN
SOY COMPLEX
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BRAZILIAN SOY
COMPLEX
1. INTERNATIONAL MARKET
2. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
3. STORAGE
4. PROCESSING
5. TRANSPORTS
6. LOSSES IN THE PRODUCTIVE CHAIN
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. REFERENCES
1. INTERNATIONAL
MARKET
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
MAIN WORLD PRODUCERS OF SOYBEAN
Brazil is the second main soybean grain producer in
the world, after the US and followed by Argentina.
In the last decade (1990/2005), Brazil and Argentina
increased their share of the world production by
25% and 81% respectively, whereas that of the US
reduced by 18%. (GRAPH 1.1).
In 2004/2005 world production of soybean was
214.425 million tons, 39,8% of which taking place in
the US, 23,7% in Brazil and 18,1% in Argentina.
GRAPH 1.1 – MAIN WORLD PRODUCERS OF
SOYBEAN GRAIN (1990-2005)
90
M ILLIO N S O F TO N S
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
USA
SOURCE: USDA
BRAZIL
ARGENTINA
0 4 /0 5
0 3 /0 4
0 2 /0 3
0 1 /0 2
0 0 /0 1
9 7 /9 8
9 4 /9 5
9 0 /9 1
0
MAIN WORLD EXPORTERS OF THE SOYBEAN
COMPLEX
The three largest producers are also the main
exporters of the soybean complex (grain, meal and
oil).
The US are the main exporters of soybean grain,
followed by Brazil and Argentina (GRAPH 1.2). In
2004/2005 the share of each of these countries in
total soybean grain exports was as follow :
1º) US: 46,3%
2º) Brazil: 31,7%
3º) Argentina: 14,0%
GRAPH 1.2 – MAIN WORLD EXPORTERS OF
SOYBEAN GRAIN (1990/2005)
30
MILLIONS OF TONS
25
20
15
10
5
USA
SOURCE: USDA
BRAZIL
ARGENTINA
04/05
03/04
02/03
01/02
00/01
97/98
94/95
90/91
0
MAIN WORLD-WIDE EXPORTERS OF THE
SOYBEAN COMPLEX
Argentina is the main world exporter of soybean
cake and oil, followed by Brazil and US (GRAPHs
1.3 and 1.4).
Share of Argentina, Brazil and United States in the
world total exports of meal and oil - 2004/2005:
Meal
Oil
Argentina
42,7%
50,7%
Brazil
31,5%
26,2%
US
14,3%
6,8%
GRAPH 1.3 – MAIN WORLD EXPORTERS OF
SOYBEAN MEAL (1990/2005)
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
20
15
10
5
USA
SOURCE: USDA
BRAZIL
ARGENTINA
0 4 /05
0 3 /04
0 2 /03
0 1 /02
0 0 /01
9 7 /98
9 4 /95
9 0 /91
0
GRAPH 1.4 – MAIN WORLD SOYBEAN OIL
EXPORTERS (1990/2005)
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
5
4
3
2
1
USA
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
BRAZIL
ARGENTINA
0 4 /0 5
0 3 /0 4
0 2 /0 3
0 1 /0 2
0 0 /0 1
9 7 /9 8
9 4 /9 5
9 0 /9 1
0
MAIN WORLD EXPORTERS OF THE SOYBEAN
COMPLEX
In 2002/2003 Brazil surpassed US and Argentina in
the export of products from soybean complex (grain,
meal and oil). (GRAPH 1.5).
GRAPH 1.5 – MAIN WORLD EXPORTERS OF
THE SOYBEAN COMPLEX (1990/2005)
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
40
30
20
10
SOURCE: USDA
BRAZIL
05/06
USA
04/05
03/04
02/03
ARGENTINA
01/02
00/01
97/98
94/95
90/91
0
GROWTH OF THE EXPORTS BY BRAZILIAN
SOYBEAN COMPLEX
The increase in exports of soybean grain and meal
has been stimulated since 1996, after the changes
in taxation rules, aiming a reduction on the amount
of tax on the domestic trade of commodities. As a
result, exports of grains were largely benefited.
Exports of soybean oil have been apparently
constant as 60% of production is destined to
domestic market. (GRAPH 1.6).
GRAINL
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
MEAL
OIL
20 04
20 03
20 02
20 01
20 00
19 99
19 98
19 97
19 96
19 95
19 94
19 93
19 92
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
19 91
M IL L ION S OF T ON S
GRAPH 1.6 – GROWTH OF EXPORTS BY
BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN COMPLEX – 1991/2004
MAIN EXPORTING STATES OF SOYBEAN
PRODUCTS
The major state producers in Brazil are also the main
exporters. The share of those states in total exports in
2004 is as follows:
Grain: 1º) Mato Grosso: 25%
2º) Paraná: 22%
3º) Rio Grande do Sul: 11%
Meal and Oil: 1º) Paraná: 34,0% e 42,9%
2º) Mato Grosso: 21,5% e 20,5%
3º) Rio Grande do Sul: 11,8% e 19,9%
PARANÁ
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
RIO GRANDE DO SUL
MATO GROSSO
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1991
MILLIONS OF TONS
GRAPH 1.7 – SOYBEAN GRAIN EXPORTS OF PARANÁ,
RIO GRANDE DO SUL AND MATO GROSSO STATES –
1991/2004
PARANÁ
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
RIO GRANDE DO SUL
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1991
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
GRAPH 1.8 – EXPORTS OF SOYBEAN MEAL BY
PARANÁ, RIO GRANDE DO SUL AND MATO GROSSO
STATES – 1991/2004
MATO GROSSO
PARANÁ
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
RIO GRANDE DO SUL
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1991
M IL L ION S OF T ON S
GRAPH 1.9 – EXPORTS OF SOYBEAN OIL BY
PARANÁ, RIO GRANDE DO SUL AND MATO GROSSO
STATES – 1991/2004
MATO GROSSO
MAIN WORLD IMPORTERS
The main importing countries of soybean products
are:
Grain: China, EU-25, Japan, Mexico e Taiwan
(GRAPH 1.10)
Meal: EU-25, Thailand, Indonesia, Korea and
Philippines (GRAPH 1.11)
Oil: China, India, Iran, Morocco e Venezuela
(GRAPH 1.12)
GRAPH 1.10 – MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF
SOYBEAN GRAIN– 2001/2004
MILLIONS OF TONS
30
25
20
15
10
5
CHINA
EU-25
JAPAN
SOURCE: USDA/Foreign Agricultural Service
MEXICO
03/04
02/03
01/02
00/01
0
TAIWAN
GRAPH 1.11 – MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES
OF SOYBEAN OIL – 2001/2004
MILLIONS OF TONS
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
CHINA
INDIA
IRAN
MOROCCO
SOURCE: USDA/Foreign Agricultural Service
03/04
02/03
01/02
00/01
0,0
VENEZUELA
GRAPH 1.12 – MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES
OF SOYBEAN MEAL – 2001/2004
22
20
18
MILLIONS OF TONS
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
EU-25
THAILAND
INDONESIA
SOURCE: USDA/Foreign Agricultural Service
KOREA
03/04
02/03
01/02
00/01
0
PHILIPPINES
MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES OF BRAZILIAN
SOYBEAN PRODUCTS
The main destination of Brazilian soybean grain is
the EU. (GRAPH 1.13).
74% of 9,2 million tons imported from Brazil by the
EU in 2004 went to Netherlands, Germany and
Spain.
China has increased significantly imports since
1997, becoming in 2004 the biggest importer of
grain from Brazil (GRAPH 1.14).
CHINA
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
EU-25
TAIWAN
IRAN
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
11,2
10,4
9,6
8,8
8,0
7,2
6,4
5,6
4,8
4,0
3,2
2,4
1,6
0,8
0,0
1996
M ILL IO N S O F T O NS
GRAPH 1.13 – BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN GRAIN
MAIN DESTINATIONS – 1996/2004
GERMANY
CHINA
SPAIN
NETHERLANDS
ITALY
TAIWAN
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1991
MILLIONS OF TONS
GRAPH 1.14 – MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES
OF BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN GRAIN – 1991/2004
THE MAIN DESTINATION OF THE BRAZILIAN
SOYBEAN MEAL
European Union is the biggest importer of soybean
meal from Brazil, which represents 73% of Brazilian
exports, followed by Iran, Thailand and Indonesia
(GRAPH 1.15).
Netherlands, France, Germany and Spain are the
main importing countries of soybean meal within the
EU. (GRAPH 1.16).
THAILAND
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
INDONESIA
EU-25
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
11,2
10,4
9,6
8,8
8,0
7,2
6,4
5,6
4,8
4,0
3,2
2,4
1,6
0,8
0,0
1996
M ILLIO N S O F TO N S
GRAPH 1.15 – MAIN DESTINATIONS OF
BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN MEAL – 1996/2004
IRAN
GERMANY
NERTHERLANDS
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
FRANCE
THAILAND
SPAIN
IRAN
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1991
MILLIONS OF TONS
GRAPH 1.16 – MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES
OF BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN MEAL – 1991/2004
DESTINATION OF BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN OIL
European Union is the 4th importer of soybean oil
from Brazil (3% of total), 62% of which being
imported by the Netherlands (GRAPH 1.18).
In 2004, China was the destination of 35% of
Brazilian exports, followed by Iran (25%) and India
(11%). (GRAPH 1.17).
CHINA
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
IRAN
EU-25
INDIA
2 004
2 003
2 002
2 001
2 000
1 999
1 998
1 997
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1 996
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
GRAPH 1.17 – MAIN DESTINATION OF
BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN OIL – 1996/2004
BANGLADESH
SOURCE: MDIC/AliceWeb
CHINA
IRAN
NETHERLANDS
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
1991
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
GRAPH 1.18 – MAIN IMPORTING COUNTRIES
OF BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN OIL – 1991/2004
INDIA
MAIN WORLD SOYBEAN PROCESSORS
The United States have the main processing plants
of soybean in the world.
China, Argentina e Brazil have increased their share
in the world soybean crushing activities. Between
1990 e 2004 total volume of crushed soybean grew
as follows:
→ US: 28 %
→ Brazil: 106%
→ Argentina: 257%
→ China: 551%
(GRAPH 1.19)
GRAPH 1.19 – MAJOR SOYBEAN
PROCESSING COUNTRIES – 1991/2004
50
45
40
MILLIONS OF TONS
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
USA
BRAZIL
CHINA
ARGENTINA
03/04
02/03
01/02
00/01
99/00
94/95
90/91
0
EU-25*
SOURCE: USDA; NOTA: * From 90/91 to 98/99: EU-15. From 99/00: EU-25
2. DOMESTIC
PRODUCTION
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
GROWTH OF BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN
PRODUCTION
In the 1970s and 1990s, soybean production grew
significantly (GRAPH 2.1), due to:
•
World price increase in the 1970s.
Expansion of agricultural frontier from the Southern
states to Mid-West in the 1990s (GRAPH 2.2).
•
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
MILLIONS OF TONS
GRAPH 2.1 – BRAZILIAN PRODUCTION OF
SOYBEAN GRAIN – 1952/2004
50
40
30
20
10
0
SOURCE: IBGE/PAM - LSPA_QSOJA
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
US$/TONS
GRAPH 2.2 – EVOLUTION OF SOYBEAN GRAIN
PRICES – 1957/2004
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
SOURCE: IPEADATA
MAIN PRODUCING REGIONS
The main soybean producing regions in Brazil are
the South and Mid-West (MAP 2.1).
The main producing states in these regions are:
(MAP 2.2):
•
•
South: Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul.
Mid-West: Mato Grosso and Goiás.
MAP 2.1 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTION, BY
GEOGRAPHIC REGION – 2004
SOURCE: IBGE/SIDRA – Produção Agrícola Municipal (Municipal Agricultural Production)
MAP 2.2 – PRODUCTION OF SOYBEAN IN THE
BRAZILIAN STATES - 2004
FROM
TO
COL
500
5.000.000
1
5.000.001
6.000.000
2
6.000.001
10.000.000
3
10.000.001
12.500.000
4
12.500.001
15.000.000
5
SOURCE: IBGE/SIDRA – Produção Agrícola Municipal (Municipal Agricultural Production)
SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY: A COMPARISON
BETWEEN BRAZIL, US AND ARGENTINA
Until the mid 1990s soybean yield in Brazil was
significantly smaller than that of its main competitors
(US and Argentina).
In the late 1990s, Brazil caught up its the main
competitors by reaching the same level of
productivity. A drop occurred in the last two years is
explained mainly by unfavourable weather
conditions (GRAPH 2.3).
GRAPH 2.3 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY: A
COMPARISON BETWEEN BRAZIL, USA AND
ARGENTINA– 1990/2005
T O N /H A
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1,5
USA
SOURCE: USDA
BRAZIL
ARGENTINA
SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY IN BRAZIL
The level of productivity of soybean production in
the Southern region oscillates more intensively than
that of Mid-West region, due to crop failures mainly
in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (GRAPH 2.4).
Soybean yield has increased in Brazil throughout
the years. Among the largest state producers, Mato
Grosso has achieved the highest level, followed by
Paraná and Goiás. In Rio Grande do Sul there is an
intense oscillation in yield mainly due to
unfavourable climate factors.
GRAPH 2.4 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY, BY
GEOGRAPHIC REGION – 1990/2004
4,0
3,5
TON/HA
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
SOUTH
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0,0
MIDDLE WEST
SOURCE: IBGE/SIDRA – Produção Agrícola Municipal (Municipal Agricultural Production)
GRAPH 2.5 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY IN THE
MAJOR BRAZILIAN STATES – 1990/2004
3,5
T O N /H A
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
PARANÁ
MATO GROSSO
2003
2004
2001
2002
1999
2000
1997
1998
1996
1994
1995
1992
1993
1990
1991
0,5
RIO GRANDE DO SUL
GOIÁS
SOURCE: IBGE/SIDRA – Produção Agrícola Municipal (Municipal Agricultural Production)
PRODUCTION OF SOYBEAN IN PARANÁ
STATE
In Paraná, the second biggest state soybean
producer in Brazil, and the main subject of this
investigation, the only area where soybean crops
are insignificant is near the coast.
Areas with high levels of productivity are
concentrated in both the central region of Paraná
and around Ponta Grossa.
MAP 2.3 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IN THE
REGIONS OF PARANÁ- 2004
From
To
Col.
0
100.000
1
100.001
500.000
2
500.001
1.000.000
3
1.000.001
1.500.000
4
1.500.001
2.000.000
5
2.000.001
2.200.000
6
SOURCE: IBGE/SIDRA – Produção Agrícola Municipal (Municipal Agricultural Production)
PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCTION
SYSTEM
The price of land in Brazil, compared with other
producing areas, is very low. However, the cost
related to fertilisers is very high.
PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
SOY PRODUCTION COST (US$/ha)
USA
Middle West
2003/2004
Brazil
Mato Grosso
2003
Brazil
Paraná
2003
Argentina
Humid Pampas
2002
Seed
45,3
19,8
30,8
-
Fertilizers
20,6
119,5
51,7
-
Chemical Products
55,9
63,9
74
-
Machines Operational/Repair
57,2
65,8
47,8
-
Capital’s Interests
5,2
15,6
13,3
-
Technical Assistance
3,3
12,9
16,9
-
-
31,3
28
-
187,5
328,8
262,5
222,9
Depreciation of Machines and Equipments
126,1
156,6
93,3
47,2
Cost of Land
224,1
7,8
40,9
155,3
Taxes and Insurances
17,4
4,4
4,6
-
37
24,5
33,8
51,2
Total Fixed Cost
404,6
193,3
172,6
253,7
Total Production Cost
592,1
522,1
435,1
476,6
Productivity by hectares in kg
2910
3000
3000
3000
Total of Costs by Tons
203,5
174
145
158,8
SOY
VARIABLE COSTS
Others
Total of the Variable Costs
FIXED COSTS
Return of Farm’s Investment
SOURCE: CONAB and USDA
FLOWCHART OF SOYBEAN HARVEST IN 2004
(MILLIONS OF TONS)
SOURCE: IBGE, ABIOVE
3. STORAGE
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
BRAZILIAN STORAGE CAPACITY
Production of grains has shown an intensive growth.
(GRAPH 3.1).
Storage capacity has not kept up with this trend.
(GRAPH 3.1).
Both facts result in storage problems with losses
alongside the productive chain.
GRAPH 3.1 – STATIC STORAGE CAPACITY VERSUS
PRODUCTION OF GRAINS IN BRAZIL – 1991/2004
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
STORAGE CAPACITY
SOURCE: CONAB
GRAIN PRODUCTION
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
50
STORAGE CAPACITY IN THE STATES OF PARANÁ, RIO
GRANDE DO SUL AND MATO GROSSO
There is a striking resemblance between Paraná
and Brazil, with an increase of grain production
superior to that of storage capacity (GRAPH 3.2).
Rio Grande do Sul is an exception, not by the
increasing storage capacity, but by ongoing harvest
failures (GRAPH 3.3).
Mato Grosso shows a stronger potential to face
problems related to lack of storage facilities, given a
high level of production growth (GRAPH 3.4).
GRAPH 3.2 – STATIC STORAGE CAPACITY IN
PARANÁ – 1991/2004
30
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
25
20
15
10
5
GRAIN PRODUCTION
SOURCE: CONAB
STORAGE CAPACITY
2 0 04
2 0 03
2 0 02
2 0 01
2 0 00
1 9 99
1 9 98
1 9 97
1 9 96
1 9 95
1 9 94
1 9 93
1 9 92
1 9 91
0
GRAPH 3.3 – STATIC STORAGE CAPACITY IN
RIO GRANDE DO SUL – 1991/2004
30
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
25
20
15
10
5
GRAIN PRODUCTION
SOURCE: CONAB
STORAGE CAPACITY
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
GRAPH 3.4 – STATIC STORAGE CAPACITY IN
MATO GROSSO DO SUL – 1991/2004
30
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
25
20
15
10
5
GRAIN PRODUCTION
SOURCE: CONAB
STORAGE CAPACITY
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
STORAGE CAPACITY COMPARISON: BRAZIL,
ARGENTINA AND USA
Most of storage capacity in the US and Argentina is
concentrated in the farms (TABLE 3.1).
In Brazil, storage capacity is mainly concentrated in
the hands of collecting agents (TABLE 3.1).
As a consequence, Brazilian farmers
dependent on trading companies.
are more
TABLE 3.1 – GRAINS STORAGE STRUCTURE
IN BRAZIL, ARGENTINA AND USA , 2003
(% of the storage capacity in bulk )
STORAGE
BRAZIL
ARGENTINA
USA
FARM
5
20-30
50-60
COLLECTING
(COLETORA)
INTERMEDIARY
88
25
30
2
20
10
TERMINAL
5
10
10
NOT DISCRIMINATED
-
10
-
SOURCE: Ministério da Agricultura, Abastecimento e Reforma Agrária
4. PROCESSING
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
GROWTH OF SOYBEAN CRUSHING
INSTALLED CAPACITY
Installed capacity of processing grain industry has
not followed the evolution of soybean production, as
it is noticed in the period between 1977 and 2004
(GRAPH 4.1):
•
Processing installed capacity: 217%
•
Soybean production: 296%
•
Volume of soybean crushed: 237%
GRAPH 4.1 – BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN INSTALLED CAPACITY,
PRODUCED AMOUNT AND CRUSHED AMOUNT – 1977/2004
MILLIONS OF TONS
60
50
40
30
20
10
INSTALLED CAPACITY
PRODUCED AMOUNT
2004
2003
2002
2001
1997
1995
1994
1993
1992
1989
1985
1984
1982
1977
0
CRUSHED AMOUNT
SOURCE: ABIOVE, IBGE e USDA/Foreign Agricultural Service
BRAZILIAN INSTALLED CAPACITY OF GRAIN
PROCESSING
Expansion of agricultural front in the 1990s led to
dismantling some processing plants in Paraná and
Rio Grande do Sul, and to deploying them to the
states of Mato Grosso and Goiás (GRAPH 4.2).
Paraná still has the biggest grain processing
installed capacity (24,1% in 2004) followed by Mato
Grosso (15,6%), Rio Grande do Sul (15%) Goiás
(12,8%) and São Paulo (11,3%), as it shown in
GRAPH 4.3.
GRAPH 4.2 – GRAIN PROCESSING INSTALLED CAPACITY
OF THE MAJOR BRAZILIAN STATES – 1992/2004
40
35
1000 T O N S/D A Y
30
25
20
15
10
5
PARANÁ
SOURCE: ABIOVE
MATO GROSSO
RIO GRANDE DO SUL
GOIÁS
2004
2003
2002
2001
1997
1995
1994
1993
1992
0
GRAPH 4.3 – STATES PARTICIPATION IN THE BRAZILIAN
INSTALLED CAPACITY OF GRAIN PROCESSING: 2004
SÃO PAULO
11,3%
GOIÁS
12,8%
SOURCE: ABIOVE
REMAINING
21,1%
RIO GRANDE DO
SUL
15,0%
PARANÁ
24,1%
MATO GROSSO
15,6%
5. TRANSPORTS
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
THE LOGISTICS SYSTEM OF SOYBEAN
TRANSPORTATION IN BRAZIL
Most of Brazilian production, including soybean, is
transported by trucks.
Despite a slight reduction on importance of road
transportation in 1996 through 2001, no major
change was detected in composition of the overall
transport modal in the country (GRAPH 5.1).
GRAPH 5.1 – EVOLUTION OF THE BRAZILIAN
TRANSPORT MATRIX – 1996/2001
70
60
%
50
40
30
20
10
BY AIR
BY RIVER
SOURCE: GEIPOT e CNT
PIPE LINE
RAILWAY
2 0 01
2 0 00
1 9 99
1 9 98
1 9 97
1 9 96
0
HIGHWAY
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TRANSPORT
MATRIX AND THE TERRITORIAL EXTENSION
Generally, countries with large territorial extension
use more frequently railway modal (GRAPH 5.2):
•
•
Russia: 79%
Canada: 43%
Australia: 40%
United States: 41%
In Brazil this modal represents only 21%.
•
•
GRAPH 5.2 – TRANSPORT MATRIX AND
TERRITORIAL EXTENSION - 2003
RAILWAY
HIGHWAY
BY RIVER
TERRITORIAL EXTENSION - MILLIONS
OF KM2
MEXICO
MEXICO
BRAZIL
BRAZIL
CHINA
CHINA
US A
US A
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
CANADA
RUSS IA
RUS SIA
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0,0
SOURCE: ANTT, análise Trevisan (Trevisan analysis)
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
THE BRAZILIAN SOYBEAN TRANSPORT
MATRIX
The privatisation of railway network, in the mid
1990s, gave rise to investments in this sector,
causing it to increase its share to 45,5% of the
whole transport matrix for soybean.
The importance of roads had a reduction of 8% in
the same period.
River transportation had its importance in the
transport matrix doubled from 1998 to 2000.
HIGHWAY
RAILWAY
2000
1999
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1998
%
GRAPH 5.2 – GROWTH OF BRAZILIAN
SOYBEAN TRANSPORT MATRIX – 1998/2000
BY RIVER
SOURCE: Ministério dos Transportes e ANTT (Ministry of Transports and ANTT)
MAJOR SOYBEAN TRANSPORTING ROUTES
The main routes of transportation are (MAP 5.1):
1º) Centre-North-Northeast → harbour of Ponta da
Madeira and Itacoatiara.
2º) Centre-South-Southeast: the main route in the
country (56% of total transported) → harbour of
Santos and Paranaguá (MAP 5.2).
3º) South → harbour of São Francisco do Sul and Rio
Grande.
4º) Southeast-Northeast → harbour of Vitória and
Ponta da Madeira.
MAP 5.1 – SOYBEAN TRANSPORTING
ROUTES
SOURCE: MAFIOLETTI (2000)
MAP 5.2 – MAJOR SOYBEAN TRANSPORTING
ROUTES
Brazilian Soy Exports in 2004
HARBOR
Itacoatiara
São Luís
Santarém
Porto
Velho
Petrolina
Salvador
Cuiabá Rondon
Highway
Estrada
Fluvial
Route
Hidrovia
Railway
Vitória
Campo Grande
Ferrovia
Santos
Paranaguá
São Fco. do Sul
Rio Grande
SOURCE: CBOT (2005)
1.000 tons
%
Santos
5.629
29,3%
Paranaguá
5.135
26,7%
Rio Grande
2.313
12,0%
Vitória
2.203
11,5%
S. Luis
1.163
6,0%
S. Francisco do Sul
1.135
5,9%
Itacoatiara
959
5,0%
Santarém
456
2,4%
19.237
100%
Total Brazil
MAJOR SOYBEAN EXPORTING HARBOURS
UNTIL 2003
Until 2003 the three main ports through which
soybean has been exported were:
1º) Paranaguá (Paraná): 10,7 million tons.
2º) Santos (São Paulo): 7,7 million tons.
3º) Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul): 3,9 million tons.
MAP 5.3 – PRODUCTION AND MAJOR EXPORTING
HARBOURS OF SOYBEAN – 2002/2003
SOURCE: Embrapa
MAJOR EXPORTING HARBOURS OF
SOYBEAN GRAIN: 2004
After 2004 Santos has become the main port
exporting soybean grain, followed by Paranaguá e
Rio Grande (GRAPH 5.3).
Rio Grande port lost ground in 2004 due to harvest
failure.
Vitória (Espírito Santo) has its share in the
exportation of soybean grain increased after the
expansion of agricultural frontier.
GRAPH 5.3 – GROWTH OF THE AMOUNT OF SOYBEAN
GRAIN EXPORTED, BY HARBOUR – 1994/2004
7
M ILLIO NS O F TO N S
6
5
4
3
2
1
PARANAGUÁ
RIO GRANDE
VITÓRIA
SANTOS
SÃO LUIZ
SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL
SOURCE: ANEC – National Association of the Cereals Exporters
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
0
MAJOR SOYBEAN MEAL EXPORTING HARBOURS
There is a downward trend in the exportation of
soybean meal through the ports of Paranaguá and
Rio Grande.
On the other hand, Santos and Vitória show an
upward trend, whereas São Francisco shows a
stable trend in the exportation soybean meal in the
same period.
GRAPH 5.4 – GROWTH OF THE AMOUNT EXPORTED OF
SOYBEAN MEAL, BY HARBOUR – 1994/2004
8
M IL L IO N S O F T O N S
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
PARANAGUÁ
RIO GRANDE
SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL
SANTOS
VITÓRIA
SOURCE: ANEC – National Association of the Cereals Exporters
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
0
MAJOR SOYBEAN OIL EXPORTING HARBOURS
The main ports of soybean oil exports are
Paranaguá, Rio Grande and São Francisco do Sul.
From 1994 to 2000, these ports showed a
downward trend in the soybean oil exports, except
São Francisco do Sul, whose trend was stable.
From 2001 onward, there has been a strong growth
in the exports of soybean soil through Paranaguá.
GRAPH 2.5 – GROWTH OF AMOUNT EXPORTED OF
SOYBEAN OIL, BY HARBOUR – 1994/2004
1,6
M ILLIO NS O F TO NS
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
PARANAGUÁ
RIO GRANDE
SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL
SOURCE: ANEC – National Association of the Cereals Exporters
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
0,0
6. LOSSES IN THE
PRODUCTIVE
CHAIN
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
LOSSES IN THE PRODUCTIVE CHAIN
The main losses along the productive chain are:
•
Losses before the harvest.
•
Losses after harvest.
LOSSES FROM SOWING TO HARVEST
The main factors causing losses before the harvest
are:
•
Abiotic adversities, mainly climatic;
Biotic adversities, mainly caused by crop diseases
and insects;
Economic factors such as price reduction, so that
harvest becomes not worthwhile.
•
•
MILLIONS OF TONS
GRAPH 6.1 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTION UNTIL THE HARVEST
- POTENCIAL AND ACTUAL: BRAZIL, 1996 – 2002
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
BRAZIL
POTENTIAL
SOURCE: IBGE (2004)
ACTUAL
2001
2002
LOSSES FROM SOWING TO HARVEST
Losses in Brazil, from sowing to reaping, occur mainly
in Rio Grande do Sul (GRAPHs 6.2 e 6.3).
GRAPH 6.2 – SOYBEAN PRODUCTION UNTIL THE HARVEST:
POTENCIAL AND ACTUAL: MATO GROSSO, PARANÁ AND RIO
GRANDE DO SUL, 1996 – 2002
14
12
8
6
4
2
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
MILLIONS OF TONS
10
Paraná
Rio Grande do Sul
POTENTIAL
SOURCE: IBGE (2004)
ACTUAL
Mato Grosso
GRAPH 6.3 – SOYBEAN INDEX OF LOSSES FROM SOWING TO
HARVEST: BRAZIL, MATO GROSSO, PARANÁ AND RIO GRANDE
DO SUL STATES, 1996 – 2002
INDEX (%)
25
20
15
10
5
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
0
Brazil
SOURCE: IBGE (2004)
Paraná
Rio Grande do
Sul
Mato Grosso
POST-HARVEST LOSSES
The main factors explaining losses after harvest are:
•
Bad state of transporting infrastructure.
•
Storage problems, both qualitative and quantitative.
GRAPH 6.4 - POST-HARVEST INDEX OF
LOSSES: BRAZIL, 1997-2003
POST-HARVEST INDEX OF LOSSES (%)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
Brazil
SOURCE: IBGE (2004)
2001
2002
2003
POST-HARVEST LOSSES
Costs resulting from losses, together with freight,
cause a direct impact on farming yield.
Per
ton cost in Mato Grosso is lower than that of US
Mid-West, as it is its yield.
TABLE 6.1 – YIELD OF FARMING ACTIVITY
IN US$/TON
REGION
SALE
PRICE
PRODUCTION
COST
GROSS
PROFIT
MARGIN
Illinois - USA
342,0
203,5
40%
Mato Grosso - BRA
213,0
174,0
18%
Paraná - BRA
238,0
145,0
39%
Cordoba - ARG
244,0
158,8
34%
SOURCE: TAVARES (2004)
POST-HARVEST LOSSES AND TRANSPORT
COSTS
Infrastructure of transport has been deeply affected
by
problems of deficiency, low quality and
imbalance.
Besides big losses post harvest, Brazil has on the
average the higher cost of transport from farm gate
to the ports. (TABLE 6.2);
On the average, Brazil has the highest port
expenses. (TABLE 6.2).
TABLE 6.2 – LOGISTICAL COST OF SOYBEAN
GRAIN EXPORTATION (2003 – US$/Ton)
DESCRIPTION
BRAZIL
USA ARGENTINA
Price in the Harbour
216
216
216
Freight from the fields to
the Harbour
-35
-15
-14
Shipment expenses
-6
-3
-3
Price paid to farmers
175
198
199
SOURCE: ANUTT (2005)
7. CONCLUSIONS
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
CONCLUSIONS
Brazil
has had an average increase of 15% per year
in the exportation of the soybean complex since the
beginning of the 90s, achieving a position of
leadership in the international market.
The
European Union is the main importer of Brazilian
soybean grain and soybean meal. However, China’s
imports of soybean grain from Brazil has grown
considerably, around 76,5 % per year, since 1996.
CONCLUSIONS
The outset of soybean production in Brazil was in
the beginning of the 1970s, in the Southern region.
During the 1990s, soybean production was
extended to the Mid-West of Brazil due to technical
improvements (new seeds).
The expansion of agriculture to a larger area implied
in a significant increase of productivity of soybean.
Nevertheless, the larger distance from the ports
compared to the Southern region, the country’s
precarious infrastructure of transport and storage,
have significantly raised the costs associated with
the Brazilian harvest transportation.
CONCLUSIONS
The storage capacity has not kept pace with the
growth of grain production, causing potential losses
throughout the productive chain.
Despite the fact that the highways are the major
mode of transport soybean, railways have increased
their participation in soybean transportation, mostly
because of investments made in the network after
the privatization process.
CONCLUSIONS
The main ports through which soybean is exported
ports are located in the Southeastern and Southern
regions of Brazil, despite the fact that the main
destinations of soybean are geographically closer to
the Northern region. This is due to the lack of an
adequate logistics infrastructure in this region, the
less developed region of Brazil.
Weather change is a major cause of losses in the
harvest activity in the Southern Region of the
country, whereas post-harvest losses are mainly due
to the precariousness of transport infrastructure and
ports. Therefore, larger investments in these sectors
are strongly required.
CONCLUSIONS
The infrastructure’s precariousness associated to an
inefficient transportation and storage of Brazilian
soybean – mainly a lack of storage capacity – has
strong impacts on the costs of implementing
alternative systems that guarantee a large scale
coexistence of conventional and genetically
modified cultures.
As the genetically modified organisms have spread
out across the country, the implementation of a
large scale traceability system can be constrained
by the need of large investments in infrastructure.
8. REFERENCES
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
REFERENCES
Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT). Transporte terrestre:
números do setor. Disponível em: <http://www.antt.gov.br/destaques/ANTTem
Numeros20051010.pdf> Acesso em: 03 set. 2005.
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Óleos Vegetais (ABIOVE). Capacidade
instalada
da
indústria
de
óleos
vegetais.
Disponível
em:
<http://www.abiove.com.br> Acesso em: 10 set. 2005.
Associação Nacional dos Exportadores de Cereais (ANEC). Estatísticas.
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Associação Nacional dos Usuários do Transporte de Cargas (ANUT).
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<http://www.anut.org.br/trabalhos.asp> Acesso em: 03 set. 2005.
BDO Trevisan. Infraestrutura de transporte no Brasil: considerações gerais
sobre o panorama atual e proposta de ações imediatas. São Paulo, II Fórum
Fiesp de Logística, junho, 2005.
CBOT (Chicago Board of Trade ) South American Soybean Futures,
Reunião da Indústria, Curitiba, 10 de maio de 2005.
REFERENCES
Confederação Nacional dos Transportes (CNT) e Centro de Estudos em
Logística (COPPEAD/UFRJ). Transporte de Cargas no Brasil: Ameaças e
Oportunidades para o Desenvolvimento do País. Disponível em:
<http://www.cel.coppead.ufrj.br/fs-busca.htm?fr-pesq-trans.htm> Acesso em: 15
set. 2005.
Confederação Nacional dos Transportes (CNT), 2005. Boletim estatístico.
Disponível em: <http://www.cnt.org.br/cnt/downloads/becnt/becnt_092005.pdf>
Acesso em: 28 set. 2005.
Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB). Evolução da capacidade
estática dos armazéns. Disponível em: <http://www.conab.gov.br/download/
armazenagem/serie_historica_220102.xls> Acesso em: 30 set. 2005.
Exame. Guia Exame 2005: Agronegócio. Editora Abril, Agosto, 2005.
Fleury, Paulo Fernando, 2005. A Infra-estrutura e os Desafios Logísticos das
Exportações Brasileiras. Artigos CEL (Centro de Estudos em Logística) –
COPPEAD/UFRJ. Disponível em: <http://www.cel.coppead.ufrj.br/> Acesso em:
23 set. 2005.
REFERENCES
Folha de São Paulo. Safra pára no gargalo da infra-estrutura. Folha Dinheiro,
01 de fevereiro, 2004.
Folha de São Paulo. A precariedade afeta mais o agronegócio. Folha Dinheiro,
13 de fevereiro, 2005.
Frederico, Samuel, 2004. Sistema de Armazenamento nos Novos Circuitos
Espaciais
Produtivos
da
Soja.
Unicamp.
Disponível
em:
<http://www.igeo.uerj.br/VICBG-2004/Eixo5/e5%20101.htm> Acesso em: 25
set. 2005.
Grupo Executivo de Integração da Política de Transportes (GEIPOT). Anuário
estatístico dos transportes. Disponível em: <http://www.geipot.gov.br
/anuario2001/complementar/tabelas/721.xls> Acesso em: 14 set. 2005.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), 2004. Indicadores
Agropecuários 1996-2003. Brasil: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística,
Estudos & Pesquisas, Informação Econômica (3): pp. 1-67.
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Municipal, Culturas Temporárias e Permanentes. Brasil: Instituto Brasileiro de
Geografia e Estatística, Volume 30: pp. 1-91.
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Maffioletti, Robson. 2000. Formação dos preços na cadeia agroindustrial da
soja na década de 90. Dissertação de Mestrado, Escola Superior de Agricultura
Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. Disponível em:
<http://www.teses.usp.br/teses> Acesso em: 28 set. 2005.
Martinelli, Orlando; Souza, João Marcos, 2003. Relatorio Setorial Preliminar:
Armazenagem Agrícola. Finep: <http://www.finep.gov.br/PortalDPP/relatorio_
setorial> Acesso em: 30 set. 2005.
Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MIDC).
Estatísticas
sobre
exportações
brasileiras.
Disponível
em:
<http://aliceweb.desenvolvimento.gov.br> Acesso em: 08 set. 2005.
Ministério dos Transportes. Anuário Estatístico. <http://www.transportes.gov.br>
Acesso em: 21 ago. 2005.
Tavares, Carlos Eduardo Cruz, 2004. Fatores críticos à competitividade da soja
no Paraná e Mato Grosso. Disponível em: <http://www.conab.gov.br> Acesso
em: 30 set. 2005.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Production, Supply and
Distribution <http://www.fas.usda.gov/psd/psdselection.asp> Acesso em: 21
ago. 2005.
THE BRAZILIAN
SOY COMPLEX
DANIEL BREHN*
DAYANI CRIS DE AQUINO*
EVÂNIO DO NASCIMENTO FELIPPE*
LUCIANO NAKABASHI**
* Master Degree Students in the Economic Development Graduation Program at Federal University of Paraná
** PhD in Economics
Supervisors: PhD Armando Dalla Costa; PhD Nilson de Paula; PhD Roseli Santos; PhD Victor Pelaez.
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
INSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA DO PARANÁ
DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica
R. Professor Algacyr Munhoz Maeder, 3775
CEP 81350-010 - Curitiba - PR
Phone: 5541 3316-3053 - Fax: 5541 3346-2872
e-mail: [email protected]
©2004 DEXT - Divisão de Extensão Tecnológica