ISSN 1415-4765 TEXTO PARA DISCUSSÃO No 615 Divisão do Trabalho e a Demanda Dinâmica por Emprego e Horas Rodrigo Pereira Gustavo Gonzaga Brasília, dezembro de 1998 ISSN 1415-4765 TEXTO PARA DISCUSSÃO No 615 Divisão do Trabalho e a Demanda Dinâmica por Emprego e Horas Rodrigo Pereira* Gustavo Gonzaga** Brasília, dezembro de 1998 MINISTÉRIO DO PLANEJAMENTO E ORÇAMENTO Ministro: Paulo Paiva Secretário Executivo: Martus Tavares Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada Presidente F e r n a n d o R e ze n d e DIRET ORIA Claudio Monteiro Considera Gustavo Mai a Gomes Luís Fernando Tironi H ubi mai er C antuár i a Santi ago Mariano de Matos Macedo Murilo Lôbo O IPEA é uma fundação pública, vinculada ao Ministério do Planejamento e Orçamento, cujas finalidades são: auxiliar o ministro na elaboração e no acompanhamento da política econômica e promover atividades de pesquisa econômica aplicada nas áreas fiscal, financeira, externa e de desenvolvimento setorial. TEXTO PARA DISCUSSÃO tem o objetivo de divulgar resultados de estudos desenvolvidos direta ou indiretamente pelo IPEA, bem como trabalhos considerados de relevância para disseminação pelo Instituto, para informar profissionais especializados e colher sugestões. Tiragem: 115 exemplares COORDENAÇÃO DO EDITORIAL Brasília — DF: SBS Q. 1, Bl. J, Ed. BNDES, 10o andar CEP 70076-900 Fone: (061) 315 5374 - Fax: (061) 315 5314 E-mail: [email protected] SERVIÇO EDITORIAL Rio de Janeiro — RJ: Av. Presidente Antonio Carlos, 51, 14o andar CEP 20020-010 Fone: (021) 212 1140- Fax: (021) 220 5533 E-mail: [email protected] É PERMITIDA A REPRODUÇÃO DESTE TEXTO, DESDE QUE OBRIGATORIAMENTE CITADA A FONTE. REPRODUÇÕES PARA FINS COMERCIAIS SÃO RIGOROSAMENTE PROIBIDAS. SUMÁRIO SINOPSE 1 INTRODUÇÃO 2 A DIVISÃO DO TRABALHO NUM MODELO ESTÁTICO 9 3 A DIVISÃO DO TRABALHO NUM MODELO DINÂMICO 13 4 EXPECTATIVAS RACIONAIS E A DEMANDA POR EMPREGO E HORAS 5 7 CONCLUSÕES ANEXO 22 26 27 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 30 SINOPSE ! " # $ % # & ' ( # # ( ) %( ) $ $ # * # " # # ABSTRACT ! " # +,-.'/012' % # # # 3 4 ( * # 56 ' # # 7 # # 56 # 4 589:;6 ( $ ' $ 4 ( < 589=>6 4 589:;6 < ? 589@=6 ( A # 4 589=96 ( A ?B 589==6 # ) # ( A # # ( # % $ ( 0 # # < 5899:6 A # # ' % # ) A ! " #$ " % & '' (#$ ) *% + ", '#, ( ' # $ # % C# 589=;6 4 ? 589=@6 # # % # # # 4 ? & ( A ' $ & A , # # , ( ( # $ # + & ' ( & ( $ $ ' $ & ' # , D % ( ( ) / # " # ( # ( , E " # 3 $ # # # % # ( & < ) C ' ( , > $ # # + & # ) # * # # ) , $ F %( # # , # * $ # # $ # $ & - # " # ; % /+G+?2' /' -.%4%7<' ,0 '/*7' *?-H-+C' , # % ( ( 4 589:;6 % ) # # - # # ? ( I Max h , N R(Z , h , N ) − WNh − σWN max{h − hs ,0} R(⋅) 586 h≤h ( # # 56 5$6 # 5%6! σ ( ) ? A # 56 # 56 # # W σ J K # ' h 5J 6 5 6 # % ) # ( h G # R(⋅) # % $ # %( ( $ . # A 586 # G # ( hs ≤ h < h % h ≤ h h ( L # , # ( J * # M< ? 89@= EKDN " # ( 5 & 6 ( % # I Rh ( Z , h , N ) = (1 + σ)WN 5D6 RN (Z , h , N ) = (1 + σ)Wh − σWhs 5E6 ' # - # 5D6 5E6 5 % σ W 6 # I Rhh RNh − (1 + σ )W RhN − (1 + σ )W dh 0 = dhs RNN dN − σW 5>6 C ' DD % 586 - . # h / ' 0. 1 (#$2 34 53, $ * 067782 - ' 9 0 2 674: 677; < / #$ ) ==6= $ , ) ' #> < ' / ' =53 $ 0=4 $ / . 6744 == $ ' 2, ( % ? ' / ' ? ) . , ( # ' J ( 0 ( C # I dh σW [RhN − (1 + σ )W ] = < 0! dhs A dN σWRhh =− >0 dhs A 5;6 " , 5D6 5E6 ( # C 5E6 % # # * # % 5D6 # * ( # 5E6 % 5E6 # - # & # # ' ( # $ 4 589:;6 < ? 589@=6 < 589=>6 3 $ C ( # A # # ' ( I A % 5 < 899:6 # ( % # # * $ # ) * ( ? # # # ) + (1 + σ )W # # , + ( " # R(⋅) C # 5 # 6 - O , ' # # # # # 3 % # ( ) + ( -( ( ( # % ) * ( ) * ( %( # ) *() * ( 0 ( # 5 6 % # # I R(Z , h , N ) = Zh + ZN − hN − f 2 f 2 h − N 2 2 5:6 ( & + -./-.σ0 W * ( $ ) . # 5:6 ( - # " A $ # ( # * # 5:6 # % # C ( # # # , # # 5:6 ( # 3 h≤ f −1 (Z − N ) C # 5:6 N ≤ f −1 (Z − h ) A = f 2 − [1 + (1 + σ )W ]2 > 0 5;6 #I [ [ σW 1 + (1 + σ)W dh =− dhs f 2 − 1 + (1 + σ )W ] ] 2 <0 ! dN = dhs f 2 [ σWf − 1 + (1 + σ )W ] 2 >0 5;P6 % # " % # " ) ( # 5 6 * 5;P6 # ) C σ W # # # $ # # % /+G+?2' /' -.%4%7<' ,0 '/*7' /+,Q+C' %( # # , # < 5899E6 # # " ( % # & 3 ' 3 # ) # < ( A ( ( % ( ( # G # ) * $ # / # 3 ) # # C # # & % ( $ 5 # 6 & ? # # ( ) # # ? ( I ∞ Max ∑ θ i {R (Z t +i , ht +i , N t +i ) − W ht +i N t +i − σW N t +i max{ht + i − h s ,0} − C (N t +i − N t +i −1 )} i =0 ( * θ* 082 ht +i ≤ h ; ∀i 8 ( # C(⋅) ( # ' ) # # 586 %( $ ) # W / # O) $ {Wt +i }i∞=0 & " # O) $ {Z t +i }i∞= 0 {Wt +i }i∞=0 - # C & # # # ( # L # # # # % $ ( A # & C ? 589@= 89=@ 96 < 5899E :6 5:6 # # * # # ( # # & 5 ( # C/ ) 86 , % ( # # ( " C# # # ht ≤ f −1 (Zt − N t ) @ . #$ ) ? ' ' ) , @ % #/ # / / # ? #$ ? , * ? #$ ' / ' $ / ' / $ ) < A '% / <, ! ) ' ' . $ #$ '% / # '. ' #$ ' # ) $, B? 067782 ? ' #$ / ) ' < < ) ' < ' , - $ #$ ' , , # 3 # ( 5 6 3 5 6 " ' A ' ( ( ) # " 5 6 ( , A #) A / # " # C# ,B 589=:6 # ( # % # # I C( N t − N t −1 ) = a ( N t − N t −1 )2 2 5=6 ( & C # # CR (⋅) = a ( N t − N t −1 ) / # ( ( & , # $ , # ) O) O) {ht +i } ∞ i=o {N t +i } ∞ i=0 {Z t +i }i∞= 0 5@6 G # J ? 5:6 5=6 5@6 # # 5 3 θ6 3 I (Zt − N t − fht ) = (1 + σ)WN t ! 596 * '). ' / % '/ ' '. C , (Z t − ht − fN t ) = Wht + σW (ht − hs ) + a( N t − N t −1 ) − θa( N t +1 − N t ) 58K6 % 596 58K6 # ( 5 6 5 6 % 58K6 * " # 3 # $ F ? # % C # # 0 C $ - # # $ 596 58K6 # . A 596 ( 58K6 " # % * 596 58K6 " ? # ( 596 58K6 ' ( $ % # C # # $ # ( * ) - ( # & C $ $ ( # " * . ' $ 0677: ',52 / $ ' / ) ? ) ' #$ < ' # ', % < ' )? % . ' #/ < , ' & ( # 58K6 ( # # $ ? 596 58K6 I [( ) ] θaN t +1 + δ 2 − 1 f − a − aθ N t + aN t −1 = (δ − 1)Z t − σWhs δ = [1 + (1 + σ)W ] / f / # K S 5886 δ S 8 % 5886 $ $ $ $ % T 5886 # L # # 3 ) # $ ( # $ θ S 8 C # F 3 #I 56 $ ! 56 $ ! 56 $ 3 ! 56 $ $ , ) A $ %( & # 5886 % 5886 8Uθ I 1 2 φ −1 −1 1 + θ L + θ L N t +1 = (δ − 1)(θa ) Z t − σW (θa ) hs 58D6 φ = [1 + (1 + σ )W ] 2 (af ) −1 − a −1 f − 1 − θ = (δ 2 − 1)a −1 f − 1 − θ C −1 − a f − 1 − θ < φ < −1 − θ δ # φ " F 3 5886 58D6 $ # 3 $ 3 5 6 - F ) % 5886 ? # & # # % # 3 ' CO $ / $ I 1 2 # D ' >' ! 06748 ',72, 2 . 58D6 #I (1 − λ 1 L)(1 − λ 2 L)N t +1 = (δ − 1)(θa ) −1 Z t − σW (θa) −1 hs 58E6 λVλWφUθ ! λλW8Uθ % 58E6 # ( λ . K S λ S 8 S λ I (1 − λ 1 L)N t +1 = − λ −21 L−1 1 − λ −21 L % (δ − 1)(θa ) −1 Z t + −1 cλt2 λ −21 L−1 58>6 5 ( 6 # (1 − λ 2 L)cλ = 0 - t 2 σW (θa ) hs + cλ t2 −1 1 − λ −21 L−1 # # # ( W λ−21 = λ1θ K / # # W K 58>6 #I i N t +1 ∞ ∞ 1 1 λ λ = λ1 N t − 1 (δ − 1)∑ Zt +1+ i + 1 σWhs ∑ a a i =0 λ2 i =0 λ2 i 58;6 - # # ( # # " % 5 Zt = Z 6 # $ X8UλX S 8 " # # 0 596 $ $ $ 58K6 I θht +1 + φht + ht −1 = θf −1 [ Z t +1 − (1 − δ )a −1 + (1 + θ ) f −1 ]Z t +f −1 Z t −1 + a −1δσWh s 58:6 - # # 3 5886 $ ' F ( # ) & -# 58:6 # # 58E6 5 λ λ 6 I (1 − λ 1 L)ht +1 = − − λ −21 L−1 1 − λ −21 L−1 θ −1 f λ −21 L−1 1 − λ −21 L−1 −1 Z t −1 − f −1 Z t +1 + λ −21 L−1 1 − λ −21 L−1 λ −21 L−1 1 − λ −21 L−1 δσW (θa ) −1 [(1 − δ )a −1 + (1 + θ ) f −1 ]θ −1 Zt 58@6 hs + cλ t2 ? C # I ht +1 = λ 1ht − λ 1 f −1 ( Z t + λ 1ηZ t +1 − λ 1θ f −1 − λ 1η η = (1 − δ )a −1 + [1 + θ (1 − λ 1 )] f i ∞ ∞ 1 1 λ1 δσWhs Z t + 2 +i − a λ 2 i=0 i=0 λ 2 )∑ −1 > 0 ∑ i 58=6 % # # # # / # 58;6 ( # $ % 5 X8UλX S 86 $ 58=6 O) / 58;6 58=6 # # # ' # 58;6 58=6 ? , W,W, WW I λ1 λ2 δσW dh * λ1 λ 2 σW σWf δσWf dN * = = >0 ! =− =− <0 1 − λ1 λ2 − 1 a dhs A 1− λ1 λ 2 −1 a dhs A * λ λ θ φ 5896 # 5896 5 6 5;P6 * ( C $ ( # ( L # # # I λ 2 σW dN t σWf dN * = λ1 = (1 − λ 1 ) = (1 − λ 1 ) >0 λ2 −1 a dhs dhs A dht λ 2 δσW dh * δσWf = −λ 1 = (1 − λ 1 ) = −(1 − λ 1 ) <0 dhs dhs A λ 2 −1 a 5DK6 C# # ) dN / dhs lp > dN t / dhs cp | dh / dhs | > | dht / dhs | cp lp %( 5896 5DK6 ( K S δ S 8 | dN t / dhs |>| dht / dhs | " & # λ λ % 5DK6 # ' # & % ( 5 6 ) Y # # / # ) $ , a → 0 " λ2 → ∞ λ1 → 0 , ? # $ ' # 8 D # $ $ h t + i ≤ h , ∀i ? ' # hb* N a* N b* ha* , $ L # # $ , $ # 5 ( 6 ( 3 % $ $ ( % # 596 $ # 3 7 $ D ' >' ! 067842, - ) ' ) % , 9)% >' λEλF%φGθ λλF6Gθ . #H λG F 006GλI2 % θ2%60∂φG∂2J λG F 0%6GλIθ20λG2 , ∂φG∂ F 06 % δI2 K ; $ % < λG K ;J λG L ;, ) ,6 > # , * ? ? ' ) ' %φ F θ E 6G φ 0. %φ2 'M ' ?, ! ' '/ ' $ , ( Z.HT+C'? 8 D ' 5896 5DK6 ( ) & Y ( * $ *["*C-%-+G%? .%C+',%+? * % /*%,/% "'. *".*Z' * <'.%? C 5@6 # ( # % $ 5@6 ( # # % $ $ $ - , # % - ' >' # ). ' $ ' ' N $ 0677: ', 52, ( # $ % # O) # # , ( ( # # $ ? # # # C 5@6 # # % # # - I ∞ { } 5@R6 Et ∑ θi R(Zt + i , ht + i , N t +i ) − Wht + i N t + i − σWN t + i max{ht + i − hs ,0} − C( N t + i − N t + i −1 ) i =0 ht +i ≤ h ; ∀i 3 ( # # * W * 5X+6 ( $ 3 ( 4 ( # # % # , O) {Z t +i }i∞= 0 CO # 5@R6 0 & I i N t = λ 1 N t −1 ∞ ∞ 1 1 λ λ − 1 (δ − 1)∑ E t Z t + i + 1 σWhs ∑ a a i=0 λ 2 i=0 λ 2 −1 ( ht = λ 1ht −1 − λ1 f Zt −1 + λ 1ηZt − λ 1θ f −1 i i 58;R6 i ∞ 1 1 λ − λ1η ∑ Et Zt +1+ i − 1 δσWhs ∑ 58=R6 a i =0 λ2 i=0 λ2 ) ∞ < 5 ( 6 # # ' # $ $ A , , # # ( # % C # # % $ I % # # 3 ? ( $ # # ? ( # ( G # % ? # # # % ' # I " # λ1 (1 − δ ) / (1 − λ1 )a λ1η / (1 − λ1 ) η ( # ? ( # h t + i ≤ h , ∀i C ( # # # % Y ( # $ # $ " 3 ) ' # E > h t + i ≤ h , ∀i , $ $ $ h , ha* hb* N a* N b* $ % $ $ # # ' hc* < h b* h % # N a* h N c* > N b* 0 # A Y ( ( ) # ( 3 Z.HT+C'? E > %( $ # # # F $ # # % # % # / # < 5899E6 # ( # # ? < 5899E6 # # , I Zt +1 = ρZt + ε t +1 K S ρ 5D86 S 8 ( & *ε W * 5ε X+6W K ∀ ε ( L # # $ % ( I Et Z t + i = ρ i Z t 5DD6 ? 5DD6 58;R6 58=R6 I −1 λ λ2 λ ρ Nt = 1 σWhs + λ 1 N t −1 + 1 (1 − δ) 1 − Zt a λ2 − 1 a λ2 ht = − 5DE6 1 λ1 λ 2 δσWhs + λ 1ht −1 − λ 1 f −1Zt −1 + ηθ −1 − ρf −1 Zt a λ2 − 1 λ2 − ρ ( ) 5D>6 ' # , 5DE6 5D>6 # # ' % %.586 C # A $ A ' 5DE6 5D>6 % # # % C',C70?\*? % $ - & ( * , 3 # ( # # G $ ' ) # # # , % 3 ' # ) # A % ( ) A %( $ # # # G ( ( $ # # # " 3 & % $ # # % ' # 3 %( $ 3 # ( # %,*[' ' F 3 58D6 ( I r 2 + t 1r + t 2 = 0 W 5%86 φUθ W 8Uθ 0 #$ 5%86 I r= − t1 ± t12 − 4 t2 2 5%D6 Z.HT+C' %8 ' # %8 $ M? 589=@ 96 # ( N - 5 -,θ -θ* φ * -θ 5/ .-.θ0,θ 5 /-.θ0,θ % # %8 # 3 5 -,θ " 5%D6 ( # 5 6φ6 * 7θ 6 ( F 5%86 6 6 * 7θ ? # $ ? A α ± iβ ρ 5 /α .β 0 # -,θ + - θ "( * /-.θ0,θ * 7θ M A # ( * θ * - /- θ 0 + ( N 7 F 3 5886 58D6 - ( ( # $ ( I 66 + /-.θ0,θ 5 6φ6 + -. θ6 5 6 ? * /-.θ0,θ $ # 3 5 $ 3 6 0 F # I 1+ 1 φ L + L2 = (1 − sL1 )(1 − s2 L) θ θ 5%E6 / I s1 + s2 = − φ θ ! s1 s2 = 1 θ 5%>6 ? # I 1 = −φ 5%;6 s , φ # 5%;6 3 θ W φ 8U W φ 5θ Dθ 6 W W θ " 5%>6 ( 8Uθ φ W 8 V θ 5 % 4 # %D6 " ( I φ W 8 V θ 8 8Uθ %( φ J 8 Vθ ( 7 φ S 8 θ ( # sθ + F Z.HT+C' %D .*T*.],C+%? 4+47+'Z.HT+C%? !" # $ % & ' () *+,- .) /,,+ 0 % 1 2" (0 ( 3) /,,+ $ '.) )' ' ) ))" 0 )' % ' ' *4*5 ) /,,+ 6% 7 $) $ ( ' 3) 8" $) 9: / /,,+ 6% 7 1 ' 7 0 /,,4 ;< ! )= ++4> ? @3 @ A$$ B= ' ="' " 'C ' B= !0 @ ' $6 %) ; '> "# $% 0 ) D 1 ' 7 0 E /,5, < 63<$$3 & < F( F 94* /,5: 6$3% & < F )) ' ) )" ( ') & ' ( +G /,H4 $$ % < F( )0 ." 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