Evaluando la comunicación
de la ciencia. Una perspectiva
latinoamericana
De`ZXCfqXefp:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiXs<[`kfiXj
Alc`XKX^•\ŒXsGi\j\ekXZ`e
CRÉDITOS
<jkXglYc`ZXZ`ei\Zf^\cXjd\dfi`Xj[\cXjAfieX[Xj@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXjjfYi\:i`k\i`fj[\<mXclXZ`e[\cX
:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#i\Xc`qX[Xj\e:XikX^\eX[\@e[`Xj#:fcfdY`X#[\c(+Xc(.[\Efm`\dYi\[\)''-%
<C<M<EKF=L<FI>8E@Q8;FGFI1
8^\eZ`X<jgXŒfcX[\:ffg\iXZ`e@ek\ieXZ`feXc8<:@
Gif^iXdX[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXgXiX\c;\jXiifccf:PK<; #Ýi\X-È:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[É
;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X[\cXLE8D
:f$gXkifZ`eX[fi1;\gXikXd\ekf[\;\jXiifccf?ldXef[\cXFi^Xe`qXZ`e[\cfj<jkX[fj8d\i`ZXefj
F<8
:ffi[`eXZ`e[\cXjAfieX[Xj1Alc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^X
:ffi[`eXZ`eXZX[„d`ZX1:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiXpDe`ZXCfqXef
8>I8;<:@D@<EKFJ1
Cfjfi^Xe`qX[fi\jX^iX[\Z\edlp\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\\cZfejkXek\XgfpfpcXYl\eXgi\[`jgfj`Z`e[\@e^l\cfi\
JZ_\le\dXee[\JflqX#^\jkfiX[\cÝi\X:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[[\cGif^iXdX:PK<;#gXiXcXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\cXj
AfieX[XjpcXglYc`ZXZ`e[\\jkXjD\dfi`Xj%@^lXcd\ek\X^iX[\Z\eX9\i\e`Z\G\i[fdf?\ie}e[\q#[\cX
;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X[\cXLE8DpXJljXeX=\ii}e[`qDXikˆe#I\jgfejXYc\[\
=fidXZ`e[\cÝi\X[\=fidXZ`ep;`]lj`e#[\cGif^iXdX:PK<;%
:Iy;@KFJ;<C8GL9C@:8:@äE1
<[`Z`e1De`ZXCfqXefp:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiX
:ffi[`eXZ`e\[`kfi`Xc1De`ZXCfqXef
;`j\Œfp[`X^iXdXZ`e1:XicfjM`ccXal}i\q
=fkf^iX]ˆXj1:XicfjM`ccXal}i\q
Gif^iXdXZ`e1DXi`XeX9cXeZf
CfqXef#D%p:%J}eZ_\q$DfiX<[% #)''/ 1<mXclXe[fcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1LeXg\ijg\Zk`mX
cXk`efXd\i`ZXeX#D„o`Zf;%=%#:PK<;#8<:@#;>;:$LE8D#)'-g%
Ÿ;>;:$LE8D#:PK<;
ŸCfjXlkfi\j
CfjXikˆZlcfjgl\[\ej\i[`]le[`[fjpi\gif[lZ`[fjZ`kXe[fcX]l\ek\%
@J9E10./$-'.$)$''(0*$'
Y
CONTENIDO
```
m`
o
'(
GI<J<EK8:@äE
Alc`X KX^•\ŒX GXi^X% :ffi[`eX[fiX [\ cXj AfieX[Xj @Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXj [\ <mXclXZ`e [\ cX
:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
GIäCF>F
Comunicación de la ciencia: ¿quiénes son los principales actores? @e^l\cfi\ JZ_\le\dXee [\ JflqX%
>\jkfiXÝi\X[\:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[%Gif^iXdX@Y\ifXd\i`ZXef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXgXiX\c
;\jXiifccf$:PK<;
AFIE8;8J
Presentación
Programa
Carta de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
@EKIF;L::@äE
Evaluando la comunicación de la ciencia. Una perspectiva latinoamericana. :Xid\e J}eZ_\q$DfiX p
De`ZXCfqXef#\[`kfiXj
`
'0
).
+0
-*
/*
0,
(',
((,
(*(
(*0
(,*
(-0
(/(
(0*
``
J<::@äELEF1<mXclXZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX
Propuesta metodológica para la evaluación de políticas públicas y actividades en comunicación pública de
la ciencia y la tecnología. El caso colombiano. JXe[iX;XqX
J<::@äE;FJ1<mXclXZ`e[\dlj\fj#Z\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#gXihl\jpqffc^`Zfj
La evaluación en museos y centros de ciencias.:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiX
Avaliando as práticas educacionais em um museu de ciências: O Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São
Paulo e sua relação com as escolas.ClZ`XeX:feiX[fDXik`ejpDXik_XDXiXe[`ef
Conversas de aprendizagem na “oficina de classificação de animais”: um estudo no Museu de Zoologia-USP.
ClZ`XeXDX^Xc_\jDfeXZf#DXi`XGXlcX:fii\`X[\JflqX#DXik_XDXiXe[`ef#ClXeXDXi`X[\
C`dX#D}iZ`X=%C%=iXeƒfjf#:i`jk`eX9Xif#D`i`Xe;Xm`[DXihl\j#J`cm`XC%=%Ki`m\cXkf
Zoológicos: Que mensagem estamos passando?M`m`Xe\8gXi\Z`[XIXZ_`[>XiZ`XpDXik_XDXiXe[`ef
Las demostraciones breves de ciencia. Una alternativa de divulgación en el museo Universum: sus
experiencias y su evaluación.DX%?fik\ej`X>XiZˆXM`^`cpClˆjD\qX8iZfj
Parques da ciência universitários: a importância das agências de fomento e do suporte institucional.
:i`jk`XeX[\=iXeƒX:_`XiX[`X
J<::@äEKI<J1<mXclXZ`e[\d\[`fjdXj`mfjpel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj
Cuando la ciencia es noticia: Una evaluación de la sección de ciencia en nueve países de América Latina.
Cl`jXDXjjXiXe`p9ilef9lpj
La evaluación de las actividades de divulgación en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México.GXki`Z`XDX^XŒXIl\[X
Las nuevas tecnologías y la comunicación de la ciencia: su evaluación.Alc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^XpIfY\ikf
Li`Y\
J<::@äE:L8KIF1<mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j
El estado de la evaluación de las actividades científicas infantiles y juveniles.De`ZXCfqXef
Evaluación de las estrategias de comunicación pública de la ciencia en Colombia. El caso de los programas
de educación no formal.Ýe^\cXI`m\iXM%
Impacto social de los proyectos de ciencia y tecnología presentados en ferias de ciencia y tecnología juvenil.
Aportes de los proyectos en su comunidad de origen.DXiˆX:i`jk`eXÝcmXi\q
J<::@äE:@E:F1<mXclXZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj[\]fidXZ`e[\Zfdle`ZX[fi\j[\cXZ`\eZ`X
La comunicación de la ciencia y la evaluación de programas para formar comunicadores.<cX`e\I\pefjf
?Xpe\j
PRESENTACIÓN
Alc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^X
:FFI;@E8;FI8;<C8JAFIE8;8J@9<IF8D<I@:8E8J
jfYi\:i`k\i`fj[\<mXclXZ`e[\cX:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
akX^7j\im`[fi%leXd%do
<cgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`emX[\j[\leX\og\i`\eZ`Xg\ijfeXc#leXfg`e`ejfYi\Xc^’ek\dX#_XjkX
leX ZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e hl\ cc\mX Xc [`j\Œf [\ `e[`ZX[fi\j gXiX \mXclXi cf d}j fYa\k`mXd\ek\
gfj`Yc\%Ef_Xp[l[X[\cX`dgfikXeZ`XpcXe\Z\j`[X[[\cX\mXclXZ`egXiXhl\legifp\Zkf#leX
[`jZ`gc`eXfleXZfdle`[X[j\[\jXiifcc\e_XZ`XcXd\afiXZfek`elX%<mXclXipXZ\gkXicX\mXclXZ`e
\jleXj\ŒXc[\dX[li\qpZfejfc`[XZ`e#hl\Zfej`[\iXdfjcXZfdle`[X[[\Zfdle`ZX[fi\j[\
cXZ`\eZ`XpX_XXcZXeqX[f%yjkX_Xj`[fcXdfk`mXZ`e]le[Xd\ekXc[\_XY\ic\gifgl\jkXXc}i\X
[\:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[[\cGif^iXdX@Y\ifXd\i`ZXef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXgXiX\c;\jXiifccf
:pK<; cX i\Xc`qXZ`e [\ \jkXj ÈAfieX[Xj @Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXj jfYi\ :i`k\i`fj [\ <mXclXZ`e [\ cX
:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`XÉ#Zfe\cfYa\k`mf[\gifgfe\id\ZXe`jdfj[\\mXclXZ`egXiXcX
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp_XZ\i\c\a\iZ`Z`f[\\mXclXiXc^lefjgif^iXdXj[\gfglcXi`qXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%
```
Cfj i\kfj \e el\jkiX i\^`e jfe# \eki\ fkifj# \c ]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf [\ cX `em\jk`^XZ`e jfYi\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# cX X[\ZlXZ`e [\ cXj \jkiXk\^`Xj \e Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX X cfj
i\hl\i`d`\ekfj [\ cX [\dfZiXk`qXZ`e p \c ]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf [\ cXj gfcˆk`ZXj jfYi\ Z`\eZ`X p
k\Zefcf^ˆXhl\]Xmfi\qZXecXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%Kf[fj\ccfji\hl`\i\e[\leXX[\ZlX[X
\mXclXZ`e%
<j`e[l[XYc\cX`dgfikXeZ`Xhl\\jk}k\e`\e[f:pK<;\e@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%<e\c}i\X[\:`\eZ`Xp
JfZ`\[X[[\:pK<;j\\eZl\ekiXecfjgifp\ZkfjjfYi\cXji\cXZ`fe\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[ZfecXZ`\eZ`X
p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX Xjˆ Zfdf cX g\iZ\gZ`e [\c ifc [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX \e \c [\jXiifccf
\Zfed`Zf p jfZ`Xc% GXiX \jkfj \jkl[`fj \j ]le[Xd\ekXc cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX
\mXclXZ`e[\jl`dgXZkf%CXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX[\k\id`eXeel\jkiXjm`[Xjp_Xphl\\ek\e[\i
\jkfjgifZ\jfjXkiXm„j[\leXm\i[X[\iXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX%<jkXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXp
k\Zefc^`ZXZfc\Zk`mXj\\jg\iXhl\i\]l\iZ\XleXjfZ`\[X[[\dfZi}k`ZX%
<c gif^iXdX [\ AfieX[Xj [\ :pK<; \jk} X[\d}j XgfpX[f gfi cX Fi^Xe`qXZ`e [\ <jkX[fj
8d\i`ZXefjF<8 pcX8^\eZ`X<jgXŒfcX[\:ffg\iXZ`e@ek\ieXZ`feXc8<:@ %KXdY`„eXkf[fj
\jkfj fi^Xe`jdfj el\jkif i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf p X^iX[\Z`d`\ekf% <jkX XZk`m`[X[# Zfdf _\dfj
d\eZ`feX[f#j\\edXiZ[\ekif[\c}i\X[\:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[[\:pK<;p\eZfekiXdfj\ejl
^\jkfiX#cXGif]X%;iX%@e^l\cfi\JZ_\le\dXee[\JflqXleXgfpfpleXXgfikXZ`e`dgfikXekˆj`dX
gXiX\c„o`kf[\cXjAfieX[Xj#i\Xc`qX[Xj\ecX_\idfjXZ`l[X[[\:XikX^\eX#:fcfdY`X#[\c(+Xc(.
[\efm`\dYi\[\)''-%
CXj afieX[Xj# Zlpf gif^iXdX \e [\kXcc\ j\ \eZl\ekiXe [\ekif [\c c`Yif# j\ [`m`[`\ife \e Z`eZf
ZlijfjZfejlj[`jZlj`fe\ji\jg\Zk`mXj1(%D\[`fjdXj`mfjpel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
[\ cX Z`\eZ`X% )% Dlj\fj p Z\ekifj [\ Z`\eZ`X% *% =fidXZ`e [\ Zfdle`ZX[fi\j [\ cX Z`\eZ`X% +%
8Zk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j%,%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
J\gl\[\e\okiX\i[\cXj[`jZlj`fe\jZlXkifcˆe\Xj]le[Xd\ekXc\j1cXj[`]\i\eZ`Xji\^`feXc\jpcX
[\Ôe`Z`e[\cfjZi`k\i`fj[\\mXclXZ`e2cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X2cXZ`\eZ`XpcX„k`ZXpcXj
gfcˆk`ZXj[\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j[`mlc^X[fiXj[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
8g\jXi[\cX\m`[\ek\XÔe`[X[ZlckliXc[\el\jkiXi\^`e#\o`jk\leX\efid\[`m\ij`[X[efjcf
\eZlXekfXZi`k\i`fjj`efXcgifg`fc„o`Zf\dgc\X[f%8’ecXgXcXYiXÈ`dgXZkfÉgifmfZXi\XZZ`fe\j
[`]\i\ek\j\eZX[XgXˆjp_XpleX^iXe[`m\ij`[X[[\[\Ôe`Z`fe\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
J`e[l[X\j]le[Xd\ekXccc\^XiXZfej\ejfjjfYi\cfjk„id`efjpcXd\kf[fcf^ˆX\dgc\X[fjgXiX
gf[\i\jkXYc\Z\iZfdgXiXZ`fe\j\eki\cfjgif^iXdXj[\gfglcXi`qXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\el\jkiX
i\^`e%Cfhl\jˆ\jle\c\d\ekfZfejkXek\\ekf[fjel\jkifjgXˆj\j\jcXe\Z\j`[X[[\hl\cfj
^fY`\iefjpcXjfi^Xe`qXZ`fe\j`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jXgfik\e]fe[fjkXekfgXiXcX`em\jk`^XZ`eZfdf
gXiX cX ]fidXZ`e [\ g\ijfeXc ZXgXZ`kX[f \e \c ZXdgf [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX
k\Zefcf^ˆXp[\jl\mXclXZ`e%J`Y`\ej\gl\[\Xi^ld\ekXihl\cXZ`\eZ`Xefk`\e\`dgc`ZXZ`fe\j
„k`ZXj g\i j\# ef _Xp [l[X hl\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p jl \mXclXZ`e [\Y\e [\ \jkXi
\edXiZX[Xj\egi`eZ`g`fj„k`Zfj%J`e[l[X#cX]fidX\ehl\j\_XZ\cc\^XileZfefZ`d`\ekfXcX
jfZ`\[X[efidXcXfg`e`ehl\cXjfZ`\[X[Xjld\%
;\j[\cl\^fhl\\o`jk\edlZ_fjk`gfj[\\mXclXZ`e%Gfi\a\dgcf#\jk}cX\mXclXZ`e`ejk`klZ`feXc
hl\m\i`ÔZXhl\j\ZldgcXecXjd\kXj[\legcXe[\kiXYXaf%<o`jk\eZfdgXŒˆXjZfejlckfiXjhl\
`m
gl\[\ei\Xc`qXileX\eZl\jkXgXiX\mXclXi\c`dgXZkf[\Xc^leXXZk`m`[X[fY`\eleX[\g\e[\eZ`X
XZX[„d`ZXgl\[\\jkXYc\Z\ihl„j\hl`\i\d\[`ipZdf%CXd}j[`]ˆZ`c\ekf[XjcXj\mXclXZ`fe\j
\jcXXlkf\mXclXZ`epcX\mXclXZ`e[\cfj\mXclX[fi\j%Kf[Xj\jkXj\mXclXZ`fe\j\jk}egficf
^\e\iXcle`[XjXleX[\Z`j`egfjk\i`fijfYi\Xgfpfjgi\jlgl\jkXc\j1cX\mXclXZ`e[\legifp\Zkf
[\Y\[\k\e\ileXZfej\Zl\eZ`X[`i\ZkX\e\cXgfpf\Zfed`Zfhl\„jk\i\Z`YX%
<e\jkXjAfieX[Xj@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXjjfYi\:i`k\i`fj[\<mXclXZ`e[\cX:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
_\dfjj\^l`[f\cZXd`efd}j[`]ˆZ`c1_\dfjYljZX[fZfejkil`idf[\cfj`ek\iefjp\ek\e[\i\c
gifZ\[`d`\ekf[\ZfejkilZZ`e[\`e[`ZX[fi\j#gXiXgf[\i\mXclXigifp\Zkfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%@e\m`kXYc\d\ek\#ZfdfpXd\eZ`feXdfj#efj_\dfj\eZfekiX[f
Zfeg\Zlc`Xi`[X[\jcfZXc\j#Zfe[`]\i\eZ`Xjc`e^•ˆjk`ZXjpZfe[`]\i\eZ`Xji\Xc\j[\ekif[\el\jkiX
i\^`e% Efj _\dfj\e]i\ekX[fXcXY’jhl\[X[\leX[\Ôe`Z`eZfd’ejfYi\hl„\jcXZlckliX
Z`\ekˆÔZXpjlj[`]\i\eZ`XjZfeleXZlckliXk\Zefc^`ZXgXiXgf[\i#gfjk\i`fid\ek\#d\[`icXj%
KiXYXaXdfj\e^ilgfjZfejljgifg`fjZffi[`eX[fi\jp#Zfdfj`\dgi\jlZ\[\\ecXji\le`fe\j
`Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXj#\eZfekiXdfj\og\i`\eZ`Xjdlp`ek\i\jXek\jpY`\e\jkilZkliX[Xj%?Xp\eel\jkiX
i\^`eleXmXeZ\`dgfikXek\jfYi\\ck\dX[\cX\mXclXZ`ep_XpdlZ_fkXc\ekf%Cfhl\efj]XckX
\jkiXejd`k`iefj\og\i`\eZ`XjpZfcXYfiXikf[fjalekfjgXiXhl\@Y\ifXd„i`ZXfZlg\gc\eXd\ek\
\c gXg\c `ek\ieXZ`feXc hl\ c\ Zfii\jgfe[\ \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p gXiX hl\ el\jkiX
Zfdle`[X[ Zfeki`YlpX ZX[X m\q d}j X cX jfZ`\[X[ \hl`kXk`mX p aljkX hl\ hl\i\dfj k\e\i% Gfi
\jkf\jhl\cXglYc`ZXZ`e[\\jkXjd\dfi`Xj\j]le[Xd\ekXcpXhl\Zfejk`kl`i}leXi\]\i\eZ`X
fYc`^X[X p \e Z`\ikX ]fidX g`fe\iX jfYi\ \c k\dX [\ cX \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX
Z`\eZ`X%Gi\Z`jXd\ek\#[fj[\el\jkiXjZffi[`eX[fiXjpZf$fi^Xe`qX[fiXj[\cXjAfieX[Xj#:Xid\e
J}eZ_\q$DfiXpDe`ZXCfqXef#jfecXj\[`kfiXj[\\jkXjd\dfi`Xj#\ecXjhl\_\dfjYljZX[f
leX _fdf^\e\`[X[ p gfe\i X cXj Zfeki`YlZ`fe\j \e Zfek\okf% J` Y`\e \jkXj d\dfi`Xj jfe leX
Zfej\Zl\eZ`X[`i\ZkX[\cXjAfieX[Xj#k`\e\egfi\ccXjd`jdXjcX`dgfikXeZ`X[\lek\okfY}j`Zf
[\i\]\i\eZ`X%
:fdfleXmXeZ\X\jkXglYc`ZXZ`e#Xck\id`eXicXjAfieX[Xjgif[la`dfjledXe`Ô\jkfhl\i\jXckX
cXe\Z\j`[X[[\\jkXYc\Z\ileXgfcˆk`ZXi\^`feXcphl\_\dfjZ`iZlcX[f\eel\jkifjgXˆj\jpgfi
[`]\i\ek\jX^\eZ`Xj%J\gl\[\c\\i\e\jkXjd\dfi`XjYXaf\cefdYi\[\1CXZXikX[\:XikX^\eX
[\@e[`Xj%
8jˆ gl\j# cXj AfieX[Xj# alekf Zfe jl dXe`Ô\jkf p \jkXj d\dfi`Xj jfe le gXjf d}j _XZ`X leX
jfZ`\[X[d}jZlckXk\Zefc^`ZXpZ`\ekˆÔZXd\ek\_XYcXe[f%<jg\iXdfjhl\kXekfcfjXj`jk\ek\j
XcXjAfieX[Xj#Zfdffkifjc\Zkfi\j[\\jkXjd\dfi`Xj\ok`\e[XejljXcZXeZ\jXleXi\[ZX[Xm\q
dXpfi[\^ilgfj[\[`ZX[fjXcXgfglcXi`qXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%Jcfhl\[XX^iX[\Z\iXgXik`Z`gXek\j
pi\cXkfi\jjlkiXYXaf\eklj`XjkXp[\ZXc`[X[#hl\efj_XZ\\jg\iXile]lklifZX[Xm\qd\afigXiX
@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%
m
PRÓLOGO
@e^l\cfi\JZ_\le\dXee[\JflqX
><JKFI8ÝI<8;<:@<E:@8PJF:@<;8;
Gif^iXdX@Y\ifXd\i`ZXef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXgXiX\c;\jXiifccfÆ:PK<;
`e^l\cfi\7^dX`c%Zfd
Comunicación de la
ciencia: ¿quiénes son los
principales actores?
:fdfglekf[\gXik`[XgXiX\jkXjZfej`[\iXZ`fe\jkfdf\c_\Z_f[\hl\j\\eZl\ekiX\ecXX^\e[X
[\kf[XjcXjfi^Xe`qXZ`fe\j`ek\ieXZ`feXc\j\ck\dX[\ZfdfcXZ`\eZ`XpcXjfZ`\[X[jl\c\ecf^iXi\c
\ek\e[`d`\ekf[\hl\cXZ`\eZ`X\jgXik\[\cXm`[X[`Xi`X\`ek\iÔ\i\[\dXe\iXgfj`k`mXfe\^Xk`mX
\ecXZXc`[X[[\m`[X[\ZX[Xg\ijfeXp[\cXjfZ`\[X[\e^\e\iXc%GfifkifcX[f#ef\jgfj`Yc\[\Z`i
cfd`jdf[\cXZlckliX[fe[\dlZ_Xjg\ijfeXj#\eki\\ccXjcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj\e^\e\iXc#\jkXYc\Z\e
cˆd`k\jXik`ÔZ`Xc\j\eki\Z`\eZ`XpZlckliX%
<jkX i\]\i\eZ`X k`\e\ Zfdf ]leZ`e _XZ\i „e]Xj`j \e \c _\Z_f [\ hl\ cX Z`\eZ`X Zfdf ]fidX [\
gif[lZZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf# [\k\id`eX p \j [\k\id`eX[X# kXekf \e k„id`efj \g`jk\dfc^`Zfj#
Zfdf d\kf[fc^`Zfj# gfi jl `ej\iZ`e k\Zefc^`ZX \e cX \jkilZkliX jfZ`Xc% <j \jkX `ej\iZ`e p cX
Zfej`^l`\ek\efj\gXiXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\cX\jkilZkliXjfZ`Xc#jljZfeÕ`ZkfjpZfekiX[`ZZ`fe\j#
cfhl\c\^`k`dX\jkX]fidX[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfpc\ZfeÔ\i\lemXcfiZf^e`k`mf#[`]\i\eZ`}e[fcX[\cXj
[\d}j]fidXj[\gif[lZZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf%J\kiXkX[\i\ZfefZ\icX`eÕl\eZ`X[\cXZ`\eZ`X
jfYi\cXjfZ`\[X[#g\ifkXdY`„ep[\df[fdlp\jg\Z`Xc#cX[\cXjfZ`\[X[jfYi\cXZ`\eZ`X%
m`
<e \jkX ZfeZ\gZ`e# \c Zfek\e`[f [\ cX gif[lZZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZX ef \j \jkXYc\Z`[f \jki`ZkXd\ek\
\ecXi\cXZ`e\o`jk\ek\\eki\\c`em\jk`^X[fi#jlfYa\kfpjlj[\d}jZfdgXŒ\ifj#g\ifjˆ\dXeX
[\ cfj `eZfekXYc\j XZkfi\j [\ cfj Zl}c\j cX Z`\eZ`X [\g\e[\ p Zfe cfj ZlXc\j [`Xcf^X p e\^fZ`X
g\idXe\ek\d\ek\% CX gif[lZZ`e [\c ZfefZ`d`\ekf gl\[\ j\i p \j# \e dlZ_fj ZXjfj# i\Xc`qX[X
kXekfgfi\cj\ek`[fZfd’e#ZfdfgficXZ`\eZ`X%J\kiXkX[\Zfdgi\e[\ihl\pXef\j[\j\XYc\
\oZcl`i[\cfjgifZ\jfj[\gif[lZZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX\cZfefZ`d`\ekfgif[lZ`[f]l\iX[\c
ZXdgfZ`\ekˆÔZf%
CXWorld Conference on Science\e\cZXgˆklcfScience for the Twenty Century#i\Xc`qX[X\e9l[Xg\jk\e
(000#gfe\\e\m`[\eZ`XcXe\Z\j`[X[[\leXel\mXi\cXZ`e\eki\Z`\eZ`XpjfZ`\[X[#[\lei\]l\iqf
p Zffg\iXZ`e \e cX \[lZXZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZX [\ Zfe\ZkXi \c ZfefZ`d`\ekf Z`\ekˆÔZf df[\ief Xc
ZfefZ`d`\ekfkiX[`Z`feXc#[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi`X#[\Xlo`c`XiXcXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjgXˆj\j
\e[\jXiifccf#[\cX`dgfikXeZ`X[\[XiXk\eZ`eXcX„k`ZX\ecXgi}Zk`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp\e\cljf[\c
ZfefZ`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZf\eki\fkifj`dgfikXek\jXgfik\j%8hlˆj\i\jXckX#leXm\qd}j#cX\o`^\eZ`X
[\ hl\ cX Z`\eZ`X [\Y\ `eZfigfiXi cXj [\dXe[Xj jfZ`Xc\j# XZklXi \e cX \ej\ŒXeqX# `eZfigfiXi cfj
ZfefZ`d`\ekfjkiX[`Z`feXc\jp#ZfeZfd`kXek\d\ek\#^\jk`feXiXck\ieXk`mXjgfcˆk`ZXjpk\Zefc^`ZXj
[`i`^`[XjXcXg\ijg\Zk`mX[\le]lklifd}j\hl`c`YiX[f%
Cfj[fZld\ekfj[\Zlii\ek\j[\\jkl[`fj[\cXLE<J:Fi\Xc`qX[fjgficX:fd`j`e@ek\ieXZ`feXc
JfYi\ <[lZXZ`e gXiX \c J`^cf OO@# \e \c Zfek\okf [\ cXj i\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\j [\ cXj [\efd`eX[Xj
i\le`fe\j[\;XbXi#i\jXckXecX`dgfikXeZ`X[\cX\[lZXZ`egXiX\c[\jXiifccf_ldXef#[\jkXZXe[f
cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ Zfejkil`i cX ZXgXZ`[X[ [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e p \jkl[`fj XmXeqX[fj \e e`m\c i\^`feXc1
\ej\ŒXi cXj m`m\eZ`Xj [\ekif [\ leX gifYc\d}k`ZX j`jk\d}k`ZX# Xgifm\Z_Xi cfj ZfefZ`d`\ekfj
k}Z`kfj[\kf[fj#`eZcl`[fjcfj[\cXj^\e\iXZ`fe\jXek\i`fi\j#Xgc`ZXicfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj
`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jXgifp\Zkfj`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi`fjpXcd`jdfk`\dgfkiXkXi[\cX\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[cfZXc%
GfifkifcX[f#\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\j`dglcjX[fgfi\c\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf[\i\cXZ`fe\j[\Zffg\iXZ`e
\eki\ \ek\j Æg\ijfeXj l fi^Xe`qXZ`fe\jÆ hl\ X g\jXi [\ j\i [`jk`ekfj# \e^cfYXe \c gfk\eZ`Xc [\
[\jXiifccf \o`jk\ek\ \e leX i\cXZ`e dXiZX[X gfi cX i\Z`gifZ`[X[% <j \jkX cX YXj\ gXiX Xc^lefj
ÈXii\^cfjÉ d}j ]ilZkˆ]\ifj \e cX jfZ`\[X[ [\c ZfefZ`d`\ekf1 cXj Zfdle`[X[\j [\ Xgi\e[`qXa\# cXj
Zfdle`[X[\j [\ giXZk`ZXek\j [\ leX [\k\id`eX[X k\Zefcf^ˆX# cXj i\cXZ`fe\j \eki\ cfj XZkfi\j
[\cfjj`jk\dXjeXZ`feXcpcfZXc[\`eefmXZ`ek\Zefc^`ZXpcXZffg\iXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX#k„Ze`ZXp
k\Zefc^`ZX`ek\ieXZ`feXc%
<e \jk\ j\ek`[f _Xp hl\ Zfej`[\iXi hl\ cX `eZclj`e [\ XZkfi\j [`jk`ekfj Zfdf gif[lZkfi\j [\
ZfefZ`d`\ekfg\id`k\m`jcldYiXihl\m`\e\jli^`\e[fleXel\mXZ`\eZ`X#Zlpfjgi`eZ`g`fjpgi\d`jXj
fg\iXZ`feXc\jjfed}jZfdgXk`Yc\jZfe\c\jk`cf[\g\ejXd`\ekf\ei\[%D`\ekiXjcXXek`^lXZ`\eZ`X
\jZXiXZk\i`qX[Xgfi\c[`jkXeZ`Xd`\ekf#gficX\ogifg`XZ`e#gficX[`j\ZZ`epgficXi\[lZZ`e#cX
el\mX\jZXiXZk\i`qX[XgfiZfdgifd`jf#gfi\ci\XYXjk\Z`d`\ekf#gficX`ek\^iXZ`e#gfi\c_fc`jdf%
<e \c }dY`kf [\ cXj Z`\eZ`Xj XdY`\ekXc\j# gfi \a\dgcf# cX Xek`^lX Z`\eZ`X m\ cX eXkliXc\qX Zfdf
fYa\kfj#cXel\mXZ`\eZ`XcXm\Zfdfi\cXZ`fe\j#cXXek`^lXZ`\eZ`Xj\\dg\ŒX\e_XZ\icXeXkliXc\qX
gif[lZk`mX#cXel\mX\e\jkXYc\Z\iXjfZ`XZ`fe\jZfe\ccX%
<e \jk\ j\ek`[f# d\ ^ljkXiX \okiX\i p d\eZ`feXi gXik\j [\ le k\okf [\c gif]\jfi Cl`q D`^l\c
Ffjk\iY\\b# Gif]\jfi [\c @ejk`klkf Gfc`k„Ze`Zf [\ KfdXi# Zfejlckfi \e cX :fd`j`e <lifg\X#
m``
M`Z\gi\j`[\ek\[\c?\i`kp@ek\ieXk`feXc@ejk`klk\hl\kiXkX[\cXgi\j\imXZ`epZ\ik`ÔZXZ`e[\c
gXki`dfe`fZlckliXcXY`\ikfXcXm`j`kXZ`eg’Yc`ZX #gi\j`[\ek\[XLe`e@ek\ieXZ`feXc[\cXj:`\eZ`Xj
Gifkf_`jki`ZXjpGi\_`jki`ZXj#pd`\dYif[\cÝi\X[\:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[[\c:PK<;#\elek\okf
[\efd`eX[fcXInsustentável Ligeireza do Desenvolvimento1
È%%% [\j\emfcm`d\ekf jljk\ek}m\c fl „ ldX i\[le[eZ`X# j`dg}k`ZX dXj `e’k`c#
fl „ ldX ]Xc}Z`X g\i`^fjX% < X`e[X gfihl\# j\e[f X k\`X \Zfed`ZX ldX k\`X [\
i\cXƒ‘\j_ldXeXj#\cX„XZlckliX#\jjXg\Zlc`Xi\ok\ejf\okiX$jfd}k`ZX[fefjjf
ZfdgfikXd\ekf#hl\efZfeZ\[\X[`jjfZ`Xƒf\eki\Xd\cf[`X\X]XYi`ZXƒf[f
`ejkild\ekfhl\Xjfefi`qX#\eki\fj\i\f]Xq\i#\eki\fj`dYc`Zf\f]leZ`feXc%
<„XZlckliX#flj\aXej#XjefjjXj[`ed`ZXj#XefjjXi\cXƒfZfdfd\`f#hl\„
i\c\mXek\%
8 \c\mXƒf [X ZlckliX Z`\ekˆÔZX \ k\Zefc^`ZX [X gfglcXƒf# e\jk\ Zfek\okf# „
ZilZ`XcgXiXfZi\jZ`d\ekf#efgfi\cXgfjj`Y`c`kXiXXjj`d`cXƒf[Xj`efmXƒ‘\j#
dXjgi\Z`jXd\ek\gfi\cXgfk\eZ`XiXc`Y\i[X[\[\ZX[Xld#\[\ZX[X^ilgf#\d
j\^l`i f j\l gigi`f ZXd`e_f% y e\jk\ j\ek`[f hl\ f [\j\emfcm`d\ekf _ldXef#
^cfYXc#„_fa\ld]XZkfi[\Zi\jZ`d\ekf\Zfed`Zf\jj\eZ`Xc%<„kXdY„defj\l
`em\ijf#\\d\jg\Z`Xc\dkf[XjXj]fidXj[\Xc`\eXƒf#dX`j[fhl\XgXlg\i`qXƒf
[Xj ZcXjj\j d„[`Xj# hl\ j\ gf[\ \eZfekiXi X iX`q [X Zi`j\ [fj j`jk\dXj gfcˆk`Zfj
[\dfZi}k`Zfj%
LdX[XjZfdgfe\ek\j\jkiXk„^`ZXj[\ldXXZƒfZfdldkiXejm\ijXc#[\m\i}j\iX
\c\mXƒf[XZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX\k\Zefc^`ZX[XjgfglcXƒ‘\jfYa\Zk`mf[fgif^iXdX
`Y\if$Xd\i`ZXef:PK<;Æ:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^`XgXiX\c;\jXiifccf #[\j`^eX[Xd\ek\
i\Zlg\iXe[fZfe_\Z`d\ekfjkiX[`Z`feX`j\[\dfejkiXe[fZfdfldXYXj\ZlckliXc
XdgcX„dX`j\ÔZ`\ek\gXiXi\jfcm\igifYc\dXjZfeZi\kfjgfi\o\dgcf#eX^\jkf
[fj`dgXZk\j[\ZXk}jkif]\jeXkliX`j 1ldXYXj\ZlckliXchl\mXcfi`q\Xk\Zefcf^`X
Zfdf`ejkild\ekf[\jfclƒf[\gifYc\dXj#XZ`†eZ`XZfdfdXiZf[\i\Õ\of\
gifjg\Zk`mX#\f\ej`efZfdfgifZ\jjf`ek\iXZk`mf\`ek\^iX[fi[fjZ`[X[fjXf
cfe^f[Xm`[X#j\d[`jjfZ`XiXj[`d\ej‘\j[fjXY\i\[fjXY\i]Xq\iÉ%j`Z %
KXc\jZfeZ\gZ`fe\jjcfjfeZfdgXk`Yc\jZfe\c\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf[\i\[\j#ZfekiXYXaf\ei\[hl\
gifgfiZ`feX leX ZfejkilZZ`e ZfealekX p Õ\o`Yc\ \e hl\ Xhl\ccfj XZkfi\j hl\ ef [\k`\e\e \c
e`m\c[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf\e\cj\ek`[fXZX[„d`Zf[\ck„id`ef k\e^XecXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\XgfikXijlj
\og\i`\eZ`Xjp\cXYfiXijljgifg`XjZl\jk`fe\j#[\XZl\i[fZfejljgifg`fjk„id`efj#pef\ecfj
k„id`efjlk`c`qX[fjgficfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjZlpfj`ek\i\j\j\ccfjefk`\e\edfk`mXZ`fe\jgXiXZfdgXik`i%
Kf[XmˆX#\jX’ei\Xc`[X[hl\cXjg\iZ\gZ`fe\jpcfjgXg\c\j[\cfjXZkfi\jjfZ`Xc\jp[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj
[`Ô\i\e\edlZ_f\elegifZ\jf[\kXceXkliXc\qX#Y`\eZfdfcfjY\e\ÔZ`fjhl\ZX[Xle\jg\iX%
J`e\dYXi^f#dXek\e\im`mXcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\cfjXZkfi\jjfZ`Xc\j\ei\cXZ`eXcXjZl\jk`fe\j[\
:K@\jleXkXi\XXi[lX#gl\j\jkfje\Z\j`kXe\eZfekiXiY\e\ÔZ`fjkXe^`Yc\jgXiXj`d`jdfjgXiX
dXek\e\ijl`ek\i„jpgXik`Z`gXZ`e%8[\d}j#\jk}[\dfjkiX[fhl\cXXZZ`egfcˆk`ZXgl\[\kXi[Xi
[\*'X(,'XŒfjgXiXfZlii`i\ei\cXZ`eXc_XccXq^fZ`\ekˆÔZf%
KXcm\qj\Xe\jkXjXc^leXj[\cXjiXqfe\jgficXZlXccfjam\e\j\jk}e[`jkXeZ`X[fj[\cfjk\dXj[\
m```
cXZ`\eZ`X#Zfdfdl\jkiXe\jkl[`fj_\Z_fj\emXi`fjgXˆj\jfi\^`fe\j%<jleXj`klXZ`egXiX[a`ZX
gl\j\cgi\j\ek\pcfj\jkl[`fjjfYi\\c]lklifdl\jkiXe\cgXg\cZcXm\hl\al\^XecXZ`\eZ`XpcX
k\Zefcf^ˆXgXiXcX\ZfefdˆX^cfYXcpgXiX\c[\jXiifccf`ek\^iXc[\cXjfZ`\[X[%
<e \c Zfek\okf `Y\ifXd\i`ZXef# dXiZf ^\f^i}ÔZf [\ el\jkiX XZklXZ`e Zfdf Gif^iXdX
@Y\ifXd\i`ZXef [\ :`\eZ`X p K\Zefcf^ˆX gXiX \c ;\jXiifccf Æ :PK<;# kf[fj cfj gif^iXdXj [\
Zffg\iXZ`e dlck`cXk\iXc \e]Xk`qXe \e jl ifc [\ Ôe\j p gi`eZ`g`fj# [\ \eki\ cfj d’ck`gc\j glekfj
\o`jk\ek\j#Xhl\ccfjmfcZX[fjX]XZ`c`kXicXji\cXZ`fe\j\eki\Z`\eZ`X#k\Zefcf^ˆXpjfZ`\[X[\ecfj
gXˆj\j `Y\ifXd\i`ZXefj# XeXc`qXe[f cXj `dgc`ZXZ`fe\j [\c [\jXiifccf Z`\ekˆÔZf$k„Ze`Zf [\j[\ leX
g\ijg\Zk`mX jfZ`Xc# Xld\ekXe[f jl mXcfi`qXZ`e p cX Zfdgi\ej`e [\ jlj \]\Zkfj gfi kf[fj cfj
Z`l[X[Xefj#p#\e\jk\d`jdfj\ek`[fi\ZfefZ`\e[fcXj[`jgXi`[X[\j\o`jk\ek\j\eki\cfje`m\c\j
[\XmXeZ\jZ`\ekˆÔZf#k\Zefc^`Zf#[\`eefmXZ`epjfZ`f$\Zfed`Zf\o`jk\ek\j%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#\c
Ýi\X[\:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[[\cGif^iXdX:PK<;#X[\d}j[\\jk`dlcXiXZZ`fe\ji\^`feXc\jgficfj
k\dXj[\cXjZfemfZXkfi`XjXelXc\jgXiXi\[\jpgifp\Zkfj#kXdY`„e_Xfi^Xe`qX[fafieX[XjZfe
\cÔe[\Zfeki`Yl`igXiX\cd\afi[\j\dg\Œf[\cfjXZkfi\jhl\kiXYXaXe\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%JlYiXpXj\XhlˆcXjAfieX[Xj Iberoamericanas sobre Criterios de Evaluación de la
Comunicación de la Ciencia, i\Xc`qX[Xj\e)''-#Jornadas La Ciencia en los Medios Masivos: Los Desafíos y la
Evaluación del Periodismo Científico en Iberoamérica, p Jornadas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible desde un Enfoque
semántico, i\Xc`qX[Xj\e)''..
<eki\cXji\[\j\eXZk`m`[X[hl\k`\e\e\ejljfYa\k`mfjcXZfdle`ZXZ`epZfdgi\ej`ejfYi\cX
Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX _Xp hl\ [\jkXZXi cX ÈI\[ @Y\ifXd\i`ZXeX [\ <[lZXZ`e \e 9`fk\Zefcf^ˆX
8^ifXc`d\ekXi`XÉ#ÈI\[@Y\ifXd\iZXeXJfYi\\cLjf[\c:fefZ`d`\ekf:`\ekˆÔZfÉ#ÈI\[@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeX
[\ D\[`Z`e [\c @dgXZkf [\ cX GfglcXi`qXZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X p cX K\Zefcf^ˆX \e @Y\ifXd\i`ZXÉ#
ÈI\[@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeX[\>\jk`e[\c:fefZ`d`\ekfKiX[`Z`feXc\e:l\eZXj?`[if^i}ÔZXjpÝi\Xj
:fjk\iXjÉ%
GXiX cX ZfemfZXkfi`X [\c XŒf )''/ \jk}e XglekX[Xj Zfdf cˆe\Xj k\d}k`ZXj1 È:fcXYfiXZ`e gXiX
\c ]fd\ekf [\c G\i`f[`jdf :`\ekˆÔZf \e @Y\ifXd„i`ZXÉ \ È@dgXZkf jfZ`Xc [\ cXj k\Zefcf^ˆXj
Zfem\i^\ek\jÉ%
CXji\Õ\o`fe\jXhlˆ\ogi\jX[fjj`^e`ÔZXekXejcfleX`em`kXZ`eX[\YXk`icXjZl\jk`fe\jXZ\iZX
[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\pjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX`eZclp\e[f#[\dXe\iXd}jj`jk\d}k`ZXp
gif]le[X#\cj\j^fgifm\e`\ek\[\cfj[`m\ijfj^ilgfjpm`m\eZ`XjZlckliXc\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[%
`o
JORNADAS
Gi\j\ekXZ`e
AFIE8;8J@9<IF8D<I@:8E8J
:I@K<I@FJ<M8CL8:@äE;<:FDLE@:8:@äE;<C8:@<E:@8
:XikX^\eX[\@e[`Xj#:fcfdY`X
efm`\dYi\[\)''-
CXj Jornadas Iberoamericanas sobre Criterios de Evaluación de la Comunicación de la Ciencia,j\i\Xc`qXife
\eki\\c(,Æ(/[\efm`\dYi\[\)''-\e:XikX^\eX[\@e[`Xj#:fcfdY`X%
<cfYa\k`mf]le[Xd\ekXc[\cXjAfieX[Xj]l\\c`dglcjXigXiXcXi\^`eXd\[`XefgcXqfcXZi\XZ`e
[\ leX dXjX Ziˆk`ZX hl\ g\id`kX \c [\jXiifccf [\ gifgl\jkXj p d\ZXe`jdfj [\ \mXclXZ`e [\
cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# jfYi\ cX YXj\ [\c i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf [\ cXj e\Z\j`[X[\j cfZXc\j p
Zfek\oklXc\j\ecXjhl\j\[\jXiifccXecXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj%
CXjAfieX[Xjj\gcXek\XifeZfdfle\jgXZ`f[\i\Õ\o`ep\eZl\ekif\eki\^ilgfj`ek\i\jX[fj\e
\ck\dX#gXiX[\YXk`i#[`]le[`ipZfejkil`iel\mfjXZl\i[fjgXiXZfejfc`[Xi\ck\dX\ecXi\^`e%
Cfj fYa\k`mfj gXiX cXj Gi`d\iXj AfieX[Xj @Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXj jfYi\ :i`k\i`fj [\ <mXclXZ`e [\ cX
:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#]l\ifecfjj`^l`\ek\j1
›I\m`jXi cfj \j]l\iqfj p cf^ifj \e \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e
@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%
›@[\ek`ÔZXicXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXjpi\jlckX[fj[\cfj\jkl[`fj[\\mXclXZ`e\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cX
Z`\eZ`X\ecfj[`m\ijfjd\[`fj%
›;`jZlk`icfjgifYc\dXjpc`d`kXZ`fe\j[\cXjXZklXc\jd\kf[fcf^ˆXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj\e\mXclXZ`e
[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
›:fejkil`i [\ dXe\iX ZfealekX le gcXe [\ XZZ`e hl\ g\id`kX ]fikXc\Z\i p Zfejfc`[Xi cfj
gifZ\jfj [\ \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X jfYi\ cX YXj\ [\ leX i\Õ\o`e
ZfeZ\gklXc[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\j[\cXg\ijg\Zk`mXcfZXc`Y\ifXd\i`ZXeX%
o
Gif^iXdX
@EKIF;L::@äE%:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`Xpjl\mXclXZ`e%I\kfjgXiX8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
De`ZXCfqXefp:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiX%
J<J@äE LEF% CX \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X1 d\[`fj dXj`mfj p el\mXj
k\Zefcf^ˆXj\ecXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%:ffi[`eXe1Cl`jXDXjjXiXe`pAlc`XKX^•\ŒX
›:lXe[fcXZ`\eZ`X\jefk`Z`X1leX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfY\ikliX[\gi\ejXjfYi\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`X
pk\Zefcf^ˆX\eel\m\gXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
Cl`jXDXjjXiXe`#Dlj\f[\cXM`[X#=le[XZ`eFjnXc[f:ilq#Iˆf[\AXe\`if#9iXj`c%
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%CXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjpcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\
cXZ`\eZ`X%
Alc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^X#;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#LE8D#D„o`Zf%
›8e}c`j`j [\ cX f]\ikX `e]fidXk`mX jfYi\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX \e cfj gi`eZ`gXc\j [`Xi`fj
Xi^\ek`efj%
:Xid\cfGfc`ef#:\ekifI<;<J#9l\efj8`i\j#8i^\ek`eX%
›El\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj%I\Õ\o`fe\jgXiXle[`j\Œf[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\j[\@ejk`klkfjK\Zefc^`Zfj%
;Xe`\cKfcfjX#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc[\KlZld}e#8i^\ek`eX%
›:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXgi\ejX\jZi`kXZfjkXii`Z\ej\1Xe}c`j`j[\ZXjfj%
>`j\cc\9ljkfj#:FE@:@K&Le`m\ij`[X[[\:fjkXI`ZX#:fjkXI`ZX%
›:lXe[f cX Z`\eZ`X \j efk`Z`X1 leX \mXclXZ`e [\ cX j\ZZ`e [\ Z`\eZ`X \e el\m\ gXˆj\j [\
8d„i`ZXCXk`eXp\c:Xi`Y\%
Cl`jXDXjjXiXe`#9ilef9lpj#:\ekif[\<jkl[`fj#Dlj\f[\cXM`[X&:F:&=`fZilq#Iˆf[\
AXe\`if#9iXj`c%
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e\ecX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[
EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf%
GXki`Z`XDX^XŒX#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
o`
›8e}c`j`j[\:fY\ikliXD\[`}k`ZXjfYi\@em\jk`^XZ`fe\j:`\ekˆÔZXj\eGi\ejX<jZi`kXp;`^`kXc1
:XjfD`j`e:8IK8)'',%
DXi^fk_D\eX#Le`[X[[\:fdle`ZXZ`e#:\ekifEXZ`feXc[\8ckXK\Zefcf^ˆX#:fjkXI`ZX%
J<J@äE;FJ%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1cfjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`X%
:ffi[`eXe1:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiXpAlc`}e9\kXeZflik
›CX<mXclXZ`e[\cX:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X\ecfjDlj\fjp:\ekifj[\:`\eZ`X%
:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiX#;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc
8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
›:\ekif [\ :lckliX K\Zefc^`ZX% LeX gl\ikX hl\ j\ XYi\ Xc ZfefZ`d`\ekf [\c dle[f
Zfejkil`[f%
8hl`c\j>Xp#Dlj\f[\:lckliXK\efc^`ZX#:i[fYX#8i^\ek`eX%
›GXihl\j [X Z`†eZ`X le`m\ij`k}i`fj1 X `dgfikeZ`X [Xj X^†eZ`Xj [\ ]fd\ekf \ [f jlgfik\
`ejk`klZ`feXc`ek\iefgXiXjlX\ÔZ}Z`X\ehlXekfgifgX^Xƒf[XZ`†eZ`X%
:i`jk`XeX[\=iXeZX#Le`m\ij`[X[\MXc\[fI`f;fZ\$LE@M8C<#>fm\ieX[fiMXcX[Xi\j#D`eXj
[\>\iX`j#9iXj`c%
›Dfm`d\ekf:KJ\Dlj\lj[\:`†eZ`XjefZfek\okfYiXj`c\`if%
;aXeX :fek`\i# DXik_X DXiXe[`ef# =XZlc[X[\ [\ <[lZXƒf [X Le`m\ij`[X[\ [\ Jf GXlcf#
9iXj`c%
›CXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX\eki\cfjm`j`kXek\jam\e\jXLe`m\ijld%
<ie\jkfD}ihl\q#Jfd\[`Zpk#D„o`Zf%
›8mXc`Xe[f Xj gi}k`ZXj \[lZXZ`feX`j \d ld dlj\l [\ Z`†eZ`Xj1 f Dlj\l [\ Qffcf^`X [X
Le`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf\jlXi\cXƒfZfdXj\jZfcXj%
ClZ`XeXDXik`ej#DXik_XDXiXe[`ef#=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf#
9iXj`c%
›<mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X1 Xe}c`j`j [\ \og\i`\eZ`Xj Zfe `ejk`klZ`fe\j
\[lZXk`mXj%
DXiZf8ekfe`f8ckXd`iXef#Dlj\f<ZlXkfi`Xef[\:`\eZ`XjEXkliXc\j#Hl`kf#<ZlX[fi%
›:fem\ijXj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\deXÈfÔZ`eX[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[\Xe`dX`jÉ1ld\jkl[fefDlj\l[\
Qffcf^`X$LJG%
DXi`XGXlcX:fii\`X#=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf#9iXj`c%
›<c@e]fid\Fg`e7%CX\mXclXZ`eZlXek`kXk`mX[\Le`m\ijld%
DXiˆX K\i\jX G„i\q# ;`i\ZZ`e >\e\iXc [\ ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X# Le`m\ij`[X[ EXZ`feXc
8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
›Qffc^`Zf%J\i}hl\\jkXdfjgXjjXe[fXd\ejX^\dZ\ikX6
M`m`Xe\ IXZ_`[# GXihl\ Qffc^`Zf Dle`Z`gXc Hl`eq`e_f [\ 9Xiifj# JfifZXYX Æ Jf GXlcf#
9iXj`c%
o``
›Qf[\JfifZXYX$JfGXlcf1\[lZXe[fgXiXXZfej\imXƒf[XeXkli\qX%
M`m`Xe\IXZ_`[#GXihl\Qffc^`ZfDle`Z`gXcHl`eq`e_f[\9Xiifj#JfifZXYXÆJfGXlcf#9iXj`c%
J<::@äEKI<J%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcX]fidXZ`e[\Zfdle`ZX[fi\j%
:ffi[`eX<cX`e\I\pefjf
›CXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcX\mXclXZ`e[\gif^iXdXjgXiX]fidXiXZfdle`ZX[fi\j%
<cX`e\ I\pefjf# ;`i\ZZ`e >\e\iXc [\ ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X# Le`m\ij`[X[ EXZ`feXc
8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
›I\Õ\o`fe\jXZ\iZX[\cX]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\jZ`\ekˆÔZfjpcXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX\e9XaX
:Xc`]fie`XJli#D„o`Zf%
:ilq [\c :Xid\e Al}i\q# :\ekif @ek\i[`Z`gc`eXi`f [\ :`\eZ`Xj DXi`eXj# @ejk`klkf Gfc`k„Ze`Zf
EXZ`feXc#CXGXq#D„o`Zf%
›Gfj^iX[f\e:fdle`ZXZ`eG’Yc`ZX[\cX:`\eZ`X%
DX%[\cfjÝe^\c\j<iXqf#Le`m\ij`[X[:\ekiXc[\c<ZlX[fi#Hl`kf#<ZlX[fi%
J<::@äE:L8KIF%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1CXj8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj
@e]Xek`c\jpAlm\e`c\j%:ffi[`eX1De`ZXCfqXef
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j%
De`ZXCfqXef#Gifp\ZkfJfZ`\[X[[\c:fefZ`d`\ekfp;`m\ij`[X[:lckliXcD„o`ZfJ`^cfOO@#
:ffi[`eXZ`e[\?ldXe`[X[\j#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
›CX[`mlc^XZ`e1kXi\X]le[Xd\ekXc\e\c@:E$LE8D%
Afj„IXde?\ie}e[\q#@ejk`klkf[\:`\eZ`XjElZc\Xi\j#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\
D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
›CXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jYi\m\j[\Z`\eZ`X#leXXck\ieXk`mX[\[`mlc^XZ`e\e\cdlj\fLe`m\ijld1
jlj\og\i`\eZ`Xjpjl\mXclXZ`e%
ClˆjD\qX#;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\
D„o`Zf#D„o`Zf%
›@dgXZkfjfZ`Xc[\cfjgifp\Zkfj[\:pKgi\j\ekX[fj\e=\i`Xj[\:pKAlm\e`c\j%8gfik\j[\
cfjgifp\Zkfj\ejlZfdle`[X[[\fi`^\e%
DXiˆX:i`jk`eXÝcmXi\q#J\Zi\kXiˆX[\:`\eZ`X#K\Zefcf^ˆX\@eefmXZ`eGif[lZk`mX#8i^\ek`eX%
›I\jlckX[fj[\cX\eZl\jkX[`i`^`[XXcfjm`j`kXek\j[\cX=\i`XEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX#
)'',#i\Xc`qX[X\ecXZ`l[X[[\=fidfjX%
DXiˆX:i`jk`eXÝcmXi\q#J\Zi\kXiˆX[\:`\eZ`X#K\Zefcf^ˆX\@eefmXZ`eGif[lZk`mX#8i^\ek`eX%
›<mXclXZ`e[\cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\cJ`jk\dXEXZ`feXc[\
:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\:fcfdY`X(00'$)''+%CXjXZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j%<c
ZXjf[\cfjgif^iXdXj[\\[lZXZ`eef]fidXci\cXZ`feX[fjZfecX\[lZXZ`eY}j`ZXpd\[`X%
Ýe^\cXI`m\iX#FYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX#:fcfdY`X%
o```
J<J@äE:@E:F%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1CXjg\ijg\Zk`mXjeXZ`feXc\jp
i\^`feXc\j%:ffi[`eX1:Xid\cfGfc`ef
›CXfg`e`eZ`l[X[XeXZfdffYa\kf[\Xk\eZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%Le
i\gXjfgficX\og\i`\eZ`X`Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXpXc^leXj`[\XjjfYi\cXj[`i\ZZ`fe\j]lkliXj%
:Xid\cfGfc`ef#:\ekifI<;<J#8i^\ek`eX%
›;`mlc^XZ`e[\cXj:`\eZ`XjJfZ`Xc\j\e:_`c\%
:cXl[`XQ’Œ`^X#=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`XjJfZ`Xc\j#Le`m\ij`[X[[\:_`c\#:_`c\%
›Gfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXjgXiXZfdle`ZXicXZ`\eZ`X%
:i`jk`eXGXYe#M`Z\d`e`jk\i`f[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX#9fc`m`X%
›CfjJ@&K@:\e\cgifZ\jf[\glYc`ZXZ`e#[`]lj`ep\mXclXZ`e[\cXgif[lZZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX%LeX
Xck\ieXk`mXgXiXE`ZXiX^lX%
<ei`hl\J`cmX#K@:fejlckfi\j#E`ZXiX^lX%
›8mXc`Xƒf[\gifa\kfj[\[`mlc^XƒfZ`\ekˆÔZXef9iXj`c1Zi`k„i`fj\d\ZXe`jdfj#[`ÔZlc[X[\j\
c`d`kXƒ‘\j%
@c[\l[\:Xjkif#D`e`jk„i`f[X:`†eZ`X\K\Zefcf^`X#9iXj`c%
›8c^leXji\Õ\o`fe\jjfYi\cX[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX%
EX[`X>XiZˆX#D`e`jk\i`f[\:`\eZ`X#K\Zefcf^ˆXpD\[`f8dY`\ek\#:lYX%
›<mXclXZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX\eZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e\cJ`jk\dX
EXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX$JE:pK[\:fcfdY`X(00'$)''+%
JXe[iX;XqX#FYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX#:fcfdY`X%
J<J@äEJ<@J%:feZclj`fe\jpZ`\ii\%:ffi[`eXeAlc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^X\@e^l\cfi\JZ_\le\dXee[\
JflqX
›I\cXkfiˆXgfij\j`fe\jp^\e\iXc%
›G\ijg\Zk`mXj]lkliXj#i\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\j#cˆe\XjXj\^l`i\e\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cX
Z`\eZ`X%
›:XikX[\:XikX^\eX%
Alc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^X#Zffi[`eX[fiX^\e\iXc[\cXjAfieX[Xj@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXjjfYi\:i`k\i`fj[\
<mXclXZ`ep:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X%
@e^l\cfi\JZ_\le\dXe[\JflqX#^\jkfiXÝi\X[\:`\eZ`XpJfZ`\[X[[\:PK<;%
o`m
:XikX[\:XikX^\eX[\@e[`Xj
;liXek\cfj[ˆXj(+Xc(.[\efm`\dYi\[\)''-\e\c:\ekif[\=fidXZ`e[\cX:ffg\iXZ`e
<jgXŒfcX\e:XikX^\eX[\@e[`Xj#:fcfdY`X#YXafcX`e`Z`Xk`mXpZffi[`eXZ`e[\c}i\X[\:`\eZ`Xp
JfZ`\[X[[\cgif^iXdX:PK<;#j\i\Xc`qXifecXjgi`d\iXjAfieX[Xj@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXjjfYi\:i`k\i`fj
[\ <mXclXZ`e [\ cX :fdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X Zfe \c fYa\k`mf [\ Gifgfe\i d\ZXe`jdfj [\
\mXclXZ`egXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp_XZ\i\c\a\iZ`Z`f[\\mXclXiXc^lefjgif^iXdXj
[\gfglcXi`qXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\CXk`efXd„i`ZX%
CfjkiXYXafjj\[\jXiifccXifeXkiXm„j[\gfe\eZ`Xj[\\og\ikfj`em`kX[fjpZlijfj`dgXik`[fjX
cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j[\0gXˆj\j[\@Y\ifXd„i`ZX#hl\kXdY`„egi\j\ekXifejlj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\e\jk\
ZXdgf\jg\ZˆÔZf%
CfjgXik`Z`gXek\j#XcÔeXc[\cXj[`jZlj`fe\jpXe}c`j`j^\e\iX[fj#[\Z`[\ejlYiXpXihl\1
(% CXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp[\cXk\Zefcf^ˆX\j`dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\gXiX[\jXiifccXicXZlckliX
Z`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX[\cXgfYcXZ`e`Y\ifXd\i`ZXeX%
)% CX ZlckliX Z`\ekˆÔZX p k\Zefc^`ZX j\ Zfejk`klp\ \e ]XZkfi [\ `eZclj`e jfZ`Xc p gfi
Zfej\Zl\eZ`X#`eÕlp\[\]fidX[\Z`j`mX\ecX[`jd`elZ`e[\cXjgifeleZ`X[Xj[\j`^lXc[X[\j
hl\ZXiXZk\i`qXeel\jkif\jgXZ`f^\f$gfcˆk`Zf`Y\ifXd\i`ZXef%
*% CX \mXclXZ`e \j ]le[Xd\ekXc Zfe \c gifgj`kf [\ d\afiXi j`jk\d}k`ZXd\ek\ cX ZXc`[X[ [\
cfjgif[lZkfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#pm\i`ÔZXi\cZldgc`d`\ekf[\
fYa\k`mfjgifgl\jkfj%
+% <o`jk\e\e@Y\ifXd„i`ZX\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp[\cX
k\Zefcf^ˆX#g\ifkf[XmˆX_XplecXi^fZXd`efgfii\Zfii\i%;\_\Z_f#X’ej\ZfefZ\YXjkXek\
gfZf XZ\iZX [\ jl mXc`[\q d\kf[fc^`ZX% 8j`d`jdf# kXdgfZf j\ [`jgfe\ [\ Zi`k\i`fj hl\
[\i`m\e \e gXi}d\kifj Zfdle\j [\ d\[`Z`e p# gfi cf kXekf# [\ fYk\eZ`e [\ `e[`ZX[fi\j
hl\gl\[Xej\iZfdgXiXYc\jXe`m\ci\^`feXc#i\jg\kXe[fXcd`jdfk`\dgfcXj[`m\ij`[X[\j
ZlckliXc\jp[\XZk`m`[X[\j\o`jk\ek\jjfYi\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
om
Gfikf[fcfXek\i`fi#cfjgXik`Z`gXek\jZfej`[\iXehl\\j`dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\1
,% CXZffi[`eXZ`e[\\j]l\iqfjgXiXcf^iXilec\e^lXa\pZfeZ\gkfjZfdle\j\e[\Ôe`Z`fe\j[\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp[\cXk\Zefcf^ˆX#p[\`e[`ZX[fi\j\`ejkild\ekfjgXiX\mXclXi#
ZfeZi`k\i`fjhl\kfd\e\eZl\ekXcXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\cXi\^`e@Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXpefjfcf
Xgifm\Z_\e\og\i`\eZ`Xjpdf[\cfjX[fgkX[fj\e\c}dY`kf`ek\ieXZ`feXc%
-% CXgif]\j`feXc`qXZ`e[\cfjXe}c`j`j[\cfji\jlckX[fj\e\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#gXiX\m`kXicXXlkfZfdgcXZ\eZ`X%
.% CXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\leZlijf[\ZXgXZ`kXZ`e\edXk\i`X[\`e[`ZX[fi\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
gXiX \c g\ijfeXc [\ Z\ekifj \ `ejk`klZ`fe\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX i\^`e# \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\
cfj i\]\i`[fj X g\iZ\gZ`e jfZ`Xc [\ cX Z`\eZ`X% <e \c dXiZf [\ [`Z_f Zlijf# Xj`d`jdf# j\
XeXc`qXiˆXeZiˆk`ZXd\ek\cXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`epcfj`e[`ZX[fi\j
lk`c`qX[fj%
/% CXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\XZk`m`[X[\j\e\jkfjk\dXjgfim`[\fZfe]\i\eZ`XgXiXXcZXeqXi\`emfclZiXi
XledXpfie’d\if[\`ek\i\jX[fj#pXledXpfie’d\if[\gXˆj\j[\cXi\^`e%
0% CXXdgc`XZ`e[\cfjgif^iXdXj\o`jk\ek\j[\]fidXZ`e\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#Zfe
gXik`Z`gXZ`e[\fkiXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jpgXˆj\j%
('%<c]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf[\gfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXjZfeXki`YlZ`e[\]fe[fjgXiXi\Xc`qXigifp\Zkfj[\
\mXclXZ`e\ecfj[`m\ijfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e%
((% CX[\Ôe`Z`e[\Zi`k\i`fj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXj\`emfclZiXi\e\jkXj`e`Z`Xk`mXj
XcfjkfdX[fi\j[\[\Z`j`fe\j\ecX\j]\iXgfcˆk`Zf$^lY\ieXd\ekXc%
()%<jkl[`fjhl\f]i\qZXeXcfjkfdX[fi\j[\[\Z`j`fe\j#cXj_\iiXd`\ekXjgXiX[\Z`j`fe\ji}g`[Xj
jfYi\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX# Zfe cX ÔeXc`[X[ [\ le d\afi Xgifm\Z_Xd`\ekf [\ cfj i\Zlijfj
g’Yc`Zfj%
(*%Hl\cXjX^\eZ`Xj[\]fd\ekf`eZclpXe[\jlgi\jlgl\jkf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\ZX[Xgifp\Zkf#
leXgXik\gXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e#[`mlc^XZ`ep[`]lj`e[\cd`jdf#X[\d}j[\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[
[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xji\^`feXc\j\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
(+%Hl\cXjZfeZclj`fe\jpi\jlckX[fj[\\jkXGi`d\iXAfieX[Xj[`mlc^l\eXcfj^fY`\iefj[\cfj
gXˆj\j[\cXi\^`epXcfjfi^Xe`jdfj[\Zffg\iXZ`edlck`cXk\iXc%
:XikX^\eX[\àe[`Xj#:fcfdY`X#(.[\efm`\dYi\[\)''-%
CfjgXik`Z`gXek\j[\cXjAfieX[Xj
om`
INTRODUCCIÓN
:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiX&De`ZXCfqXef
<;@KFI8JP:F$FI>8E@Q8;FI8J;<C8JAFIE8;8J@9<IF8D<I@:8E8J
jfYi\:i`k\i`fj[\<mXclXZ`e[\cX:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
dXjXeZ_\7le`m\ijld%leXd%do
cfqXef%dfe`ZX7^dX`c%Zfd
CXj AfieX[Xj @Y\ifXd\i`ZXeXj jfYi\ :i`k\i`fj [\ <mXclXZ`e [\ cX :fdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X
Z\c\YiX[Xj\e:XikX^\eX\eefm`\dYi\[\)''-#j\Zfejk`klp\ifeZfdfle\jgXZ`f[\\eZl\ekif
\eki\ Zfdle`ZX[fi\j \ `em\jk`^X[fi\j hl\ _Xe [\jXiifccX[f \og\i`\eZ`Xj \e \mXclXZ`e [\ cX
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%<c\eZl\ekifk\eˆXY}j`ZXd\ek\[fjfYa\k`mfj1\c
gi`d\if#i\ZfefZ\icXj[`]\i\ek\jXgifo`dXZ`fe\jhl\\o`jk\e\ecXi\^`egXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\
cfjgif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#p\cj\^le[f#^\e\iXi
legifZ\jf[\[`jZlj`e\`ek\iZXdY`fZfeZ\gklXcpd\kf[fc^`Zf\eki\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j%
GXiX \c cf^if [\ jlj fYa\k`mfj# cXj AfieX[Xj j\ fi^Xe`qXife \e Z`eZf j\j`fe\j \e cXj hl\ j\
gi\j\ekXife p [`jZlk`\ife \og\i`\eZ`Xj [\ \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e cfj
j`^l`\ek\j}dY`kfj1
( CXjgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXj\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%
) Dlj\fj#gXihl\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpqffc^`Zfj%
* D\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`edXj`mXpel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj%
+ 8Zk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j%
, =fidXZ`e[\cfjZfdle`ZX[fi\j%
(
<cc`Yifhl\gi\j\ekXdfj#i\Zf^\Xc^leXj[\cXjd}j`dgfikXek\jZfeki`YlZ`fe\jhl\j\i\Xc`qXife
[liXek\\c\m\ekf%<jg\iXdfjhl\jlglYc`ZXZ`eg\id`kXXdgc`Xicfjcˆd`k\j[\\jkX[`jZlj`e
kXekfXcfj^ilgfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XZfdfXcfjZfdle`ZX[fi\j
[\cXi\^`e%
8 Zfek`elXZ`e j\ gi\j\ekX [\ dXe\iX ^\e\iXc cfj kiXYXafj `eZcl`[fj \e \jkXj d\dfi`Xj% CX
fi^Xe`qXZ`ei\jgfe[\Xcfi[\ej\^l`[f\e\jk\c`Yif1
(%C8<M8CL8:@äE;<C8JGFCàK@:8J<E:FDLE@:8:@äE;<C8:@<E:@8PC8K<:EFCF>à8
<cXikˆZlcf1Propuesta metodológica para la evaluación de políticas públicas y actividades en comunicación
pública de la ciencia y la tecnología.<cZXjfZfcfdY`Xef#[\JXe[iX;XqX#\ogc`ZXcXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\
\mXclXZ`ep\cdXiZfXeXcˆk`Zf[`j\ŒX[fgfi\cFYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX
gXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXGfcˆk`ZX\eZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cJ`jk\dX
EXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\:fcfdY`X%
Jl fYa\k`mf \j XgfikXi X cX [`jZlj`e jfYi\ gfj`Yc\j d\kf[fcf^ˆXj gXiX \mXclXi gifZ\jfj [\
Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecfjgXˆj\j@Y\ifXd\i`ZXefj%GXiX\ccflk`c`qX
Zfdf \a\dgcf cX `cljkiXZ`e [\ cX d\kf[fcf^ˆX j\^l`[X gXiX \mXclXi cX gfcˆk`ZX p cXj XZZ`fe\j
\dgi\e[`[Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XgXiXcf^iXicXXgifg`XZ`ejfZ`Xc[\„jkXgfigXik\[\
cfj\dgi\jXi`fj%
J\gXik\[\cXZfdgi\j`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`eZfdf\eZl\ekifZfe\cÈfkifÉpZfdf[\i\Z_f
jfZ`Xc#p[\cXgfcˆk`ZX#ZfdfleXXZZ`eZfdle`ZXk`mXZffi[`eX[Xhl\j\\ogi\jX\ogcˆZ`kXd\ek\
XkiXm„j[\\eleZ`XZ`fe\j\`dgcˆZ`kXd\ek\XkiXm„j[\XZZ`fe\j%CfZlXcg\id`k\Zfdgi\e[\icXj
XZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ek„id`efj[\\jgXZ`fj[\\eZl\ekif\eki\Z`\eZ`Xp
g’Yc`ZfjZfe[`]\i\ek\jgXiX[`^dXjZfdle`ZXk`mfjcfjZlXc\jgl\[\ej\i\mXclX[fj[\XZl\i[fX
cX\]\Zk`m`[X[[\jlZfdle`ZXZ`epcX\]\Zk`m`[X[[\cXgfcˆk`ZX%
)%<M8CL8:@äE;<DLJ<FJ#:<EKIFJ;<:@<E:@8#G8IHL<JPQFFCä>@:FJ
;\kf[fjcfjd\[`fjgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xlef[\cfjhl\d}jXk\eZ`e_Xi\Z`Y`[f\j
\c[\cfjdlj\fj#hl`q}gfikiXkXij\[\led\[`fhl\XYXiZXXdlZ_fjfkifjpj\^liXd\ek\kXdY`„e
gfi\cZfjkfhl\`dgc`ZXjlZfejkilZZ`epdXek\e`d`\ekf#cfhl\_XZ\hl\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jf
gXˆj\j hl\ cfj gifdl\m\e# i\hl`\iXe jXY\i cX \ÔZXZ`X Zfe cX hl\ j\ [\j\dg\ŒXe% 8[\d}j# cfj
dlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`XjjfekXdY`„e}dY`kfjhl\_Xei\Z`Y`[fcXjd`iX[Xj[\dlj\cf^fj#\[lZX[fi\j
p\jkl[`fjfj[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e#gil\YX[\\ccfjfecXjeld\ifjXjXgfikXZ`fe\jjfYi\\ck\dXX
\jkXjAfieX[Xj%
GfifkiXgXik\#kXdY`„ej\m`fhl\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e\ecfjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\
Z`\eZ`Xj Zfejk`klp\ leX \efid\ p Zfdgc`ZX[X \dgi\jX p hl\ cXj d\kf[fcf^ˆXj [\ kiXYXaf jfe
jldXd\ek\mXi`X[Xj#\e\jg\Z`Xcj\_X\Z_X[fdXef[\d\kf[fcf^ˆXjZlXek`kXk`mXjp[\Xe}c`j`j
[\c[`jZlijffiXcZfdfcfXk\jk`^lXecXj`ek\i\jXek\j`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jYiXj`c\ŒXjgi\j\ekX[Xj%
CX^iXeZXek`[X[[\d\[`fjhl\\jkfj\jgXZ`fj\dgc\XegXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e#cX^iXe[`m\ij`[X[
[\\jg\Z`Xc`jkXjhl\`ek\im`\e\e\ecXjXZk`m`[X[\jhl\[\jXiifccXep#cX^iXemXi`\[X[[\j\im`Z`fj
hl\\cdlj\f[\Z`\eZ`Xjgi\jkXXcXjfZ`\[X[_Xej`[fi\m`jX[fj\e\cXikˆZlcfLa evaluación en
)
museos y centros de ciencias [\ DXiˆX [\c :Xid\e J}eZ_\q$DfiX# hl`\e gifgfe\ le df[\cf [\
\mXclXZ`e[\cX\[lZXZ`eef]fidXcZfdfdXiZfgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xj%
GXiX \ccf# gfe\ X Zfej`[\iXZ`e [\ cfj c\Zkfi\j cXj \kXgXj hl\ [\Y`\iXe j\i Zfek\dgcX[Xj \e
[`Z_fgifZ\jf#ZfdfjfecX\mXclXZ`e[\cZfek\okf#[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj#[\cfj
i\jlckX[fj#[\cfjXZkfi\jp[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X%
8 kiXm„j [\ leX \o_Xljk`mX i\m`j`e [\ cfj ZXd`efj j\^l`[fj \e ZlXekf Xc `dgXZkf p X cX
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjdlj\fj#cXXlkfiXdl\jkiXhl\j\kiXkX[\le}i\X\ecXhl\
kf[XmˆX_XpdlZ_fhl\_XZ\i#gl\jgXiX\dg\qXi#\jkf[XmˆXe\Z\jXi`f[\Z`[`icfhl\j\gi\k\e[\
d\[`i%LeXgifgl\jkX\jYXjXij\\ecXX[hl`j`Z`e[\cXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXZfdfi\jlckX[f[\cX
m`j`kXXcfjdlj\fj%G\ifhl`q}cfd}ji\jZXkXYc\[\cXgifgl\jkX[\J}eZ_\qDfiX\j_XZ\iefjefkXi
hl\\o`jk\leXfgfikle`[X[[\`[\ek`ÔZXi`e[`ZX[fi\jhl\i\jgfe[XeXel\jkiXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj
Zfdle\jphl\j`imXe[\YXj\gXiXYljZXid\afiXj\eel\jkifjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X%
GfifkifcX[fj\_Xegi\j\ekX[f\og\i`\eZ`Xjd}jgleklXc\j[\\mXclXZ`e\edlj\fj#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\
Xhl\ccXj hl\ j\ i\Ô\i\e X cX [fZld\ekXZ`e [\ cX \og\i`\eZ`X gXik`ZlcXid\ek\ \e \c g’Yc`Zf
\jZfcXi#kXc\j\cZXjf[\cXXgfikX[Xgfi\ckiXYXaf1Zoológico: Que mensagem estamos passando?
gfiM`m`Xe\8gXi\Z`[XIXZ_`[>XiZˆXpDXik_XDXiXe[`ef#hl`\e\jXgXik`i[\cXe\Z\j`[X[hl\
dl\jkiXecfjqffc^`ZfjZfdf\jgXZ`fj[\\[lZXZ`e`e]fidXc[\mfcm\icX`e]fidXZ`eXZZ\j`Yc\
Xcg’Yc`Zfm`j`kXek\#YljZXe\c\dgc\f[\d\kf[fcf^ˆXj\[lZXk`mXjp[\\mXclXZ`egifg`Xj%8jˆ#
fYk`\e\e[Xkfjdlp`ek\i\jXek\jhl\i\m\cXecX]fidX\ehl\cfjm`j`kXek\jj\Xgifg`Xe[\cfj
ZfeZ\gkfj Y`fc^`Zfj p \Zfc^`Zfj \e i\cXZ`e Zfe leX Zfe[lZkX [\ Zfej\imXZ`e# p cc\mXe Xc
c\ZkfiXi\Õ\o`feXijfYi\cX]fidXZ`e[\cfj^lˆXj[\dlj\fj%<jk\kiXYXaf\jgXik`ZlcXid\ek\
`dgfikXek\\ejlXgfikXZ`eXcXZfdgi\ej`e[\cXd\[`XZ`e_ldXeX\ecfjdlj\fj%
GfijlgXik\ClZ`XeXDX^Xc_X\jDfeXZf#DXiˆXGXlcX:fii\`X[\JflqX#DXik_XDXiXe[`ef#ClXeX
DXiˆX[\cC`eX#DXiZ`X=%C%=iXeZfjf#:i`jk`eX9XifX#D`i`Xe;Xm`[DXihl\j#J`cm`XC%=%Ki`m\cXkf
\eConversas de aprendizagem na “oficina de classificação de animais”: um estudo no Museu de ZoologiaUSP# \jkl[`Xe cXj `ek\iXZZ`fe\j [`jZlij`mXj [liXek\ cX i\Xc`qXZ`e [\ le kXcc\i c`Yi\ f]i\Z`[f
Xcg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXigfi\cDlj\f[\Qffcf^ˆX[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[[\JXfGXlcf#Zfe\cfYa\k`mf
[\ [`jZlk`i \c k\dX[\cXZcXj`]`ZXZ`eY`fc^`ZX%El\mXd\ek\#\jkX`em\jk`^XZ`egifgfe\\c
ljf [\ d\kf[fcf^ˆXj dlp `ek\i\jXek\j Zfdf cX fYj\imXZ`e [\c g’Yc`Zf \jZfcXi i\^`jkiX[X
\eXl[`fpm`[\f#[\[fe[\j\[\jgi\e[\emXi`XjZXk\^fiˆXj[\\ogc`ZXZ`fe\j\d`k`[XjkXekf
gficfjm`j`kXek\jXcldefjZfdfgficfj^lˆXjfdfe`kfi\j2\e\ccXjj\efkXhl\cfjZi`k\i`fj
ljX[fjgficfjXcldefjgXiXcXZcXj`]`ZXZ`e[\cfjXe`dXc\jgl\[\e\jkXiYXjX[fjd}j\ejlj
ZfefZ`d`\ekfjgi\m`fj#hl\\e\c\jkˆdlcfgifdfm`[f\e\c\jgXZ`fdlj\Xc%<jkfji\jlckX[fj
efj_XZ\eefkXiel\mXd\ek\cX`dgfikXek\]leZ`ehl\[\j\dg\ŒXekf[fjcfjgXik`Z`gXek\j
\ecXjXZk`m`[X[\jc’[`ZXj\eledlj\f%Cfd}jY\ccf[\\jk\kiXYXaf\jcX\c\^Xek\Xgc`ZXZ`e
[\leXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\\mXclXZ`e\elegifYc\dXgXik`ZlcXi[\Xgi\e[`qXa\hl\j\jljZ`kX\e
ledlj\f%
<e jl kiXYXaf Avaliando as práticas educacionais em um museu de ciências: O Museu de zoologia da
Universidade de São Paulo e sua relação com as escolas#ClZ`XeX:feiX[fDXik`ejpDXik_XDXiXe[`ef#
YljZXe[\c`d`kXiXc^lefjgXi}d\kifjgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e&
*
\[lZXZ`e [\jk`eX[Xj Xc g’Yc`Zf \jZfcXi \e le dlj\f# el\mXd\ek\# \c [\ Qffcf^ˆX Xek\j
d\eZ`feX[f%<c]fZf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`ei\ZX\`^lXcd\ek\jfYi\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXji\cXZ`fe\j
\eki\\cdlj\fpcXj\jZl\cXj%
:fdf gXik\ [\ jlj i\jlckX[fj# cXj `em\jk`^X[fiXj \eZl\ekiXe hl\ cfj \[lZX[fi\j [\c dlj\f
Zfek`e’Xe[`i`^`\e[fjlj\j]l\iqfj\[lZXk`mfjXcXgi\e[`qXa\[\Zfek\e`[fjZfeZ\gklXc\j[\cXj
Z`\eZ`XjeXkliXc\j#pgfiZfej`^l`\ek\#cXjXZZ`fe\jj\[`i`^\eXcXkiXejd`j`ec`e\Xi[\Zfek\e`[fj
\`e]fidXZ`fe\jpefXcXY’jhl\[X[\cXgi\e[`qXa\Zfejkil`[f[\j[\cXji\]\i\eZ`XjZlckliXc\j
[\cm`j`kXek\\jZfcXi%
CfXek\i`fij\ŒXcXcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\Xgc`ZXid\kf[fcf^ˆXj[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e\[lZXk`mXXc}dY`kf
dlj\ˆjk`Zf#p[\jZlYi\legXefiXdX[\\jkl[`fj`ed\ejXd\ek\Xdgc`f#[fe[\[\j[\cl\^fleX
gXik\`dgfikXek\\jk}[X[XgficXi\Z\gZ`e[\cfjd\ejXa\j\d`k`[fjgfi\cdlj\fXjlj[`m\ijfj
g’Yc`Zfj%
=`eXcd\ek\# \c XikˆZlcf Parques da ciência universitários: a importância das agências de fomento e do
suporte institucional#[\:i`jk`XeX[\=iXeƒX:_`XiX[`Xk`\e\ZfdffYa\k`mfXeXc`qXicX`eÕl\eZ`X
[\cXjX^\eZ`Xj[\]fd\ekfpjfgfik\`ejk`klZ`feXcgXiXcXXpl[XpXdgc`XZ`e[\cfjccXdX[fj
gXihl\j[\cXZ`\eZ`Xle`m\ij`kXi`fj%<c\jkl[`f[\cZXjfj\i\Ô\i\Xlef[\\jkfjgXihl\j#Zi\X[f
\e(00.#hl\Xdgc`\ce’d\if[\m`j`kXek\j\e\c-+#\eZ\iZX[\leXŒfpZfecXZfcXYfiXZ`e
[\ cX =le[XZ`e Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)% CX \mXclXZ`e [\dl\jkiX
hl\ \c Xgfpf [\ X^\eZ`Xj \ok\ieXj Xld\ekX cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ jfZ`Xc`qXZ`e [\ \jkfj \jgXZ`fj
p\j`dgfikXek\gXiXcXZfek`el`[X[[\\jk\k`gf[\gifp\Zkfj%<cjfgfik\`ejk`klZ`feXc`ek\ief
\j]le[Xd\ekXcgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j#gl\j\e\cgi\j\ek\ZXjf#cfj^\jkfi\j[\c
gifp\Zkf[\[lZ\ehl\\cXld\ekf[\cX\ÔZXZ`X[\cgXihl\gf[iˆXj\iX’ed\afi#j`_lY`\j\leX
Xpl[Xd}jZlXc`ÔZX[X[\cXle`m\ij`[X[%J\\ek`\e[\hl\cX]XckX[\\jkilZkliX]ˆj`ZX#jldX[XXcXj
[\ÔZ`\ek\jZfe[`Z`fe\j[\kiXYXafgXiXcfjgif]\jfi\jpXcldefjZfeY\ZX#g\ial[`ZcXZXc`[X[
[\ cfj i\jlckX[fj \ _`qf [`]ˆZ`c cX i\efmXZ`e [\ \jkX ZfcXYfiXZ`e% J\ ZfeZclp\ hl\ cX Xpl[X
\ok\ieX\j`dgfikXek\#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\ecfhl\ZfeZ`\ie\XcXmXcfi`qXZ`e[\gifp\Zkfj[\\jkX
eXkliXc\qX# p hl\ \j ]le[Xd\ekXc cX ZfejkilZZ`e [\ leX gfcˆk`ZX `ejk`klZ`feXc `ek\ieX gXiX \c
jljk\ekf[\\jk\k`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\j%
*%<M8CL8:@äE;<D<;@FJD8J@MFJPEL<M8JK<:EFCF>à8J
CXj\ZZ`eXYi\Zfe\cXikˆZlcf1Cuando la ciencia es noticia: Una evaluación de la sección de ciencia en
nueve países de América Latina[\Cl`jXDXjjXiXe`p9ilef9lpj%JlfYa\k`mf\jgi\j\ekXiXc^leXj
i\Õ\o`fe\jjfYi\cXZfY\ikliXg\i`f[ˆjk`ZX[\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#X
gXik`i[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\le\jkl[`f[\ZXjf[\cXj\ZZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X[\()g\i`[`Zfj[`Xi`fj[\
el\m\gXˆj\j[\cXi\^`e%<c\jkl[`fj\j`k’X[\ekif[\leXkiX[`Z`eXdgc`Xd\ek\[\jXiifccX[X
[\\jkl[`fj[\Xe}c`j`j[\cXZfY\ikliX[\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\e\jkfjm\_ˆZlcfj[\
Zfdle`ZXZ`ep[\cXhl\j\Zl\ekXeXc^leXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j\ecXi\^`e%
<ecX`em\jk`^XZ`ej\i\Zfc\ZkXifecfjk\okfjglYc`ZX[fj\e[`Z_Xj\ZZ`e\e\cg\i`f[fZfdgi\e[`[f
\eki\\e\ifpale`f[\)''-#pj\XeXc`qXifeZfeYXj\\ecXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\j\dXeXZfejkil`[X#
lk`c`qXe[f _\iiXd`\ekXj ZlXek`kXk`mXj% CX dl\jkiX i\’e\ 0-0 k\okfj% <eki\ cfj i\jlckX[fj j\
+
\eZl\ekiXleX`dgfikXek\gi\j\eZ`X[\k\dXji\cXk`mfjXcXd\[`Z`eXZfdflef[\cfjgi`eZ`gXc\j
kg`Zfj\ecfjXikˆZlcfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj#leXgi\j\eZ`X[\XikˆZlcfjhl\_XZ\ei\]\i\eZ`XXcXZ`\eZ`X
eXZ`feXc#j`Y`\ejlgXik`Z`gXZ`e\jd}ji\[lZ`[Xhl\cX[\jk`eX[XXcfj[\jZlYi`d`\ekfj\ecfj
gXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj%<ecfjk\okfjj\[\jkXZXifecfjY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X#pj\\eZfekile
e`m\cdlpYXaf[\XikˆZlcfjhl\_`Z`\iXei\]\i\eZ`XXcXgi\j\eZ`X[\Zfekifm\ij`XjZ`\ekˆÔZXjp[\
i`\j^fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X%CfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj]l\ifecXgi`eZ`gXc]l\ek\[\`e]fidXZ`egXiXcfjg\i`f[`jkXj
p_lYfgfZXji\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\j\jk\i\fk`gX[Xj[\\jfjgif]\j`feXc\j\ecfjXikˆZlcfj%
<eLa evaluación de las actividades de divulgación en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México[\GXki`Z`XDX^XŒXIl\[Xgi\j\ekXcfjd\ZXe`jdfjgXiX\mXclXi\cZfealekf
[\XZk`m`[X[\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\a\ZlkX[fjgficX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj[\cXLE8D%CX
XlkfiXdl\jkiXefjcfcfjXmXeZ\jhl\j\_Xecf^iX[f\e\jk\ilYif#j`efhl\kXdY`„e\ogc`Z`kX
cXj[`ÔZlckX[\jZfecXjhl\j\\eZl\ekiXecfjZfdle`ZX[fi\j\ecXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j[\\[lZXZ`e
jlg\i`fi#[\Y`[fXcXZfeZ\gZ`e[\cXcXYfi%
<ejlXikˆZlcfLa evaluación de las nuevas tecnologías#Alc`XKX^•\ŒXGXi^XpIfY\ikfLi`Y\_XZ\ele
i\Zl\ekf[\cXjel\mXjgifgl\jkXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xhl\jli^\eZfdfZfej\Zl\eZ`X
[`i\ZkX [\ cXj el\mXj k\Zefcf^ˆXj# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ [\ `e]fid}k`ZX p k\c\Zfdle`ZXZ`fe\j% J\
gi\j\ekXemXi`fj\a\dgcfj[\jlXgc`ZXZ`e\`dgXZkf\ecXZfdgi\ej`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X
p j\ j\ŒXcXe Xc^lefj gifZ\jfj gXiX cX \mXclXZ`e [\ \jkXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj lk`c`qXe[f cXj d`jdXj
_\iiXd`\ekXjhl\f]i\Z\e\jkfjd\[`fj%
+%<M8CL8:@äE;<C8J8:K@M@;8;<J:@<EKà=@:8J@E=8EK@C<JPALM<E@C<J
CX j\ZZ`e `e`Z`X Zfe \c XikˆZlcf# El estado de la evaluación de las Actividades Científicas Infantiles y
Juveniles. Una panorámica regional[\De`ZXCfqXef%8ccˆj\gi\j\ekXeXc^lefj[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\
le\jkl[`fgXefi}d`ZfjfYi\gfcˆk`ZXj#gif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp
cXk\Zefcf^ˆX#i\Xc`qX[f\e[`\qgXˆj\j[\@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%J\i\Xc`qXleX[\jZi`gZ`e[\cfjXjg\Zkfj
ZfeZ\gklXc\jpd\kf[fc^`Zfj[\c\jkl[`f\e^\e\iXcp[\cfji\jlckX[fj\jg\ZˆÔZfji\]\i\ek\jXc
k\dX[\cXj8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\jpAlm\e`c\jÆ8:@A$1leX[\jZi`gZ`e[\cfjgi`eZ`gXc\j
gif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\\o`jk\e\ecXi\^`epcXj`klXZ`e[\gi\j\eZ`X&Xlj\eZ`X[\gifZ\jfj
[\\mXclXZ`e[\[`Z_Xj\og\i`\eZ`Xj%=`eXcd\ek\#j\ZfeZclp\ZfeleX[`jZlj`e[\cfji\jlckX[fj#
\ecXhl\j\\e]Xk`qX\eXc^leXj[\cXjgi\^lekXjhl\j\XYi\ei\jg\ZkfXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXj8:@A
p#[\dXe\iXd}j^\e\iXc#XcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
:fek`e’X\cXikˆZlcf1Evaluación de las estrategias de comunicación pública de la ciencia en Colombia. El
caso de los programas de educación no formal[\Ýe^\cXI`m\iXM%#\e\chl\j\gi\j\ekXeXc^lefj[\
cfji\jlckX[fj[\le\jkl[`f[\jXiifccX[fgfi\cFYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX
[liXek\ )''-# k`klcX[f È<mXclXZ`e [\c J`jk\dX EXZ`feXc [\ :`\eZ`X# K\Zefcf^ˆX \ @eefmXZ`e
ÆJE:K@$# (00'$)''+ p cX \mXclXZ`e \o$gfjk [\ cfj i\jlckX[fj \ `dgXZkf [\c Gif^iXdX 9@;$@@@
(00,$)''* É%
<jk\\jkl[`fj\gcXek\\eki\fkifjfYa\k`mfj#\mXclXicXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\
cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e\cJE:K@\egXik`ZlcXicXjXgfpX[Xjgfi:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%<jkX`ejk`klZ`e
k`\e\ZfdfÔe’ck`dfcf^iXicXXgifg`XZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#
,
i\Xc`qXjljXZZ`fe\jXkiXm„j[\cX;`m`j`e[\:`\eZ`X#:fdle`ZXZ`ep:lckliXÆ;:::$[fe[\leX
[\jljcˆe\Xj_Xj`[f\c[\jXiifccf[\gif^iXdXj[\8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\jpAlm\e`c\j
Æ8:@A$[\\[lZXZ`eef]fidXci\cXZ`feX[XjZfecX\[lZXZ`eY}j`ZXpd\[`X%<ekXcj\ek`[f#j\
XeXc`qXecXjXZZ`fe\j\dgi\e[`[Xj[\j[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX^\e\iXcpgXik`ZlcXi
[\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e% J\ [\jZi`Y\e cfj gif^iXdXj [\ 8:@A# XeXc`qXe[f p i\jXckXe[f jlj i\jlckX[fj
p XZZ`fe\j \e k„id`efj [\ Zfek`el`[X[ p „o`kf [\ cX \jkiXk\^`X% Gfi ’ck`df# j\ f]i\Z\e cXj
ZfeZclj`fe\j[\cXe}c`j`j%
Impacto social de los proyectos de ciencia y tecnología presentados en ferias de ciencia y tecnología
juvenil. Aportes de los proyectos en su comunidad de origen#[\DXiˆX:i`jk`eXÝcmXi\q#efjgi\j\ekX
cfji\jlckX[fj[\leX`em\jk`^XZ`eZlXc`kXk`mXjfYi\cXXgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\eZ`\eZ`X
p k\Zefcf^ˆX \e cXj gfYcXZ`fe\j [\ ki\j Zfdle`[X[\j [\c jli [\ cX gifm`eZ`X [\ JXekX =\#
9ljk`eqX#:XŒX[X[\>d\qpGlaXkf#\e8i^\ek`eX%GXiX\ccfi\Xc`qX\jkl[`fj[\ZXjf[\gifp\Zkfj
Zfdle`kXi`fji\Xc`qX[fj[liXek\\cg\iˆf[f(0.)$)'',pZlpfji\jlckX[fj]l\ifegi\j\ekX[fj\e
[`jk`ekXj`ejkXeZ`Xj[\=\i`Xj[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXAlm\e`c%8gXik`i[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`ecXXlkfiX
dl\jkiXZdfcfjgifp\ZkfjZfeki`Ylp\ifeXhl\cfj_XY`kXek\j[\cXjZfdle`[X[\jklm`\iXeleX
d\afiZfdgi\ej`e[\cXjgifYc\d}k`ZXjpX[hl`i`\iXeledf[f[\g\ejXipXZklXigXik`Z`gXek\%
GXiX ÔeXc`qXi# Z`\iiX cX j\ZZ`e \c XikˆZlcf1 Las demostraciones breves de ciencia una alternativa de
divulgación en el Museo Universum: sus experiencias y su evaluación[\DX%?fik\ej`X>XiZˆX M`^`c p
ClˆjD\qX8iZfj%<e\cj\dl\jkiXcX\og\i`\eZ`X[\\mXclXilegif^iXdX[\[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j\e
\cDlj\fLe`m\ijld[\cXLE8D%CXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\cX\mXclXZ`eZfej`jk`\e\eki\m`jkXjXcfj
ljlXi`fj#fYj\imXZ`fe\j[\jlZfdgfikXd`\ekf[liXek\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jp\cXe}c`j`j[\cfj
i\jlckX[fj[\leX\eki\m`jkXXgc`ZX[XXleXdl\jkiX%CX`e]fidXZ`ei\ZXYX[Xj\lk`c`qgXiXcX
Zfdgi\ej`e[\cfjk\dXjZfdle`ZX[fjp[\ck`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\jhl\i\jlckXe`ek\i\jXek\jgXiX
\cg’Yc`Zfhl\m`j`kX\cdlj\f%
,%<M8CL8:@äE;<CFJGIF:<JFJ;<=FID8:@äE;<:FDLE@:8;FI<J;<C8:@<E:@8
La comunicación de la ciencia y la evaluación de programas para formar comunicadores#[\<cX`e\I\pefjf
?Xpe\j#\j\cXikˆZlcfZfe\chl\j\Z`\iiXecXjd\dfi`Xj%<e„cj\[\jZi`Y\e[fjgif^iXdXjgXiXcX
]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\j1\cZlijfK\i`Zf$gi}Zk`Zf[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XgXiXY\ZXi`fj$
XeÔki`fe\j[\cfjdlj\fjLE@M<IJLDp\cDlj\f[\cXClqp\c;`gcfdX[f\e;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX
:`\eZ`X#XdYfj[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`ZfLE8D %J\dl\jkiXcX\mfclZ`e
[\ XdYfj Zlijfj Zfdf i\jlckX[f [\ cX \mXclXZ`e p Zfdf „jkfj j\ ]l\ife df[`ÔZXe[f gXiX
`eZfigfiXicXjel\mXjk\e[\eZ`Xj[\cZXdgf#XjˆZfdfcXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\cfjXcldefj%
-
SECCIÓN 1
<M8CL8:@äE;<C8JGFCàK@:8J<E
:FDLE@:8:@äE;<C8:@<E:@8PC8
K<:EFCF>à8
Propuesta metodológica para la
evaluación de políticas públicas
y actividades en comunicación
pública de la ciencia y la
tecnología. El caso colombiano
JXe[iX;XqX
I<JLD<E
<c gi\j\ek\ XikˆZlcf \ogc`ZX cX d\kf[fcf^ˆX p \c dXiZf XeXcˆk`Zf [`j\ŒX[f gfi \c FYj\imXkfi`f :fcfdY`Xef [\ :`\eZ`X p
K\Zefcf^ˆX# gXiX cX \mXclXZ`e [\ cX gfcˆk`ZX \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e g’Yc`ZX [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX [\c J`jk\dX EXZ`feXc [\
:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\:fcfdY`X%JlfYa\k`mf\j#XkiXm„j[\cX`cljkiXZ`e[\\jk\ZXjf#XgfikXiXcX[`jZlj`ejfYi\gfj`Yc\j
d\kf[fcf^ˆXjgXiX\mXclXigifZ\jfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecfjgXˆj\j`Y\ifXd\i`ZXefj%J\
gXik\[\cXZfdgi\j`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`eZfdf\eZl\ekifZfe\cÈfkifÉpZfdf[\i\Z_fjfZ`Xc#p[\cXgfcˆk`ZX#ZfdfleX
XZZ`eZfdle`ZXk`mXZffi[`eX[Xhl\j\\ogi\jX\ogcˆZ`kXd\ek\XkiXm„j[\\eleZ`XZ`fe\j\`dgcˆZ`kXd\ek\XkiXm„j[\XZZ`fe\j%
Cf Xek\i`fi g\id`k\ Zfdgi\e[\i cXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e k„id`efj [\ \jgXZ`fj [\ \eZl\ekif \eki\
Z`\eZ`Xpg’Yc`ZfjZfe[`]\i\ek\jgXiX[`^dXjZfdle`ZXk`mfj#cfjZlXc\jgl\[\ej\i\mXclX[fj[\XZl\i[fXcX\]\Zk`m`[X[[\jl
Zfdle`ZXZ`epcX\]\Zk`m`[X[[\cXgfcˆk`ZX%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
:fdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#gfcˆk`ZX#\mXclXZ`e#gXik`Z`gXZ`e%
CFJGIFGäJ@KFJ
;liXek\dlZ_fk`\dgfcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXj\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecfjgXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZX
CXk`eX Zfejk`klp leX XZk`m`[X[ kXe^\eZ`Xc# m`eZlcX[X gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ X cX i\e[`Z`e [\ Zl\ekXj jfYi\ cfj
\dgi„jk`kfj`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jX[hl`i`[fjgficfjFi^Xe`jdfjEXZ`feXc\j[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXÆFE:pK$gXiX
\c]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf[\jljj`jk\dXjeXZ`feXc\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%<e\cZXjf:fcfdY`Xef#gfi\a\dgcf#cXj
gi`d\iXj\mXclXZ`fe\j\o$Xek\p\o$gfjk[\cXgfcˆk`ZX\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX#j\i\Xc`qXifeZfe\cÔe[\_XZ\i
j\^l`d`\ekfpjfc`Z`kXiel\mfj\dgi„jk`kfjXc9XeZf@ek\iXd\i`ZXef[\;\jXiifccfÆ9@;$(%<jkXj\mXclXZ`fe\j
\jklm`\ife\eZXd`eX[XjX\oXd`eXicX[`jki`YlZ`e[\cfji\ZlijfjÔeXeZ`X[fjpZfekiXgXik`[XjXgfikX[Xjgfi
cXEXZ`e\ecXj[`]\i\ek\j}i\Xj[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfpj\Zkfi\j[\cXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZX#Z\eki}e[fj\\ecfj
i\jlckX[fjXcZXeqX[fjjfYi\\cJ`jk\dXEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX%Fkif^ilgf[\\mXclXZ`fe\j#jli^`
Zfe\c}e`df[\Zfejkil`ij`jk\dXj[\`e]fidXZ`egXiXcfZlXcj\gi\Z`jXYX[\`e[`ZX[fi\j[\j\^l`d`\ekf
p ^\jk`e jfYi\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j ÔeXeZ`X[Xj# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ gifp\Zkfj [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e% Jcf \e Xc^lefj
ZXjfjX`jcX[fjj\i\Xc`qXife\j]l\iqfjgXiX_XZ\ij\^l`d`\ekfXcfjgif^iXdXj`e`Z`X[fj#\jk\]l\\cZXjf\e
:fcfdY`X[\cfjgif^iXdXj[`i`^`[fjXg’Yc`Zfj`e]Xek`c\j:lZcˆ$:lZcˆpgfjk\i`fid\ek\Fe[Xjpcfjgif^iXdXj
[`i`^`[fjXcX]fidXZ`e[fZkfiXc#\eki\fkifjZlXekfj%<jk\k`gf[\\mXclXZ`fe\jef]l\ifei\Xc`qX[Xj[\
]fidXj`jk\d}k`ZXfZfdfgXik\[\cXgcXe\XZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZXp\jkXYXe\ejldXpfiˆXZ`iZlejZi`kXjXcfj
j`jk\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXpZ\ekiX[XjX\mXclXicXji\cXZ`fe\jZfjkf$Y\e\ÔZ`fZfe\cÔe[\aljk`ÔZXicX
`em\ij`ei\Xc`qX[Xp\oXd`eXi\cXcZXeZ\[\cfjfYa\k`mfjgifgl\jkfj
;liXek\ cXj ’ck`dXj [„ZX[Xj cX \mXclXZ`e [\ cXj gfcˆk`ZXj _X kfdX[f el\mfj [\iifk\ifj ^iXZ`Xj X cXj
[`jZlj`fe\jpgi\j`fe\jjfYi\cXg\ik`e\eZ`Xp\c`dgXZkf[\cXZ`\eZ`Xgif[lZ`[XcfZXcd\ek\%;\\jkX]fidX#
pXefj\\jg\iXe\mXclXZ`fe\jhl\jcf[\eZl\ekX[\cX^\jk`e[\cfji\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fjpjlj\]\ZkfjjfYi\
cXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\jki`e^`[XjXcZXdgf\jg\ZˆÔZf[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#j`efkXdY`„epd}j`dgfikXek\
X’e#[\c`dgXZkfjfYi\cXjfZ`\[X[[\cfjgif^iXdXjpXZk`m`[X[\j\dgi\e[`[fj%
;\fkiXgXik\#\ecfi\]\i\ek\\jg\ZˆÔZXd\ek\XcZXjf[\gfcˆk`ZXjgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X#
cXji\Õ\o`fe\jk\i`ZXjjfYi\cXj]fidXj\ehl\gifZ\[\ecXji\cXZ`fe\jZ`\eZ`XpjfZ`\[X[pcfjdf[\cfj
hl\ _Xe `dg\iX[f \e cfj gifZ\jfj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e df[\cf [\ÔZ`kXi`f mj% df[\cfj [\dfZi}k`Zf) # _Xe
cc\mX[fXhl\cfj[`]\i\ek\jfi^Xe`jdfjhl\k`\e\eZfdffYa\k`mf]fikXc\Z\icXji\cXZ`fe\jZ`\eZ`X$jfZ`\[X[
j\i\gcXek\\ejljXZZ`fe\jpcXjefZ`fe\jd`jdXj[\cXZ`\eZ`Xpcfjg’Yc`ZfjjfYi\cXjZlXc\jkiXYXaXe%
<e \jX mˆX# cXj [`jZlj`fe\j jfYi\ cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ df[\cfj [\dfZi}k`Zfj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X
i\m`\ik\egXiXcfjgifZ\jfj[\\mXclXZ`eel\mfji\kfj#[\leXgXik\le\oXd\eZl`[X[fjfjfYi\\ck`gf
[\df[\cf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X`dglcjX[fgficfjfi^Xe`jdfji\jgfejXYc\j[\cXgfcˆk`ZX2g\if
kXdY`„e \c \oXd\e jfYi\ _XjkX hl„ glekf \jkfj df[\cfj _Xe j`[f i\Xcd\ek\ `eZclj`mfj p Ziˆk`Zfj p _Xe
cf^iX[f[\jYfi[Xicfjcˆd`k\j[\cXgifg`XZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXpcXjX^\eZ`Xjm`eZlcX[XjXcXd`jdX%
8Zfek`elXZ`e#j\dl\jkiX\c\e]fhl\d\kf[fc^`Zf[\cgifp\Zkfjfc`Z`kX[fgfi:fcZ`\eZ`XjpX[\cXekX[f
gfi \c FYj\imXkfi`f :fcfdY`Xef [\ :`\eZ`X p K\Zefcf^ˆX1 È<mXclXZ`e [\c J`jk\dX EXZ`feXc [\ :`\eZ`X#
('
( M\igfi\a\dgcf1:fejlckfi\j<Zfed`Zfjp:`m`c\j:F<:@Ck[X% %(00, %Evaluación económica del programa de ciencia y tecnología financiado con recursos del
BID. 9f^fk}%@dgi\ekXeXZ`feXc%F8_ldX[X#A%\k8c%(00/ %Evaluación expost, Programa Nacional de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico 1990-1994#
9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
) <jkfjdf[\cfj_Xej`[fXdgc`Xd\ek\[`jZlk`[fj\ecXc`k\iXkliXgfiXlkfi\jZfdf=XpXi[#G%)''* 2C\n\ejk\`e#9%)''* f=\ck)''* %LeXYl\eXjˆek\j`j
cXgi\j\ekXCfqXef)'',1-*$.( hl`\egifgfe\[`jk`e^l`i\eki\\cdf[\cf[\ÔZ`kXi`fp\c[\dfZi}k`Zf%<e\cgi`d\iZXjfj\Xjld\hl\\cg’Yc`ZfZXi\Z\
[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjpcXcXYfi[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\jjlgc`i\jkXjZXi\eZ`Xj#gXiX\ccfj\[\jXiifccXleXcˆe\X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ehl\
mX[\cXZ`\eZ`XXcg’Yc`Zf%GfijlgXik\#\cdf[\cf[\dfZi}k`Zfi\ZfefZ\Xcg’Yc`ZfZfdfgfj\\[fi[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjp\og\ik`Z`X#X[\d}j[\mXcfi\j
\`ek\i\j\jhl\jfe’k`c\j\ecXi\Õ\o`ejfYi\cXXgc`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\eZfek\okfjjfZ`Xc\j\jg\ZˆÔZfj#pgifdl\m\gifZ\jfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\
[fYc\mˆX\eki\cXZ`\eZ`Xp\cg’Yc`Zf%
K\Zefcf^ˆX\@eefmXZ`eJE:pK %(00'$)''+É%<c\e]fhl\^cfYXc[\cgifp\Zkfj\Z\ekigi`dfi[`Xcd\ek\\e
_XZ\ileXi\m`j`e[\cXXZk`m`[X[[\cJ`jk\dXEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\:fcfdY`X#\eX[\cXek\
JE:pK#[liXek\\cg\i`f[f(00'$)''+#XgXik`i[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjZ`\ekˆÔZXjpk\Zefc^`ZXj^\e\iX[XjgXiXjl
Zi\XZ`epZfejfc`[XZ`e%J\fgkgfile\e]fhl\[\\mXclXZ`ehl\d}jhl\\oXd`eXii\jlckX[fjÔeXc\j#
YljZ\ci\^`jkif#cX[\jZi`gZ`epcXZfdgi\ej`e[\cXjXZZ`fe\j\dgi\e[`[Xj\ecfjdfd\ekfj[\c[`j\Œf
p[\cX`dgc\d\ekXZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX%
CX\mXclXZ`eXjˆi\Xc`qX[Xg\id`k``e[X^XigfiXjg\ZkfjZcXm\\e\c[\jXiifccf[\cJE:pKZfdf1` cX`ejkXcXZ`e
[\efidXji\^lcX[fiXj#`` \c^iX[f[\Zffi[`eXZ`e`ejk`klZ`feXchl\^XiXek`qXcX\]\Zk`m`[X[[\cXgfcˆk`ZX#``` cXZcXi`[X[[\cgifZ\jfgfcˆk`Zf\ecXkfdX[\[\Z`j`fe\j#`m cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jhl\kfdXe
gXik\\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\Zffi[`eXZ`e`ejk`klZ`feXc#pm \c^iX[f[\Zfej\ejf\ecX`dgc\d\ekXZ`e[\cX
gfcˆk`ZXFYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX#)''- %
Lef[\cfjjlY$gifp\Zkfji\Xc`qX[fj\e\cdXiZf[\cX\mXclXZ`e^\e\iXc[\cJE:pK#Zfej`jk`\e\mXclXicfj
gifZ\jfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e:fcfdY`X*ZlpfdXiZfXeXcˆk`Zf\jcfhl\
gi\j\ekX\jk\kiXYXaf%<cfYa\k`mf[\\jk\jlY$gifp\Zkf\jklmffi`\ekX[fX\oXd`eXicXjXZZ`fe\ji\Xc`qX[Xj#
XgfpX[XjpÔeXeZ`X[Xj#gficXj\Zi\kXiˆXk„Ze`ZX[\cJE:pK#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#XkiXm„j[\jl;`m`j`e[\:`\eZ`X#
:fdle`ZXZ`ep:lckliX#\eX[\cXek\;:::+%
Cfj i\jlckX[fj hl\ j\ gi\j\ekXe X Zfek`elXZ`e k`\e\e Zfdf fYa\k`mf dfjkiXi \c dXiZf XeXcˆk`Zf p cX
d\kf[fcf^ˆXlk`c`qX[XgXiXi\Xc`qXi[`Z_X\mXclXZ`epefcfji\jlckX[fjgleklXc\j[\cXd`jdX#gXiX[\\jkX
]fidXXgfikXi\ecX[`jZlj`ejfYi\d\kf[fcf^ˆXjgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjX[\cXekX[XjgfigXˆj\j
@Y\ifXd\i`ZXefj\e\c\jkˆdlcfXcXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX,%
<c XikˆZlcf \jk} [`m`[`[f \e ki\j gXik\j1 cX gi`d\iX dl\jkiX \c \e]fhl\ ZfeZ\gklXc X[fgkX[f2 cX j\^le[X
dl\jkiX\c\jhl\dX[\\mXclXZ`elk`c`qX[f2pcXk\iZ\iXdl\jkiX\cXe}c`j`j[\leZXjfgXiX\a\dgc`ÔZXicX
d\kf[fcf^ˆX%
<C<E=FHL<
<e cf hl\ i\jg\ZkX X cX \mXclXZ`e [\ gfcˆk`ZXj g’Yc`ZXj \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX
gf[\dfj d\eZ`feXi gfi cf d\efj ki\j [`ÔZlckX[\j d\kf[fc^`ZXj1 X lo que se debe entender por política
Xek\ cX ZXi\eZ`X [\ gfcˆk`ZXj g’Yc`ZXj \jg\ZˆÔZXj \e cX dXk\i`X2 Y lo que se debe entender por comunicación
pública de la ciencia y la tecnología[X[XcX[`jg\ij`e[\efd`eXZ`fe\jpZfeZ\gkfj[`mlc^XZ`e#[`j\d`eXZ`e#
[`]lj`e#gfglcXi`qXZ`e#Xgifg`XZ`e#\eki\fkifj% 2pZ la diversidad de actividades realizadasdlj\fj#]\i`Xj#
glYc`ZXZ`fe\j[`mlc^Xk`mXj#XZZ`fe\j\ed\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`edXj`mfj#XZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jp
alm\e`c\j#\eki\fkiXj -hl\_XZ\[`]ˆZ`c\jkXYc\Z\iledXiZfXeXcˆk`Zf%
* <c\hl`gf[\\jk\jlYgifp\Zkf\jklmfZfe]fidX[fgfiKXe`X8iYfc\[X#[fZ\ek\\`em\jk`^X[fiX[\cXGfek`ÔZ`XLe`m\ij`[X[AXm\i`XeXhl\_`qfcXj
m\Z\j[\`em\jk`^X[fiXXjfZ`X[X2Ýe^\cXI`m\iX#`em\jk`^X[fiX[\cFYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX2MˆZkfi9lZ_\c`#`em\jk`^X[fi[\c
FYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXpAlXe=\c`g\8cqXk\#8j`jk\ek\[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%9XafcXZffi[`eXZ`e[\JXe[iX;XqX#`em\jk`^X[fiX
[\cFYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX%
+ <e\cJE:pK[\:fcfdY`X\o`jk\ed’ck`gc\jXZkfi\jhl\[\jXiifccXeXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#\a\dgcfj[\\ccf
jfecX8jfZ`XZ`e:fcfdY`XeXgXiX\c8mXeZ\[\cX:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆX8%:%8%:% 2\c:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf2cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc[\:fcfdY`X#
DXcfbX#\eki\dlZ_fjfkifj%<jk\jlYgifp\ZkfjcfZfej`[\icXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\„jkXjpfkiXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jhl\]l\ife\a\ZlkX[XjfXgfpX[Xjgfi
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#\eki\fkiXjiXqfe\jgfihl\j`Y`\eefkf[fj#jˆleXYl\eXgXik\[\cfji\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fj\eZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX\egXik`ZlcXicfjgif$
m\e`\ek\j[\cfjki\j\dgi„jk`kfj[\9XeZf@ek\iXd\i`ZXef[\;\jXiifccf ]l\ifeZXeXc`qX[fjXkiXm„j[\\jk\@ejk`klkf%
, Cfji\jlckX[fjgleklXc\j[\\jkX\mXclXZ`ej\\eZl\ekiXeglYc`ZX[fj\e#;XqX#J%p8iYfc\[X#K%)''. 1È:fdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Z$
efcf^ˆX\e:fcfdY`X1¶Gfcˆk`ZXjgXiXcX[\dfZiXk`qXZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf6ÉSigno y Pensamiento, OOM#,' #gg%('($()-%
- Lei\kfX[`Z`feXcZfej`jk\\ecX\jZXjXkiX[`Z`e[\el\jkifjgXˆj\jgXiXj`jk\dXk`qXicX`e]fidXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[Xjcfhl\_Xi\m\ik`[f\e
leXg„i[`[X[\cXd\dfi`X`ejk`klZ`feXcp[`ÔZlckX[\e\cj\^l`d`\ekfXcXjXZZ`fe\jpi\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fj%
((
X JfYi\cXgfcˆk`ZX
LeXgi`d\iX[`ÔZlckX[d\kf[fc^`ZXZfej`jk\\ehl\\ecXdXpfigXik\[\cfjgXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#
ef_X\o`jk`[fleXgfcˆk`ZXg’Yc`ZX\jg\ZˆÔZXgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#
\jkfefhl`\i\[\Z`ihl\ef_XpXe\o`jk`[fXZkfi\j`dgfikXek\j`emfclZiX[fj\e\jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j%;\
_\Z_f#\eYl\eXgXik\[\\jkfjgXˆj\j\jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j`e`Z`Xife_XZ`XcX[„ZX[X[\cfjj\j\ekX[\cj`^cf
gXjX[fgfi`e`Z`Xk`mX[\Z`\ekˆÔZfjpXjfZ`XZ`fe\jZ`\ekˆÔZXjgi\fZlgX[fjgficf^iXiledXpfi`ek\i„j
[\cfjg’Yc`Zfj_XZ`XcXZ`\eZ`Xpgfjk\i`fid\ek\dlj\fj#fi^Xe`jdfjdlck`cXk\iXc\j#XjfZ`XZ`fe\j[\
g\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf#\ek\dlZ_XjfkiXj#hl\ZfejljXZZ`fe\j_Xecf^iX[f`igfj`Z`feXe[f\ck\dX%J`e
\dYXi^f#\ecfhl\j\i\Ô\i\Xck\ii\ef[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXj^\jk`feX[Xjgfid`e`jk\i`fjpFE:pK#
_XjkX_XZ\gfZfjXŒfj\ck\dXefZfejk`klˆXle\a\Z\ekiXc[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjp\iXdXe\aX[fgfifÔZ`eXj
g\hl\ŒXjpZfegfZfji\Zlijfj[\ekif[\\jkfjfi^Xe`jdfj%
GXiX\cZXjfZfcfdY`Xef[liXek\\cg\i`f[f\mXclX[fef\o`jkˆXleXgfcˆk`ZX\jg\ZˆÔZXgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%EffYjkXek\#cXc\^`jcXZ`e[\cJE:pKXgXik`i[\c;\Zi\kf,/,#[\c)-[\
]\Yi\if[\(00(#j\ŒXcXZfdfleX[\cXj]leZ`fe\j[\c:fej\afEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXgifgfe\i
p XgifYXi \jkiXk\^`Xj# gfcˆk`ZXj# gcXe\j [\ d\[`Xef p cXi^f gcXqf# Xjˆ Zfdf [\jXiifccXi \jkiXk\^`Xj [\
`e]fidXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX#Zfdle`ZXZ`ep[`]lj`e#XkiXm„j[\jlj\Zi\kXiˆXk„Ze`ZX\a\iZ`[X
gfi :fcZ`\eZ`Xj% @^lXcd\ek\ j\ [\Ôe\e Xccˆ Zfdf ]leZ`fe\j [\c @ejk`klkf cXj [\ È;`j\ŒXi# `dglcjXi p
\a\ZlkXi\jkiXk\^`XjgXiXcX`eZfigfiXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXZlckliXZfcfdY`XeXÉ:fe^i\jf
[\cXI\g’Yc`ZX#(00( %;}e[fc\[\jXiifccfX\jk\dXe[Xkf#jcfXcÔeXc[\cg\i`f[f\mXclX[f#\e\cXŒf
)'',gfigi`d\iXm\q\e\cgXˆj\c:fej\afEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXp\c:fej\afEXZ`feXc[\
Gfcˆk`ZX<Zfed`ZXpJfZ`Xc]fidlcXepXgil\YXe\e]fidXfÔZ`XcleXgfcˆk`ZX\jg\ZˆÔZX\ecXdXk\i`X#
ÈPolítica Nacional de Apropiación Social de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación” Gi\j`[\eZ`X[\cXI\g’Yc`ZX
[\:fcfdY`Xp:fcZ`\eZ`Xj$JG<$;:::#)'', %
;\\jkX]fidXcXgi`d\iXfgZ`ed\kf[fc^`ZXX[fgkX[XZfej`jk`\e\ek\e[\icXgfcˆk`ZXZfdfgifZ\jf
$política en acción$#[fe[\\c„e]Xj`j\jkXgl\jkfefjcf\e\mXclXicfjfYa\k`mfjgifgl\jkfj]i\ek\Xcfj
i\jlckX[fjfYk\e`[fj#j`efkXdY`„epgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\#\e\c\oXd\e[\cX`ek\iXZZ`e\eki\cfjXZkfi\j%
<ek\e[\i cX gfcˆk`ZX [\ \jkX dXe\iX# g\id`k\ jlg\iXi \c gifYc\dX d\kf[fc^`Zf hl\ i\gi\j\ekX cX
Xlj\eZ`X[\leX]fidlcXZ`e\ogcˆZ`kX[\gfcˆk`ZX\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[liXek\cXdXpfigXik\
[\cg\i`f[f\oXd`eX[f%<j[\Z`i#\jkfefjg\id`k`cXXgc`ZXZ`e[\lefjZi`k\i`fj[\\mXclXZ`ejfYi\
leXj\i`\[\\eleZ`XZ`fe\jpÈXZZ`fe\jZffi[`eX[XjÉhl\[\leXlfkiX]fidXj\Zfem`ik`\ife\egfcˆk`ZX%
<e \]\Zkf# X kiXm„j [\ cX XZZ`e [\ cX j\Zi\kXiˆX k„Ze`ZX [\c JE:pK# :fcZ`\eZ`Xj# j\ _Xe dfm`c`qX[f p
Zffi[`eX[f#XcfcXi^f[\cg\i`f[f#XleZfealekf_\k\if^„e\fpZXdY`Xek\[\XZkfi\jpifc\j[\ekif
[\cj`jk\dX%
Y JfYi\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e
()
El\jkiX \mXclXZ`e \ek\e[` cX comunicación pública de la ciencia y la tecnología, Zfdf le gifZ\jf [\
[fYc\ mˆX# Èun ejercicio de reconocimiento del “otro”, (...) un intento de encuentro y relación que transformará
necesariamente a los actoresÉ;\c^X[f(00'1, %<jk\glekf[\m`jkXXdgc`fg\id`k\\ek\e[\i\ogi\j`fe\j
Zfdf[`mlc^XZ`e#[`]lj`e#gfglcXi`qXZ`eZfdfe`m\c\j[`]\i\eZ`X[fj[\d\[`XZ`fe\j\eki\Z`\eZ`Xp
g’Yc`Zfj#p[`jk`e^l`i\eZX[XZXjf#cfj[`m\ijfjd\[`fjp\jZ\eXi`fj[fe[\\c\eZl\ekif\eki\cXZ`\eZ`X
pcXjfZ`\[X[k`\e\cl^Xi2g\ifXek\kf[f#Xc\ek\e[\icXZfdle`ZXZ`eZfdf\eZl\ekifpi\cXZ`ehl\
kiXej]fidXXg\cXiXcfhl\A\j’jDXikˆe9XiY\if[\efd`eXderecho a la comunicación,
“En la declaración de los Estados de la ONU, formulada para la Cumbre Mundial de la Sociedad de la Información,
se afirma “la supremacía del derecho a la información” pero dejando en la sombra su relación constitutiva con
el derecho a la comunicación en su más ancha complejidad, esto es: el derecho a la participación del, y en,
el conocimiento; el derecho de los ciudadanos y los grupos sociales al acceso a la información no sólo como
receptores sino también como productores. El reconocimiento de esos nuevos derechos tiene en la base el valor
que el conocimiento ha adquirido en la “sociedad-red”, como bien público primordial. Se trata del derecho de los
ciudadanos a la comunicación pública del conocimiento, aun más decisivo en las nuevas condiciones de hegemonía
tecnológica del saber y de las presiones mercantiles sobre el proceso mismo de su producción y circulación. Lo
que se busca salvaguardar es, al mismo tiempo, el derecho a que la sociedad pueda seguir contando con ese otro
conocimiento que proviene de los saberes de experiencia social, y el derecho a que todo lo que concierne a las opciones
y decisiones sobre desarrollo e inversión en investigación científica y tecnología pueda ser objeto de información y
debate públicos” DXikˆe9XiY\if#)''+1+* %
<e \j\ j\ek`[f# le Xjg\Zkf Z\ekiXc X \mXclXi \j cX ZXgXZ`[X[ hl\ _X k\e`[f \c FE:pK gXiX dfm`c`qXi
[`]\i\ek\jk`gfj[\Xkfi\jpcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\cfjd`jdfjefjcf\ecXjXZk`m`[X[\jj`efkXdY`„e\e\c
[`j\Œfd`jdf[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjpjlgfjk\i`fij\^l`d`\ekf%
Z JfYi\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j
<c gXik`i [\ \jkX ZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e efj g\id`k` kXdY`„e# gXiX \c Xe}c`j`j p
fi^Xe`qXZ`e[\cXjd’ck`gc\jXZk`m`[X[\jXgfpX[XjgficX;:::#lk`c`qXicXZXiXZk\i`qXZ`egifgl\jkX
gfiLci`b\=\ck\e\c\jkl[`fÈOptimising public understanding of science and technologyÉ=\ck)''* #hl`\e
ZXiXZk\i`qXcfj[`]\i\ek\j\jgXZ`fj\ecfjZlXc\jÈcfjg’Yc`Zfj\eZl\ekiXejljZ`\eZ`XjÉ%J\^’ecXXlkfiX
\jkXXgifo`dXZ`eg\id`k\k\e\ileX`dX^\e[\cXÈZlckliXÉ[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\legXˆj
\m`kXe[fXjˆleX[\jZi`gZ`e[\XZk`m`[X[\jX`jcX[Xj%
CXefZ`e[\\jgXZ`fj_XZ\Xclj`eXc_\Z_f[\hl\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXj`\dgi\
\jk} kfdXe[f cl^Xi \e \jZ\eXi`fj \jg\ZˆÔZfj Zfe YXii\iXj [\ \ekiX[X p Zfe c`d`kXZ`fe\j [\ XZZ\jf
`dgcˆZ`kXjf\ogcˆZ`kXj#hl\gl\[\ej\i]ˆj`ZXjfj`dYc`ZXj%G\ifd}j`dgfikXek\X’e#\jkXefZ`e[\
\jgXZ`f [\ \eZl\ekif# i\ZfefZ\ cX \o`jk\eZ`X [\ gXiX[`^dXj Zfdle`ZXk`mfj hl\ j\ \jkXYc\Z\e \e cX
i\cXZ`e\eki\cfjXZkfi\jphl\\ek„id`efj^\e\iXc\jj\ZXiXZk\i`qXegfi1
› Le Zfealekf [\ mXcfi\j p fYa\k`mfj# cX dXpfiˆX [\ cXj m\Z\j `dgcˆZ`kfj# XjfZ`X[fj X \jgXZ`fj [\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e\jg\ZˆÔZfj%<ogc`Z`kXi\jkfjmXcfi\jpfYa\k`mfjefjg\id`k\Zfdgi\e[\igfihl„le
XZkfi[\k\id`eX[f#\egifZliX[\jljÔe\j#\c`^\le[\k\id`eX[fd\[`f#[`j\ŒX\cd\ejXa\[\leX
[\k\id`eX[X]fidXpi\gi\j\ekXXcÈfkifÉ[\leXZ`\ikXdXe\iX%
› LeZfealekf[\d\[`fjlk`c`qX[fjgXiX\jkilZkliXicX`ek\iXZZ`eZfe\cg’Yc`Zf%
› CXjgi\^lekXjhl\jfegl\jkXj\e\cZ\ekif[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e#\j[\Z`i#\cd\ejXa\hl\j\hl`\i\
kiXejd`k`iXgXik`i[\cfjk\dXjpZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\cXZ`\eZ`Xhl\j\gi`m`c\^`Xe%
› Cfji\Zlijfji\ki`ZfjXkiXm„j[\cljf[\d\k}]fiXj\`d}^\e\j%
› CXj]fidXj[\XZklXi#\j[\Z`icfjifc\jXj`^eX[fjXcfjXZkfi\j\ecfjgifZ\jfjZfdle`ZXk`mfj%
<ek\e[\i cX gfcˆk`ZX \e XZZ`e Zfdf le gifZ\jf [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e \e [fYc\ mˆX hl\ k`\e\ cl^Xi \e
\jgXZ`fj[`]\i\eZ`X[fjZXiXZk\i`qX[fjgfigXiX[`^dXjZfdle`ZXk`mfj[`]\i\ek\j#Zfejk`klp\c_fi`qfek\
ZfeZ\gklXc[\cX\mXclXZ`e2\ecXgi}Zk`ZX#j`e\dYXi^f#[X[fjcfjZfejki\Œ`d`\ekfjÔeXeZ`\ifjp[\
k`\dgf#jcfXc^lefj[\cfj\c\d\ekfjZfejk`klk`mfj[\\jkfjgXiX[`^dXj]l\ifefYa\kf[\Xe}c`j`j%
(*
<JHL<D8G8I8LE8<M8CL8:@äE;<C8GFCàK@:8
8lehl\pXj\d\eZ`fe#hl\i\dfj`ej`jk`i\ehl\\c]fZf[\Xk\eZ`e[\cX\mXclXZ`eef]l\\c\oXd\e
[\XZk`m`[X[\jgleklXc\j#j`ef\cXe}c`j`j[\cXdXe\iX\ehl\j\]l\[\jXiifccXe[f\`dgc\d\ekX[fcX
gfcˆk`ZX\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e:fcfdY`X#hl\\j\e’ck`dX`ejkXeZ`Xcfhl\
c\[Xj\ek`[fX\jkXj`e`Z`Xk`mXjgXik`ZlcXi\j%;\XccˆcX`dgfikXeZ`X[\cX`[\X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eZfdf
[\i\Z_f#efjcfXcX`e]fidXZ`e#j`efkXdY`„eZfdf\c[\i\Z_fXgXik`Z`gXi\ecX[\Ôe`Z`e[\cXj
]fidXj#cfjZfek\e`[fjpcfjd\[`fjd\[`Xek\cfjZlXc\j\jk\gifZ\jf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ej\cc\mXeXZXYf#
\j[\Z`i#X`ek\im\e`iXZk`mXd\ek\\ecXjfgZ`fe\jpcXj[\Z`j`fe\jjfYi\cXgfcˆk`ZXd`jdXDXikˆe9XiY\if#
)''+1+) %8_fiXY`\e#\jk\[\i\Z_fXcXZfdle`ZXZ`ej\e\^fZ`X\ecfj\jgXZ`fj[\\eZl\ekif\eki\cX
Z`\eZ`Xpjljg’Yc`Zfj`[\ek`ÔZX[fjgfi=\ck)''* %<jk\\jhl\dXZfdgc\kf[\Xe}c`j`jj\i\gi\j\ekXX
Zfek`elXZ`e\ecX=`^liX(%
Derecho a la comunicación
Gfcˆk`ZX^\e\iXc[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
Gfcˆk`ZXgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX
Explícita
Implícita
<ELE:@8:@äE
¿Qué tipo de contrato social se
establece sobre la ciencia?
¿Qué tipo de paradigmas es el
que asumen estas políticas?
¿Qué actores se contemplan?
¿Cómo se incluye la
participación en estas
políticas?
¿Qué papel se asigna a estos
temas y cómo se articula con el
conjunto de la política?
:I@K<I@FJ
8::@äE
:F?<I<E:@8
<JG8:@FJ;<
<E:L<EKIF<EKI<
C8:@<E:@8PJLJ
Gè9C@:FJ
De las metas propuestas vs los
resultados obtenidos
De los objetivos frente a las
estrategias adoptadas
De los recursos y la continuidad
de las acciones
Productores- públicos
Mensaje
Medios
:FFI;@E8:@äE
G8IK@:@G8:@äE
Efectividad de la política
(+
=`^liX(%<jhl\dX[\Xe}c`j`jgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e%
Efectividad de la
comunicación
J\ gXik\ [\ hl\ cX gfcˆk`ZX j\ \ogi\jX \e [fj e`m\c\j% <c gi`d\if# i\]\i`[f X cf hl\ _\dfj ccXdX[f
políticas explícitas, hl\ _XZ\ i\]\i\eZ`X X cX gfcˆk`ZX ^\e\iXc [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX \e \c gXˆj p X cX
gfcˆk`ZX\jg\ZˆÔZX[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X#cXjZlXc\j\jk}e`ejZi`kXj\e[fZld\ekfj[\
ZXi}Zk\ifÔZ`Xcp[\Zldgc`d`\ekfeXZ`feXc%Lej\^le[fe`m\chl\_\dfjccXdX[fpolítica implícita phl\
Zfii\jgfe[\XcfjgcXe\jpgif^iXdXjhl\j\_Xgifgl\jkf#cX;:::#\ejljgcXe\j[\^\jk`ephl\j\
dXk\i`Xc`qXe\eXZZ`fe\jkXc\jZfdfXgfpfXXZk`m`[X[\jpÔeXeZ`Xd`\ekf[\gifp\Zkfj%
CX\eleZ`XZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX\ogcˆZ`kX
GXiX Zfdgi\e[\i cfj XcZXeZ\j [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e g’Yc`ZX [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e \c JE:pK p \c ^iX[f [\
c\^`k`d`[X[ hl\ j\ c\ Xj`^eX# \j e\Z\jXi`f gXik`i [\c Xe}c`j`j [\ enunciación1 [\ cX gfcˆk`ZX \ogcˆZ`kX#
\e k„id`efj [\ jl \mfclZ`e p [\ cX XgXi`Z`e [\ Xjlekfj i\cXZ`feX[fj Zfe cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e g’Yc`ZX%
GXiX \ccf j\ i\m`jXife kf[fj cfj [fZld\ekfj [\ gfcˆk`ZX [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX [liXek\ \c g\i`f[f
\mXclX[fXgc`ZXe[fXjlc\ZkliXleXe}c`j`j[\[`jZlijfZ\ekiX[f\ecfjZi`k\i`fjgifgl\jkfjgfiDe`ZX
CfqXef#hl`\egifgfe\leXe}c`j`jhl\i\jgfe[XXcXjj`^l`\ek\jgi\^lekXj1¶Hl„k`gf[\ZfekiXkfjfZ`Xc
j\ \jkXYc\Z\ jfYi\ cX Z`\eZ`X6# ¶YXaf hl„ df[\cfj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e j\ jljk\ekXe6# ¶hl„ XZkfi\j j\
Zfek\dgcXe6#¶Zdfj\`eZclp\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e\e\jkXjgfcˆk`ZXj6#¶hl„gXg\cj\Xj`^eXX\jkfjk\dXjp
Zdfj\Xik`ZlcXZfe\cZfealekf[\cXgfcˆk`ZX6CfqXef#)'', p[\\jkX]fidX\eZfekiXicfdf[\cfj[\
Zfdle`ZXZ`ehl\_Xej`[f`dg\iXek\j\e\c[`j\Œfp\a\ZlZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX%
8jˆ#gXiX\cZXjfZfcfdY`Xefj\_X\eZfekiX[fhl\cXgfcˆk`ZX[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X_X
k\e`[flegifZ\jf\mfclk`mfZfe\kXgXjj`d`cXi\jXcZfealekf[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZfk\Zefc^`ZXeXZ`feXc
Xek\Z\[\ek\j#`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`epZfejfc`[XZ`e g\ifZfelei\qX^f]i\ek\XcXjd`jdXj)%<ek„id`efj
[\df[\cfj#\cgXˆj_X\og\i`d\ekX[fleki}ej`kf[\ledf[\cf[\ÔZ`kXi`fj`dgc\#gi\[fd`eXek\_XjkX
(00'#[fe[\j\YljZXYXXZ\iZXicXZ`\eZ`XXg’Yc`Zfj^\e\iXc\j#_XZ`Xledf[\cf[\ÔZ`kXi`fZfdgc\af
[fe[\XgXi\Z\cX`dgfikXeZ`X[\cXmXcfiXZ`epcXXgifg`XZ`ele`[XXXc^lefj\c\d\ekfj[\ledf[\cf
[\dfZi}k`ZfpgXik`Z`gXk`mf*%
<e\j\d`jdfj\ek`[fj\lY`ZXleXk\ej`e\eki\cXZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e[\cXi\cXZ`eZ`\eZ`XÆjfZ`\[X[
[fe[\leXjm\Z\jj\kiXejd`k\cX`dX^\e[\Z`\eZ`XZfdfZl\igfZ\iiX[fpZ\ik\ifp\efkiXjZfdf
leX fgZ`e d}j [\ gif[lZZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf `[\fc^`ZXd\ek\ ZXi^X[X p jljZ\gk`Yc\ [\ Ziˆk`ZX p
e\^fZ`XZ`e Zfe cX Zfdle`[X[% 8 e`m\c [\ cX gfcˆk`ZX [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e `ejZi`kX \e cfj [fZld\ekfj
^\e\iXc\j [\ gfcˆk`ZX Z`\ekˆÔZX p k\Zefc^`ZX jl\c\ gi`dXi cX gi`d\iX m`j`e% Jfcf _XjkX (00+ _Xp le
i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf \ogcˆZ`kf p Zfek`elf jfYi\ cX `dgfikXeZ`X [\ cX gXik`Z`gXZ`e Z`l[X[XeX hl\ Zfdf
fYa\k`mf’ck`dfYljZXcXXgifg`XZ`ejfZ`Xc[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%
<cXe}c`j`j[\cXenunciación[\cXgfcˆk`ZXdl\jkiXcX\d\i^\eZ`X[\[`]\i\ek\jg’Yc`Zfj%Gfi\a\dgcf#\c
j\Zkfi\dgi\jXi`XcZfdfg’Yc`Zf#\dg`\qXXXgXi\Z\i\e\c[`jZlijfXgXik`i[\cXgXik`i[\cXŒf
( ÈLa política pública está hecha de palabras. En forma escrita u oral, la argumentación es esencial en todas las etapas del proceso de formulación de políticasÉ%DXafe\
>%#(00.1*, %<m`[\eZ`X#Xi^ld\ekXZ`epg\ijlXj`e\ecX]fidlcXZ`e[\gfcˆk`ZXj%D„o`Zf%=fe[f[\:lckliX<Zfed`ZX%
) LeX\kXgX[\Xek\Z\[\ek\jhl\mX_XjkX(00'[fe[\j\[XeXc^leXj`e`Z`Xk`mXj\ek„id`efj[\[`]lj`ep[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp[fe[\\ck\dX
\dg`\qXXj\id\eZ`feX[f[\ekif[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXeXZ`feXc%Lej\^le[fdfd\ekf#hl\d}jhl\\e\cefm\ekX$ZlXe[fj\`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXcX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXXe`m\c^\e\iXc$j\[X\e\cXŒf[\(00+ZfecXD`j`e[\:`\eZ`X#<[lZXZ`ep;\jXiifccf[fe[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`ej\`ejkXliXZfdf
leXgi\fZlgXZ`eeXZ`feXc[\cXgfcˆk`ZX^\e\iXc[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXpj\g`\ejXZfdfd\ZXe`jdfgXiXcf^iXicXXgifg`XZ`ejfZ`Xc[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcX
k\Zefcf^ˆX#[\j[\\j\dfd\ekf_XjkX\cXŒf)''+cXjXZZ`fe\jj\\eZXd`eXeXhacer, X[\jXiifccXip]fikXc\Z\iXZZ`fe\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e\e\cgXˆjple
k\iZ\idfd\ekf#[fe[\j\\jg\iXiˆXjl`ejk`klZ`feXc`qXZ`e#XgXik`i[\cXgifdlc^XZ`e[\cXGfcˆk`ZX[\8gifg`XZ`eJfZ`Xc[\cX:`\eZ`X#cXk\Zefcf^ˆX
pcX@eefmXZ`e%
* J`ej\i\jk\’ck`df\c`dg\iXek\#\jkfgfihl\j`Y`\ej\_X_\Z_fle\j]l\iqfgfij\^d\ekXipZfefZ\iXcfjg’Yc`Zfj#X’eXe`m\c[\XZZ`fe\jZfeZi\$
kXjcXj`e`Z`Xk`mXjef_XeXY`\ikfjlÔZ`\ek\j\jgXZ`fj[\[`}cf^fpgXik`Z`gXZ`ei\Xc%J`^l\e`dg\iXe[fgifgfj`Z`fe\j[\ck`gf[`]le[`i#gfglcXi`qXi#
[`mlc^Xi#XgfpXi#gifdfm\ip]fd\ekXipd\efj[\YXk`ifZfeZ\ikXi%
(,
)'''#`^lXcd\ek\\ecXgfcˆk`ZX[\c)'',XgXi\Z\ecfjpolíticos Zfdflej\ZkfiXXk\e[\i%J`e\dYXi^f#
\o`jk\efkifjg’Yc`Zfjhl\X’eef\d\i^\e\e\c[`jZlijf#gfi\a\dgcf#gfYcXZ`fe\jdXi^`eX[Xjpef
Xc]XY\k`qX[Xj%<eZlXchl`\iZXjf#cXgfcˆk`ZX[\c)'',j\Zfejk`klp\\elecf^if`dgfikXek\gfihl\ef\j
gfj`Yc\]fidlcXileXgfcˆk`ZX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX^\e\iXcp\]\Zk`mXhl\efZfej`[\i\cX[`d\ej`e
Zfdle`ZXk`mX#\ejlj\ek`[f[\dfZi}k`Zf#\eki\Z`\eZ`X#k\Zefcf^ˆXpjfZ`\[X[#i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf„jk\hl\
ZfekiXjkXZfeleXkiX[`Z`e[\gfcˆk`ZXXlkf$i\]\i\eZ`Xcg\ejX[X[\j[\pgXiXcXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZX%
CXXZZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj`dgcˆZ`kXj
CXj\^le[XgXik\[\cX\mXclXZ`e\jklmfZ\ekiX[X\e\cXe}c`j`j[\cXacción [\cXgfcˆk`ZXcXZlXcj\
[X^iXZ`XjXcXdXk\i`Xc`qXZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX`dgcˆZ`kX#\j[\Z`i[\cX\a\ZlZ`epXgfpfXXZk`m`[X[\j%
<cgi`d\igXjfZfej`jk`\e`[\ek`ÔZXicXjXZk`m`[X[\jgleklXc\j\a\ZlkX[Xj[liXek\kf[f\cg\i`f[fp
ZcXj`ÔZXicXj[\ekif[\cfjespacios de encuentro\eki\cXZ`\eZ`Xpjljg’Yc`Zfj#gXiXXjˆk\e\ileXgi`d\iX
ZXiXZk\i`qXZ`e[\cZfealekf[\XZZ`fe\jXgfpX[XjgficX;:::[\ekif[\cJE:pK%J\fgk\ekfeZ\jgfi
cXX^ilgXZ`e[\cXjd`jdXj\eki\j^iXe[\j\jgXZ`fj=\ck#)''* (1
X <jgXZ`f\ogcˆZ`kXd\ek\[\[`ZX[fXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X
<cX^\ek\gi`eZ`gXc[\\jk\\jgXZ`fjfecfj`ek\id\[`X[fi\j\eki\cfjgif[lZkfi\j[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfp
cfjg’Yc`Zfj%<jkfjX^\ek\j`ek\id\[`X[fi\j1d\[`fjdXj`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#dlj\fj#XjfZ`XZ`fe\j
Z`\ekˆÔZXjpZlckliXc\j#\eki\fkifj%9ljZXeinformar Xcfjg’Yc`ZfjjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%<c
fYa\k`mf[\cgXiX[`^dXZfdle`ZXk`mf[\\jk\\jgXZ`f#\j\ccc\mXicXZ`\eZ`XXcXjfZ`\[X[pcf^iXijl
gfj`Z`feXd`\ekfpc\^`k`d`[X[jfZ`Xc%Cfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`elk`c`qX[fj\e\jk\\jgXZ`fÆgficf
^\e\iXc[\ZXi}Zk\idXj`mf$j`im\eZfdfgcXkX]fidXjgXiXÈm\e[\iÉcXZ`\eZ`X#\e\j\j\ek`[f\cifchl\j\
Xj`^eXXcfjg’Yc`Zfjjl\c\j\i\c[\Zfejld`[fi\jgXj`mfj%J\ZcXj`ÔZXife\e\jk\\jgXZ`fcXjXZk`m`[X[\j
XjfZ`X[XjXdlj\fj#d\[`fjdXj`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#]\i`Xjp\m\ekfj%
Y <jgXZ`fj[\gif[lZZ`ep[`]lj`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZf
<e \jk\ \jgXZ`f j\ \eZl\ekiXe cfj gif[lZkfi\j [\c ZfefZ`d`\ekf p cfj g’Yc`Zfj [\ leX dXe\iX d}j
[`i\ZkX% <c gXiX[`^dX Y}j`Zf [\ki}j [\ \jkXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e \jkX ^l`X[f gfi \c [\j\f
[\cfjgif[lZkfi\j[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf[\fgk`d`qXi\cXdY`\ek\jfZ`Xc\e\cZlXckiXYXaXeXkiXm„j[\c
Zfdgifd`jfZfecfjg’Yc`ZfjXcfjZlXc\j\jg\iXe_XZ\im`j`Yc\jl`em\jk`^XZ`e#[\dfjkiXi\cmXcfijfZ`Xc
[\jlkiXYXaf#dfjkiXicfXkiXZk`mf[\cXZ`\eZ`X#cf^iXile^Xjkfg’Yc`Zfpc\^`k`dXij\Xjˆd`jdfjgXiX
fYk\e\idXpfiXgfpf%
Cfjg’Yc`ZfjjfeZfeZ\Y`[fjZfdfgfk\eZ`Xc\jZfejld`[fi\j[\cfjgif[lZkfj[\cXZ`\eZ`Xpgfk\eZ`Xc\j
ÔeXeZ`X[fi\j#[\kXc]fidXhl\j\c\jfkfi^Xleifcd}jXZk`mfgfiZlXekf\o`jk\leXgfj`Yc\e\^fZ`XZ`e
f `ek\iZXdY`f \eki\ gif[lZkfi\j [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj p cfj g’Yc`Zfj% <e \jk\ \jgXZ`f ]l\ife lY`ZX[Xj
XZk`m`[X[\jZfdfc`Yifjpi\m`jkXj\jZi`kfjgfiZ`\ekˆÔZfjgXiXg’Yc`Zfj^\e\iXc\j`eZclp\e[fe`Œfjp
am\e\j p\eZl\ekifj\eki\Z`\ekˆÔZfjpg’Yc`ZfjpXj\X^\e\iXc\j#\dgi\jXi`fj#g\i`f[`jkXjZ`\ekˆÔZfj
lfkifj%
Z <jgXZ`f[\cX[`]lj`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX
J\ \edXiZXe \e \jk\ \jgXZ`f cXj XZZ`fe\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e \dgi\e[`[Xj gfi X^\eZ`Xj [\c <jkX[f
\eZXd`eX[Xj X [`]le[`i cX gfcˆk`ZX [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX% <c gXiX[`^dX Zfdle`ZXk`mf \j hl\ \jkXj
XZZ`fe\j k`\e\e cX `ek\eZ`e [\ \ogc`ZXi# aljk`ÔZXi# XgfpXi f `dgfe\i Z`\ikXj [\Z`j`fe\j hl\ _Xe j`[f
(-
( 8lehl\=\ckgifgfe\[fj\jgXZ`fjX[`Z`feXc\j1<jgXZ`f[\XZkfi\j_ˆYi`[fjp<jgXZ`fj[fe[\\cg’Yc`Zf\eZl\ekiX\og\ik`Z`Xgif]\j`feXc#\jkfjef
]l\ife Zfej`[\iX[fj \e cX \mXclXZ`e gl\j ef j\ \eZfekiXife \og\i`\eZ`Xj j`^e`ÔZXk`mXj c`[\iX[Xj gfi :fcZ`\eZ`Xj gXiX \c ZXjf ZfcfdY`Xef% <jkfj
\jgXZ`fj#[\_\Z_fgfijl[\Ôe`Z`e#jl\c\ej\i`e[\g\e[`\ek\j[\cXgfcˆk`ZX%
fj\i}ekfdX[Xj\e\c[fd`e`fgfcˆk`Zf%Cfjd\[`fjlk`c`qX[fjgl\[\emXi`Xi[\j[\glYc`ZXZ`fe\j\e
c`Yifjp]fcc\kfj#ZXdgXŒXj[`mlc^Xk`mXj#glYc`Z`[X[\ed\[`fjdXj`mfj_XjkXd\[`fjgXik`Z`gXk`mfjZfdf
]fifjfZfej\afj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%<e^\e\iXcefj\\eZfekiXifedlZ_XjXZk`m`[X[\ji\cXZ`feX[Xj
Zfe\jk\\jgXZ`f#j\ZcXj`ÔZXifeXZ}cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\cFE:pK\e[`]\i\ek\j\m\ekfjpcXjXZk`m`[X[\j
i\cXZ`feX[XjZfecX[`]lj`e[\cd`jdffi^Xe`jdff[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%
GXiX\]\Zkfj[\cX\mXclXZ`e#cXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\ekif[\cfj\jgXZ`fj[\\eZl\ekif
\eki\ cX Z`\eZ`X p jlj g’Yc`Zfj# p \c Xe}c`j`j [\c gXiX[`^dX Zfdle`ZXk`mf [\ ZX[X lef [\ \ccfj cfj
mXcfi\j#fYa\k`mfj#d\[`fj#gi\^lekXj#i\Zlijfji\ki`Zfjpifc\jXj`^eX[fjXcfjXZkfi\j efjg\id`k\leX
mXcfiXZ`e[\cXefectividad de la acción comunicativa%
:i`k\i`fj[\\mXclXZ`e
Gfi’ck`df#gXiXmXcfiXicX\]\Zk`m`[X[[\cXXZZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX_\dfj[\Ôe`[fki\j^iXe[\jZi`k\i`fj1
X :f_\i\eZ`X\eki\cf\eleZ`X[fpcfi\Xc`qX[f#cXZlXcj\gl\[\\oXd`eXi\emXi`fje`m\c\j1
› :f_\i\eZ`X\eki\cXjd\kXjgifgl\jkXj]i\ek\Xcfji\jlckX[fjfYk\e`[fj1Gfi\a\dgcf#ZlXe[fj\[`Z\
gifg`Z`XicX]fidXZ`e[\g\i`f[`jkXjj\\e]i\ekXXe’d\if[\g\i`f[`jkXj]fidX[fj%
› :f_\i\eZ`X\eki\cfjfYa\k`mfj[\cXgfcˆk`ZXpcfjd\ZXe`jdfjlk`c`qX[fjgXiXXcZXeqXicX1\ek„id`efj
[\hl„kXe\]\Zk`mXjjfecXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[XjpjljgXiX[`^dXjZfdle`ZXk`mfjgXiXXcZXeqXicfj
fYa\k`mfjgifgl\jkfj%
› :f_\i\eZ`X\ecfji\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fjgXiXcXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\cXjXZZ`fe\j%
› :f_\i\eZ`X\ecXZfek`el`[X[[\cXjXZZ`fe\jYXafcfjZfii\jgfe[`\ek\jd\ZXe`jdfj[\\mXclXZ`e%
Y :ffi[`eXZ`e#\ek„id`efj[\XZk`m`[X[\j#XZkfi\jpi\Zlijfjdfm`c`qX[fj#\j[\Z`i#Zfejk`klZ`e[\
i\[\j\`ek\im\eZ`e\ecX\jkiXk\^`X[\d’ck`gc\jXZkfi\jpXgXcXeZXd`\ekf[\i\Zlijfj%
Z GXik`Z`gXZ`ep[\dfZiXZ`X[\cXjXZZ`fe\ji\Xc`qX[Xj\eZlXekfXjlZXgXZ`[X[[\m`eZlcXZ`e[\
[`]\i\ek\j^ilgfjjfZ`Xc\jpi\^`fe\j\ecXjXZZ`fe\j#cXXk\eZ`eXjljX^\e[Xjgfcˆk`ZXjpe\Z\j`[X[\j
p\e’ck`dX`ejkXeZ`XcXZXgXZ`[X[[\\jkXjXZZ`fe\jgXiXi\m\ik`ij\\egXik`Z`gXZ`e\ecXj[\Z`j`fe\j
jfYi\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX^\e\iXc%
;\\jkX]fidX#gXiXZX[Xlef[\cfj\jgXZ`fjpcXjXZk`m`[X[\j`ejZi`kXj\e\ccfj#j\i\Xc`qleXe}c`j`j
\oXd`eXe[f jlj gXiX[`^dXj Zfdle`ZXk`mfj p [\ fkiX gXik\# j\ Zfejkilp le Zfealekf [\ `e[`ZX[fi\j
jfYi\cfjdfekfjpZfek`el`[X[[\cfji\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fj#e’d\ifpZfek`el`[X[[\cXjXZZ`fe\j#g’Yc`Zfj
fYa\k`mfpg’Yc`ZfjXk\e[`[fj#ZfY\ikliXi\^`feXc#\eki\fkifj%
8EÝC@J@J;<LE:8JF
GXiX`cljkiXicXXek\i`fid\kf[fcf^ˆXkfdXi\dfj\c\a\dgcf[\leZXjf#cXjXZZ`fe\j\dgi\e[`[Xj\e
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XgXiXcf^iXicXXgifg`XZ`ejfZ`Xc[\„jkXgfigXik\[\cfj\dgi\jXi`fj%
CXgfcˆk`ZX\ogcˆZ`kX
<ek„id`efj[\cXgfcˆk`ZX\ogcˆZ`kX#[liXek\cX[„ZX[X[\cfjefm\ekX\e:fcfdY`Xj\[XleZXdY`f[\
gXiX[`^dX\eki\cXi\cXZ`eZ`\eZ`XpjfZ`\[X[#ÈCfjefm\ekXjdXiZXeleel\mfg\i`f[f\e\c[\jXiifccf
[\cXgfcˆk`ZXpXZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXjpk\Zefc^`ZXj%%% ZfecXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\c^fY`\ief#cXZfdle`[X[
Z`\ekˆÔZXp\cj\Zkfigif[lZk`mf\ecX`ejkXeZ`Xi\ZkfiX#\cel\mfdf[\cfkfdX\eZfej`[\iXZ`ekXekfcX
f]\ikXZfdfcX[\dXe[X[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf#`emfclZiXXkf[fjjljXZkfi\j\e\c[`j\Œf[\gifgl\jkXj
(.
p gcXe\j# p lY`ZX cX ^\e\iXZ`e p Xgifg`XZ`e [\c ZfefZ`d`\ekf \e cX YXj\ [\c gif^i\jf jfZ`Xc p cX
Zfdg\k`k`m`[X[É:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#(00/1)/, %<jkfj_\Z_fjfZlii\e\e\cdXiZf[\leXkiXej]fidXZ`ed}j
Xdgc`Xhl\j\\jkXYX[Xe[f\e\cgXˆj#[\leXgXik\\cZXdY`f[\df[\cf[\[\jXiifccf[\le\jhl\dX
gifk\ZZ`fe`jkXXlefc`Y\iXc`qX[f[fe[\cXXg\ikliX`dgc`ZXYXleXel\mXm`j`ejfYi\cXjgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[\j
[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfpcX`e]fidXZ`e\ed\iZX[fj^cfYXc\j2p[\fkiXgXik\cXgifdlc^XZ`e[\cXel\mX
:fejk`klZ`eGfcˆk`ZX[\:fcfdY`X\e\cdXiZf[\cXZlXcj\`ejkXXc<jkX[fXXgfpXicXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\
Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX1
È8ikˆZlcf.(%CXY’jhl\[X[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfpcX\ogi\j`eXikˆjk`ZXjfec`Yi\j%CfjgcXe\j[\[\jXiifccf
\Zfed`Zf p jfZ`Xc `eZcl`i}e \c ]fd\ekf X cXj Z`\eZ`Xj p# \e ^\e\iXc# X cX ZlckliX% <c <jkX[f Zi\Xi}
`eZ\ek`mfj gXiX g\ijfeXj \ `ejk`klZ`fe\j hl\ [\jXiifcc\e p ]fd\ek\e cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX p cXj
[\d}jdXe`]\jkXZ`fe\jZlckliXc\jpf]i\Z\i}\jkˆdlcfj\jg\Z`Xc\jXg\ijfeXj\`ejk`klZ`fe\jhl\\a\iqXe
\jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j%É8jXdYc\XEXZ`feXc:fejk`klp\ek\(00( %
;\`^lXc]fidXcXC\p)0[\(00'[XZXi}Zk\i[\fYc`^Xkfi`\[X[Xc<jkX[fgXiXcXXj`^eXZ`e[\i\Zlijfj1
È8ikˆZlcf(f%:fii\jgfe[\Xc\jkX[fgifdfm\ipfi`\ekXi\cX[\cXekfZ`\ekˆÔZfpk\Zefc^`Zfp#gficf
d`jdf# \jk} fYc`^X[f X `eZfigfiXi cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX X cfj gcXe\j p gif^iXdXj [\ [\jXiifccf
\Zfed`ZfpjfZ`Xc[\cgXˆjpX]fidlcXigcXe\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXkXekfgXiX\cd\[`XefZfdf
gXiX \c cXi^f gcXqf% 8jˆ d`jdf# [\Y\i} \jkXYc\Z\i cfj d\ZXe`jdfj [\ i\cXZ`e \eki\ jlj XZk`m`[X[\j
[\ [\jXiifccf Z`\ekˆÔZf p k\Zefc^`Zf p cXj hl\# \e cfj d`jdfj ZXdgfj# X[\cXek\e cX le`m\ij`[X[# cX
Zfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXp\cj\Zkfigi`mX[fZfcfdY`Xefj%ÉGi\j`[\eZ`X[\cXI\g’Yc`ZX[\:fcfdY`X(00' %
PZfdfpXj\d\eZ`fe#\c;\Zi\kf,/,[\(00(i\^cXd\ekXi`f[\cXC\p)0\eleZ`XZfdfleX[\cXj
]leZ`fe\j[\:fcZ`\eZ`Xj1
È8ikˆZlcf(0%GXi}^iX]f()%;`j\ŒXi#`dglcjXip\a\ZlkXi\jkiXk\^`XjgXiXcX`eZfigfiXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcX
k\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXZlckliXZfcfdY`XeX%É
<e k„id`efj [\ df[\cfj \jk\ g\i`f[f Zfejk`klp leX „gfZX [\ ki}ej`kf \eki\ le df[\cf [\ÔZ`kXi`f
j`dgc\ X lef Xdgc`X[f# [fe[\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X pX ef k`\e\ Zfdf fYa\k`mf jfcXd\ek\
gfj`Z`feXi\cZfefZ`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZfj`efkXdY`„ecf^iXijlljfgfigXik\[\j\Zkfi\j\jg\ZˆÔZfj[\cX
jfZ`\[X[#Zfdf\j\cZXjf[\cfj\dgi\jXi`fj#pXhl\j\Zfej`[\iXhl\cX`eZclj`e[\\jk\j\Zkfij\i}
[\k\id`eXek\gXiXXcZXeqXicXZfdg\k`k`m`[X[%
CXgfcˆk`ZX`dgcˆZ`kX
<jkXm`j`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp\cZfefZ`d`\ekfZfdfYXj\gXiXcXZfdg\k`k`m`[X[gfe\Zfdflef[\cfj
fYa\k`mfj[\cXgfcˆk`ZX^\e\iXc[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\e:fcfdY`X#\ccf^iXileXdXpfigXik`Z`gXZ`e
\ekf[fjcfje`m\c\j[\j\Zkfi\dgi\jXi`XcZfcfdY`Xef%<jk\`ek\i„jhl\j\m\i\Õ\aX[f\ecXgfcˆk`ZX
implícita [\cX;:::\ejljgcXe\j[\^\jk`e#Zfdf\a\dgcf[\\ccf#
GcXe[\XZZ`e(00,1
ÈFYa\k`mf.1Gifdfm\icXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\Z`\ekˆÔZfj#`em\jk`^X[fi\j#Zfdle`ZX[fi\jp\dgi\jXi`fj\ecXj
XZk`m`[X[\j[\[`mlc^XZ`eÉ%=f^#(00,1(, %
GcXe[\XZZ`e)'')1
(/
ÈFYa\k`mf*%:feZ`\eZ`XiXcfjZfcfdY`Xefj\eZXgXZ`[X[[\kfdXi[\Z`j`fe\jgfcˆk`ZXjf\dgi\jXi`Xc\j
[\ cX `dgfikXeZ`X [\ gif[lZ`i \ `eZfigfiXi [\jXiifccfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj p k\Zefc^`Zfj Zfdf ]XZkfi\j
`e[`jg\ejXYc\jgXiX\c[\jXiifccfeXZ`feXcÉ%J}eZ_\q#)'')1)' %
<jXjˆZfdfcX;:::[`j\ŒpXgfpmXi`XjXZk`m`[X[\jgXiX[XiZldgc`d`\ekfX\jkfjfYa\k`mfj#
X 8Zk`m`[X[\j`ejZi`kXj\e\c\jgXZ`flef1
Separata innovación y desarrollo empresarial:<jleXj\gXiXkX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXhl\j\glYc`ZX\ck\iZ\i
m`\ie\j[\ZX[Xd\j[\ekif[\cg\i`[`Zf\Zfed`ZfPortafolio\cZlXcZ`iZlcXZfe\c[`Xi`f[\dXpfi
Z`iZlcXZ`eeXZ`feXcEl Tiempo.CXi\cXZ`ehl\j\\jkXYc\Z\\eki\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjpcfj\dgi\jXi`fjj\[Xgfi
cX`ek\id\[`XZ`e[\:fcZ`\eZ`XjpcX:XjX<[`kfi`Xc<cK`\dgfhl`\e\j[\Z`[\ecfjZi`k\i`fj[\Zfek\e`[f
p ]fidXkf% CX ;::: \jZf^\ gifp\Zkfj [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e \ `eefmXZ`e ÔeXeZ`X[fj X `em\jk`^X[fi\j \e
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj p X gXik`i [\ \ccfj [\Z`[\ Zl}c\j gl\[\e i\jlckXi [\ `ek\i„j gXiX cfj \dgi\jXi`fj# jfYi\
\jkfjgifp\Zkfjj\i\[XZkXecfjXikˆZlcfj#\cfYa\k`mf[\cXj\gXiXkX\jÈdfjkiXigifZ\jfjpi\jlckX[fj
[\gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`eXgfpX[fjgfi:fcZ`\eZ`Xjp\cJ\eX\e[`]\i\ek\ji\^`fe\j[\cgXˆj%%% [\Y`[Xd\ek\ `cljkiX[fj p \e le c\e^lXa\ XZZ\j`Yc\ X kf[fj cfj `ek\i\jX[fj \e \jkfj k\dXjÉ% ;:::#
)'')1* %J\^’e\c<jkl[`f>\e\iXc[\D\[`fj#\c[`Xi`f<cK`\dgf\jc\ˆ[fgfilegifd\[`f[\/,''''
c\Zkfi\j p GfikX]fc`f gfi ++* ''' c\Zkfi\j 8jfZ`XZ`e :fcfdY`XeX gXiX cX @em\jk`^XZ`e [\ D\[`fj
$8:@D)'',1+ %<jkX\jle\jkiXk\^`X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`edXj`mX[fe[\e`cfjgif[lZkfi\j[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
e` cfj \dgi\jXi`fj k`\e\e leX m`eZlcXZ`e [`i\ZkX p [fe[\ cf hl\ j\ gi\k\e[\ \j cc\mXi `e]fidXZ`e
Xcg’Yc`Zf\dgi\jXi`XcgXiXhl\\jkfjj\`ek\i\j\e\ecfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`eXgfpX[fjgfi\c
`ejk`klkfp[fe[\cX`ek\eZ`e’ck`dX\jcf^iXihl\cfj\dgi\jXi`fjj\`ek\i\j\e\ecXZ`\eZ`XpX[hl`\iXe
jljgif[lZkfjpgXik`Z`g\e\e\c[\jXiifccfk\Zefc^`ZfpcX`eefmXZ`e\eZfcXYfiXZ`eZfe\cj\Zkfi
XZX[„d`Zf%
Y 8Zk`m`[X[\j`ejZi`kXj\e\c\jgXZ`f[fj1
Encuentros regionales de ciencia y tecnología, encuentros universidad – empresa:8[`]\i\eZ`X[\cX\jkiXk\^`X
Xek\i`ficfj\eZl\ekifj]Xmfi\Z\eleXi\cXZ`eZXiXXZXiX\eki\gif[lZkfi\j[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfpg’Yc`Zfj%
Jfe[\Ôe`[fjgficX;:::ZfdfÈ\jgXZ`fj[\jfZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e\ce`m\ci\^`feXc
\eki\ \dgi\jXi`fj `em\jk`^X[fi\j# XZX[„d`Zfj p g\ijfeXj `ek\i\jX[Xj \e \jkfj k\dXj% Jl fYa\k`mf \j
jfZ`Xc`qXi\eki\cfj[`]\i\ek\jXZkfi\j[\cXji\^`fe\jZfcfdY`XeXj[`i`^\ek\j\dgi\jXi`Xc\j#^i\d`Xc\j#
XZX[„d`Zfj# X[d`e`jkiXk`mfj# gfcˆk`Zfj p fg`e`e g’Yc`ZX \e ^\e\iXc cfj i\jlckX[fj [\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j
`dglcjX[Xjgfi:fcZ`\eZ`XjXkiXm„j[\cfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\e\cdXiZf[\cJE:pK#Zfe\c
fYa\kf[\j\ej`Y`c`qXip]fikXc\Z\icXm`j`e[\cXjfZ`\[X[i\^`feXcjfYi\cfjY\e\ÔZ`fjpgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[\j
[\cXXZk`m`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX%Cfj<eZl\ekifjZfejkXe[\[fjZfdgfe\ek\j1<eZl\ekifI\^`feXc
[\ :`\eZ`X p K\Zefcf^ˆX# <eZl\ekif [\ @eefmXZ`e gXiX \c [\jXiifccf i\^`feXc p \c d\afiXd`\ekf [\
cXZXc`[X[[\m`[XÉ;:::#)''*1, %8\jkfj\eZl\ekifjj\`em`kXXcfj`em\jk`^X[fi\jcfZXc\jgXiXhl\
\ogfe^Xejljgifp\ZkfjXcfj\dgi\jXi`fj#j\\jg\iXle\a\iZ`Z`f[\kiX[lZZ`egfigXik\[\cfjd`jdfj
gXiXhl\jlji\jlckX[fjgl\[Xej\icomprendidos gficfj\dgi\jXi`fjpXjlm\qj\[\jXiifcc\eZfem\e`fj
[\ Zffg\iXZ`e \eki\ le`m\ij`[X[ p \dgi\jX(% <jkfj \eZl\ekifj ]l\ife i\Xc`qX[fj \e \c )'') Zfe le
g’Yc`Zf[\leXj*,''g\ijfeXjp\e)''+[\*0''g\ijfeXjefkf[Xj\ccXj\dgi\jXi`fj#\jk\\jled\[`f
d}ji\jki`e^`[fhl\\cXek\i`fig\ifZfedXpfi\jgfj`Y`c`[X[\j[\`ek\iZXdY`f\`ek\ig\cXZ`e%
Z 8Zk`m`[X[\j`ejZi`kXj\e\c\jgXZ`fki\j1
GXiX[`]le[`icXgfcˆk`ZX[\`eefmXZ`e[\cJE:pKj\_Xe[\jXiifccX[fXc^lefjYfc\k`e\j`e]fidXk`mfj
jfYi\cfjk`gfj[\gifp\Zkfjhl\j\gl\[\eÔeXeZ`XiXcXj\dgi\jXjpjfYi\cfj\jkˆdlcfjki`YlkXi`fj
\o`jk\ek\j\ecXc\^`jcXZ`eZfcfdY`XeXgXiXcXj\dgi\jXjhl\`em`\ikXe\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%J`Y`\e
( <e\j\j\ek`[f#cfj\eZl\ekifj_Xej`[fZi`k`ZX[fjgl\j\edlZ_Xjfgfikle`[X[\jcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjpXZX[„d`Zfjhl\gXik`Z`gXe\ecfjd`jdfjefcf^iXe
kiX[lZ`i[\dXe\iXZcXiXjljZfefZ`d`\ekfj%
(0
Xc e`m\c [\ cX ;::: ef \o`jk\ e`e^’e fkif d\ZXe`jdf( jˆ \j `dgfikXek\ i\jXckXi hl\ \c i^Xef i\Zkfi
[\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX# \c :E:pK k`\e\ [\ekif [\ jl Zfdgfj`Z`e Xj`\ekfj \jg\Z`Xc\j gXiX cX
i\gi\j\ekXZ`e[\cfj\dgi\jXi`fj#\egi`eZ`g`f#lefjZlXekfji\gi\j\ekXek\j[\\jkXZfdle`[X[k`\e\e
\c\jgXZ`fgXiX`ea\i`i\ecXj[\Z`j`fe\j[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXeXZ`feXc%
J\gl\[\[\Z`ihl\gXiX\cZldgc`d`\ekf[\cfjfYa\k`mfjcX;:::_X[`j\ŒX[fXZk`m`[X[\j\eZX[Xlef
[\cfj\jgXZ`fj#[fe[\ZlXe[fj\gXjX[\\jgXZ`fX\jgXZ`fXld\ekX\c^iX[f[\gXik`Z`gXZ`e[\cfj
\dgi\jXi`fj#g\if[`jd`elp\jl`dgXZkfjfZ`Xc\ek„id`efj[\ZXek`[X[[\g\ijfeXj%CXi\gi\j\ekXZ`e
hl\j\_XZ\[\cXZfdle`[X[\dgi\jXi`XcZfcfdY`XeX\jhl\„jkX\jkXZfdgl\jkXcfjgrandes hombres
de negocios2 j`e Zfej`[\iXi \jkiXk\^`Xj d}j ZcXiXj gXiX ^ilgfj Zfdf cfj d`Zif# g\hl\Œfj p d\[`Xefj
\dgi\jXi`fjhl`\e\jk`\e\ed\efii\cXZ`egi\m`XZfecXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%
<M8CL8:@äE;<C8<=<:K@M@;8;;<C8GFCàK@:8
X :f_\i\eZ`X1CfjZXjfj[\cXj\gXiXkXpcfj\eZl\ekifj[`Ô\i\e\ejlji\jlckX[fj\e\jk\j\ek`[f#cX
gi`d\iX[\j[\jlZi\XZ`e_Xj`[fglYc`ZX[Xj`e`ek\iilgZ`fe\j#j\c\_XeXj`^eX[fi\ZlijfjZfejkXek\d\ek\#
p_XZldgc`[fZfejljd\kXj\ek„id`efj[\e’d\if[\XikˆZlcfj#g\i`f[`Z`[X[#\ˆe[`Z\j[\i\Zfi[XZ`e
p lecturabilidad. G\i`[`ZXd\ek\ cX \jkiXk\^`X \j \mXclX[X kXekf gfi cX ;::: Zfdf gfi cX d`jdX :XjX
<[`kfi`Xc<cK`\dgf. GfijlgXik\cfj\eZl\ekifj#Xlehl\j\gcXek\XYX_XZ\icfjXelXcd\ek\jcf_Xej`[f
i\Xc`qX[fj \e [fj XŒfj )'') p )''+ # jl ÔeXeZ`XZ`e _X [\g\e[`[f [\ cXj gXik`[Xj gi\jlgl\jkXc\j [\
cX;:::hl\mXiˆXe[\XŒfXXŒf#\ek„id`efj[\Xj`jk\eZ`XXcfj\m\ekfjjljd\kXj\e^\e\iXc_Xej`[f
Zldgc`[XjXci\[\[fi[\,''g\ijfeXjgfi\eZl\ekif#legifd\[`f[\j`\k\\eZl\ekifji\^`feXc\jgfi
XŒf#g\ifj\_Xej\ŒXcX[f[\ÔZ`\eZ`Xj\eZlXekfXcXZXgXZ`[X[[\kiX[lZZ`e[\cXZfdle`[X[XZX[„d`ZX
[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\jlkiXYXafcfZlXcef_Xi\m\ik`[f#g\j\Xcf\jg\iX[f\eZfem\e`fj\eki\le`m\ij`[X[
p\dgi\jX%
Y :ffi[`eXZ`e1<ek„id`efj[\Zffi[`eXZ`ecfj\eZl\ekifji\^`feXc\ji\jlckXed}j`ek\i\jXek\j2gXiX
cXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\cfjd`jdfjj\jl\c\`emfclZiXiX[\d}j[\:fcZ`\eZ`XjXcfj:fej\afj;\gXikXd\ekXc\j[\
:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX#Xcfj^fY`\iefjcfZXc\jpX`ejk`klZ`fe\j[\\[lZXZ`ejlg\i`fi[\cXji\^`fe\jgficf
d\efjXe`m\c[\cXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\cfjd`jdfj#\eZXjfjZfdf\e\c[\gXikXd\ekf[\cKfc`dX#\cZfej\af
i\^`feXc[\Z`[`Zfek`elXiXlkefdXd\ek\ZfecXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\cfj\eZl\ekifjcfZlXc\jle`e[`ZX[fi
[\„o`kf[\cfjd`jdfj%FkifXZkfidfm`c`qX[f_Xej`[fcfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ecfZXc\jhl`\e\j_Xe
glYc`ZX[fefkXjp\eki\m`jkXjZfecfjXj`jk\ek\jXcfj\eZl\ekifj%CXZffi[`eXZ`e_Xj`[f\]\Zk`mXgXiX
cfj\eZl\ekifjgXik`ZlcXi\jpgXiX\cZfealekf[\cX\jkiXk\^`X_Xk\e`[fc`d`kXZ`fe\j\eZlXekfXef_XY\i
gf[`[f^XiXek`qXijlg\i`f[`Z`[X[XkiXm„j[\cXZfej\ZlZ`e[\leÔeXeZ`Xd`\ekf\ok\iefZfejkXek\%
Z GXik`Z`gXZ`e1:fdfj\j\ŒXc#cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj_Xe\jkX[f\e]fZX[Xjd}j_XZ`Xcfj^iXe[\j\dgi\jXi`fj
hl\_XZ`Xcfjg\hl\Œfj#efj\m\ZcXifZdf\jkfjgl\[\egXik`Z`gXiefjcf\ek„id`efj[\i\Z\gkfi\j
j`efkXdY`„eXkiXm„j[\d\ZXe`jdfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[fe[\gl\[\e\ogi\jXii\Õ\o`fe\jpmXcfiXZ`fe\j
jfYi\cXXZk`m`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZfk\Zefc^`ZXcfZXc#e`[\Z`[`ijfYi\\ck`gf[\XZZ`fe\jZfdle`ZXk`mXjhl\j\
\dgi\e[\e%8[\d}j[\cXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXp[\c>fY`\ief#\jk\j\Zkfik`\e\Xj`\ekf\e\c:E:pK
cfhl\c\[Xgfj`Y`c`[X[\j[\gXik`Z`gXZ`e#g\if\jkXef\jleXZfej\Zl\eZ`X[\cZldgc`d`\ekf[\cfj
fYa\k`mfj[\cf^iXijlgXik`Z`gXZ`ejfZ`Xcj`ef[\cgf[\ihl\\jkfjk`\e\e\e\cZfealekf[\cXjfZ`\[X[%
)'
( CXJlY[`i\ZZ`e[\Gif^iXdXj[\@eefmXZ`ep;\jXiifccfK\Zefc^`ZfkXdY`„ek`\e\\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ekXcc\i\j#Zfe]\i\eZ`XjgXiX[`mlc^Xi
cfjd\ZXe`jdfj[\ÔeXeZ`XZ`e[\cX`eefmXZ`ep\c[\jXiifccfk\Zefc^`ZfXcj\Zkfi\dgi\jXi`Xc [`i`^`[XjXcfj\dgi\jXi`fj[\[`m\ijfjj\Zkfi\j%
) Gfi\a\dgcf#\c\jkl[`f[\c\ZkliXY`c`[X[[\cXj\gXiXkXj\ŒXcX1ÈCfjc\Zkfi\j[\cXj\gXiXkXj\\eZl\ekiXe\eki\cfj(/p,+XŒfj#\c-/gfiZ`\ekf[\\ccfj
jfe_fdYi\j[\leg\iÔcd\[`f\elegfiZ\ekXa\[\c+-gfiZ`\ekfp\ejldXpfiˆXjfe\dgi\jXi`fj#XZX[„d`Zfjp_fdYi\j[\cj\ZkfiÔeXeZ`\ifÉ%
:FE:CLJ@FE<J
CX \mXclXZ`e [\ XZk`m`[X[\j \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e g’Yc`ZX [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX \j leX kXi\X X’e
`eZfeZcljX p Zfe d’ck`gc\j mXZˆfj ZfeZ\gklXc\j p d\kf[fc^`Zfj% CX mXi`\[X[ [\ cXj XZZ`fe\j hl\ j\
\dgi\e[\e_Xg\id`k`[fXmXeqXi\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\Xc^lefjk`gfj\jg\ZˆÔZfj[\XZk`m`[X[\jkXc\jZfdf
dlj\fjf[\cX`e]fidXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXhl\Z`iZlcX\ed\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#g\ifgfZf\efkifk`gf[\
XZk`m`[X[\jd\efjdXj`mXjg\if`^lXcd\ek\`dgfikXek\j%DlZ_fd\efjj\_XXmXeqX[f\ecfhl\\jd}j
`dgfikXek\gXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1cfj`dgXZkfjjfYi\cXjfZ`\[X[[\\jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j%
J`Y`\ecXgifgl\jkXhl\_\dfjgi\j\ekX[fefXYfi[X[`i\ZkXd\ek\\jkXgifYc\d}k`ZXjˆgi\k\e[\XgfikXi
XcXd`jdX#[X[fhl\leX\mXclXZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZX\jleXdXe\iXgXiX\oXd`eXicXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX[\
leXjfZ`\[X[gXik`ZlcXi%CXgfcˆk`ZX#cXj]fidXj[\gXik`Z`gXZ`eZ`l[X[XeXhl\j\dXe`Ô\jkXeXkiXm„j
[\cXd`jdX#cXjXZZ`fe\jhl\j\\dgi\e[\e^iXZ`XjXjlXgfpf#efj[XeZl\ekX[\hl„kXemXcfiX[f
\j\cZfefZ`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZfphl„kXeXik`ZlcX[f\jkX„jk\ZfefkiXj`ejkXeZ`Xj[\cXjfZ`\[X[%LeX
d`iX[XZiˆk`ZXXcfjdf[\cfjgi\gfe[\iXek\j\ecXjgfcˆk`ZXjg\id`k`i}X]lklifX[fgkXiXZZ`fe\jd\efj
`ejkild\ekXc\jpd}jccXdX[XjXc[`}cf^fpcXZfeZ\ikXZ`e\eki\cfj[`m\ijfjXZkfi\jjfZ`Xc\jp[\\jkX
]fidX#jlg\iXicXkiX[`Z`e[\gfcˆk`ZXji\jki`e^`[XjXcZXdgf[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXdlZ_Xjm\Z\j
jfi[XjXcXje\Z\j`[X[\j\`ek\i\j\j[\fkiXj`ejkXeZ`XjjfZ`Xc\j%
CX d\kf[fcf^ˆX [\ \mXclXZ`e gcXek\X[X _X j`[f ’k`c \e mXi`fj j\ek`[fj1 gXiX jfcm\ekXi cX [`ÔZlckX[
d\kf[fc^`ZX [\ ef ZfekXi Zfe leX gfcˆk`ZX \ogcˆZ`kX jfYi\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# gXiX k\e\i
leX\mXclXZ`e[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZfdfXZZ`epZffi[`eXZ`e#gXiXZXiXZk\i`qXicXjXZZ`fe\jpdf[\cfj\e
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\cJE:pKpgXiX\mXclXicXZfdle`ZXZ`e\ek„id`efj[\[\i\Z_fXcXd`jdX#
\j[\Z`icXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\gXik`Z`gXZ`e%
GXi\Z\iˆXj\iZ`\ikfhl\\je\Z\jXi`fhl\cXgfcˆk`ZX`dglcj\XZZ`fe\j\ecfjki\jk`gfj[\\jgXZ`fj#g\if
\jZcXifkXdY`„e#hl\Xd\[`[Xhl\j\XmXeqX[\le\jgXZ`fXfkifj\g`\i[\\e`dgXZkfjfZ`Xcg\ifj\
^XeX\egXik`Z`gXZ`e\`ek\iZXdY`f\eki\cXZ`\eZ`Xp\cg’Yc`Zf%Gfi\a\dgcf#gXiX\cZXjfdfjkiX[f#
cfj\dgi\jXi`fjk`\e\ed\ZXe`jdfjgXiXgXik`Z`gXi\ecXj[\Z`j`fe\j[\gfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZfk\Zefc^`ZX
g\if \jkfj \jk}e [X[fj gfi jl gf[\i \Zfed`Zf hl\ gfi cXj XZZ`fe\j \dgi\e[`[Xj gXiX cf^iXi cX
apropiación [\cZfefZ`d`\ekf%<e\j\j\ek`[fkXdgfZf\jZcXifZdfj\gl\[\cf^iXi\jkXXgifg`XZ`e
pgXik`Z`gXZ`egXiX`ejkXeZ`Xj[\cXjfZ`\[X[hl\efk`\e\ekXekfgf[\iphl\ef_Xej`[ffYa\kf[\
XZZ`fe\jZfdle`ZXk`mXj%8’e]XckX\ekfeZ\jgfi\ogcfiXiZdfleXi\XcgXik`Z`gXZ`e\eZfdle`ZXZ`e
gl\[\i\m\ik`i\egXik`Z`gXZ`e\ecXkfdX[\[\Z`j`fe\jgfcˆk`ZXj%
)(
9@9C@F>I8=à8
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj(00/ 1Colciencias 30 años: Memorias de un compromiso#9f^fk};%:%#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
;XqX#J%p8iYfc\[X#K%)''. 1:fdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e:fcfdY`X1¶Gfcˆk`ZXj
gXiXcX[\dfZiXk`qXZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf6#Signo y Pensamiento, OOM#,' #gg%('($()-%
=XpXi[#G%)''* 1Glekf[\m`jkX\jkiXk„^`ZfjfYi\cXZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#Quark,
ciencia, medicina, comunicación y cultura#)/ #gg%($,%
C\n\ejk\`e#9%M%)''* 1Models of public communication of science and technology#\ecˆe\X#[`jgfe`Yc\\e1_kkg1&&
Zfddle`kp$i`jbj%Zfie\cc%\[l&9XZb^ifl[DXk\i`Xcj&C\n\ejk\`e)''*%g[]#i\Zlg\iX[f1)+[\XYi`c[\)''-%
CfqXef#D%)'', 1Programas y experiencias en popularización de la ciencia y la tecnología. Panorámica desde los
países del Convenio Andrés Bello,9f^fk}#;%:%#:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf%
DXikˆe 9XiY\if# A% )''+ 1 C\ZkliX [\ cX \eZl\jkX ÈCX g\iZ\gZ`e hl\ k`\e\e cfj ZfcfdY`Xefj jfYi\ cX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXÉ#\e1La Percepción que tienen los Colombianos sobre la Ciencia y la Tecnología,9f^fk};%:%#
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
;fZld\ekfj1
8jXdYc\XEXZ`feXc:fejk`klp\ek\(00( 1Constitución política de Colombia#9f^fk};%:%#@dgi\ekXEXZ`feXc%
8jfZ`XZ`e:fcfdY`XeXgXiXcX@em\jk`^XZ`e[\D\[`fj$8:@D)'', 1Estudio general de medios. Segunda
Ola 2005#9f^fk};%:%#:fd`j`eEXZ`feXc[\K\c\m`j`e%
:fe^i\jf[\cXI\g’Yc`ZX (00( 1 Decreto 585 de 1991, por el cual se dictan disposiciones para el fomento de la
investigación científica y el desarrollo tecnológico#9f^fk};%:%#@dgi\ekXEXZ`feXc%
;\c^X[f# D% (00' 1 Programa Oficina de Comunicaciones# 9f^fk} ;%:%# FÔZ`eX [\ :fdle`ZXZ`fe\j $
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
;`m`j`e [\ :`\eZ`X# :lckliX p :fdle`ZXZ`e )'') 1 Separata Innovación y desarrollo. Colombia ciencia y
tecnología empresarial, 9f^fk};%:#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
;`m`j`e[\:`\eZ`X#:lckliXp:fdle`ZXZ`e)''* 1Avance de gestión primer semestre 2003#9f^fk}#;%:%#
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
=\ck#L%)''* 1Optimising Public Understanding of Science and Technology, 8djk\i[Xd#Le`e<lifg\X%
=f^#C%(00, 1Política de divulgación y popularización de la ciencia y la tecnología#9f^fk};%:%#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
FYj\imXkfi`f :fcfdY`Xef [\ :`\eZ`X p K\Zefcf^ˆX )''- 1 Evaluación ex-post del Programa nacional de
desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Subprograma: promoción a la investigación en centros e institutos sin ánimo de lucro#
9f^fk}#;%:%#FYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX%
Gi\j`[\eZ`X[\cXI\g’Yc`ZX[\:fcfdY`X(00' 1Ley 29 de 1990 por la cual se dictan disposiciones para el fomento
de la investigación científica y el desarrollo tecnológico#9f^fk}#;%:%
Gi\j`[\eZ`X[\cXI\g’Yc`ZX[\:fcfdY`Xp:fcZ`\eZ`Xj$JG<$;:::)'', 1Política de Apropiación Social de la
Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación#9f^fk}%;%:%#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
J}eZ_\q# ;% )'') 1 Divulgación y apropiación de la ciencia y la tecnología, innovación y desarrollo# 9f^fk} ;%:%#
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj$;`m`j`e[\:`\eZ`X#:fdle`ZXZ`ep:lckliX%
))
J8E;I8;8Q8
@em\jk`^X[fiX [\c FYj\imXkfi`f :fcfdY`Xef [\ :`\eZ`X p K\Zefcf^ˆX% <Zfefd`jkX [\ cX Le`m\ij`[X[
EXZ`feXc [\ :fcfdY`X# p \jg\Z`Xc`jkX \e <jkl[`fj :lckliXc\j# [\ cX Gfek`ÔZ`X Le`m\ij`[X[ AXm\i`XeX%
<[`kfiX [\ cfj c`Yifj [\ `e[`ZX[fi\j [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX \e :fcfdY`X# \e )''+# )'', p )''.% ?X
i\Xc`qX[f`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jpglYc`ZXZ`fe\jjfYi\gfcˆk`ZXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`epg\iZ\gZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cX
Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX \e :fcfdY`X# \c j`jk\dX ZfcfdY`Xef [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX p d\kf[fcf^ˆXj [\
ZfejkilZZ`e[\`e[`ZX[fi\j2XjˆZfdf\mXclXZ`fe\j[\`dgXZkfp[\cXgfcˆk`ZXeXZ`feXc\egXik`ZlcXi#
jfYi\ZXgXZ`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`ZXji\^`feXc\j#^„e\ifpZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
j[XqX7fZpk%fi^%Zf
;`i\ZZ`e1:Xii\iX(,Ef*.$,0%9f^fk}$:fcfdY`X%
)*
SECCIÓN 2
<M8CL8:@äE;<DLJ<FJ#:<EKIFJ;<
:@<E:@8J#G8IHL<JPQFFCä>@:FJ
La evaluación en museos y
centros de ciencias
:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q$DfiX
I<JLD<E
CX \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e ^\e\iXc p \e gXik`ZlcXi \e cfj dlj\fj [\ Z`\eZ`X# \j le }i\X `eZ`g`\ek\# p
^\e\iXcd\ek\cfj\jkl[`fj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjdlj\fjjl\c\ej\i[\Zfik\[\df^i}ÔZf%
J\gcXek\XXhlˆledXiZf`ek\^iXchl\gi\k\e[\ZlYi`i}i\XjefZfek\dgcX[Xj\e[`Z_X\mXclXZ`ephl\Zfej`[\iXecX\mXclXZ`e
[\cZfek\okf#[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e#[\cfjgifZ\jfj#[\cfji\jlckX[fj#[\cfjXZkfi\jp[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X%
<o`jk\e`e[`ZX[fi\jhl\i\jgfe[\eXcXjgXik`ZlcXi`[X[\j[\cfjdlj\fj#g\ifhl\i\hl`\i\e\jkXe[Xi`qXij\#gXiXhl\i\jgfe[Xe
XZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjZfdle\jpj`imXe[\YXj\gXiXYljZXid\afiXj\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X`Y\ifXd\i`ZXefj%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
<mXclXZ`e#dlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X#\[lZXZ`eef]fidXc#`e[`ZX[fi\j%
@EKIF;L::@äE
CX \mXclXZ`e [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e \e cfj dlj\fj p Z\ekifj [\ Z`\eZ`X Zfejk`klp\ leX \efid\ p
Zfdgc`ZX[X\dgi\jX%<jkfj\[\Y\XcX^iXeZXek`[X[[\d\[`fjhl\\jkfj\jgXZ`fj\dgc\XegXiXcX
Zfdle`ZXZ`e#cX^iXe[`m\ij`[X[[\\jg\Z`Xc`jkXjhl\`ek\im`\e\e\ecXjXZk`m`[X[\jhl\[\jXiifccXep#
[\j[\cl\^f#[\Y`[fXcX^iXemXi`\[X[[\j\im`Z`fjhl\\cdlj\f[\Z`\eZ`Xjgi\jkXXcXjfZ`\[X[#hl\
mXe[\j[\\c\eki\k\e`d`\ekf#\cljf[\ck`\dgfc`Yi\#cXXk\eZ`eXcXjm`j`kXj\jZfcXi\j#cXgi\j\imXZ`e
\ `em\jk`^XZ`e [\ Zfc\ZZ`fe\j# _XjkX cX \[lZXZ`e \e [`jk`ekXj df[Xc`[X[\j1 mˆX kXcc\i\j# Zlijfj p
\o_`Y`Z`fe\j%G\ifd}jhl\kf[f#cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZZ`fe\jcc\mX[XjXZXYfgficfjdlj\fj#\jk}
\jki\Z_Xd\ek\c`^X[XXcfjgifgj`kfjg\ij\^l`[fjgfi\jkXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j#hl\gl\[\ej\ikXeXdgc`fj
Zfdf[`m\ik`i#\ej\ŒXi\e[`m\ijfj^iX[fj#YljZXicXZfdgi\ej`e[\Z`\ikfjk\dXjZ`\ekˆ]`Zfj#gifg`Z`Xi
\cXZ\iZXd`\ekfXcXjZ`\eZ`Xj#gifdfm\icXdfk`mXZ`egficXZ`\eZ`X#^\e\iXimfZXZ`fe\j#gifg`Z`XicX
gfglcXi`qXZ`efXgifg`XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#f^\e\iXileXZlckliXZ`\ekˆ]`ZX\ecXgfYcXZ`e%
J` Zfe Ôe\j [\ j`dgc`ÔZXZ`e kXe jcf j\ Zfej`[\iX \jkX ’ck`dX `ek\eZ`e# \j [\Z`i# cX ^\e\iXZ`e [\
leXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX\ecfjm`j`kXek\j#j\i}e\Z\jXi`fhl\gXiX\mXclXicX#\cdlj\fk\e^XdlpZcXifjl
j`^e`ÔZX[f#gl\jjcfXjˆj\i}gfj`Yc\[\c`d`kXicfjgXi}d\kifjXZfej`[\iXi[\ekif[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\
cfj\]\Zkfjhl\\cdlj\f[\cXZ`\eZ`Xk`\e\jfYi\cXgfYcXZ`e%J`e\dYXi^f#\ck„id`efZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX
k`\e\dlp[`m\ijXjZfeefkXZ`fe\jpdXjX’e#i\Z`Y\eld\ifjXj[\j`^eXZ`fe\jhl\efe\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\
jfej`ee`dXj>f[`ep>`e^iXj#)''' %
<eX[`Z`eXcfjgifYc\dXj[\cXk\id`efcf^ˆX#ef\o`jk\kf[XmˆXZfej\ejf\ehl„[\Y\\ek\e[\ij\gfi
ZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX2Xlehl\\e^\e\iXcgXi\Z\\o`jk`iZ`\ikfXZl\i[f\ehl\leXZ`\ikXZfdgi\ej`e[\cfj
d„kf[fj[\cXZ`\eZ`XpleZfefZ`d`\ekf^\e\iXc[\Xc^lefjZfeZ\gkfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjpjl`eZfigfiXZ`eXc
[\j\dg\ŒfZ`l[X[Xef#ZXY\e[\ekif[\cXefZ`e[\ZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX%
@^lXcd\ek\#cfjd„kf[fjgficfjhl\cXjg\ijfeXjj\XZlckliXeZ`\ekˆÔZXd\ek\jfedlpmXi`X[fj2d`\ekiXj
Xc^lefjXeXc`jkXjZfcfZXeXcX\jZl\cXZfdfYXj\[\cXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX#fkifjm\eXcX[`mlc^XZ`eZfdf
jlZ\ekifpgfikXekf#j\ŒXcXeXcfjd\[`fj#\eki\cfjhl\j\\eZl\ekiXecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#Zfdf
lem\_ˆZlcfgi`m`c\^`X[f%
@e[\g\e[`\ek\d\ek\[\cXmXi`\[X[[\[\]`e`Z`fe\jpd\kf[fcf^ˆXj#cXZlckliXZ`\ekˆ]`ZXi\hl`\i\[\leX
aljkXmXcfiXZ`e#pXhl\j\k`\e\ZcXifjlmXcfi\ek„id`efj[\c[\jXiifccfZlckliXc[\cfjZ`l[X[Xefj#
Zfdf i\hl`j`kf gXiX \c [\jXiifccf \Zfed`Zf p cX `eefmXZ`e# p Zfdf gfj`Y`c`[X[ hl\ f]i\Z\ X cX
jfZ`\[X[df[\ieX[\Zfdgi\e[\icXZ`\eZ`X#[\kXc]fidXhl\„jkXgl\[XkfdXilegXg\cXZk`mf\ecfj
[\YXk\jjfZ`Xc\j%:fdf\j[\jlgfe\ij\#cX]XckX[\Zfej\ejf\ecX[\]`e`Z`e[\cXZlckliXZ`\ekˆ]`ZX
j\_XZ\d}jefkfi`X\ejl\mXclXZ`e#gficfhl\j\i}e\Z\jXi`fhl\cfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`XXZl\i[\e
`e[`ZX[fi\jhl\c\jg\id`kXedXe\aXilec\e^lXa\Zfd’e%
<CDF;<CF;<<M8CL8:@äE;<C8<;L:8:@äEEF
=FID8C:FDFD8I:FG8I8C8<M8CL8:@äE<ECFJ
DLJ<FJ;<:@<E:@8J
)/
GXiX _XYcXi [\ \mXclXZ`e [\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X X kiXm„j [\ dlj\fj p
Z\ekifj [\ Z`\eZ`Xj# gXikXdfj [\ hl\ gfi XZk`m`[X[ [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e j\ \ek`\e[\ leX gifgl\jkX
\jkilZkliX[X#hl\Zfek`\e\\cZfealekf[\XZZ`fe\jhl\cc\mXeXcf^iXiZ`\ikXjd\kXjpfYa\k`mfj#\e
leXk\dgfiXc`[X[[X[X%
<e \c ZXjf [\ hl\ [`Z_X gifgl\jkX j\ i\Ô\iX X cXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e le
dlj\f#jl\mXclXZ`ei\hl\i`i}Zfej`[\iXiXcXdXpfiZXek`[X[gfj`Yc\[\mXi`XYc\j#Zfdfjfe1I\Zlijfj
_ldXefjm`j`kXek\j#m`j`kXek\jZfee\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\Z`Xc\j#Z`\ekˆÔZfj#dlj\^iX]fj#[`j\ŒX[fi\j#^lˆXj#
Zljkf[`fj# g\ijfeXc X[d`e`jkiXk`mf# `ek\e[\ek\j# dXek\e\[fi\j# \kZ% 2 i\Zlijfj dXk\i`Xc\j \hl`gfj#
fYa\kfj#\jg\Zˆd\e\j#dfY`c`Xi`f#\kZ% 2Zfek\e`[fjZ`\ekˆÔZfjX[`mlc^XifgfglcXi`qXi2\jkiXk\^`Xj[\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e gifg`Xj [\c dlj\f XZk`m`[X[\j \[lZXk`mXj# gif^iXdXj# kXcc\i\j# m`j`kXj ^l`X[Xj# m`j`kXj
c`Yi\j#mfclekXi`X[fj#Zlijfj#\kZ% %
8 kf[Xj \jkXj mXi`XYc\j# _XYi} hl\ XŒX[`i# cX \mXclXZ`e [\ cfj gifZ\jfj [\ ZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e p
\cXYfiXZ`e[\\o_`Y`Z`fe\j#[\Xk\eZ`eXcfjm`j`kXek\j#\kZ% pcX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjgif[lZkfjcXjgifg`Xj
\o_`Y`Z`fe\j#cfjgif^iXdXj#XZk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj#\kZ% %:XY\d\eZ`feXihl\leglekf\j\eZ`Xc\e\jkX
gifgl\jkXj\i}cX\mXclXZ`e[\i\jlckX[fj[\j[\\cglekf[\m`jkX[\cXXgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
Z`\ekˆÔZfgficfjm`j`kXek\j%
J\Zfdgi\e[\hl\cXjXZZ`fe\jhl\\cdlj\fcc\mXXZXYfj\gif[lZ\e\e\cd`jdfj\ef[\cXi\Xc`[X[
jfZ`Xc#gficfhl\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e\jkfj\jgXZ`fjj\i\]`\i\XleZXdgf
\j\eZ`Xcd\ek\ gfcˆk`Zf# [X[f hl\ cXj [\Z`j`fe\j hl\ ]`eXcd\ek\ j\ kfd\e X gXik`i [\ cX \mXclXZ`e#
hl\[Xi}e\edXefj[\cfjX[d`e`jkiX[fi\jpX]\ZkXi}eX[`jk`ekfj^ilgfj[\cXgfYcXZ`e%<jgfi\ccf
kXdY`„e#hl\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjdlj\fjZfejk`klp\leXXZk`m`[X[[\
jldX`dgfikXeZ`Xg\ifhl\#j`e\dYXi^f#XcX]\Z_X#ef_Xj`[fXYfi[X[X\ekf[fjjljZfdgfe\ek\j%
;X[fhl\\cle`m\ijf[\cX\mXclXZ`egfj\\d’ck`gc\j\ekiX[Xj\`ek\eZ`fe\j#j\i}e\Z\jXi`fgXik`i
[\ le Zl\igf \ogc`ZXk`mf% Efj _XccXdfj# X[\d}j# Xek\ leX [`jZ`gc`eX Xgc`ZX[X# ZlpX d\kf[fcf^ˆX
gifm`\e\[\cXjZ`\eZ`XjjfZ`Xc\j#g\ifhl\_X[\jXiifccX[fleXm\ij`e\mXclXk`mXgifg`X#X[XgkX[XX
cXZfdgc\a`[X[pcXj`e^lcXi`[X[[\le}dY`kf[\Xgc`ZXZ`e#Zfejk`kl`[Xgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\gfiZfek\okfj
[\ \[lZXZ`e `e]fidXc p ef ]fidXc# [fe[\ j\ gfe\e \e dXiZ_X gifZ\jfj \[lZXk`mfj# jfZ`Xc\j p
Zfdle`ZXk`mfj\jg\Zˆ]`Zfj[\[`Z_fj}dY`kfj%GXik`i[\\jkfjZfek\okfj\[lZXk`mfjefjgl\[\j\im`i
[\ ^lˆX gXiX Zfek\dgcXi kf[fj cfj Zfdgfe\ek\j [\c gifZ\jf [\ \mXclXZ`e# \m`kXe[f [\aXi [\ cX[f
Xc^lefjXjg\Zkfj`dgfikXek\j%;\\jkX]fidX#\ck\dX[\cX\mXclXZ`e\ecfjdlj\fjj\XYfi[Xi}\e
gi`d\iX`ejkXeZ`XXkiXm„j[\cXZfej`[\iXZ`e[\kf[XjcXj\kXgXjhl\[\Y`\iXej\iZfek\dgcX[Xj\e
[`Z_fgifZ\jf#Zfdfjfe1
(%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cZfek\okf#hl\gi\k\e[\[\k\ZkXicXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#cf
hl\cc\mXi}Xc\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf[\cfjfYa\k`mfjg\ij\^l`[fjgficXj\o_`Y`Z`fe\jpgif^iXdXjgifg`fj
[\cdlj\f%
)%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e#hl\`ek\ekX[XiZf_\i\eZ`XXcfjgif^iXdXjpXjlj\c\d\ekfj
`ek\iefj#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\XcfjfYa\k`mfj#Zfek\e`[fj#d\kf[fcf^ˆXjpZi`k\i`fj[\\mXclXZ`e%
*%CX\mXclXZ`e[\gifZ\jfj[\cXj\o_`Y`Z`fe\jpgif^iXdXj#\kXgXhl\`eZclp\cXi\^lcXZ`e#cXkfdX
[\[\Z`j`fe\j#\cZldgc`d`\ekf[\fYa\k`mfj#cXY’jhl\[X[\Zfek\e`[fj#pcXgifg`Xd\kf[fcf^ˆXX
j\^l`i[\cX\mXclXZ`e%
+%CX\mXclXZ`e[\i\jlckX[fj#\jk\ZXdgf#Zf`eZ`[\ek\Zfe\cgifgj`kf[\kf[fgifp\ZkfkiX[`Z`feXc
[\\mXclXZ`e#`eZclp\cX\mXclXZ`e[\i\jlckX[fjgi\m`jkfj#efgi\m`jkfj#XZfikfpcXi^fgcXqf#Xjˆ
Zfdf[\cfji\jlckX[fj`e[`i\Zkfj#`e_\i\ek\jXkf[fgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`e%
,% CX \mXclXZ`e [\ kf[fj cfj gXik`Z`gXek\j \e \c dlj\f# [\j[\ cfj \a\Zlkfi\j [\c gif^iXdX [\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X_XjkXjlji\Z\gkfi\j%
)0
-%CX\mXclXZ`e[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X#ZlpX`ek\eZ`e\jhl\\cZfjkf[\cgif^iXdXj\Zfem`\ikX\eˆe[`Z\j
\Zfed`Zfjhl\g\id`kXekfdXi[\Z`j`fe\jhl\fgk`d`Z\ecfji\Zlijfj[`jgfe`Yc\j[\XZl\i[fXcXj
d\kf[fcf^ˆXjgk`dXj%
:XY\ d\eZ`feXi# ÔeXcd\ek\# hl\ cfj kiXYXafj [\jXiifccX[fj \e \c }dY`kf [\ cX \mXclXZ`e dlj\ˆjk`ZX
jfekXeeld\ifjfj\egfj`Y`c`[X[\j#ZfdfcfjfecXj]fidXj[\fYj\imXiXcfj[`]\i\ek\j\jgXZ`fj[\
\[lZXZ`e`e]fidXc\eZ`\eZ`Xjp#gficfd`jdf#jfeXYjfclkXd\ek\[\g\e[`\ek\j[\cXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\
\mXclXZ`ehl\j\g\ij`^Xe\eZX[XZXjf%
CfjglekfjXek\i`fi\jj\gi\j\ekXei\jld`[fj\ecX=`^liX(%
:FEK<E@;FJ
<M8CL8:@äE
;<C:FEK<OKF
;@8>EäJK@:F;<E<:<J@;8;<J
I<:LIJFJ
;<D8E;8J
<OG<:K8K@M8
F9A<K@MFJ&D<K8J
;<JK@E8K8I@FJ
:FEK<E@;FJ
<JKI8K<>@8JD<KF;FCä>@:8J
<M8CL8:@äE;<
C8GC8E@=@:8:@äE
I<:LIJFJ
><JK@äEK<DGFI8C
:I@K<I@FJ;<<M8CL8:@äE
<M8CL8:@äE;<C
GIF:<JF
<M8CL8:@äE
;<I<JLCK8;FJ
DINAMICA DEL PROCESO APLICATIVO
OBJETIVOS Y ACCIONES NO PREVISTOS
RESULTADOS PREVISTOS
RESULTADOS NO PREVISTOS
8:KFI<J
<=@:@<E:@8
=`^liX(%8jg\ZkfjXZfej`[\iXi\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\ledlj\f[\Z`\eZ`Xj%
(%C8<M8CL8:@äE;<C:FEK<OKF
*'
<jk\ Xjg\Zkf [\ cX \mXclXZ`e# kXe `dgfikXek\ \e ZlXchl`\i gif^iXdX [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X#
\j\chl\_Xi\Z`Y`[fd\efjXk\eZ`e\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X%CXjiXqfe\jjfeeld\ifjXj#g\ifcXj
d}j`dgfikXek\jj\i\Ô\i\e#\egi`d\icl^Xi#Xhl\\jkfj\jgXZ`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ejfei\cXk`mXd\ek\
el\mfj\eZfdgXiXZ`eZfefkifjgfi\a\dgcf#cfjd\[`fjdXj`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`efcXjXZk`m`[X[\j
`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j #[\dXe\iXhl\_XjkXX_fiX\dg`\qXeXj\i\mXclX[fj2p\ej\^le[fcl^Xi#Xhl\
\cjli^`d`\ekf[\dlZ_fj[\cfjdlj\fjXZklXc\j#efZfek\dgcXYXcX\mXclXZ`e`e`Z`XcfZfek\oklXc#
pXhl\#fY`\ejli^ˆXe[\X[XgkXZ`fe\j[\dlj\fjXek\i`fi\jf#j\_XYˆXe`ejg`iX[f\efkifjZ\ekifj[\
Z`\eZ`X#g\ifefj\_XYˆXe[\jXiifccX[fZfeleXd\kf[fcf^ˆXgifg`X%
<eki\\jkfjdf[\cfj#cfjdlj\fjj\_Xe`ejg`iX[f\ek\d}k`ZXj[\\o_`Y`Z`eYXjX[Xj\e\e]fhl\j[\cX
i\Xc`[X[f[\cXZ`\eZ`XgficXZ`\eZ`XZfdfcfjdlj\fj[\_`jkfi`XeXkliXc #cfj_`jki`Zfjhl\\o_`Y\e
Zfe\j\\e]fhl\gfi\a\dgcfcfjdlj\fj[\k\Zefcf^ˆX pcfj\g`jk\dfc^`Zfj#kXdY`„eccXdX[fjdlj\fj
[\cX`[\X#Xcfjhl\Zfii\jgfe[\edlZ_fj[\cfjZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`XXZklXc\jDfeg\k`k#(00/ %:XY\
d\eZ`feXihl\X[\d}j\o`jk\edlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xhl\jfeZfdY`eXZ`fe\j[\cXjki\jdf[Xc`[X[\j%
GfifkifcX[f#kXdY`„ejl\c\e\o`jk`i[`m\ijXj]fidXj[\\o_`Y`iJ\X^iXd\kXc#(00* #\eleX[\\ccXj#\c
dlj\f[\Z`[\cfhl\_Xphl\[\Z`i#\efkiX#j\kfdX\eZl\ekXXcfhl\\cg’Yc`Zfhl`\i\pfkiXd}j#\e
cXhl\fZlii\leXe\^fZ`XZ`e\eki\XdYXjgfjkliXj%
;\Y`[fXhl\cfjgi`d\ifjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xeflk`c`qXYXejljgifg`fjdf[\cfj[\\o_`Y`Z`e#\jhl\cfj
\jkl[`fj`e`Z`Xc\j[\g’Yc`Zff[\e\Z\j`[X[\jhl\[XifeXlecX[f\e\cgifZ\jf\mXclXkfi`f#cfhl\_X
_\Z_fd}j[`]ˆZ`c_XZ\iZf`eZ`[`icfji\jlckX[fj[\cXj\mXclXZ`fe\jZfecfjgifgj`kfj[\cX`ejk`klZ`e
p#\edlZ_XjfZXj`fe\j#cfhl\gl[`\iXm\ij\Zfdflei\jlckX[fgfYi\\ek„id`efj[\leX\mXclXZ`e
X cX `ejk`klZ`e# ef \j j`ef cX kiX[lZZ`e [\ leX `eZfe^il\eZ`X \eki\ d\kXj# g’Yc`Zfj# fYa\k`mfj# \kZ%#
Zfe cfj i\jlckX[fj fYk\e`[fj \e [`Z_X mXcfiXZ`e% J`e \dYXi^f# \c jli^`d`\ekf [\ el\mfj dlj\fj p
\o_`Y`Z`fe\j#cXi\Õ\o`ejfYi\\cgXg\cjfZ`Xcp\[lZXk`mf[\cfjdlj\fj#pcXe\Z\j`[X[[\gfe\ij\Xc
[ˆX#df[\ie`qXij\f_XZ\ij\d}jZfe^il\ek\jZfeZ`\ikXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#_X
cc\mX[fXhl\\jkfj\jgXZ`fjgXikXe[\leX\mXclXZ`eZfek\oklXc%
CXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXj[\\mXclXZ`eZfek\oklXc
<e cfj ZfekX[fj \jkl[`fj [\ \jk\ k`gf# cXj k„Ze`ZXj \ `ejkild\ekfj [\ \mXclXZ`e j\ j\c\ZZ`feXe
\e ]leZ`e [\ cX i\Xc`[X[ fYa\kf [\ Xe}c`j`j p [\ cfj i\Zlijfj Xj`^eX[fj X cX \mXclXZ`e# Xlehl\ j\
i\Zfd`\e[Xle\e]fhl\d’ck`gc\#hl\g\id`kX\mXclXi[\j[\[`m\ijfj]i\ek\j%<jkXg\ijg\Zk`mXgl\[\
`eZcl`i`ejkild\ekfj]fidXc`qX[fj#ZfdfZl\jk`feXi`fj#i\^`jkifj[\fYj\imXZ`e#\eZl\jkXj#fd\[`fj
d\efj]fidXc\j#Zfdf[`Xi`fjfZfem\ijXZ`fe\jZfe[`]\i\ek\jg’Yc`Zfj%
CXjk„Ze`ZXjXgc`ZX[XjZfej`jk\e\ele\oki\df\e\cXe}c`j`j[\e\Z\j`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\k\ZkX[Xj
gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ gfi j`dgc\ fYj\imXZ`e# p \e \c fkif# \e cX [\k\ZZ`e [\ Xjg\Zkfj d}j ]leZ`feXc\j
f XZk`kl[`eXc\j# X gXik`i [\ Zl\jk`feXi`fj ZlXc`kXk`mfj f \eki\m`jkXj# ^\e\iXcd\ek\ jfYi\ m`j`kXek\j
gfk\eZ`Xc\j%<eZlXekfXcfjgifZ\[`d`\ekfj#cfljlXc\jgXik`i[\cXj[\dXe[Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#\j
[\Z`i#[\cX\ogc`Z`kXZ`e[\leXe\Z\j`[X[[\`ek\im\eZ`egXik`ZlcXi%
LeXm\qhl\j\Zl\ekXZfe\cXe}c`j`j[\[\dXe[Xj#\jgfj`Yc\ZcXj`]`ZXicXjgfiZXk\^fiˆXj#gfe[\iXicXjj\^’e
jl]i\Zl\eZ`X#Zfej`[\iXicXj\ei\cXZ`eZfecfj[\jk`eXkXi`fj#mXcfi`qXicXjfgi`fi`qXicXj%8gXik`i[\\jk\
glekf#\jgfj`Yc\gifZ\[\iX[\jXiifccXi\cgifp\Zkf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\a\iZ`[fgfi\cdlj\f%
<ecX=`^liX)[\cXg}^`eXj`^l`\ek\#j\i\gi\j\ekXcXd\kf[fcf^ˆXd}jZfd’ed\ek\\dgc\X[X\ecX
d\[`Z`e[\cZfek\okf%
Cfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\j#YXj\[\cX\mXclXZ`e\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X
Cfj \jkl[`fj [\ m`j`kXek\j _Xe Zfejk`kl`[f kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\ cX gXik\ gi`fi`kXi`X \e cXj \mXclXZ`fe\j
[\cfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X#p[\j[\\ccfj\jhl\j\_XeXYfi[X[f[`]\i\ek\jXjg\Zkfjhl\mXe[\j[\
\cdXib\k`e^#\c[`j\Œf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\j#cX\i^fefdˆX#cXj\ŒXc„k`ZXpleX^iXeXdgc`kl[[\mXi`XYc\j
XZk`kl[\j#Xgi\e[`qXa\j#\eki\k\e`d`\ekf#g\iZ\gZ`e#mXi`XYc\jjfZ`f[\df^i}]`ZXj#\kZ% \eZfek\okfj
dlpi\cXZ`feX[fj#g\if`^lXcd\ek\[`jk`ekfj1dlj\fj#Z\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#^Xc\iˆXj#qffc^`Zfj#gXihl\j#
aXi[`e\jYfk}e`Zfj#\kZ%CXd\kf[fcf^ˆXj\^l`[X\jdlp\ok\ejX#j\lk`c`qXe\eZl\jkXj#dXgXjZfeZ\gklXc\j
pZfe[lZklXc\j#`e[`ZX[fi\j[\\]`ZXZ`X#ZlpXjYXj\jk\i`ZXjgifm`\e\e[\eld\ifjXj[`jZ`gc`eXjZfdf
cXgj`Zfcf^ˆX#cXjfZ`fcf^ˆX#cXXekifgfcf^ˆX#cXg\[X^f^ˆX#cXdlj\fcf^ˆXpcXXihl`k\ZkliX%
*(
GifYc\dXjfZ`Xc
;\Z`j`e[\`ek\im\e`i
GF9C8:@äEF9A<KF
<M8CL8;FI
M`eZlcXZ`e
Xlek\ii`kfi`f
M`eZlcXZ`eXleX
k\d}k`ZXfgifYc\d}k`ZX
;\]`e`Z`e[\mXi`XYc\ji\c\mXek\j
I<=<I<EK<1
Df[\cf[\[\jXiifccf
jfZ`fg\ijfeXcpZfdle`kXi`f
ANÁLISIS DE LA REALIDAD
JlYa\k`mX1
cfhl\j\Zi\\jfYi\
cfhl\_Xp
;\dXe[Xj
<og\ZkXk`mXj
FYa\k`mX1
cfhl\_Xp
E\Z\j`[X[\j
I\Zlijfj
Fg\iXk`m`qXZ`e[\cXjmXi`XYc\j
8gc`ZXZ`e[\gifZ\[`d`\ekfj#k„Ze`ZXj\`ejkild\ekfj[\\mXclXZ`e
I\jlckX[fj1;@8>EäJK@:F
GC8E@=@:8:@äE
<mXclXZ`e[\c
Zfek\okf
=`^liX)%D\kf[fcf^ˆX[\\mXclXZ`e[\cZfek\okf%
<JKL;@FJ;<M@J@K8EK<J
8e}c`j`jpZXgXZ`kXZ`e[\g’Yc`Zf
;`j\Œfp[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\j
;`j\Œfp[\jXiifccf[\gif^iXdXj[\XZk`m`[X[\j
;`j\Œf[\j\im`Z`fj^\e\iXc\jXZk`m`[X[\j
J\im`Z`fj[\Xk\eZ`eXcm`j`kXek\
=`^liX*%Ýi\Xj[\Xgc`ZXZ`e\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\jpjljjfcXgXd`\ekfj9`k^ff[#(00* %
*)
9`k^ff[(00* _Xj\ŒXcX[fZ`eZf}i\Xjgi`eZ`gXc\j\e\jkX\mXclXZ`e1Xe}c`j`jpZXgkXZ`e[\g’Yc`Zf#
[`j\Œfp[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\j#[`j\Œfp[\jXiifccf[\gif^iXdXjpXZk`m`[X[\j#[`j\Œf[\j\im`Z`fj
^\e\iXc\jpj\im`Z`fj[\Xk\eZ`eXcm`j`kXek\%<jkXj}i\Xjjl\c\ejfcXgXij\#Zfdfgl\[\efkXij\\ecX
=`^liX*#[\cXg}^`eXXek\i`fi%
)%C8<M8CL8:@äE;<C8GC8E<8:@äE
J`cX\kXgX[\\mXclXZ`e[\cZfek\okf\ei\cXZ`eZfecfjdlj\fj\j`eZ`g`\ek\#cX\mXclXZ`e[\cfj
gif^iXdXj#f[\cXgcXe\XZ`e#\jgi}Zk`ZXd\ek\`e\o`jk\ek\#pXhl\cfj`ek\i\j\j[\\mXclXZ`e\e\jkfj
\jgXZ`fjj\XYfZXed}jXcX\mXclXZ`e[\gifZ\jfjfi\jlckX[fj%
Cfd}jZ\iZXefXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXgcXe\XZ`e_Xj`[fgif[lZ`[fgfiCffd`j(00* #hl`\egifgljfle
df[\cfki`[`d\ej`feXc[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e[\cX\mXclXZ`eg\ifel\mXd\ek\#[`i`^`[XXcfjm`j`kXek\j%
;`Z_fdf[\cfgl\[\fYj\imXij\\ecX=`^liX+%
Gi\fZlgX[f gfi hl\ efj Xc\a\dfj [\c m`j`kXek\ Xc \mXclXi cX \ogfj`Z`e# Cffd`j gi\k\e[\ XZ\iZXi cX
\mXclXZ`eXcg’Yc`ZfpXcXm\qgf[\ifi^Xe`qXicX`e]fidXZ`ei\ZXYX[X[\c\jkl[`f[\„jk\%<jkXgifgl\jkX
j\]le[Xd\ekX\ecfjdf[\cfj[\cXgcXe\XZ`eXihl`k\Zke`ZXpZfek\dgcXki\j[`d\ej`fe\j1
X CX`dgc`ZXZ`e[\cm`j`kXek\i\hl`\i\\jkl[`XicXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\df^i}ÔZXjpgj`Zfc^`ZXj[\cfj
m`j`kXek\j#gXiXcfZlXc_Xphl\XeXc`qXiXcg’Yc`ZfXZklXcpgfk\eZ`Xc %
Y CX[`d\ej`e[\cgifZ\jf[\cXm`j`kX1j\i\cXZ`feXZfecXX[\ZlXZ`e[\cfjm`j`kXek\jXcd\[`f]ˆj`Zf
p jfZ`Xc [\ cX \ogfj`Z`e% ;\ Xhlˆ j\ ZfefZ\ Zdf `eÕlp\ \c [`j\Œf f gif^iXdX \e le XdY`\ek\
[X[f %
Z CX [`d\ej`e [\ cfj i\jlckX[fj% <e \jkX [`d\ej`e gf[iˆX gi\k\e[\ij\ XjfZ`Xi cX \mXclXZ`e [\
cX gcXe\XZ`e Zfe cfj i\jlckX[fj fYk\e`[fj# [fe[\ cf d}j `dgfikXek\ jfe cXj \mXclXZ`fe\j [\ cX
jXk`j]XZZ`epY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cfjm`j`kXek\j %
;`d\ej`e[\`dgc`ZXZ`e[\cm`j`kXek\Xe}c`j`j[\g’Yc`Zf
8ckX]i\Zl\eZ`X[\m`j`kXj
8ckf`ek\i„j
=i\Zl\eZ`Xdf[\iX[X
`ek\i„jdf[\iX[f
;<DF>IÝ=@:F
GJ@:FCä>@:F
=i\Zl\eZ`XYXaX
9XafXaljk\
8aljk\df[\iX[f
9Xaf`ek\i„j
\jg\Zkif[\fgfikle`[X[\j[\cXm`j`kX
8ckfXaljk\
;`d\ej`e[\cgifZ\jf[\cXm`j`kXXe}c`j`j
[\cXaljk\m`j`kXek\&[`j\Œf
;`d\ej`e[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\cXm`j`kX
Xe}c`j`j[\Y\e\]`Z`fj[\cXm`j`kX
=`^liX+%Df[\cf[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e[\cX\mXclXZ`egXiX\cm`j`kXek\Cffd`j#(00* %
**
CX\kXgX[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXgcXe\XZ`eZfii\jgfe[\Xcfhl\j\ZfefZ\ZfdfÈ\mXclXZ`e[\cgif^iXdXÉ
p ^\e\iXcd\ek\ j\ _XZ\ jfYi\ \c gXg\c% <jkX ]Xj\ [\ cX \mXclXZ`e jcf ZfYiX j\ek`[f j` j\ gXik\ [\
cXgcXe\XZ`egi\m`X[\cXjXZZ`fe\jhl\j\gi\k\e[\cc\mXiXZXYf2gfikXekf#\jk}m`eZlcX[XZfecXj
e\Z\j`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpZfe\cZfek\okf%
CXgcXe\XZ`ej\jl\c\cc\mXiXZXYfZfdflegifZ\jfgi\m`fXcXZfejkilZZ`e[\\o_`Y`Z`fe\jfXZk`m`[X[\j
gifg`Xj[\cdlj\f2j`e\dYXi^f#iXif\j\cZXjf\e\chl\ledlj\f[\Z`\eZ`Xj_XZ\\mXclXZ`e[\jl
gifg`XgcXe`ÔZXZ`e#cXZlXc`dgc`ZX\egi`d\iX`ejkXeZ`XcXi\m`j`e[\jlgif^iXdX[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\
cXZ`\eZ`X%
*%C8<M8CL8:@äE;<GIF:<JFJ
CX \mXclXZ`e [\ cfj gifZ\jfj i\gi\j\ekX le ilYif dlZ_f d}j \ogcfiX[f \e cfj dlj\fj hl\ cX [\c
Zfek\okff[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e%<e\jg\Z`Xcj\_Xjljk\ekX[f\ecfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\j\ejli\cXZ`e
Zfe\c[`j\ŒfpcXgcXe\XZ`e[\\o_`Y`Z`fe\j%
<e ^\e\iXc j\ _X [`i`^`[f Xc i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf [\ mXi`XYc\j jfZ`f [\df^i}ÔZXj# [\ cX m`j`kX f ZlXe[f
dlZ_f[\cZfdgfikXd`\ekf%<ecXKXYcX(j\_Xei\jld`[fXc^leXj[\\jkXjmXi`XYc\j#hl\j`Y`\eef
XgfikXe[XkfjXZ\iZX[\kf[XjXhl\ccXj\mXclXYc\j\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X#gficfd\efj_XeXgfikX[f
m`j`fe\j[`]\i\ek\jXcfjgif]\j`feXc\j`ek\i\jX[fj\e\ek\e[\i\cZfdgfikXd`\ekf[\cm`j`kXek\#cfhl\
g\id`k\Zfejkil`idf[\cfjk\i`Zfjhl\]XZ`c`kXeZX[X[ˆXd}jcXkfdX[\[\Z`j`fe\j\ecX\cXYfiXZ`e
[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jpcX^\jk`e^\e\iXc[\cdlj\f%
CX \mXclXZ`e [\ gifZ\jfj \j m`jkX gfi Xc^lefj Zfdf ]fidXk`mX# Zfek`elX# gifjg\Zk`mX# eXkliXc`jkX#
XeXcˆk`ZXpdfc\ZlcXi#d`\ekiXjhl\gXiXfkifj#[\j[\cXg\ijg\Zk`mX[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\gif[lZkfj#j\
Zfej`[\iXjldXk`mX#ÔeXc#i\kifjg\Zk`mX#\og\i`d\ekXc#_fcˆjk`ZXfdfcXi%8ZklXcd\ek\j\k`\e[\Xi\[lZ`i
KXYcX(%8c^leXjmXi`XYc\jZfej`[\iX[Xj\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\cgifZ\jf[\\o_`Y`Z`e%
TIPO DE VARIABLE
VARIABLES SOCIO DEMOGRÁFICAS
VARIABLES DE LA VISITA
VARIABLES DE OPINIÓN
VARIABLES DE COMPRENSIÓN Y ASIMILACIÓN
*+
VARIABLES
J\of
<[X[
E`m\c[\\jkl[`fj
FZlgXZ`e
Cl^Xi[\i\j`[\eZ`X
M`j`kXjgi\m`Xj
?}Y`kfj[\m`j`kXXfkifjdlj\fj
D\[`f[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
:fdgXŒˆX
;liXZ`e[\cXm`j`kX
D\[`f[\kiXejgfik\lk`c`qX[fgXiXcXm`j`kX
Dfk`mfj[\cXm`j`kX
GifYc\dXj\eZfekiX[fj
GifYc\dXj[\fi`\ekXZ`epcfZXc`qXZ`e
:fdgfikXd`\ekf
MXcfiXZ`e^\e\iXc[\cX\ogfj`Z`e
MXcfiXZ`fe\j\jg\Zˆ]`ZXj[\le`[X[\j\ogfj`k`mXj
MXcfiXZ`e[\j\im`Z`fj
@dgXZkf\dfZ`feXc
<og\ZkXk`mXj
K\dXj[\`ek\i„jgXiX]lkliXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j
Gfj`Y`c`[X[[\i\Zfd\e[XZ`e[\cX\ogfj`Z`e
Gfj`Y`c`[X[[\j\^le[Xm`jkX
I\Zl\i[ffZfdgi\ej`e[\Zfek\e`[fj^\e\iXc\j
I\Zl\i[ffZfdgi\ej`e[\Xl[`fm`jlXc\j
8j`d`cXZ`e[\`[\XjY}j`ZXj
Jˆek\j`j[\Zfek\e`[fj
cX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj#p\e\jg\Z`Xc\ecfjdlj\fj#XjfcXd\ek\cXj\mXclXZ`fe\j]fidXk`mXp
jldXk`mX# Xlehl\ ZlXe[f JZi\m\e _XYˆX gcXek\X[f \jkXj [fj \kXgXj [\j[\ (0-.# j\ i\]\iˆX X gifZ\jfj
d}j Zfdgc\afj [\ cfj hl\ X_fiX j\ \a\ZlkXe2 Xlehl\# _fp j\ k`\e\ ZcXif hl\ cX \mXclXZ`e ]fidXk`mX
ef\j\[lZXk`mXe`m\i`ÔZX[fiXphl\jlgifgj`kfef\jgifYXij`efd\afiXi%<efkiXjgXcXYiXj#j\kiXkX
[\cXZfdgifYXZ`eZfek`elX[\cXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\cgcXe[\cX`ejk`klZ`e%<egi`d\ik„id`efj\Xgc`ZXXc
[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jp\ej\^le[f#Xgif^iXdXj\[lZXk`mfjef]fidXc\jfXfkiXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\c
dlj\f#`eZclp\e[fcfjkXcc\i\j#Z`Zcfj[\Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj#\kZ%<ecX=`^liX,j\gi\j\ekX\jhl\d}k`ZXd\ek\
cXgifgl\jkX[\JZi\m\e(00' %
GXiXJZi\m\e#cXj’e`ZXj[`]\i\eZ`Xji\Xc\j\eki\cXj\mXclXZ`fe\jjldXk`mXp]fidXk`mXjfe\cdfd\ekf
[\c gifZ\jf \e hl\ fZlii\e# cfj X^\ek\j p cfj Zc`\ek\j `ek\i\jX[fj \e cc\mXicX X ZXYf p cXj [`jk`ekXj
df[Xc`[X[\j[\cljf[\cfji\jlckX[fj%
<j`dgfikXek\d\eZ`feXihl\cX\mXclXZ`e[\gifZ\jfj#Xlehl\cXd}ji\Xc`qX[X\edlj\fj#kXdgfZfj\
cc\mXXZXYfZfeXdgc`kl[#gi`d\ifgfihl\kfdXk`\dgfpXld\ekXcfjZfjkfj[\cgifp\Zkfpj\^le[f#
gfihl\k`\e\[`m\ijfj\e]fhl\j#cfhl\gl\[\Zfdgc`ZXicXd\kf[fcf^ˆX%
<mXclXZ`eZfii\Zk`mX
<mXclXZ`ejldXk`mX
:fii\Zk`mX
,
+
FZlgXZ`e
*
:fejkilZZ`e
@ejkXcXZ`e
<mXclXZ`egi\m`X
)
;`j\Œf
<mXclXZ`egi\m`X
(
GcXe`]`ZXZ`e
=`^liX,%=Xj\j[\c[\jXiifccfp\mXclXZ`e[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jJZi\m\e#(00' %
D\kf[fcf^ˆXj[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj
Cfjgi`eZ`gXc\jd„kf[fjgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\gifZ\jfjjfecX`em\jk`^XZ`ecfe^`kl[`eXc#cXfYj\imXZ`e#
cfj\jkl[`fj[\ZXjfj#cX`em\jk`^XZ`eZlXc`kXk`mXpcXki`Xe^lcXZ`e%D}jhl\[\jZi`Y`ijljXcZXeZ\j#\j
`dgfikXek\d\eZ`feXihl\\jk\gifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`ejl\c\\jkXijla\kfXleXXŒ\aXgfc„d`ZXjfYi\cXj
gfj`Y`c`[X[\jhl\f]i\Z\ecX\mXclXZ`eZlXc`kXk`mXpcXZlXek`kXk`mX#g\ifhl\j\kiXkX[\leXgfc„d`ZX
d}j`[\fc^`ZXhl\d\kf[fc^`ZX%
<e\cXdgc`fZXdgf[\`em\jk`^XZ`ep\mXclXZ`e_fpccXdX[fÈ\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\jÉ#\j[fe[\j\jl\c\
cc\mXiXZXYfcX\mXclXZ`e[\gifZ\jfj\ecfjdlj\fj%<jk\ZXdgf\jleX[\cXj]fidX[\XZ\iZXd`\ekfXcX
`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cg’Yc`Zf[\dlj\fjp\ogfj`Z`fe\j#hl\j\ZXiXZk\i`qXgficX`eZclj`e[\cglekf[\m`jkX
[\cm`j`kXek\Zfdf]l\ek\[\`e]fidXZ`egXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jfgif^iXdXjdlj\ˆjk`Zfj%
CX`e]fidXZ`e#gifZ\[\ek\[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjm`j`kXek\jp[\jl`ek\iXZZ`eZfe[`jk`ekfjXjg\Zkfj
\ogfj`k`mfj#_X[X[fcl^XiXc[\efd`eX[fÈgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`ep[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jÉ#p\j
*,
Xgc`ZXYc\XZX[Xlef[\cfjk`gfj[\\mXclXZ`ehl\k`\e\ecl^XiXcfcXi^f[\c[\jXiifccf[\leX\ogfj`Z`e
DlŒfqpG„i\qJXekfj#(00' %<jk\k„id`efef[\Y\Zfe]le[`ij\Zfe\cgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`egj`Zfc^`ZX
[\cfjm`j`kXek\j#hl\Xjlm\q\jgXik\[\cXdgc`fZXdgfhl\XYXiZXecfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\jJ`cmX#
(0/02=\ie}e[\q9Xcc\jk\ifj#(00) %<cgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`e[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jd}jZfd’ed\ek\\dgc\X[f
\ecXgi}Zk`ZX]l\[\jXiifccX[fgfi9`k^ff[pJ_\kk\c9`k^ff[#\kXc#(00* #XgXik`i[\cdf[\cf[\JZi\m\e
(0.0 %;`Z_fdf[\cf`ek\^iXcX\mXclXZ`e[\ekif[\cgifZ\jf^\e\iXc[\[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\j#\e
ZX[XleX[\cXjki\j\kXgXjY}j`ZXjhl\cXZfejk`klp\e#ZfdfjfecXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e#\c[`j\ŒffZfejkilZZ`e
p#Xm\Z\j#cX\kXgXgfjk\i`fiXcXXg\ikliXXcg’Yc`Zf%
CX\mXclXZ`e[\cX\ogfj`Z`e[liXek\\c[\jXiifccf\ogfj`k`mfj\Zfej`[\iXleX_\iiXd`\ekX[\kfdX[\
[\Z`j`fe\j#j`\e[fgfk\eZ`Xcd\ek\d}j\]\Zk`mXZlXekfd}ji\cXZ`feX[X\jk„ZfeZX[XleX[\cXj\kXgXj
[\\jk\gifZ\jf9`k^ff[#)'') %
8[\d}j[\cdf[\cf[\JZi\m\e#\o`jk\efkifjhl\[\jZi`Y\e\cgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j#
p\eki\\ccfjgl\[\d\eZ`feXij\\cG%DZDXelj(00( #=`^liX- %<e^\e\iXc[`Z_fjdf[\cfjj\i\Ô\i\eX
mXi`Xj\kXgXj[\c[\jXiifccf[\cX\ogfj`Z`epjlji\cXZ`fe\jZfecX\mXclXZ`e%<e\cdf[\cf[\JZi`m\e
(0.0 # j\ kfdXe [Xkfj gifm\e`\ek\j [\ cfj m`j`kXek\j p cfj gif]\j`feXc\j [`j\ŒX[fi\j# `ek„igi\k\j#
Zfej\imX[fi\j#\kZ% pj\ZfdY`eXe[liXek\\c[\jXiifccf[\cgifp\Zkf%CX`e]fidXZ`egifZ\[\ek\[\cfj
m`j`kXek\j`eZclp\[`jk`ekfjk`gfj[\\mXclXZ`ehl\gl\[\ecc\mXij\XZXYf#[\]fidXj\Zl\eZ`Xc#\eZX[X
\kXgX[\cgifZ\jf%Cfj[XkfjjfYi\cfjgif]\j`feXc\ji\gi\j\ekXecX`e]fidXZ`egifZ\[\ek\[\c^ilgf
_\k\if^„e\f[\g\ijfeXjhl\ZfcXYfiXe\e\c[\jXiifccf[\cX\ogfj`Z`ephl\[\k\id`eXecXjd\kXj
`e`Z`Xc\j#\cXe}c`j`jk„Ze`Zf#\c[\jXiifccfk„Ze`ZfpcXmXcfiXZ`eZiˆk`ZX%
Cf `ek\i\jXek\ \j hl\ \e ZX[X leX [\ cXj ki\j \kXgXj [\c [\jXiifccf [\ leX \ogfj`Z`e cfj [Xkfj
gifZ\[\ek\j[\cfjm`j`kXek\jpcfjgif]\j`feXc\jj\ZfdY`eXeXcfcXi^f[\cgifZ\jfZi\Xk`mf#[\dfekXa\
p[\]leZ`feXd`\ekf%
CXZXc`[X[[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\leX\ogfj`Z`e[X[XpcXjgfj`Y`c`[X[\j[\^\e\iXc`qXZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
X[hl`i`[fXfkiXjgi\j\ekXZ`fe\j[\\jXd`jdX\ogfj`Z`e#[\g\e[\e\e’ck`dX`ejkXeZ`X[\cXZXc`[X[
[\cgifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`e%;\X_ˆhl\\jk\glekfi\jlck\[\m`kXc`dgfikXeZ`XXcX_fiX[\gcXe`ÔZXi#
cc\mXiXZXYffXeXc`qXicfji\jlckX[fj[\ZlXchl`\i\mXclXZ`e%
=`ckif[\cg’Yc`Zfgfk\eZ`Xc
=`ckif]ˆj`Zfpdfk`mXZ`feXc
8IHL@K<:KLI8
;@JGFJ@:@äE
=`ckif[\Zfek\okfjfZ`Xc
=`ckifg\iZ\gklXc
=`ckif[\]fidX[\cd\ejXa\
*-
=`^liX-%I\gi\j\ekXZ`e[\cXk\fiˆX[\cfjÔckifj[\G%DZDXelj(00( %
DFK@M8:@äE
;\Y\j\ŒXcXij\hl\cXjk„Ze`ZXjpcfjgifZ\jfjj\^l`[fj\e\jkfjkiXYXafjjl\c\e\jkXi`dYi`ZX[fjZfecfj
\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\j#cfjhl\Xjlm\q\jk}edlpi\cXZ`feX[fj\ejl[`d\ej`ed\kf[fc^`ZX#Xfkifj
\jkl[`fj[\\mXclXZ`egj`Zfc^`ZXf\[lZXk`mX%;\j[\\jk\glekf[\m`jkX\jc^`Zfhl\[\YXejfd\k\ij\
Xcfjd`jdfjgi`eZ`g`fjpZi`k\i`fjhl\X]\ZkXeXcfj[\d}jZXdgfj[\cX\mXclXZ`egj`Zfc^`ZX%
+%<M8CL8:@äE;<I<JLCK8;FJ
<jk\ilYif\j\cgifgj`kf[\kf[fgifp\ZkfkiX[`Z`feXc[\\mXclXZ`e%:fej`jk\Y}j`ZXd\ek\\em\i`ÔZXi
j`cfji\jlckX[fjZf`eZ`[\eZfecfgi\m`jkf2\efkiXjgXcXYiXj#j\kiXkX[\cXZfdgifYXZ`e[\cfjcf^ifj
g\ij\^l`[fj[liXek\cX\kXgX[\Xgc`ZXZ`e[\cgif^iXdX%
LeX[\cXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\cfj\jkl[`fj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cfjm`j`kXek\j\jjldlk`[`jZ`gc`eXi`\[X[k\i`ZX
pd\kf[fc^`ZX#[\ekif[\cXZlXccX\mXclXZ`egj`Zfc^`ZX_XZfeki`Yl`[f#efjcf\ecXXgfikXZ`e[\
k„Ze`ZXj#gifZ\[`d`\ekfj\`ejkild\ekfjZfeZi\kfj[\\mXclXZ`e#j`ef\ecXj`jk\dXk`qXZ`fe[\„jkfjpjl
`dYi`ZXZ`e\e\cgifZ\jf^\e\iXc[\\mXclXZ`e%;\dXe\iXhl\cXjgifgl\jkXj[\X[XgkXi\jk\gifZ\jf
[\\mXclXZ`egj`Zfc^`ZX#ZlpffYa\kf\j\cXe}c`j`j[\cZfdgfikXd`\ekf[\cXjg\ijfeXj\e\cZfek\okf
dlj\ˆjk`Zf#_XkiXˆ[fZfdfi\jlckX[f`dgfikXek\j[\jXiifccfjk\i`Zfjhl\_Xei\^`[fcX`em\jk`^XZ`e
\dgˆi`ZX\e\c}i\X%LeX[\cXjiXqfe\jgXiXZfej`[\iXicfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\j[\j[\leXg\ijg\Zk`mX
dlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi\jcX[`m\ij`[X[[\cXjmXi`XYc\j`dgc`ZX[Xj\e\ccfjpcfj[`jk`ekfjfYa\k`mfjZfehl\
j\XYfi[Xe#j\^’ecfdl\jkiXcXXYle[Xek\c`k\iXkliXXci\jg\Zkf%CXj`jk\dXk`qXZ`e[\cXjmXi`XYc\jp
[\cfjfkifjfYa\k`mfj[\\mXclXZ`e_Xg\id`k`[fcc\^XiXi\jlckX[fjgficfd\efj\eZ`eZf}i\Xj[\
`ek\im\eZ`e1[\cXgi`d\iX#j\_XYˆX_XYcX[f\e\cXgXikX[fXek\i`fipj\i\Ô\i\Xc[`j\ŒfpZfejkilZZ`e
[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j%J\kiXkX[\c}i\X[\\mXclXZ`ed}j[\jXiifccX[X#j`Zfej`[\iXdfjcX^iXeZXek`[X[[\
[Xkfj\dgˆi`ZfjXgfikX[fj\ecfj’ck`dfjki\`ekXXŒfj%<jk\ilYif\j\c’e`Zfhl\[`jgfe\[\ledf[\cf
[\\mXclXZ`fe\j&`ek\im\eZ`egifg`f#gficfhl\#\efZXj`fe\j#j\_XZfej`[\iX[fZfdf`e[\g\e[`\ek\
[\cfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\j%
LeXj\^le[X}i\X\j\cXe}c`j`jpcfjd„kf[fj[\XkiXZZ`eXcg’Yc`Zf#hl\\jk}dlpi\cXZ`feX[XZfe\c
\jkl[`f[\cXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\cfjm`j`kXek\jXZklXc\jpgfk\eZ`Xc\j[\cdlj\f%
Le}i\Xd}jj\i\Ô\i\Xc[`j\Œf[\gif^iXdXj[\XZk`m`[X[\j#hl\Xlehl\d\efj[\jXiifccX[Xhl\cX[\
\o_`Y`Z`fe\j#j`^l\\cd`jdfdf[\cf\mXclXk`mfhl\„jkX%
CX ZlXikX }i\X j\ i\Ô\i\ Xc [`j\Œf [\ cfj j\im`Z`fj ^\e\iXc\j# hl\ \e^cfYX cXj `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j jfYi\
fi`\ekXZ`e p cfZXc`qXZ`e [\ fYa\kfj# g`\qXj# jXcXj# \kZ%# X[\d}j [\c \jkl[`f [\ cX `eÕl\eZ`X [\ cfj
]XZkfi\j]ˆj`ZfjXdY`\ekXc\jjfYi\\cm`j`kXek\%J`e[l[X#\jkX}i\Xj\_XccX\jki\Z_Xd\ek\i\cXZ`feX[X
ZfecXgj`Zfcf^ˆXXdY`\ekXcpcX\i^fefdˆX%PÔeXcd\ek\#gl\[\d\eZ`feXij\\ci\e^ce[\cfjj\im`Z`fj
[\Xk\eZ`eXcm`j`kXek\#hl\Zfej`jk\e\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\j\im`Z`fj#pXj\X\ecfi\cXk`mfXjlkXjX[\
lk`c`qXZ`efXce`m\c[\jXk`j]XZZ`e[\cm`j`kXek\Zfei\jg\ZkfXcXj`ejkXcXZ`fe\jfXcg\ijfeXchl\\jk}
Xj`^eX[fX\ccXj%
:X[XleX[\\jkXj}i\Xjk`\e\fYa\k`mfj[`jk`ekfjpj\Z\ekiXe#gfikXekf#\e[`]\i\ek\jk`gfj[\mXi`XYc\j%
<ecX=`^liX.[\cXg}^`eXj`^l`\ek\j\_Xei\jld`[fkf[Xj\jkXjmXi`XYc\j%
Cfjdf[\cfj[\cX\og\i`\eZ`Xdlj\ˆjk`ZX
;\cfji\jlckX[fjfYk\e`[fj[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\ji\Xc`qX[Xj\ecXj}i\XjXek\jd\eZ`feX[Xj#_Xejli^`[f
cfjccXdX[fjdf[\cfj[\cX\og\i`\eZ`Xdlj\ˆjk`ZX#[\cfjZlXc\j\c[\=Xcbp;`\ib`e^(00) #_Xj\im`[f[\
YXj\gXiXdlZ_fjfkifj\jkl[`fj#pXhl\XgXik`ij\„jk\j\_Xej`jk\dXk`qX[fcfjgi`eZ`gXc\j^ilgfj[\
*.
<M8CL8:@äE;<<OGFJ@:@FE<JPJ<IM@:@FJJ<IM@:@FJ
MXi`XYc\j[\cm`j`kXek\
[\df^i}]`ZXj#gj`Zfc^`ZXj¿
MXi`XYc\j[\cZfek\okf]ˆj`Zf
MXi`XYc\j[\cX`ek\iXZZ`e
ZfdgfikXd`\ekf[liXek\cXm`j`kX#
Xgi\e[`qXa\#ZXdY`f[\XZk`kl[\j¿ <mXclXZ`e[\gif^iXdXj
pXZk`m`[X[\j
MXi`XYc\jgj`ZfjfZ`Xc\j
ifc\j#`ek\iXZZ`ejfZ`Xc#ZfdgXŒˆX¿
8e}c`j`j[\cg’Yc`Zf
=`^liX.%MXi`XYc\j`eZcl`[Xj\ecfj\jkl[`fj[\g’Yc`ZfG„i\qJXekfj#(00/ %
mXi`XYc\ji\cXZ`feX[Xj[\cZfek\okf#[\cm`j`kXek\#gj`ZfjfZ`Xc\jp[\cX`ek\iXZZ`e hl\Xpl[XeX\ogc`ZXi
\cZfdgfikXd`\ekf[\cfjm`j`kXek\jp#gfikXekf#\c]leZ`feXd`\ekf[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j%M\i=`^liX/%
:FEK<OKFG<IJFE8C
<OG<I@<E:@8@EK<I8:K@M8
:FEK<OKFJF:@8C
:FEK<OKF=àJ@:F
=`^liX/%Df[\cf[\cX\og\i`\eZ`Xdlj\ˆjk`ZX`ek\iXZk`mX=Xcbp;`\ib`e^#(00) %
*/
8lehl\ ZX[X leX [\ cXj }i\Xj Xek\j Z`kX[Xj _X m\e`[f Z\eki}e[fj\ gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ \e Xc^lef [\
\jkfjZfealekfj[\mXi`XYc\j#Xm\Z\jZfe`e[\g\e[\eZ`X[\cXjfkiXj#\j\m`[\ek\hl\cfhl\[\Ôe\cX
\og\i`\eZ`X^cfYXc[\cXm`j`kX\jcX`ek\iXZZ`e[\kf[Xj\ccXj%GficfkXekf#kf[XjcXj}i\Xj[\Xgc`ZXZ`e
\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\Y\e[\k\e\i\eZl\ekXcfjZlXkif^ilgfj[\mXi`XYc\j#j`cfhl\j\gi\k\e[\\jcc\^XiX
\cXYfiXik\fiˆXjfdf[\cfj[\]leZ`feXd`\ekfhl\j`jk\dXk`Z\ecfj[Xkfj\dgˆi`Zfji\Zf^`[fj_XjkX\c
dfd\ekfp\jkXYc\qZXecˆe\Xj]lkliXj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%
I\jlckXc^`Zfhl\cfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\jj\Xelef[\cfjXjg\Zkfjd}jXYfi[X[fj\ecfj\jkl[`fj
[\\mXclXZ`e\edlj\fj#pXhl\[`Z_fj\jkl[`fjk`\e\eleX^iXelk`c`[X[Zfdf`ejkild\ekf[\^\jk`e
^\e\iXc[\cdlj\f#Zfdf_\iiXd`\ekX[\kfdX[\[\Z`j`fe\j\ecX\cXYfiXZ`ep[`j\Œf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\j#
pZfdfdXiZfgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cfjgifZ\jfj`dgc`ZX[fj\ecXZfdle`ZXZ`e\eki\
\cg’Yc`Zfp\cdlj\f%
GXik`ZlcXid\ek\#cfj\jkl[`fj[\m`j`kXek\jjfele`ejkild\ekf`dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\gXiXcX^\jk`e[\cdlj\f#
pXhl\]XZ`c`kXecXkfdX[\[\Z`j`fe\j[\gfcˆk`ZX^\e\iXc#YXjX[Xj\eleXe}c`j`jfYa\k`mf[\cXi\Xc`[X[%
GfijlgXik\#cfjXe}c`j`j[\cg’Yc`Zfi\Xcpgfk\eZ`Xc[\ledlj\fpcX\mXclXZ`e[\j\im`Z`fj^\e\iXc\j
p [\ Xk\eZ`e Xc m`j`kXek\ gifgfiZ`feXe [Xkfj [\ jldX `dgfikXeZ`X jfYi\ \c ]leZ`feXd`\ekf i\Xc [\c
dlj\fpjfYi\cfjXjg\Zkfj\ecfjhl\j\[\Y\`ek\im\e`igXiXd\afiXijljj\im`Z`fj%
,%<M8CL8:@äE;<CFJG8IK@:@G8EK<J<EC8
<OG<I@<E:@8DLJ<àJK@:8
Eld\ifjfjjfecfj\jg\Z`Xc`jkXjhl\`ek\im`\e\e\ecXgcXe\XZ`e#[`j\Œf#ZfejkilZZ`e#^\jk`e#[`i\ZZ`e
pdXe\af[\cfjdlj\fj2j`e\dYXi^f#Zfdf\e\cZXjf[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\gifZ\jfjpi\jlckX[fj#\cXe}c`j`j
[\cXjXZZ`fe\jpi\XZZ`fe\j[\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j\e\cgifZ\jfdlj\ˆjk`ZfkXdY`„ej\_XZ\ekiX[f\ecfj
m`j`kXek\j#pXhl\ÔeXcd\ek\jfecfji\Z\gkfi\j[\cfj\j]l\iqfjcc\mX[fjXZXYfgficfjgif]\j`feXc\j[\
dlj\fj%
;\j[\ÔeXc\j[\cX[„ZX[X[\(0/'\cXld\ekf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`ejfYi\cX\og\i`\eZ`X[\cfjm`j`kXek\j_X
j`[f\jg\ZkXZlcXi#[\Y`[fXcfZlXc\ce’d\if[\glYc`ZXZ`fe\jj\_X`eZi\d\ekX[fefkXYc\d\ek\%
:fdfj\ŒXcXe9`k^ff[pCffd`j(00* #Xlehl\cXdXpfiˆX[\cfjkiXYXafjjfYi\\jk\k\dXjfe[\ZXi}Zk\i
Xgc`ZX[f#]le[Xd\ekXcd\ek\jfYi\ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\cfjm`j`kXek\jpjlZfdgfikXd`\ekf[liXek\cXm`j`kX#
\o`jk\leefkXYc\`ek\i„j\ecXj`jk\dXk`qXZ`epZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e[\c}i\X#Zfdfcf[\dl\jkiXcX\o`jk\eZ`X
[\glYc`ZXZ`fe\jjfYi\\ck\dXZfegXik`ZlcXi„e]Xj`j\ecfjXjg\Zkfjk\i`Zfjpd\kf[fc^`Zfj%
Ef ZXY\ [l[X [\ hl\ \jk\ gif^i\jf Xc hl\ j\ i\Ô\i\e 9`k^ff[ p Cffd`j cf gifgfiZ`feX \c [\jXiifccf
ZX[X m\q dXpfi [\ le Zi\Z`\ek\ Zl\igf [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf \dgˆi`Zf jfYi\ cfj m`j`kXek\j p jfYi\ Zdf
[`j\ŒXi \ogfj`Z`fe\j hl\ gif[lqZXe \c \]\Zkf [\j\X[f \e cXj g\ijfeXj hl\ cXj m`j`kXe# Zfe YXj\ \e
kiXYXafj[\`em\jk`^XZ`epgifp\Zkfj[\\mXclXZ`e9`k^ff[pCffd`j#(00* 2X[\d}j[\c[\jXiifccf[\
leXd\kf[fcf^ˆXhl\#Xlehl\gifZ\[\ek\[\[`jZ`gc`eXjZfdfcXgj`Zfcf^ˆX#cXjfZ`fcf^ˆX#cXXekifgfcf^ˆX#
\kZ%#gfj\\`ejkild\ekfj[\\mXclXZ`eZX[Xm\qd}jgi\Z`jfjp\jg\ZˆÔZfjgXiX\cZfek\okf[\cdlj\fp
\ck`gf[\ZfdgfikXd`\ekfjhl\j\`ek\ekX\jkl[`Xi\ecfji\Z\gkfi\j[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
CXj XgfikXZ`fe\j [\ XjfZ`XZ`fe\j [`m\ijXj# Zfdf cX 8JK: 8jjfZ`Xk`fe f] JZ`\eZ\$K\Z_efcf^p :\ek\ij #
cX <:J@K< <lifg\Xe E\knfib f] JZ`\eZ\ :\ek\ij Xe[ Dlj\ldj # f cX I\[ Gfg I\[ [\ GfglcXi`qXZ`e
[\ 8d„i`ZX CXk`eX p \c :Xi`Y\ # _Xe ^\e\iX[f kXdY`„e# X gXik`i [\ i\le`fe\j p Zfe^i\jfj# eld\ifjXj
\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\jldXlk`c`[X[%
-%<M8CL8:@äE;<C8<=@:@<E:@8
<jkX\kXgXd`[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X[\XZZ`fe\j#gifZ\jfj#gifZ\[`d`\ekfj#i\ZlijfjpXZk`m`[X[\j[\cdlj\f#gfi
cfhl\`dgc`ZXleXmXcfiXZ`e\Zfed`ZX[\cfji\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fj\eZfdgXiXZ`eZfecfji\jlckX[fj
cf^iX[fjp#[\j[\cl\^f#jl\c\`eZcl`id\[`Z`fe\j[\ck`\dgf`em\ik`[f#\cZfjkf[\dXk\i`Xc\jp\cZfjkf
[\cXZXdgXŒX[\[`]lj`e%
*0
<cZfjkf[\cgif^iXdXj`im\[\YXj\gXiXZfejkil`iˆe[`Z\j\Zfed`Zfjf`e[`ZX[fi\j[\\ÔZ`\eZ`Xhl\
g\id`kXe kfdXi [\Z`j`fe\j hl\ fgk`d`Z\e cfj i\Zlijfj [`jgfe`Yc\j [\ XZl\i[f X cXj d\kf[fcf^ˆXj
gk`dXj%
@e[`ZX[fi\j[\\ÔZ`\eZ`X
<c ZfeZ\gkf [\ \ÔZ`\eZ`X gl\[\ [\jZfdgfe\ij\ \e [`]\i\ek\j [`d\ej`fe\j f ]XZkfi\j ZlXek`ÔZXYc\j
d\[`Xek\`e[`ZX[fi\j%Cfj`e[`ZX[fi\jjfe`ejkild\ekfj[\d\[`[Xhl\ZfeZi\kXecXjfYj\imXZ`fe\jp
_XZ\ed\[`Yc\jZlXek`kXk`mXd\ek\cXj[`d\ej`fe\j[\leZfeZ\gkfZfej`[\iX[f>feq}c\q9cXjZf#(00+ %
D\[`Xek\jlljfgl\[\e\mXclXij\cfji\jlckX[fj[\leXXZZ`e[\]fidXd}jfYa\k`mX%
Cfj`e[`ZX[fi\jXgfikXe[Xkfjeld„i`Zfjhl\#leXm\qkiXej]fidX[fjdXk\d}k`ZXd\ek\#g\id`k\eZXcZlcXi
ˆe[`Z\j%<jkfjˆe[`Z\ji\gi\j\ekXeeld„i`ZXd\ek\mXi`Xj[`d\ej`fe\j[\cZfeZ\gkffg\iXk`m`qX[f%Gfi
\a\dgcf#gf[iˆXdfjZfej`[\iXimXi`Xj[`d\ej`fe\j[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X\eledlj\f#Zfdfgf[iˆXj\icX\ÔZXZ`X
\ecXgif^iXdXZ`e[\jlj\ogfj`Z`fe\j#hl\gl\[\d\[`ij\XkiXm„j[\dlZ_fj`e[`ZX[fi\j1lk`c`qXZ`e
[\jljZfc\ZZ`fe\j\ecXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j#YXcXeZ\\eki\\ogfj`Z`fe\jk\dgfiXc\jpg\idXe\ek\j#e`m\c[\
dXek\e`d`\ekf[\cfjfYa\kfj\ogl\jkfj#\kZ%J`kfdXdfj\jk\’ck`df`e[`ZX[fi#gf[iˆX\jkXYc\Z\ij\le
ˆe[`Z\hl\j`im`\iXgXiXkiXej]fidXicfeld„i`ZXd\ek\#gfi\a\dgcf#\ce’d\if[\\c\d\ekfj\ogfj`k`mfj
]l\iX[\j\im`Z`f[`m`[`[f\eki\\ce’d\ifkfkXc[\\c\d\ekfj[\cX\ogfj`Z`ehl\[\Y\iˆXe[\\jkXi\e
]leZ`feXd`\ekf%;\\jkX]fidXgf[iˆX#`eZcljf#\jkXYc\Z\ij\leZi`k\i`f#gfi\a\dgcf#hl\\cgfiZ\ekXa\
[\cfj\c\d\ekfjhl\ef]leZ`feXe\eleX\ogfj`Z`eef[\Y\gXjXi[\c/%<ecXKXYcX)j\i\jld\ecfj
gi`eZ`gXc\jk„id`efji\cXZ`feX[fjZfe\jk\k`gf[\\mXclXZ`e%
KXYcX)%K„id`efji\cXZ`feX[fjZfecX[\]`e`Z`e[\`e[`ZX[fi\j%
+'
CONCEPTO
DIMENSIÓN
INDICADOR
ÍNDICE
<]`Z`\eZ`X[\cdlj\f
<]`ZXZ`X[\cXgif^iXdXZ`e
\ogfj`Z`fe\j#gif^iXdXj
\[lZXk`mfj#\kZ% %
E`m\c[\dXek\e`d`\ekf[\cX
\ogfj`Z`e%
<c\d\ekfj\ogfj`k`mfj
]l\iX[\j\im`Z`f&
E’d\ifkfkXc[\
\c\d\ekfj\ogfj`k`mfj
Èdm`c\jÉ%
<e\c\j]l\iqf[\ZfeZ\gklXc`qXZ`e[\\jk\}dY`kf#i\Xc`qX[fgficX8d\i`ZXe8jjfZ`Xk`fef]Dlj\ldj
Æ88D$\ecfj’ck`dfjXŒfj#j\_Xcc\^X[fX\jkXYc\Z\i88D#(00(288D(00. leXc`jkX[\+/`e[`ZX[fi\j
jl^\i`[fjhl\gl\[\eXpl[XiX[\k\id`eXicX\ÔZ`\eZ`X[\cfjdlj\fjpfkiXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jj`d`cXi\j#\e
]leZ`e[\j\`j}i\XjY}j`ZXj1
(%Gif^iXdXZ`e\ogfj`Z`fe\j#Zfc\ZZ`fe\jp\[lZXZ`e #
)%ÈD\iZX[\fÉdXib\k`e^ #
*%I\Zlijfj_ldXefj#
+%9’jhl\[X[\i\Zlijfj#
,%J\im`Z`fjÔeXeZ`\ifj\`e^i\jfjgfi\ekiX[Xj#
-%J\^li`[X[%
:X[X leX [\ \jkXj }i\Xj f [`d\ej`fe\j [\ \ÔZXZ`X gl\[\ j\i mXcfiX[X X kiXm„j [\ fZ_f `e[`ZX[fi\j%
<e cX KXYcX *# j\ gi\j\ekXe X dXe\iX [\ \a\dgcf Z`eZf [\ cfj fZ_f `e[`ZX[fi\j gXiX \ÔZ`\eZ`X [\ cX
gif^iXdXZ`e#jljˆe[`Z\jZfii\jgfe[`\ek\jpXc^lefj[\cfjiXe^fjjl^\i`[fjgficX88D%
KXYcX*%8c^lefj`e[`ZX[fi\j[\cX\]`Z`\eZ`X[\cXgif^iXdXZ`e[\ledlj\f%
ÁREAS
PROGRAMACIÓN
INDICADORES
ÍNDICES
CRITERIOS/RANGOS
(%9XcXeZ\\ogfj`Z`ek\dgfiXc
g\idXe\ek\
<jgXZ`f[\[`ZX[fX\ogfj`Z`fe\j
k\dgfiXc\jd\kifjZlX[iX[fj &
<jgXZ`fkfkXcgXiX\ogfj`Z`fe\j
d\kifjZlX[iX[fj
('$)'
)%I\jlckX[fj[\dXek\e`d`\ekf
[\cX\ogfj`Z`e
<c\d\ekfjhl\ef]leZ`feXe&
<c\d\ekfjkfkXc\jÈdm`c\jÉ
,$/
*%Lk`c`qXZ`e[\Zfc\ZZ`fe\j
FYa\kfj[\Zfc\ZZ`fe\j\o_`Y`[fj&
e’d\if[\fYa\kfjkfkXc\j[\cXj
Zfc\ZZ`fe\j
$$
+%:fdgifd`jfZfecX\mXclXZ`e
Ef%\mXclXZ`fe\ji\Xc`qX[Xj&
Ef%[\gif^iXdXj\[lZXk`mfj
(&.$('
,%:fdgifd`jfZfecX\[lZXZ`e
Ed`eX[\cg\ijfeXc[\\[lZXZ`e&
Ed`eX[\kf[f\cg\ijfeXc
Dˆe`df('
Gl\[\eZfej`[\iXij\[fjk`gfj[\`e[`ZX[fi\j[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X\ecfjdlj\fjpfkiXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jXÔe\j1
›@e[`ZX[fi\j[\Zfekifc[\i\jlckX[f#hl\j\ŒXcXeZdfZfehl„\ÔZXZ`X leX`ejk`klZ`efdlj\f
Zldgc\cXjd\kXj\jkXYc\Z`[Xj%
›@e[`ZX[fi\j[\Zfekifc[\i\Zlijfj#hl\dl\jkiXeZfehl„e`m\c[\\ÔZ`\eZ`Xj\\jk}eZfej`^l`\e[f
cXjd\kXj%
8lehl\[\Y\[\k\e\ij\\eZl\ekXhl\\jk\k`gf[\`e[`ZX[fi\j#kXekf[\Zfekifc[\i\jlckX[fjZfdf
[\ cfj i\Zlijfj# i\jgfe[\e X cXj e\Z\j`[X[\j# gi`fi`[X[\j p i\Zlijfj [\ cfj dlj\fj efik\Xd\i`ZXefj#
\eXc^lefjXjg\Zkfj[`Xd\kiXcd\ek\fgl\jkfjXfkifjdlj\fj#Zfdfcfj`Y\ifXd\i`ZXefj#\jk\k`gf[\
XZ\iZXd`\ekfXcgifYc\dX[\cX\mXclXZ`epcfjZi`k\i`fj[\\ÔZXZ`Xi\jlckXe[\lk`c`[X[dXe`Ô\jkX\e
el\jkifZfek\okf#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\j`j\gi\k\e[\Zfe\ZkXicfji\jlckX[fj[\cX\mXclXZ`eZfeXjg\Zkfj
[\^\jk`epgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXj%
CfjY\e\ÔZ`fjhl\\jk\k`gf[\Zi`k\i`fjgl\[\eXgfikXiXcfjdlj\fjjfeZcXifj2[\dXe\iXi\jld`[X#
gl\[\e[\jkXZXij\cfjj`^l`\ek\j1
›Gl\[\ej\ileXd\[`[X[\cXZXgXZ`[X[[\^\jk`e[\ledlj\f%
›G\id`k\eZfdgifYXi\c^iX[f[\\oZ\c\eZ`X[\cdlj\f%
›8pl[XeX\jkXYc\Z\ij`jk\dXj[\m`^`cXeZ`X[\cX[\jm`XZ`e[\c^Xjkf%
›G\id`k\eZfdgifYXicX\ÔZXZ`X[\cfj\hl`gfj[\kiXYXaff[\gXikXd\ekfj[\ekif[\cX`ejk`klZ`e%
›8gfikXeZi`k\i`fj[\i\ekXY`c`[X[hl\gl\[Xej\ilk`c`qX[fj\ecXY’jhl\[X[\ÔeXeZ`XZ`e\ok\ieX
]leZ`fe\j#[feXek\j#\ek`[X[\j[\Zi„[`kf#\kZ% %
CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjdlj\fj
;X[fhl\cfji\Zlijfj\[lZXk`mfjp\egXik`ZlcXicfji\cXZ`feX[fjZfecXjZ`\eZ`Xj efj`\dgi\XcZXeqXe
X kf[fj cfj j\Zkfi\j jfZ`Xc\j# f cf _XZ\e \e ]fidX Yi\m\ f [`jZfek`elX# gXiX cc\eXi jlj e\Z\j`[X[\j
`ek\c\ZklXc\j\`eZcljf[\\jgXiZ`d`\ekf \e\jk\p\efkifjk\dXj#cXgfYcXZ`elk`c`qXZX[X[ˆXd}jcXj
ccXdX[XjÈf]\ikXj\[lZXk`mXj`e]fidXc\jÉ#XcXjhl\j\XZ\iZXZfecXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\Xgi\e[\iZfdfleX
dfk`mXZ`e`dgfikXek\%
Gfi\ccf\jhl\#XgXik\[\cX\jZl\cX]fidXc#_Xejli^`[f\ecfj’ck`dfjXŒfj#el\mfji\Zlijfjhl\gifg`Z`Xe
+(
le XZ\iZXd`\ekf X cXj Z`\eZ`Xj# Zfdf cfj dlj\fj `eZclp\e[f cfj [\ _`jkfi`X eXkliXc# cfj Z\ekifj [\
Z`\eZ`Xj#cfjqffc^`Zfj#XZlXi`fj#aXi[`e\jYfk}e`Zfj#XiYfi\kldjpZ\ekifj[\cXeXkliXc\qX %
:fdf \j [\ \jg\iXij\# \e ZlXekf j\ `e`Z`Xife cXj [`jZlj`fe\j jfYi\ \c gXg\c \[lZXk`mf [\ dlj\fj p
Z\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#cfZlXcfZlii\\ejldXpfi`ek\ej`[X[\ecX[„ZX[XgXjX[X#j\_`Z`\ifecXjj`^l`\ek\j
gi\Z`j`fe\jefe\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\XZ\gkX[Xjgfikf[fjcfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j 1j\[\j`^eX\ecfjdlj\fjZfdf
È\[lZXZ`e`e]fidXcÉXcgifZ\jfhl\fZlii\ZlXe[flem`j`kXek\i\Zfii\c`Yi\d\ek\leX\ogfj`Z`ej`e
lefYa\k`mf\[lZXk`mfgi\[\k\id`eX[f%:fdfÈ\[lZXZ`eef]fidXcÉ#ZlXe[fcfjm`j`kXek\jXj`jk\eXleX
XZk`m`[X[gcXe\X[XZfefYa\k`mfj\jg\ZˆÔZfj#Zfdfj\iˆXXZl[`igfi\a\dgcfXleZ`Zcf[\Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj
jfYi\lek\dX[X[f2pÈ\[lZXZ`e]fidXc\edlj\fjÉ#XcXm`j`kX[\Zfik\\jZfcXi#jfYi\kf[fj`j\YljZX
hl\Zfe\ccXj\XYXihl\eZ`\ikfjfYa\k`mfj[\cgcXe[\\jkl[`fjMXc[„j#(000 %
;\ [`m\ijXj ]fidXj j\ _X `ek\ekX[f d\[`i cfj `dgXZkfj [\ cX \[lZXZ`e `e]fidXc# Zfdle`ZXZ`e
f [`mlc^XZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZX \e [`]\i\ek\j gfYcXZ`fe\j% G\if# j` Y`\e \jkfj kiXYXafj jfe `dgfikXek\j# jfe
[\dXj`X[f ^\e\iXc\j p [\ Zfik\ \jkX[ˆjk`Zf# f [\g\e[\e jfYi\dXe\iX [\ leX \mXclXZ`e YXjX[X \e
ledf[\cf[\[„ÔZ`k#\jkf\j#jfYi\cfhl\\cg’Yc`Zf`^efiX#pefcf^iXe[\k\id`eXi\c`dgXZkf[\cX
[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e[`]\i\ek\jg’Yc`Zfj%
=`eXcd\ek\#cfj\j]l\iqfjd\eZ`feX[fjefefj_Xecc\mX[fXi\jlckX[fjZfeZi\kfj#gfihl\j\i\hl`\i\[\
lei\]\i\ek\hl\\jeX[Xd\efjhl\\cXgi\e[`qXa\%
CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXgi\e[`qXa\`e]fidXcZfdfi\]\i\ek\
:lXe[f j\ j\ŒXcX cX \o`jk\eZ`X [\ [`m\ijXj fgZ`fe\j \[lZXk`mXj Zfdf leX ]l\ek\ Xck\ieXk`mX [\
`e]fidXZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZX gXiX cX jfZ`\[X[# ef gl\[\ \m`kXij\ Zfej`[\iXi cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ hl\ kXdY`„e
fZliiX\e„jkXjXc^’ek`gf[\Xgi\e[`qXa\%
<eleXgfjkliXi\Z`\ek\#\cXgi\e[`qXa\j\Zfej`[\iXle[`}cf^f\eki\\c`e[`m`[lfpjlXdY`\ek\ZlckliXc
pjfZ`Xc#\j[\Z`i#j\d`iXZfdfle\j]l\iqfZfek\oklXcgXiXcf^iXij`^e`ÔZX[fjhl\cc\mXeXc`e[`m`[lfX
jfYi\m`m`ipXgifjg\iXi%<jkX`[\Xj\Xc\aX[\cdf[\cf[\kiXejd`j`e$XYjfiZ`ehl\`dg\igfidlZ_fj
XŒfj%
<e \jk\ k\efi# Xgi\e[`qXa\ \j le gifZ\jf ’e`Zf# g\ijfeXc# Zfek\oklXc p \j leX \og\i`\eZ`X Zfejkil`[X
kXekf `ek\ieX Zfdf \ok\ieXd\ek\% <e Zfej\Zl\eZ`X# iXiX m\q \j c`e\Xc p j`\dgi\ \j `[`fj`eZi}j`Zf%
Efkfi`Xd\ek\#\jkfj\XZ\iZXdlZ_fXcX[\Ôe`Z`e[\Xgi\e[`qXa\`e]fidXc%
J` XZ\gkXdfj hl\ \o`jk\ le Xgi\e[`qXa\ \e \c }dY`kf `e]fidXc# \ekfeZ\j cfj dlj\fj _Xe Zfejk`kl`[f
\c j`k`f `[e\f gXiX hl\ „jk\ fZliiX% GXiX cX dXpfiˆX [\ cfj dlj\fj# \c Xgi\e[`qXa\ \j Zfej`[\iX[f
Zfdf le gifZ\jf XZk`mf Zfejkil`[f `e[`m`[lXcd\ek\2 ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZX `e[`jg\ejXYc\ \e \c Xgi\e[`qXa\
`e]fidXc#k„id`efhl\fkfi^X`^lXc`dgfikXeZ`XXcgifZ\jfhl\Xccf^if%<e\cdlj\f#\jk\Xgi\e[`qXa\
`e]fidXc [\g\e[\ [\ leX Zfdgc\aX d\qZcX hl\ `eZclp\ ef jcf \c Zfek\e`[f p cX gi\j\ekXZ`e [\ cX
\o_`Y`Z`e#j`efkXdY`„ecXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\j[\hl`\e\jXZfdgXŒXeXcm`j`kXek\#jl\jkX[f[\}e`df#\kZ%
Cfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j[\cXgi\e[`qXa\\ecfjdlj\fj#_Xe`[f\ek\e[`\e[fhl\\cXgi\e[`qXa\iXiXm\q\j
`ejkXek}e\f#hl\\jXZldlcXk`mfpi\hl`\i\[\k`\dgf%
<cXgi\e[`qXa\\e\cdlj\f
+)
@e[\g\e[`\ek\d\ek\[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jhl\j\\j]l\iqXegfi[fZld\ekXi\jk\k`gf[\Xgi\e[`qXa\
\ecfjdlj\fj#j`^l\XY`\ikXcXgi\^lekXXZ\iZX[\hl„kXekf\jkfj\jgXZ`fjZfeki`Ylp\eXcX[`mlc^XZ`e#
Xgifg`XZ`e#Zfdle`ZXZ`e#Zfdgi\ej`efgfglcXi`qXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%CXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j_Xejli^`[f#
\eYl\eXgXik\#[\Y`[fXhl\cfjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`Xi\hl`\i\ealjk`ÔZXijl]leZ`ejfZ`Xcp
gfi\e[\jlgXg\c\[lZXk`mf%Gfi\ccf\jhl\j\ml\cm\`e[`jg\ejXYc\d\[`if\mXclXi\cgf[\i\[lZXk`mf
[\cdlj\f\`em\jk`^Xij\i`Xd\ek\cX]fidX\ehl\cXjg\ijfeXjXgi\e[\eZfdfi\jlckX[f[\cXm`j`kX%<c
Xgi\e[`qXa\`e]fidXc#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\\cYXjX[f\efYa\kfj#_Xj`[fgfZf\jkl[`X[f%D}jY`\ej\jl\c\e
[\jZi`Y`icXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\cfjm`j`kXek\j%
I\Z`\ek\d\ek\\ecX[„ZX[X[\cfj(00'D`e[X9file#:fc\kk\;l]i\jje\p:_XekXc9Xii`Xlck#\eki\fkiXj#
_Xe[\jZi`kf\cgifZ\jfpjlj\kXgXj\ecfjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`X%èck`dXd\ek\Af_e=Xcb)'', _Xd\[`[fcX`eÕl\eZ`X[\cfjZfek\okfj]ˆj`Zf#jfZ`Xcpg\ijfeXc\e\cXgi\e[`qXa\[\Zfik\`e]fidXc\e
cfjdlj\fj#d`\ekiXjhl\<`c\\e?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc)''+ _X[\jZi`kfcXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\cm`j`kXek\\e
ZXk\^fiˆXjZf[`ÔZXYc\j%
J`e\dYXi^f#X’eefgf[\dfji\jgfe[\i[\ckf[f#hl„k`gf[\Xgi\e[`qXa\fZlii\\e\cdlj\f#\e^iXe
gXik\[\Y`[fXgifYc\dXjd\kf[fc^`Zfj%
Cfji\jlckX[fj[\\jkfjpdlZ_fjfkifjkiXYXafj_XedfjkiX[fhl\#\e\]\Zkf#\ecfjdlj\fjfZlii\le
Xgi\e[`qXa\#g\ifhl\„jk\\j[`]\i\ek\\eZX[Xm`j`kXek\#[\dXe\iXhl\cfjcf^ifj[\\j\Xgi\e[`qXa\
`e[`m`[lXc [\g\e[\i}e [\ cfj [\jk`efj XcZXeqX[fj gfi ZX[X hl`\e X cf cXi^f [\ le ZXd`ef \c\^`[f
c`Yi\d\ek\# \ek\e[`\e[f hl\ \e \jkX df[Xc`[X[ \[lZXk`mX# `k`e\iXi`f p [\jk`ef gfj\\e cX d`jdX
`dgfikXeZ`X%
<e\cZXjf[\cfjdlj\fjj\k`\e\dlpZcXifhl\cfhl\\cm`j`kXek\Xgi\e[\ZlXe[fj\`emfclZiXZfeleX
\o_`Y`Z`e#\jk}[\k\id`eX[fgfijlj\og\i`\eZ`Xjgi\m`Xjpgfikf[XjXhl\ccXjhl\j\gfe\e\eal\^f\e
cXZfdle`ZXZ`ef`ek\iXZZ`e%
CXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXjgXiX\mXclXi\cXgi\e[`qXa\\e\cdlj\f
DlZ_fjgif]\j`feXc\jXj\^liXehl\cfjdlj\fjk`\e\ele\]\Zkfgfj`k`mf\e\cXZ\iZXd`\ekfXcXZ`\eZ`X#
Xlehl\\e^\e\iXcZi`k`ZXecXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXjgXiXd\[`icf%
GXiX\dg\qXi#j\fgfe\eXhl\cfhl\j\\mXc’\j\X\ce`m\c[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfj^XeX[fjXiXˆq[\cXm`j`kX#
YXaf cX m`j`e [\ hl\ \c i\Z\gkfi \j leX ÈkXYcX iXjXÉ% CXj \eki\m`jkXj efj dl\jkiXe hl\ \]\Zk`mXd\ek\
\c Xgi\e[`qXa\ \j g\ijfeXc# gifm`j`feXc# `dgi\[\Z`Yc\# `[`fj`eZi}j`Zf p XYjfclkXd\ek\ [\g\e[`\ek\ [\c
Zfek\okf#cfZlXc[`]ˆZ`cd\ek\gl\[\j\iZXgkliX[fZfegil\YXj[\Zfik\]fidXc\jZfcXihl\jfecXjd}j
Zfdle\j #cfhl\_Xcc\mX[fXi\Zfej`[\iXicXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXjZlXek`kXk`mXj%
Cfj `ek\ekfj gfi d\[`i \c Xgi\e[`qXa\ `e]fidXc \e le Zfek\okf d}j Xdgc`f# kXdgfZf _Xe g\id`k`[f
[\k\id`eXij`cfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X_Xek\e`[fle\]\Zkfgfj`k`mf\e\cXZ\iZXd`\ekfXcXZ`\eZ`X%CX
[`ÔZlckX[gi`eZ`gXc_Xj`[f#hl\X[`]\i\eZ`X[\cfj\jkl[`fjYXjX[fj\e\cdf[\cf[\[„ÔZ`k\e\chl\
j\lk`c`qXe\eZl\jkXjX^iXe\jZXcX#cfj\jkl[`fjYXjX[fj\e\cdf[\cfZfek\oklXc_Xej`[fi\cXk`mXd\ek\
g\hl\Œfjpc`d`kX[fjXleX\o_`Y`Z`e#dlj\ffZfeZ\gkf\egXik`ZlcXi%
<c \e]fhl\ Zfek\oklXc# Xlehl\ d}j i`Zf p Z\iZXef X cf hl\ \c m`j`kXek\ g`\ejX p [`Z\ [\ jl gifg`f
Xgi\e[`qXa\#efefjXiifaXkXekX`e]fidXZ`eZfdfe\Z\j`kXdfjg\ifXcd`jdfk`\dgf_Xpi\j`jk\eZ`XX
XZ\gkXi\cdf[\cf[\[„ÔZ`k#Xlehl\Xdgc`fpZlXek`ÔZXYc\%
CXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\_XZ\iZfdgXk`Yc\jXdYfj\e]fhl\jiX[`ZX\e[\jXiifccXicXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXjX[\ZlX[Xj%
+*
:FE:CLJ@FE<J
++
›Cfj\jkl[`fj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjdlj\fj\jk}eYXjX[fj\e\jkl[`fj
[\m`j`kXek\j%;`Z_fj\jkl[`fjjfedXpfi`kXi`Xd\ek\[\Zfik\[\df^i}ÔZf#cfhl\XiifaXlegXefiXdX
\mXclXk`mf`eZfdgc\kf%
›J\_XgcXek\X[fledXiZf`ek\^iXchl\gi\k\e[\ZlYi`i}i\Xjhl\ef_Xej`[fZfek\dgcX[Xj\ecX
\mXclXZ`e\edlj\fj%;`Z_fdXiZfZfek\dgcXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cZfek\okf#[\cXgcXe`ÔZXZ`e#[\cfj
gifZ\jfj#[\cfji\jlckX[fj#[\cfjXZkfi\jp[\cX\ÔZ`\eZ`X%
›@^lXcd\ek\\jk\dXiZf[\jkXZXcXe\Z\j`[X[[\Zfej`[\iXilegifZ\jfZfdgc\afhl\gXik\[\cXe}c`j`j
[\cZfek\okfgXiXcX[\Ôe`Z`e[\fYa\k`mfj%
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXgcXe\XZ`e\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X\jgi}Zk`ZXd\ek\`e\o`jk\ek\%
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cgifZ\jfj\i\Xc`qXgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\XgXik`i[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\\ogfj`Z`fe\j%
›<ecX\mXclXZ`e[\i\jlckX[fjj\jl\c\lk`c`qXi\cdf[\cf[\[„ÔZ`k#\ele`ek\ekfgfiZfefZ\i\c
\]\Zkf[\cXm`j`kX\e[`]\i\ek\jg’Yc`Zfj%
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjXZkfi\jfgXik`Z`gXek\j\e\c[\j\dg\Œf[\cfjdlj\fj#kXdY`„ej\Z\ekiX\ecfj
m`j`kXek\j%;\Xhlˆ_Xejli^`[fdf[\cfj[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X[\cm`j`kXek\%
›<o`jk\e `e[`ZX[fi\j hl\ i\jgfe[\e X cXj gXik`ZlcXi`[X[\j [\ cfj dlj\fj% <j Zfem\e`\ek\ hl\ j\
\jkXe[Xi`Z\e\jfj`e[`ZX[fi\jgXiXgf[\iY\e\ÔZ`Xiefj[\cXjd\afi\jgi}Zk`ZXj%
›CX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e^\e\iXc#p\egXik`ZlcXi\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X#
\jle}i\X\ecXhl\kf[XmˆX_XpdlZ_fgfi_XZ\i%GXiX\dg\qXij\i\hl`\i\[\Z`[`icfhl\j\gi\k\e[\
d\[`i%LeXgifgl\jkX\jYXjXij\\ecXX[hl`j`Z`e[\leXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX%
›8 \jZXcX i\^`feXc# \o`jk\ leX fgfikle`[X[ [\ `[\ek`ÔZXi `e[`ZX[fi\j hl\ i\jgfe[Xe X el\jkiXj
ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjZfdle\jphl\j`imXe[\YXj\gXiXYljZXid\afiXj\eel\jkifjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
88D(00( 1Professional standards for the practice of visitor research and evaluation in museums,NXj_`e^kfe#
;%:%#:fdd`kk\\fe8l[`\eZ\I\j\XiZ_Xe[<mXclXk`fe:8I< #8d\i`ZXe8jjfZ`Xk`fef]Dlj\ldj%
88D(00. 1Museum assesment program,NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%#8d\i`ZXe8jjfZ`Xk`fef]Dlj\ldj%
8^l`ii\G%#p8%D%M}qhl\q)''+ 1:fej`[\iXZ`fe\j^\e\iXc\jjfYi\cXXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\ecfjdlj\fj
[\cXZ`\eZ`XZfdf\jgXZ`fj\[lZXk`mfjef]fidXc\j, Revista Electrónica de Enseñanza de las Ciencias,*#* #j&g%
8j\ej`f#D%#<%Gfc#pD%>fd`j)'') 1Estudios de público, evaluación de exposiciones y programas y diseño
de áreas expositivas en el Museu Marítim#nnn%X[`%lXd%\j&$Xj\ej`f&glYc`ZXZ`fe&[iXjjXeX%_kd
9\e\k#<%(00. 1Els indicadors de gestió en els museus,9XiZ\cfeX#Le`m\ij`kXk8lkefdX[\9XiZ\cfeX#K\j`j
[\dX\jkiˆX\e^\jk`eg’Yc`ZX%
9Xii`Xlck# :_% (00/ 1 The science center learning experience: a visitor based framework, Le`m\ij`[X[ [\
>cXdfi^Xe&K\Z_e`hl\jk#K\j`j[\DX\jkiˆX%
9`ebj# >% Xe[ Lqq\cc# ;% (00' 1 Dfe`kfi`e^ Xe[ \mXclXk`fe1 k_\ k\Z_e`hl\j# Bulletin of Centre for
Environmental Interpretation: evaluating interpretation,gg%(-$(.%
9`k^ff[# J%# p I%A% Cffd`j (00* 1 <em`ifed\ek [\j`^e Xe[ \mXclXk`fe `e dlj\ldj# Environment and
Behavior,),#- #gg%-/*$-0.%
9`k^ff[# J% )'') 1 <em`ifed\ekXc gjpZ_fcf^p `e dlj\ldj# qffj# Xe[ fk_\i \o_`Y`k`fe Z\ek\ij# \e I%
9\kZ_\c\[`kfi% 1 Handbook of Environmental Psychology#E\nPfib#Af_eN`c\pjfej#gg%+-($+/'%
9file#D%(0/0 18jj\j`e^k_\`dgXZk#Museum News,,- #gg%*-$+'%
9file# D% \k Xc% (00/ 1 Family learning in museums, G_`cX[\cg_`X# :Xd[\e `e]fidXc jZ`\eZ\ \[lZXk`fe
ZfccXYfiXk`m\%
9file#D%(00' 1EX`m\efk`fejXe[k_\[\j`^ef]jZ`\eZ\dlj\ld\o_`Y`kj#Ilvs Review,(#) #gg%())$()+%
9file#D%(00) 1EX`m\befnc\[^\Xe[k_\[\j`^ef]jZ`\eZ\dlj\ldj#Curator,*-#gg%)'($)(0%
9ifne#A%J%#p8%:fcc`ej(0/0 1J`klXk\[Zf^e`k`feXe[k_\Zlckli\f]c\Xie`e^#Educational Researcher,(/#
( #gg%*)$+)%
;\e\if]]#M%#A%FjYfie\#Xe[K%Dfljjfli`)'', 1The challenge of materials: theoretical and methodological
approaches to examinig learning in informal science institutions,GXg\igi\j\ek\[Xkk_\XeelXcZfe]\i\eZ\f]
k_\EXk`feXc8jjfZ`Xk`fe]fiI\j\XiZ_`eJZ`\eZ\K\XZ_`e^#;XccXj#K\oXj#8Yi`c+$.%
;l]i\jje\#:%#C\gX^\#C%CXdppD%JXlm\(00/ 1Ýhlf`g\ej\ekc\jm`j`k\lijX[lck\j[\kpg\^iXe[
glYc`Z\egXiZfliXekj\lcj[\jjXcc\j[¡\ogfj`k`fe6[Xejc¡„mXclXk`fe#\e:$;l]i\jje\\[`kfi #Recherché
appliqueé aux multiples usages, @:FD#:<:8%
<cd`bXkp# ?% )'', 1 Science education: on the agenda of the library of Alexandria# Dlj\ld @ek\ieXk`feXc#
,.)),$))- #gg%0)$00%
<jZXcXj#K%(00- 1Llibre blanc de la divulgació cientifica i tecnológica a Catalunya,9XiZ\cfeX#=le[XZ`:XkXcXeX
g\iXcXI\Z\iZX%
=Xcb#A%pC%;`\ib`e^(00) 1Learning from museums,NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%#8ckXd`iXGi\jj%
=Xcb# A% p C% ;`\ib`e^ )''( 1 C\Xie`e^ ]ifd jZ`\eZ\ Z\ek\ij1 X YifX[\i g\ijg\Zk`m\# ASTC Dimensions,
AXelXip&=\YilXip%
=Xcb#A%#9iffbj#G%#pI%8d`e)''( 1@em\jk`^Xk`e^k_\ifc\f]]i\\$Z_f`Z\c\Xie`e^feglYc`Zle[\ijkXe[`e^
+,
+-
f]jZ`\eZ\#\eA%=Xcb\[`kfi \e=i\\$Z_f`Z\Science Education,:fcldY`XLe`m\ij`kp#gg%((,$(*)%
=Xcb#A%pD%Jkfibj[`\Zb)'', 1C\Xie`e^jZ`\eZ\]ifddlj\ldj#História. Ciencias, Saúde-Manguinhos, ()
jlggc\d\ek #g%((.$(+*%
=Xcb#A%?%#:%JZfkk#C%;`\iZb`e^#C%I\ee`\Xe[D%:f_\e)''+ 1@ek\iXZk`m\jXe[m`j`kfic\Xie`e^# Curator,
+.) #gg%(.($(0/%
=\ie}e[\q9%I%(00) 1K„Ze`ZXj[\\mXclXZ`eXdY`\ekXc#\eI%=\ie}e[\q9Xcc\jk\ifj\[`kfi #Introducción
a la evaluación psicológica,DX[i`[#G`i}d`[\#gg%(+.$(-,%
>f[`e#9%#pP%>`e^iXj)''' 1N_Xk`jjZ`\ek`ÔZXe[k\Z_efcf^`ZXcZlckli\Xe[_fn`k`jd\Xjli\[6X
dlck`[`d\ej`feXcdf[\c#Public Understanding of Science,0 #gg%+*$,/%
>feq}c\q 9cXjZf# G% (00+ # D\[`i \e Z`\eZ`Xj jfZ`Xc\j# \e D% >XiZˆX =\iiXe[f# A% @Y}Œ\q# p =% 8cm`iX
\[`kfi\j 1El análisis de la realidad social#)±%\[%#DX[i`[#8c`XeqXLe`m\ij`[X[#gg%).$+-%
>l`jXjfcX#A%#D%Dfi\ek`epA%9XiiXe^l„j)''- 1Naive knowledge and school visits to Einstein and theory
of special relativity exhibition,<:J@K<:fe]\i\eZ\#9\c^`ld#/$('ale\)''-%
=i`\[dXe#8%)''( 1K_\p¡i\_Xm`e^]le$YlkXi\k_\pc\Xie`e^Xepk_`e^6American Physical Society forum
on Education#jgi`e^%
?\`e#>%(00' 18jj\jj`e^k_\_Xe[j$fec\Xie`e^gifZ\jj#Ecsite newsletters,Xl^ljk&j\gk\dY\i(00'#g%*%
?`cb\#;%;%#pA%;%9Xc`e^(0/0 1The family as a learning system: an observational study of families in museums,
EXk`feXcDlj\ldf]8d\i`ZXe?`jkfip#NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%#Jd`k_jfd`Xe@ejk`klk`fe%
?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc#<%(00+ 1Museums and their visitors,Cfe[fe#Iflkc\[^\%
?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc#<%(00+ 1The educational role of the museum,Cfe[fe#Iflkc\[^\%
?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc#<%#pK%Dfljjfli`)''+ 1Researching learning in museums and galleries 1990-1999 a
bibliographic review,LB#I\j\XiZ_Z\eki\]fidlj\ldjXe[^Xcc\i`\j#Le`m\ij`kpf]C\`Z\jk\i%
Bc\`e# ?%A% (00* 1 KiXZb`e^ m`j`kfi Z`iZlcXk`fe `e dlj\ld j\kk`e^j# Environment and Behavior, ), - #
\em`ifed\ek[\j`^eXe[\mXclXk`fe`edlj\ldj #gg%./)$/''%
BfiXeA%A%pA%<cc`j(00( 1I\j\XiZ_`e`e]fidXcj\kk`e^j1jfd\i\Õ\Zk`fejfe[\j`^ejXe[d\k_f[fcf^p#
Ilvs review,(( #gg%-.$/-%
BfiXe#A%A%#D%C%BfiXe#A%J%=fjk\ipC%;`\ib`e^(0// 1Lj`e^df[\c`e^kf[`i\ZkXkk\ek`fe#Curator, *(( #
gg%*-$+)%
CXl^bjZ_#I%)''' 1JZ`\ek`ÔZc`k\iXZp1XZfeZ\gklXcfm\im`\n#Science Education#/+( #gg%.($0+%
Cffd`j#I%A%(00* 1GcXee`e^]fik_\m`j`kfi1k_\Z_Xcc\e^\f]m`j`kfijkl[`\j#\e9`Zbe\cc#J%p>%=Xid\cf
\[`kfi\j 1Museum Visitor Studies in the 90’s,Cfe[fe#JZ`\eZ\Dlj\ld%
DZDXelj#G%(0/. 1@k¡jk_\ZfdgXeppflb\\g1k_\jfZ`Xc[\k\id`eXk`fef]c\Xie`e^$i\cXk\[Y\_Xm`fi`e
XjZ`\eZ\dlj\ld#Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship,- #gg%)-*$).'%
DZDXelj#G%(0// 2;fpfl^\kdpd\Xe`e^6G\iZ\gk`fe#XdY`^l`kpXe[k_\dlj\ldm`j`kfi#Ilvs Review,
(( #gg%-)$.,%
DZ DXelj# G% (00( 1 ÈKfnXi[j le[\ijkXe[`e^ k_\ e\\[j f] dlj\ld m`j`kfijÉ# \e >%;% Cfi[ p 9% Cfi[
\[`kfi\j 1The manual of museum planning,Cfe[fe#?DJF%
DZDXelj#G%(00+ 1=Xd`c`\j`edlj\ldj#\eI%J%D`c\jpC%QXmXcX\[`kfi\j 1Towards the museum of the
future,Cfe[fe#Iflkc\[^\%
D`c\j# I%J% (0/( 1 Information as an experience: exploration of museum´s resources, 8JC@9 ((, cX af`ek
Zfe]\i\eZ\#Cfe[fe%
@c\j#I%J%(00* 1>iXjg`e^k_\^i\Xj\[g`^1\mXclXk`fef]\[lZXk`feXc\o_`Y`kj#\e9`Zbe\cc#J%p>%=Xid\cf
\[`kfi\j 1Museum Visitor Studies in the 90’s,Cfe[fe#JZ`\eZ\Dlj\ld%
D`ccXi#A%;%)''+ 1GlYc`Zle[\ijkXe[`e^f]#Xe[Xkk`kl[\jkfnXi[#jZ`\ek`ÔZi\j\XiZ_1n_Xkn\befnXe[
n_Xkn\e\\[kfbefn#Public Understanding of Science,(* #gg%).*$)0+%
Dfeg\k`k#I%(00/ 1;ljZ`\eZ\Z\ek\i}c¡`ek\igi„kXk`fejfZ`Xc\[\jjZ`\eZ\j\kk\Z_e`hl\j#\e9%JZ_`\c\#
<%?%Bfjk\ifi^% #La révolution de la muséologie des sciences,Cpfe#Gi\jj\jLe`m\ij`kXi`\j[\Cpfe#„[`k`fej
Dlck`dfe[\j#gg%(.,$(/-%
DlŒfq#D%p<%G„i\q JXekfj(00' 1 Proceso de evaluación de exposiciones: una perspectiva psicológica, @@
<eZl\ekif@:FD#GXdgcfeX%
D`ccXi#A%;%)''( 1=i\\$Z_f`Z\jZ`\eZ\\[lZXk`fe1_fnn\c\XiejZ`\eZ\flkj`[\f]jZ_ffc#k_\XZhl`j`k`fe
Xe[i\k\ek`fef]jZ`\ek`ÔZ`e]fidXk`feYpXd\i`ZXeX[lckj#\eA%=Xcb\[`kfi #Free-choice science education,
E\nPfib#:fcldY`XLe`m\ij`kpGi\jj#gg%0*$((*%
Dlj\ldj Xe[ >Xcc\i`\j :fd`jj`fe (00+ 1 J\kk`e^ jkXe[Xi[j ]fi dlj\ldj# \e >% BXmXeX^_ \[`kfi 1
Museum provision and professionalism,Cfe[fe#Iflkc\[^\#gg%(.$)-%
GXZb\i#A%#pI%9XccXekpe\)'', 1Jfc`kXipmj%j_Xi\[1\ogcfi`e^k_\jfZ`Xc[`d\ej`fef]dlj\ldc\Xie`e^#
Curator the Museums Journal,+/) #Xgi`c%
G„i\qJXekfj#<%)''' 1Estudios de visitantes en museos, metodología y aplicaciones,DX[i`[#KI<8%
IXd\p$>Xjj\ik#C%#?%NXcY\i^p?%A%NXcY\i^(00* #I\\oXd`e`^Zfee\Zk`fej1dlj\ldjXjjZ`\eZ\
c\Xie`e^\em`ifed\ekj#Science Education,./+ #gg%*+,$*-*%
IXe[# A%<% (00' 1 Interpretative graphics at the Monterey Bay aquarium, AASPA, 1985 proceedings 90-30,
AXZbjfem`cc\#:\ek\i]fiJfZ`Xc;\j`^e%
Iljj\cc#9%(00* 1Dlj\ldgif]\jj`feXc\[lZXkfij[\m\cfgXe\ndf[\ckfXjj\jjm`j`kfiËj\og\i`\eZ\j`e
jZ`\eZ\dlj\ldj#ASTC Newsletter,)(* #g%)*%
J}eZ_\q$DfiX#D%:%)''- 1CX\ogfj`Z`edlj\f^i}ÔZXZfdfXgfpfXcX\ej\ŒXeqX[\cXd\Z}e`ZX
Zl}ek`ZX#Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa,((*' #gg%0(*$0+)%
JZ_XlYc\#C%#>%C\`e_Xi[k#pC%DXik`e(00. 18]iXd\nfib]fifi^Xe`q`e^XZldlcXk`m\i\j\XiZ_X^\e[X
`e`e]fidXcc\Xie`e^Zfek\okj#Journal of Museum Education,))) #gg%*$((%
JZi`m\e#D%(0-. 1K_\d\k_f[fcf^pf]\mXclXk`fe\e8%I\X\[`kfi #Perspectives of curriculum evaluation,
:_`ZX^f#IXe[jDZEXcc`#gg%*0$-*%
J\X^iXd#9%:#C%?%GXkk\ep:%CfZb\kk(00* 18l[`\eZ\i\j\XiZ_Xe[\o_`Y`k[\m\cfgd\ek1X]iXd\nfib#
Museum management and Curatorship,()1)0$+(%
J_\kk\c#?%?%(00( 1I\j\XiZ_Xe[\mXclXk`fe1knfZfeZ\gkjfife\6#\eJ#9`k^ff[#8%9\e\Ô\c[p;%GXkk\ijfe
\[`kfi\j #Visitor studies: theory, research and practice, mfc%*#AXZbjfem`cc\#:\ek\i]fiJfZ`XcJkl[`\j%
J`cmX#=%(0/0 1Evaluación conductual y criterios psicométricos,DX[i`[#G`i}d`[\%
JZi\m\e#:%>%(0.0 1K_\dlj\ldXjXi\jgfej`m\c\Xie`e^\em`ifed\ek#Museum News,+.(' #gg%.$('%
J_\kk\c#?%?%pJ%9`k^ff[(00* 1C\jgiXZk`hl\j[\c„mXclXk`fe[\j\ogfj`k`fej1hl\chl\j„kl[\j[\ZXj#
Publics et Musées,(00*+ #gg%0$)*%
+.
J_\kk\c#?%(00* 1Gif]\jj`feXcjkXe[Xi[j]fik_\giXZk`Z\f]m`j`kfiji\j\XiZ_Xe[\mXclXk`fe`edlj\ldj#
Museum News,j\gk\dY\i&fZkfY\i(00*#gg%-*$--%
Jkli^`j# G% p E% 8ccld )''+ 1 JZ`\eZ\ `e jfZ`\kp1 i\$\mXclXk`e^ k_\ [\ÔZ`k df[\c f] glYc`Z Xkk`kl[\j
kfnXi[jjZ`\eZ\#Public Understanding of Science,(*( #gg%0.$((0%
MXc[„j#J%D%:%(000 1La difusión cultural en el museo,DX[i`[#KI<8%
Lqq\cc#;%C%(00) 1C\jXggifZ_\jjfZ`Xc$Zf^e`k`m\j[\c¡\mXclXk`fe[\j\ogfj`k`fej#Publics et Musées, (00)
( #gg%('.$()(%
Lqq\cc#;%:%(00* 1:fekiXjk`e^gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcg\ijg\Zk`m\jfe\o_`Y`k`fej\mXclXk`fe#\e9`Zbe\cc#J%p>%
=Xid\cf\[`kfi\j 1Museum Visitor Studies in the 90’s,Cfe[fe#JZ`\eZ\Dlj\ld%
MXc\ek\#d%\%#:%:Xq\cp=%8cm\j)'', 1Dlj\lj#Z`\eZ`X\\[lZXZXf1efmfj[\jXÔfj#Historia, ciencias,
Saúde-Manguinhos,()jlgc\d\ekf #gg%(/*$)'*%
Mfd C\_e# ;%# :% ?\Xk_ p A% ?`e[dXij_ )''( 1 <o_`Y`k`e^ `ek\iXZk`fe1 Zfe[lZk Xe[ ZfccXYfiXk`fe `e
dlj\ldjXe[^Xcc\i`\j#Symbolic Interaction,)+#) #gg%(/0$)(-%
D8Ià8;<C:8ID<EJÝE:?<Q$DFI8
+/
J\ [\[`ZX X cX \[lZXZ`e ef ]fidXc \e Z`\eZ`Xj p [`i`^\ cX JlY[`i\ZZ`e [\ <jkl[`fj p =fidXZ`e \e
;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X[\cX;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc
8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#:`l[X[Le`m\ij`kXi`X#D„o`Zf#;%=%
dXjXeZ_\7le`m\ijld%leXd%do
Avaliando as práticas educacionais
em um museu de ciências: O Museu
de Zoologia da Universidade de São
Paulo e sua relação com as escolas
ClZ`XeX:feiX[fDXik`ej
DXik_XDXiXe[`ef
I<JLD<E
<c gi\j\ek\ XikˆZlcf YljZX [\c`d`kXi Xc^lefj gXi}d\kifj gXiX cX \mXclXZ`e [\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e&\[lZXZ`e
[\jk`eX[XjXcg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi\eledlj\f[\Z`\eZ`XjeXkliXc\j1\cDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcfDQLJG %<c
]fZf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`ei\ZX\jfYi\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXji\cXZ`fe\j\eki\DQLJGpcXj\jZl\cXj#gifZ\[`„e[fj\XjˆXcX`[\ek`ÔZXZ`e
pXcXZfe]ifekXZ`e[\cfj[`jZlijfjZfecXjXZZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXj[\cfj\[lZX[fi\j[\dlj\fj%CXle`[X[[\Xe}c`j`j\jcXm`j`kX
[\cXj\jZl\cXjXcDlj\f%<jkXle`[X[]l\j\c\ZZ`feX[Xgl\jcXm`j`kX\j\cdfd\ekf[fe[\j\ml\cm\\]\Zk`mXpj\Zfe]ifekXecXj
`ek\eZ`fe\jZfei\jg\ZkfXcXgi}Zk`ZXg\[X^^`ZX\eleX\o_`Y`Z`e[\cdlj\f%:fdfi\^cX^\e\iXc#j\fYj\imXhl\cfj\[lZX[fi\j
[\c dlj\f [`i`^\e jlj \og\ZkXk`mXj \[lZXk`mXj X cX Xgi\_\ej`e [\ Zfek\e`[fj ZfeZ\gklXc\j [\ cXj Z`\eZ`Xj eXkliXc\j# gfi
Zfej`^l`\ek\#jljXZZ`fe\jj\[`i`^\eXcXkiXejd`j`ec`e\Xi[\Zfek\e`[fj\`e]fidXZ`fe\jpefXcXgi\e[`qXa\Zfejkil`[f[\j[\cXj
i\]\i\eZ`XjZlckliXc\j[\cm`j`kXek\\jZfcXi%<jk\_XccXq^fXglekX_XZ`XcXe\Z\j`[X[[\leXZfcXYfiXZ`e`ejk`klZ`feXc\eki\\jZl\cXj
pdlj\fj#ZfcXYfiXZ`ehl\[\Y\j\id}jXdgc`Xp[\g\e[`\ek\efjfcXd\ek\[\Xc^lefjgfZfjgif]\j`feXc\j`ek\i\jX[fj%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
Dlj\fj#ZfcXYfiXZ`e#ZfefZ`d`\ekfj[\c\[lZX[fi[\dlj\fj#`em\jk`^XZ`e\e\[lZXZ`e[\dlj\fj%
@EKIF;LxÂF
?`jkfi`ZXd\ek\# fj dlj\lj k†d XklX[f Zfdf `ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j YXj`cXi\j gXiX X [`mlc^Xƒf Z`\ekˆÔZX gXiX
g’Yc`Zfjc\`^fj%:fdfgXik\[\lddfm`d\ekfdX`jXdgcf#fjdlj\ljgf[\dj\im`jkfjZfdf`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j
mfckX[Xj gXiX f \j]fiƒf [\ Xk\e[\i ~j \o`^†eZ`Xj \[lZXZ`feX`j [\ ldX jfZ`\[X[\ ZX[X m\q dX`j
Zfdgc\oX%=i\ek\X\jjXj\o`^†eZ`Xj]Xq$j\]le[Xd\ekXcZfeZ\ekiXi\j]fiƒfjeXYljZXg\cX\cXYfiXƒf\
`dgc\d\ekXƒf[\gif^iXdXj[\\[lZXƒf]fidXc\ef]fidXchl\gfjjXdZfeki`Yl`igXiXX]fidXƒf
[\Z`[X[fjZiˆk`Zfjhl\jX`YXd[\Z`[`i\fg`eXiXZ\iZX[f[\j\emfcm`d\ekfk\Zefc^`Zf\Z`\ekˆÔZf
:Xq\cc`\kXc%#)''*2>XjgXi#(00* %E\jj\j\ek`[f#efmfj]fidXkfj\[lZXZ`feX`jjf\jkilkliX[fjk\e[f
\dm`jkXXÈXc]XY\k`qXƒfZ`\ekˆÔZXÉ[fZ`[X[f:Xq\cc`\kXc%#(00)#)''' \fjdlj\lj[\[`m\ijXj}i\Xj
[fjXY\ijfgXik\`dgfikXek\gXiXXZfejfc`[Xƒf\fi\ÔeXd\ekf[\ldXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXalekf~
jfZ`\[X[\>flm†X\kXc%#)''' %
Ef9iXj`c#Xji\cXƒ‘\j\jkXY\c\Z`[Xj\eki\`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j[\\ej`ef]fidX`j\fjdlj\ljk†dj\Zfejk`klˆ[f
Zfdf`dgfikXek\}i\X[\ekif[fZXdgf[X[`mlc^Xƒf\Zfdle`ZXƒfg’Yc`ZX[XZ`†eZ`X8cd\`[X#(00.2
DXjjXiXe`#(00/2Bgkb\#)''*#)''(#(00/ %8gifo`d`[X[\i\cXZ`feXc[\jj\j[f`jle`m\ijfj\[lZXZ`feX`j
`em\jk\$j\[\`dgfikeZ`XeXd\[`[X\dhl\fg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXiZfeÔ^lifl$j\Xfcfe^f[X`dgcXekXƒf
[\ j\im`ƒfj [\ Xk\e[`d\ekf \[lZXZ`feXc [fj dlj\lj Zfdf ld Xcmf# ZfejZ`\ek\ fl ef# [Xj Xƒ‘\j
\[lZXZ`feX`j[\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j(DXik`ej#)''- %
E\jj\ j\ek`[f# \jk\ Xik`^f YljZX [\c`d`kXi Xc^lej gXid\kifj gXiX X Zfdgi\\ejf [Xj Xk`m`[X[\j
\[lZXZ`feX`jmfckX[XjgXiXfg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi\dlddlj\l[\Z`†eZ`XjeXkliX`j1fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X[X
Le`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcfDQLJG %GXiX`jjf#]f`]\`kXldXXmXc`Xƒf[XjXƒ‘\j\[lZXZ`feX`j#[`i`^`[Xj
~j\jZfcXj#i\Xc`qX[Xjgfi\jjX`ejk`kl`ƒf%<jjXXmXc`Xƒfk\m\Zfdf]fZfX`[\ek`ÔZXƒf[Xj[`i\ki`q\j
hl\efik\`Xdf[`jZlijf\[lZXZ`feXc[fDlj\l#YljZXe[fZfdgi\\e[\iXj\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j`e\i\ek\j~
gi}k`ZX\[lZXZ`feXc[X`ejk`kl`ƒfmfckX[XjgXiXfg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi%Gi\k\e[\$j\hl\fji\jlckX[fj[\jjX
`em\jk`^XƒfgfjjXdj\im`i[\YXj\gXiXX\jkilkliXƒf[\ldd\c_fii\cXZ`feXd\ekf\eki\dlj\lj[\
k\d}k`ZXY`fc^`ZX\Zfdle`[X[\j\jZfcXi\j%
8d\kf[fcf^`X[\`em\jk`^Xƒf\dgi\^X[XgXik`l[X`[\ek`ÔZXƒf\Zfe]ifekXƒf[fj[`jZlijfj\[Xj
gi}k`ZXj\[lZXZ`feX`j[fjgifÔjj`feX`ji\jgfej}m\`jg\cXi\cXƒf[fDQLJGZfdXj\jZfcXj1fj\[lZX[fi\j
[X`ejk`kl`ƒf%:fej`[\iX$j\hl\fj\[lZX[fi\j[\dlj\ljjfgfikX[fi\j[\ldZfe_\Z`d\ekf\dgˆi`Zf
\ k\i`Zf hl\ „# \d ^iXe[\ d\[`[X# f i\jgfej}m\c g\cX efidXk`qXƒf [Xj Xk`m`[X[\j \[lZXZ`feX`j
[X `ejk`kl`ƒf fe[\ \jkf `ej\i`[fj% Flkifj ]Xkfi\j kX`j Zfdf X _`jki`X [X `ejk`kl`ƒf# jlX \jkilkliX
X[d`e`jkiXk`mX\fZfek\okfjfZ`Xc[fhlXc]XqgXik\kXdY„djfi\c\mXek\jgXiXf\ek\e[`d\ekf[f
ZXdgfXeXc`jX[f%
8 8xÂF <;L:8:@FE8C <D DLJ<LJ < JL8J I<C8xÃ<J
:FD8J<J:FC8J
Fjdlj\ljjfcfZX`j_`jkfi`ZXd\ek\ZfejX^iX[fj~Zfc\kX\Xf\jkl[f[fjk\jk\dle_fjgifm\e`\ek\j
[fdle[feXkliXc\ZlckliXc%;\j[\jlXfi`^\d#fjdlj\ljgXjjXiXdgfidl[XeƒXjhl\Xck\iXiXd\jj\
]fZf[\XklXƒf#kiXej]\i`e[fffc_Xi\Xjgi}k`ZXj[fjgifÔjj`feX`j[\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j[fZl`[X[fZfd
,'
( DXik`ej)''- XÔidXkXdY„dhl\Xm`j`kXƒf\jZfcXi#gfij\lXjg\ZkfZfk`[`Xef\dXZ`ƒfefjdlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj#ZfeÔ^liX$j\gfij`jldk\dXg\ik`$
e\ek\[\`em\jk`^Xƒf%:fiifYfiXe[fZfd\jjXXÔidXƒf#\jk}f]Xkf[\hl\Xm`j`kXƒf\jZfcXiXdlj\lj[\k\d}k`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZX\jk}ZfdgifmX[Xd\ek\
hlXc`ÔZX[XZfdfldXXƒf\[lZXZ`feXchl\j\mfckX#\ddX`fifld\efi^iXl#gXiXX[`mlc^Xƒf[XZ`†eZ`X%
XjZfc\ƒ‘\jgXiXXXk\eƒfZfdfg’Yc`ZfI`m`…i\#(0/0 %Efhl\j\i\]\i\Xji\cXƒ‘\j[fjdlj\ljZfdf
g’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi#fgXjjXi[fjj„Zlcfjm`lf[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\[`m\ijfjk`gfj[\Zffg\iXƒf\gXiZ\i`X#
\dldX\jZXcXj\dgi\Zi\jZ\ek\[\e’d\if[\m`j`kXek\j%Ld[fjgi`eZ`gX`j`dglcj`feX[fi\j[\jjXÈefmX
fi[\dÉdlj\fc^`ZX>XiZˆX9cXeZf#(000 jfXjg\jhl`jXj[\g’Yc`ZfJkl[Xik\kXc%#)''* %E\Z\jj}i`Xj
gXiX f \ek\e[`d\ekf [f g\iÔc [\ Xl[`†eZ`X \ [fj [`m\ijfj ^iXlj \ `ek\ej`[X[\j [\ i\cXZ`feXd\ekf
hl\\jjXXl[`†eZ`X\jkXY\c\Z\ZfdX`ejk`kl`ƒfdlj\Xc#Xjg\jhl`jXj[\g’Yc`ZfZfd\ƒXdkXdY„dX
fc_Xi#ZfdZX[Xm\qdX`j`ek\i\jj\#gXiXXje\Z\jj`[X[\j[fg’Yc`Zfm`j`kXek\%<ek\e[\iXg\ijg\Zk`mX[f
m`j`kXek\#jlXjdfk`mXƒ‘\j\j\lfc_XijfYi\X`ejk`kl`ƒfdlj\fc^`ZX#gXjjXdXj\ifjefmfj]fZfj[\
g\jhl`jX#eXYljZXgfildX`ek\iXƒfXdgc`X[XZfdfg’Yc`Zf?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc#(00+2AXZfY`\:fgg\p#
(00-2DXZDXelj#(00) %
<eki\Xjdl`kXjk`gfcf^`Xj[\\jkl[fj[\g’Yc`Zfgfjjˆm\`j#[\jkXZXd$j\#gXiXfYXc`qXd\ekfZfeZ\`klXc
[f gi\j\ek\ kiXYXc_f# Xhl\cXj mfckX[Xj gXiX X Zfdgi\\ejf [Xj [`d\ej‘\j hl\ Zfdg‘\d X gi}k`ZX
\[lZXZ`feXc[fjdlj\lj%<jj\j\jkl[fj#[`m\ijfj\djlXjk`gfcf^`Xj#kiXq\d\c\d\ekfjgXiXZfdgi\\ejf
[Xj\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\jhl\XklXdjfYi\XZfeZ\gƒf\Xi\Xc`qXƒf[XjXƒ‘\j\[lZXZ`feX`j[\lddlj\l
\j\lj`dgXZkfjefg’Yc`Zfm`j`kXek\#\jfgXik\`dgfikXek\gXiXXZfdgi\\ejf[XjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[X
i\cXƒf\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXj)%
8c„d[Xjg\jhl`jXj[\g’Yc`Zf#flkifXjg\Zkfhl\efik\`XXj[`jZljj‘\jjfYi\Xji\cXƒ‘\jdlj\l&\jZfcX
„\m`[\eZ`X[fg\cf[\YXk\\eki\X\[lZXƒf]fidXc\X\[lZXƒfef$]fidXc%<dldXg\jhl`jXi\Xc`qX[X
g\cf>ilgf[\<jkl[fj[\<[lZXƒfEf=fidXc\;`mlc^Xƒf\d:`†eZ`Xj><<E= #[X=XZlc[X[\[\
<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf#]fiXdXeXc`jX[XjXj[\Ôe`ƒ‘\j[\\[lZXƒfef]fidXc#]fidXc#
`e]fidXc \ [\ [`mlc^Xƒf Z`\ekˆÔZX [\ gifÔjj`feX`j XklXek\j e\jjXj }i\Xj DXiXe[`ef \k Xc%# )''* % 8
gi`eZ`gXcZfejkXkXƒf[fkiXYXc_f]f`XXlj†eZ`X[\[\efd`eX[fi\jZfdlej#kXekfeXk\fi`XXYfi[X[X#
hlXekf\eki\fj[`m\ijfjgifÔjj`feX`j#gXiXX[\Ôe`ƒf[\j\lgigi`ffYa\kf[\\jkl[f&kiXYXc_f%
<jjXXlj†eZ`X[\Zfej\ejf#kXekf\eki\fjgifÔjj`feX`jXklXek\jhlXekfeXc`k\iXkliXg\ik`e\ek\#XgfekX
eX[`i\ƒf[X\o`jk†eZ`X[\ldXdf[Xc`[X[\[\\[lZXƒf#Xhl`Z_XdX[X[\ef]fidXc#hl\efgf[\
j\i\ek\e[`[X#e\d[\Ôe`[X#e\dXmXc`X[X#j\^le[ffjgX[i‘\jlk`c`qX[fjgXiX\ek\e[\i#[\Ôe`i\XmXc`Xi
X\[lZXƒf]fidXc%
D\jdfZfdldXZXiXZk\i`qXƒfX`e[XÕl`[X#„gfjjˆm\c`ej\i`iX\[lZXƒf\ddlj\ljZfdfg\ik\eZ\ek\
X\jj\Xdgcfle`m\ijf\[lZXZ`feXc\o`jk\ek\]fiX[fj`jk\dX]fidXc[\\ej`ef%8\[lZXƒfgiXk`ZX[Xefj
dlj\lj^lXi[XXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\XZfek\Z\i]fiX[f\jgXƒf\jZfcXi2kiXq\ildZXi}k\ifgZ`feXc#kXekf
efhl\j\i\]\i\X`ek\eƒf[\Xgi\e[\i#ZfdfX[\\ej`eXi2kiXYXc_XiZfdZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj`ekiˆej\ZXj
[`]\i\eZ`X[Xj \ ef ]fie\Z\i Z\ik`ÔZXƒf% y `ek\i\jjXek\ efkXi hl\ dl`kXj [Xj [\Ôe`ƒ‘\j Zfc\kX[Xj
g\cfj Xlkfi\j [f \jkl[fZ`kX[f#Xjj`dZfdfXhl\cXjgi\j\ek\jeXY`Yc`f^iXÔXg\ik`e\ek\#]Xq\dldX
ZXk\^fi`qXƒf[X\[lZXƒfef$]fidXcXgXik`i[\ldXfgfj`ƒfZfdX\[lZXƒf]fidXc#\jZfcXi%<jj\]Xkf
jXc`\ekXXgifo`d`[X[\i\cXZ`feXc\eki\fj[f`jle`m\ijfj\[lZXZ`feX`j#Xcmfj[Xgi\j\ek\`em\jk`^Xƒf1X
\jZfcX\fdlj\l%E\jj\j\ek`[f#kfieX$j\`dgfikXek\\jkXY\c\Z\iXc^lej[fjgXid\kifjhl\i\^\dXj
i\cXƒ‘\j\eki\\jjXj[lXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j%
Ldgi`d\`ifXjg\Zkf[\jjXgifYc\d}k`ZX„\m`[\eZ`X[fg\cXj[`jZljj‘\j\o`jk\ek\j[\ekif[fle`m\ijf
dlj\fc^`Zf%GXiXXc^lejXlkfi\j[\jj\ZXdgf#X[\Ôe`ƒf[fjdlj\ljZfdf\jgXƒfj[\\[lZXƒfgXjjX
g\cXjlXj`e^lcXi`qXƒf]i\ek\X`ejk`kl`ƒf\jZfcXi%yfZXjf[\AXZfY`\:fgg\p(00- #hl\Zfej`[\iXd
hl\fjdlj\ljk†dldXdXe\`iX[\Xgifgi`XƒfZlckliXc\[fjXY\i[`]\i\ek\j[Xj[X\j]\iX\jZfcXi%
) GXiXldXm`jfdX`jXgif]le[X[XjfYi\XZfeki`Yl`ƒf[Xjg\jhl`jXj[\g’Yc`ZfgXiXX[`jZljjf[Xi\cXƒf\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXjm\iDXik`ej)''- %
,(
GXiX\jj\jXlkfi\j#fgXg\c\[lZXZ`feXc[fjdlj\ljef„kfYm`f\[\m\j\i[\Ôe`[fdX`jZcXiXd\ek\
jfYg\eX[\i\[lq`ij\lgfk\eZ`Xc[\`ejk`kl`ƒfmfckX[X~[`]ljfZlckliXc%=Xq\e[fldXi\m`jf_`jki`ZX
[fgXg\c[fjdlj\ljefdle[f\#dX`j\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\#eX=iXeƒX#AXZfY`\:fgg\pXgfekXdXgXlcXk`eX
jfYi\gfj`ƒf[XjXƒ‘\j\[lZXZ`feX`jjfYi\kf[XjXjflkiXjXƒ‘\j[fjdlj\lj#eXXklXc`[X[\%GXiX\c\j#
„e\Z\jj}i`fg\i^lekXi$j\hlXcXeXkli\qX[XXƒf\[lZXZ`feXc[fjdlj\lj\hlX`jfj\c\d\ekfjhl\
XZfdg‘\d#\efj`dgc\jd\ek\XZ\`k}$cXZfdfld[X[fYm`fXefik\Xikf[XjXjflkiXjXƒ‘\j%GXiX
\c\j\o`jk\ldX[`]\i\eƒXZcXiX\eki\X\ogfj`ƒf[\lddlj\l#\ek\e[`[XZfdfldcfZXc[\\[lZXƒf
ef$]fidXc#\fj\kfi[\Xk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj[\lddlj\l#mfckX[fgXiXX\jkilkliXƒf[\Xk`m`[X[\j
\[lZXZ`feX`j\jg\ZˆÔZXjgXiXZX[Xg’Yc`Zf(%<jkXY\c\Z\ildXgXiZ\i`X\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXj#gfikXekf#
gXjjXg\cXj`jk\dXk`qXƒf[fjfYa\k`mfj\g\cX\ogc`Z`kXƒf[XjYXj\jhl\[\k\id`eXdXjXƒ‘\j\jg\ZˆÔZXj
[\ZX[XldX[\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j%
FkiXYXc_f[\ClZ`XeXJ%Bgkb\)''*#(00/ #`ek\^iXek\[f:\ekif[\<[lZXƒf\d:`†eZ`Xj[fDlj\l[X
M`[X=`fZilqÆIA #jfYi\XgXiZ\i`Xdlj\l&\jZfcXdfjkiX$j\YXjkXek\g\ik`e\ek\gXiXX[`jZljjf[\jj\k\dX%
Bgkb\`e[`ZXX\o`jk†eZ`X[\ki†jeˆm\`j[\Xgif]le[Xd\ekf[\gXiZ\i`XgXiXXZfej\Zlƒf[\ldgifa\kf
\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXj1XgXiZ\i`X`ejk`klZ`feXc#XgXiZ\i`X[\gifa\kf\XgXiZ\i`X[Xi\Xc`qXƒf)%8gfekXe[f
Xj\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j`e\i\ek\j~\[lZXƒfdlj\Xc#\di\cXƒfXfle`m\ijf\jZfcXi#XXlkfiXXÔidXhl\\jjXj
[`]\i\eƒXj]Xq\d$j\\m`[\ek\jhlXe[f[X`dgcXekXƒf[\ldgifa\kf[\gXiZ\i`X%
Bgkb\fg%Z`k% jXc`\ekXXe\Z\jj`[X[\[\g\iZ\gƒf[XjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[`]\i\eZ`X[Xj\eki\Xj[lXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j#
Xc„d[\ldXi\Zfejkilƒf[Xji\gi\j\ekXƒ‘\ji\ZˆgifZXjefj\ek`[f[\fi`\ekXiXjXƒ‘\j[\ZX[XgXik`Z`gXek\#
c\mXe[f~È%%%[\Ôe`ƒf[\ldefmfZXdgf[\XklXƒf#g\id`k`e[f#g\cXe\^fZ`Xƒf#\hlXZ`feXiZfeÕ`kfjÉ
9l]]\k#(00,apudBgkb\#)''*1()) %:fe_\Z\ifÈflkifÉ\Xgi\e[\iX[`Xcf^Xi#d\[`Xe[fXj[`]\i\eƒXj#jf
Xc^ldXj [Xj ZfeZclj‘\j XgfekX[Xj ef \jkl[qqqf [\jjX XlkfiX gXiX f jlZ\jjf [X gXiZ\i`X \[lZXk`mX% GXiX
XcZXeƒXi\jjXd\kX#Xj\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j`e\i\ek\jXf]leZ`feXd\ekf\~ZfeZ\gƒf[\ZX[Xld[\jj\j\jgXƒfj
[\m\j\ikiXYXc_X[X[\ekif[\ldXc^`ZXhl\i\jg\`k\Xj[`]\i\eƒXj\fjfYa\k`mfji\cXk`mfjXZX[Xld%;\jjX
]fidX#XYljZXgfild[\efd`eX[fiZfdld„[\^iXe[\mXc`XgXiXXdYXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j%
E\jj\j\ek`[f#fjXlkfi\j8ccXi[\9flZ_\i(00( `e[`ZXdldZXd`e_fgfjjˆm\cgXiXXZfeZi\k`qXƒf[\jjX
gXiZ\i`X#XfgifgfiX[\Ôe`ƒf[\lddf[\cf[`[}k`ZfjljZ\kˆm\c[\_Xidfe`qXiXji\cXƒ‘\j\eki\dlj\l\
\jZfcX%<c\jgXik\d[\ldXZfeZ\gƒf[\\jZfcXZfdfldX`ejk`kl`ƒfmfckX[XgXiXX\[lZXƒf\X`ejkilƒf#
[\\jkilkliXj\i`X[X#Zfdldgif^iXdXXj\ij\^l`[f\ZlaX]i\h•†eZ`X[`}i`X„fYi`^Xki`X%FjXlkfi\jX`e[X
XgfekXdhl\fd„kf[f\jZfcXi„\d^iXe[\gXik\YXj\X[feXgXcXmiX\eXc\`kliX%GfiflkifcX[f#fdlj\l
k\dZfdffYa\k`mfÈZfc\kXi#Zfej\imXi#\jkl[Xi\\ogfifjk\jk\dle_fjdXk\i`X`j[f_fd\d\[\j\ld\`f$
XdY`\ek\É@Y`[%#g%(, %J\lg’Yc`Zf„mXi`X[f\jlX]i\h•†eZ`Xef„fYi`^Xki`X#gf[\e[fj\idX`jfld\efj
gXjjX^\`iX%8jXk`m`[X[\j[fdlj\l#XfZfeki}i`f[X\jZfcX#\jkfYXj\X[Xjgi`fi`kXi`Xd\ek\\dkfief[f
fYa\kf%8gifgfjkX[\8ccXi[\9flZ_\i„#gfikXekf#kiXYXc_Xi\jjXj[`]\i\eƒXj[\ekif[\lddf[\cf[`[}k`Zf
hl\gfjj`Y`c`k\Xfjdlj\lj\Xj\jZfcXj[fkXi[\ldXYXj\Z`\ekˆÔZXjlXjXƒ‘\j%
,)
( GXiXd\c_fiZfdgi\\ejf[\jj\gXefiXdX#fjXlkfi\jXgi\j\ekXdXj[`jZljj‘\j\eZ\kX[XjgfiClZXj(0/.Xgl[AXZfY`\:fgg\p#fg%Z`k% %<jj\Xlkfi
Zfej`[\iXhl\Xjc`^Xƒ‘\j\eki\\[lZXƒf]fidXc\ef]fidXcjfXdY`mXc\ek\j#a}hl\gf[\dflefj\XelcXi\dj`dlckXe\Xd\ek\#i\]fiƒXe[fflc`d$
`kXe[fXXgi\e[`qX^\d%GXiX\c\#\eki\fjdlj\lj\Xj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j]fidX`j[\\ej`ef\o`jk\dd’ck`gcXj]fidXj[\Zffg\iXƒf\[\`ek\iXƒfYXj\X[fj
\dZXjfj\df[\cfj[`m\ijfj[\Xƒf\[lZXk`mXgifgfjkXjg\cXj[lXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j\#eXd\[`[X\dhl\f`dgXZkf[XjXƒ‘\j\[lZXk`mXj[fjdlj\ljef
jf’e`Zfje\d_fdf^†e\fj#„`dgfikXek\\ek\e[\ihlX`jXjgfjj`Y`c`[X[\j\\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\jgfjjˆm\`j[\jjXXƒf\[lZXk`mX\hlXcX`ej\iƒf[\jkXj
\dflkifjd\`fjhl\effdlj\fc^`Zf%
) ;\XZfi[fZfdBgkb\#XgXiZ\i`X`ejk`klZ`feXci\Xc`qX$j\efdY`kf^fm\ieXd\ekXc#gfid\`f[\ldXc\^`jcXƒfg\ik`e\ek\hl\`eZ\ek`m\\]XZ`c`k\X
Xgifo`dXƒf[fjgXiZ\`ifj%A}XgXiZ\i`X[\gifa\kf[}$j\efj\^le[feˆm\c#hlXe[ffjgXiZ\`ifj\eZfekiXd$j\gXiXZfeZ\Y\i\\jkXY\c\Z\ifgifa\kf#
[\Ôe`e[ffjgXg„`jZXYˆm\`jXZX[Xd\dYif%GfiÔd#XgXiZ\i`X[Xi\Xc`qXƒf„fdfd\ekf\dhl\Xj\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j[\ZX[Xd„kf[f[\Xƒf#cfZX`j
\gXiZ\`ifjXgXi\Z\dZfdkf[XjlX]fiƒX%
8gi`d\`iX]Xj\[fdf[\cfgifgfjkfjfXjZ_XdX[Xj`[\ek`ÔZXƒ‘\jgi\c`d`eXi\j%<jjXj`[\ek`ÔZXƒ‘\j#
YXj`ZXd\ek\ldXZfc\kX[\[X[fj#jfe\Z\jj}i`XjgXiXi\jgfe[\i~j\^l`ek\g\i^lekX1„gfjjˆm\ci\Xc`qXi
\dld[\k\id`eX[fdlj\lldgif^iXdX\[lZXZ`feXc[\jk`eX[fXldX[\k\id`eX[X\jZfcX6<jjXZfc\kX
[\[X[fjgi\c`d`eXi„hl\`i}]fie\Z\iXi\jgfjkX%
8 j\^le[X ]Xj\ [f df[\cf gifgfjkf gfi 8ccXi[ \ 9flZ_\i „ X i\Xc`qXƒf [f gif^iXdX \[lZXZ`feXc
gifgi`Xd\ek\[`kf%8i\Xc`qXƒf[\ldgif^iXdX[`[}k`Zf„gXiXfjXlkfi\j[`m`[`[X\dki†jdfd\ekfj1Xj
Xk`m`[X[\j[\gi\gXiXƒf[fjXclefj#XjXk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[Xjefdlj\l\XjXk`m`[X[\j[\gifcfe^Xd\ekf
i\Xc`qX[XjeXmfckXXjXcX[\XlcX*%
8k\iZ\`iX]Xj\[fgif^iXdX\[lZXk`mfgifgfjkf„XXmXc`Xƒf%8XmXc`Xƒf„fdfd\ekf#j\^le[ffj
Xlkfi\j#[\[\k\id`eXifXe[Xd\ekf[fgif^iXdX#\eld\iXe[ffhl\[\m\flefj\idf[`ÔZX[f%
8YljZX[\ld[\efd`eX[fiZfdld\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXj„ffYa\k`mf[fdf[\cf[\8ccXi[\9flZ_\i#
g\jhl`jX[fi\j[\cfe^X[XkX[f>ilgf[\G\jhl`jXjfYi\<[lZXƒf\Dlj\lj>I<D #[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[f
Hl„Y\Z#\dDfeki„Xc%GifgfjkfXgXik`i[\ldXm`jf[\kiXYXc_fhl\`ek\^iXfjgifÔjj`feX`jfi`le[fj
[Xj [lXj }i\Xj# \jj\ df[\cf# \eki\kXekf# ef „ `dle\ Xfj ZfeÕ`kfj \ [`]\i\eƒXj% G\cf Zfeki}i`f# jlX
g\iZ\gƒf„[\hl\kXekf\jZfcXjZfdfdlj\ljgXik\d[\ZfeZ\gƒ‘\j\d„kf[fj[\kiXYXc_f]le[X[fj
jfY g\ijg\Zk`mXj [`jk`ekXj\hl\„aljkXd\ek\f[`}cf^f\eki\\jjXj[lXjgXik\jhl\gifdfm\i}ldX
i\cXƒf[\gXiZ\i`X#efjdfc[\j\ogc`Z`kX[fjgfiBgkb\)''* %
8 gXik`i [f \ogfjkf# „ gfjjˆm\c g\iZ\Y\i Xc^lej [fj ZfeZ\`kfj hl\ YXc`qXd X i\cXƒf \eki\ dlj\lj \
\jZfcXj%Jf\jj\jZfeZ\`kfjhl\j\im`iXd[\YXj\gXiXXjXe}c`j\j\dgi\\e[`[XjXfcfe^f[Xg\jhl`jX%
89FI;8><DD<KF;FCä>@:818:FC<K8;<;8;FJEF
DLJ<L;<QFFCF>@8;8LJG
:fdf Zfek\okf gXiX Xj m\i`ÔZXƒ‘\j g\ik`e\ek\j X \jk\ \jkl[f ]f` \jZfc_`[f f Dlj\l [\ Qffcf^`X
[X Le`m\ij`[X[\ [\ Jf GXlcf% <jj\# \ehlXekf dlj\l le`m\ij`k}i`f [\ k\d}k`ZX Z`\ekˆÔZX ZfekX Zfd
ld \ok\ejf gif^iXdX [\ Xk`m`[X[\j \[lZXk`mXj mfckX[Xj gXiX f g’Yc`Zf \jZfcXi% 8c„d [`jjf# i\Z\Y\
dXZ`ƒXd\ek\Xm`j`kXƒf[\jj\g’Yc`Zf%
Lk`c`qfl$j\ldXd\kf[fcf^`X[\g\jhl`jXhl\k\dZfdfYXj\fgXiX[`^dX[XXYfi[X^\dhlXc`kXk`mX\d
\[lZXƒfC•[b\\8e[i„#(0/-28cm\j$DXqqfkk`#(0002DXik`ej#)''+ %KXdY„d]fiXdlk`c`qX[fji\]\i\eZ`X`j
d\kf[fc^`Zfjfi`le[fj[Xg\jhl`jX\[lZXZ`feXcZfdg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXii\Xc`qX[X\ddlj\lj=i\`i\#(00)2
:Xq\cc`#(00)2MXc\ek\#(00, %Fljf[\jjXjg\ijg\Zk`mXj[\g\jhl`jX]Xq$j\e\Z\jj}i`fk\e[f\dm`jkXX
Zfdgc\o`[X[\[ffYa\kf[\g\jhl`jX1Xi\cXƒf\eki\[lXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jZ\ek\e}i`Xj[\\[lZXƒfÆdlj\lj
\\jZfcXj%8XYfi[X^\dhlXc`kXk`mX[\g\jhl`jXgfjj`Y`c`kflXXgi\\ejf[fjj`^e`ÔZX[fjhl\fjjla\`kfj
[f ~j jlXj gi}k`ZXj jfZ`X`j% <jj\j j`^e`ÔZX[fj ]fiXd gfjk\i`fid\ek\ ZfdgXiX[fj ~j gi}k`ZXj jfZ`X`j
[\j\emfcm`[Xjg\cfjjla\`kfj%Fj\c\d\ekfjfi`le[fj[\jjXXe}c`j\#j\im`iXd[\jlgfik\~]fidlcXƒf
[\_`gk\j\j\ogc`ZXk`mXj[X[`ed`ZXjfZ`Xc\jkl[X[X%:fdfd„kf[f[\Zfc\kX[fj[X[fjefDlj\l[\
Qffcf^`X#]fiXdi\Xc`qX[Xj\eki\m`jkXj#fYj\imXƒ‘\j\c\`kliX[\[fZld\ekfj%
8\jZfc_X[fj\eki\m`jkX[fjj\[\l\dm`ikl[\[\j\l\emfcm`d\ekfZfdXZfeZ\gƒf#j`jk\dXk`qXƒffl
Xgc`ZXƒf[XXƒf\[lZXk`mX[X`ejk`kl`ƒf%;\jjXdXe\`iX#]fiXdi\Xc`qX[Xjki†jcfe^Xj\eki\m`jkXj
* GXiXfjXlkfi\j#XfÔd[Xi\Xc`qXƒf[fgif^iXdXÈfXclefk\i}gif^i\jjfjefeˆm\cZf^e`k`mf\ef[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\Xk`kl[\jgfj`k`mXj\di\cXƒfXf
dlj\l%8m`j`kXXfdlj\li\Xc`qX[Xgfild^ilgf\jZfcXief„dX`jZfej`[\iX[XZfdfldj`dgc\jdfd\ekf[\[`jkiXƒfhl\m\dhl\YiXiXifk`eX[X
\jZfcX%<cXgf[\j\iXfd\jdfk\dgffYa\kf\\jkiXk„^`X[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dhl\j\`ej\i\\dldgifZ\jjf\[lZXZ`feXcZfekˆelf%8jj`d#fdlj\lgXik`Z`gX
Zfdfldkf[f[X]fidXƒf[fXclef%8Zi\[`kXdfjhl\efjjfdf[\cf]Xmfi\Z\#\„`e[`jg\ej}m\c#gXiXXZffg\iXƒf\eki\\jZfcX\dlj\lÉ@Y`[%#g%//
,*
Zfdfj]leZ`fe}i`fj[X;`m`jf[\;`]ljf:lckliXc[fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X[XLJG%8j\eki\m`jkXj]fiXd
i\Xc`qX[Xj[\]fidXj\d`$\jkilkliX[X#XgXik`i[\ld’e`Zfhl\jk`fe}i`fYXj\%
GXiXc\cXj~j\eki\m`jkXjfZfii\iXdfYj\imXƒ‘\j[XjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXZ`feX`j[fDlj\lmfckX[XjXfg’Yc`Zf
\jZfcXi%y`dgfikXek\i\jjXckXihl\XjfYj\imXƒ‘\j]fiXdf]fZfZ\ekiXc[Xd\kf[fcf^`X[Xg\jhl`jX#eX
d\[`[X\dhl\#gfid\`f[\jjXj#]f`gfjjˆm\cXmXc`XiXgi}k`ZX\[lZXZ`feXc[X`ejk`kl`ƒf%J\e[fXjj`d#
]fiXdfYj\imX[Xj[lXjXk`m`[X[\j1fZlijfgXiXgif]\jjfi\j\Xm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[X[\\jZfcXj~\ogfj`ƒf
[\ cfe^X [liXƒf [f Dlj\l% :fdf ]fidX [\ i\^`jkif [X fYj\imXƒf [fj Zlijfj gXiX gif]\jjfi\j ]f`
lk`c`qX[X X XefkXƒf \d ZX[\ief [\ ZXdgf% A} gXiX Xj m`j`kXj dfe`kfiX[Xj [\ \jZfcXj# fgkfl$j\ g\cX
^iXmXƒf\dmˆ[\f%
C\mXe[f$j\ \d ZfekX X \o`jk†eZ`X [\ ldX XdgcX mXi`\[X[\ [\ \jZfcXj hl\ ]i\h•\ekXd f Dlj\l#
gifZ\[\l$j\ X ldX j\c\ƒf hl\ gi`fi`qXjj\ ld gXefiXdX i\gi\j\ekXk`mf [Xj gi`eZ`gX`j k`gfcf^`Xj [\
^ilgfjm`j`kXek\j%GXiX`jjf#]fiXdlk`c`qX[fjfj[X[fj[\m`j`kXƒf]fie\Z`[fjg\cXgigi`X`ejk`kl`ƒf#
Z_\^Xe[f$j\~[\Ôe`ƒf[\hlX`j\jZfcXjj\i`XdfYj\imX[Xj%C\mXe[f$j\\dZfej`[\iXƒfhl\XdX`fi
gXik\[fg’Yc`Zfhl\X^\e[Xm`j`kXjXfDQLJG„fi`le[f[\\jZfcXjg’Yc`ZXj#kiXq\e[fklidXj[X]X`oX
\k}i`X[\.X(+Xefj#fgkfl$j\gfigi`m`c\^`XiXfYj\imXƒf[\m`j`kXek\jhl\j\\eZX`oXjj\de\jj\g\iÔc%
:fdf Zfej\h•†eZ`X# ]fiXd fYj\imX[Xj Xj m`j`kXj [\ j\`j \jZfcXj# j\e[f hl\ [lXj [\cXj gi`mX[Xj \ f
i\jkXek\#g’Yc`ZXj%
HlXekfXXe}c`j\[fZld\ekXc#]f`i\Xc`qX[Xc\`kliX[\[fZld\ekXƒfgif[lq`[Xg\cX\hl`g\[\;`]ljf
:lckliXc[fDQLJG%
<JKILKLI8;88EÝC@J<;FJ;8;FJ
;\ekiffjmXi`X[fjXjg\Zkfjgi\j\ek\jeXgi}k`ZX\[lZXZ`feXc[fDQLJG\di\cXƒfXfg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi#
gi`fi`qfl$j\ X XmXc`Xƒf [fj fYa\k`mfj \[lZXZ`feX`j [X `ejk`kl`ƒf gXiX Zfd \jk\ g’Yc`Zf \jg\ZˆÔZf%
<ek\e[\$j\hl\XZfdgi\\ejf[\jj\jfYa\k`mfj`cljkiXi}X]fidXZfdf\jjX`ejk`kl`ƒf\jkXY\c\Z\ZXeX`j
[\Zfdle`ZXƒfZfdXZfdle`[X[\\jZfcXi%
:fdfle`[X[\[\Xe}c`j\]f`\jZfc_`[XXm`j`kX[fj\jZfcXi\j~\ogfj`ƒf[\cfe^X[liXƒf[fDlj\l%
:fej`[\iX$j\hl\\jj\dfd\ekf„f}g`Z\[XXƒf\[lZXZ`feXc[fDlj\l\di\cXƒf~j\jZfcXj\#\d
Zfej\h•†eZ`X# j`klXƒf X[\hlX[X gXiX X XmXc`Xƒf [f [`jZlijf \[lZXZ`feXc [f dlj\l \d i\cXƒf ~j
d\jdXj% y kXdY„d f dfd\ekf fe[\ j\ gf[\ `e]\i`i XZ\iZX [Xj ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj \ gXik`ZlcXi`[X[\j hl\
dXiZXdfgifZ\jjfZfdle`ZXZ`feXc\eki\\jjXj[lXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j%
,+
GXiX d\c_fi Zfdgi\\ejf \ \jkilkliXƒf [Xj Xe}c`j\j Xhl` \dgi\\e[`[Xj# fgkfl$j\ g\cX lk`c`qXƒf [f
df[\cf i\]\i\eZ`Xc gifgfjkf gfi 8ccXi[ \ 9flZ_\i (00( % <jj\ df[\cf# Zfe]fid\ m`jkf Xek\i`fid\ek\#
[`m`[\Xi\Xc`qXƒf[\ldXm`j`kX[\ldX\jZfcXXlddlj\l\dki†j\kXgXj1fgcXe\aXd\ekf[Xm`j`kX2f
[\j\eifcXi[XjXk`m`[X[\j\ldXÔeXc`qXƒf#flXmXc`Xƒf#[fgif^iXdX%8gXik`i[Xlk`c`qXƒf[\jj\df[\cf
„gfjjˆm\cf\jkXY\c\Z`d\ekf[\i\cXƒ‘\jZiˆk`ZXj\eki\fhl\„Zfej`[\iX[f`[\Xcg\cfj\jkl[fj[\dlj\lj#
\fhl\XZfek\Z\eXgi}k`ZXZfk`[`XeX[\ldX`ejk`kl`ƒfdlj\fc^`ZX%:fdm`jkXj~d\c_fiZfdgi\\ejf
[fj[X[fjXeXc`jX[fjXjki†j\kXgXjgi\m`jkXjefdf[\cf[\8ccXi[\9flZ_\ifg%Z`k% ]fiXd#gfijlXm\q#
jlY[`m`[`[Xj\d`k\ejZfej`[\iX[fjg\ik`e\ek\j[\ekif[fle`m\ijf\jkl[X[f%Jf\c\j1Xƒ‘\j\\jkiXk„^`Xj#
Zfek\’[fj#dXk\i`X`j#jla\`kfj\emfcm`[fj\jXY\i\j[f\[lZX[fi[\dlj\lj%MXc\i\jjXckXihl\#[liXek\X
Xe}c`j\[fj[X[fj#e\dkf[fjfj`k\ej\jk`m\iXdgi\j\ek\j\dZX[Xld[fjdfd\ekfj[\m`j`kX%@jjf[\m\$
j\Xf]Xkf[\hl\kX`j\c\d\ekfjef]fiXd\eZfekiX[fj[\]fidXi\c\mXek\hlXe[f[XZfc\kX[\[X[fj%
8M@J@K8<J:FC8I8FDLJ<L;<QFFCF>@81
:FDGI<<E;<E;F8I<C8xÂFDLJ<L&<J:FC8
8 XmXc`Xƒf [X Xƒf \[lZXZ`feXc [f DQLJG \jk} `eki`ej\ZXd\ek\ Zfe\ZkX[X Zfd X XmXc`Xƒf [\ jlX
g\ijg\Zk`mXZfdle`ZXZ`feXc%:fe]fidX[fZfdfld`ejk`klkf[\g\jhl`jX#fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`Xk\m\j\l
]leZ`feXd\ekfc`^X[f#[\j[\jlX]le[Xƒf#Xf\jkl[f[X]XleXe\fkifg`ZXcÆ]leƒfeXhlXcXcZXeƒfl
\oZ\c†eZ`Xdle[`Xc9iXe[f#(0002If[i`^l\j#(000 %8klXcd\ek\\jjX`ejk`kl`ƒfk\dmfckX[fjlXXk\eƒf
kXdY„dgXiXX\jkilkliXƒf[\gif^iXdXj[\Zfdle`ZXƒfg’Yc`ZX[XZ`†eZ`X\#gXlcXk`eXd\ek\#m\dj\
fi^Xe`qXe[fgXiXZldgi`iZfd\oZ\c†eZ`X\jjX]leƒf(%
y`dgfikXek\i\jjXckXi#gXiXfjfYa\k`mfj[\jjXXmXc`Xƒf#fefk}m\c\j]fiƒf`ejk`klZ`feXchl\Zlcd`efl
Zfd X i\XY\ikliX [X \ogfj`ƒf [\ cfe^X [liXƒf [f Dlj\l# `ek`klcX[X È8 g\jhl`jX \d 9`fcf^`X1 X
Y`f[`m\ij`[X[\ jfY f fc_Xi [f qfcf^fÉ% F gifZ\jjf [\ ZfeZ\gƒf \ dfekX^\d [\jjX \ogfj`ƒf „
Zfej`[\iX[f[\k\id`eXek\gXiXZfdgi\\ejf[X]fidXZfdfXZfdle`ZXƒf&\[lZXƒfgXiXg’Yc`Zfj
c\`^fjj\ZfeÔ^lifl`ejk`klZ`feXcd\ek\)%;\ekif[\jjXZfeÔ^liXƒf#„`dgfikXek\i\jjXckXihl\ZflY\~
\[lZXƒfldgXg\cZfX[almXek\eXjXƒ‘\j[\Zfdle`ZXƒfZfdfg’Yc`Zf%<cX]f`m`jkX\j\m`l Zfdf
ldXXk`m`[X[\gfjk\i`fi%Flj\aX#gi`d\`ifdfekfl$j\X\ogfj`ƒf#[\gf`jg\ejfl$j\hlX`jXk`m`[X[\j
\[lZXZ`feX`jj\i`Xdg\ik`e\ek\jgXiX\cX%;\jjX]fidX#X\[lZXƒf#[\ekif[fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`Xgf[\
j\im`jkXZfdfkiX[lkfiX[\[f`j[`jZlijfj1f[`jZlijfZ`\ekˆÔZf#fi`le[f[Xjg\jhl`jXj\dQffcf^`X#\f
[`jZlijfdlj\f^i}ÔZf#i\jgfej}m\cg\cXkiXej]fidXƒf[f[`jZlijfZ`\ekˆÔZf\d\ogfj`ƒf%
<jj\ \ek\e[`d\ekf [f gXg\c hl\ X \[lZXƒf gf[\ XcZXeƒXi [\ekif [\ ldX `ejk`kl`ƒf dlj\fc^`ZX
]f`XdXki`qhl\efik\flXZfeZ\gƒf[XjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXZ`feX`j[fDQLJG%:XiXZk\i`qXi\jjXdXki`q
„ Zfe[`ƒf \jj\eZ`Xc gXiX X Zfdgi\\ejf [Xj Zfe[`ƒ‘\j [\ \o\Zlƒf [Xj Xk`m`[X[\j \[lZXZ`feX`j
gifdfm`[XjefDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X#\gfjk\i`fiXmXc`Xƒf[Xjd\jdXj%
8gXik`i[\jjXZXiXZk\i`qXƒf„gfjjˆm\cZfdgi\\e[\iX]fidXZfdfj\[}Xgi\gXiXƒf[Xm`j`kX\jZfcXi
efdY`kf[fJ\im`ƒf[\8k`m`[X[\j<[lZXk`mXj[fDQLJG%=f`gfid\`f[XXmXc`Xƒf[fj`k\ej1Xƒ‘\j\
\jkiXk„^`Xj#Zfek\’[fj#dXk\i`X`j\jXY\i\j[f\[lZX[fi[\dlj\ljhl\j\[\c`d`kXiXdXjZfeZ\gƒ‘\j
hl\efik\`XdXjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXZ`feX`j[X`ejk`kl`ƒfmfckX[XjgXiXXj\jZfcXj%
Fgi`d\`if`k\d#Xƒ‘\j\\jkiXk„^`Xj#i\]\i\$j\Xhl\cXjZfeZ\Y`[Xjg\cfJ\im`ƒf[\8k`m`[X[\j<[lZXk`mXj
J8< gXiXi\Z\gƒf[Xj\jZfcXjm`j`kXek\j%EfZXjf[fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X\jjXjXƒ‘\j\\jkiXk„^`Xj\jkf
gi\j\ek\j eXj j\^l`ek\j Xk`m`[X[\j1 Xk\e[`d\ekf g\[X^^`Zf# Zlijf [\ gif]\jjfi\j \ gi\gXiXƒf [fj
dfe`kfi\jgXiXd\[`Xƒf[Xm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[X%
Ef Xk\e[`d\ekf g\[X^^`Zf \ ef Zlijf [\ gif]\jjfi\j# f g’Yc`Zf Xcmf gi`fi`k}i`f jf fj [fZ\ek\j
fi`le[fj [\ \jZfcXj [\ \ej`ef d„[`f \ ]le[Xd\ekXc% F fYa\k`mf gi`eZ`gXc [\ XdYXj Xj Xk`m`[X[\j „
f]\i\Z\iXfgif]\jjfiZfek\’[fjgXiXhl\\c\gfjjXgifZ\[\i#ZfdjlXklidX#XldXm`j`kXXfDlj\l%
8c„d[fjZfek\’[fji\cXk`mfjXfi^Xe`qXƒf\Xk`m`[X[\j[X`ejk`kl`ƒf#„]\`kXldXm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[X~
\ogfj`ƒf#hl\YljZX]Xd`c`Xi`qXifgif]\jjfiZfdXd\jdX#\Zfdfd„kf[f[\kiXYXc_f[fjdfe`kfi\j%
GXiX`jjf#jfXYfi[X[fj#[liXek\Xm`j`kXƒf#Zfek\’[fjY`fc^`Zfj\g\[X^^`Zfj\jg\ZˆÔZfj%
( 8`eZfigfiXƒf[fDQLJG~Le`m\ij`[X[\YXj\fl$j\\dldX[\Z`jf[\Zle_fgfcˆk`Zf\okiˆej\ZX~c^`ZX[XjXk`m`[X[\j[\g\jhl`jXi\Xc`qX[XjXk„
\ekfg\cX`ejk`kl`ƒf%<eki\kXekf#g\iZ\Y\$j\hl\jlXjZfc\ƒ‘\j\`em\jk`^Xƒ‘\j]fiXdmXcfi`qX[Xj[\ekif[X\jkilkliXle`m\ij`k}i`X%:fekl[f#fd\jdf
efj\[\lZfdXZfdle`ZXƒf\X\[lZXƒf%DXiXe[`ef)''( jXc`\ekXhl\Xfcfe^f[\jlXkiXa\ki`XfDlj\l[\Qffcf^`XmXcfi`qflXg\jhl`jX\d
[\ki`d\ekf[XZfdle`ZXƒfgfid\`f[\\ogfj`ƒ‘\jflXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj%8klXcd\ek\fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X\eZfekiX$j\\d]iXeZfgifZ\jjf[\
dl[XeƒX#XcXmXeZX[XgfildX`ek\ejXi\]fidXefj\jkXklkfj[Xle`m\ij`[X[\%<jjXjdl[XeƒXji\Õ\k\d$j\\dldXdX`fiXk\eƒf~jXk`m`[X[\j[\
\ok\ejf#g\ik`e\ek\j~ldX\jkilkliXdlj\fc^`ZX%
) GXiXldXm`jfdX`j[\kXc_X[X[\jj\gifZ\jjfm\iDXik`ej)''- %
,,
FjZfek\’[fjY`fc^`Zfjm\ijXdXZ\iZX[fjk\dXjXYfi[X[fjg\cX\ogfj`ƒf[\cfe^X[liXƒf\g\cX
g\jhl`jX[\j\emfcm`[X#eX}i\X[\Qffcf^`X#g\cfDlj\l%A}fjZfek\’[fjg\[X^^`ZfjZ\ekiXd$j\eX
d\kf[fcf^`X[\efd`eX[X<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xc(%KiXkX$j\[\ldd„kf[f[\kiXYXc_fg\[X^^`Zfhl\
k\d Zfdf ]fZf X g\iZ\gƒf [f g’Yc`Zf gXiX X `dgfikeZ`X [f Y\d gXki`dfe`Xc ?fikX \k Xc%# (0002
>i`ejgle# )''' % 8j \jkiXk„^`Xj g\[X^^`ZXj fi`le[Xj [X <[lZXƒf GXki`dfe`Xc jf ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj [f
kiXYXc_f Zfd f Y\d gXki`dfe`Xc \ YXjkXek\ g\Zlc`Xi\j Xf dle[f [fj dlj\lj)% KiXYXc_Xi ZfeZ\`kfj
Y`fc^`Zfj gfi d\`f [\ flkifj j\ek`[fj# hl\ ef X Xl[`ƒf# mXcfi`qXe[f flkiXj ]fidXj [\ \ogi\jjf
ZlckliXc#hl\effk\okf\jZi`kf#„ld[fj^Xe_fjdX`jj`^e`ÔZXk`mfjhl\fZfekXkfZfdXj\ogfj`ƒ‘\j
[\dlj\lgf[\gifgfiZ`feXi%E\jj\j\ek`[f#Xj\jkiXk„^`Xj[\]fidXƒf[fgif]\jjfigi\Zfe`qX[Xjg\cf
DQLJG# Zfej\^l\d# X gi`eZˆg`f# XYXiZXi \jjX gfk\eZ`Xc`[X[\ [fj dlj\lj# gifgfiZ`feXe[f gXiX \jj\
g’Yc`ZffZfekXkfZfdldefmfle`m\ijfg\[X^^`Zf%
8flkiXXƒf\\jkiXk„^`XZfeZ\Y`[Xg\cfDQLJGgXiXXgi\gXiXƒf[Xm`j`kX„X]fidXƒf[\dfe`kfi\j
gXiXfXk\e[`d\ekfdfe`kfiX[f%FkiXYXc_f[fjdfe`kfi\j„\jj\eZ`XcgXiXX\]\k`mXƒf[XgifgfjkX
\[lZXZ`feXc[fDlj\lalekf~j\jZfcXj#a}hl\\c\jj\iffgi`eZ`gXcmˆeZlcf\eki\X`ejk`kl`ƒf\\jj\
g’Yc`Zf%
Fjdfe`kfi\j[fDQLJGjf\jkX^`}i`fjmfclek}i`fjfi`le[fj[\Zlijfj[\^iX[lXƒf[\9`fcf^`X%JlXj
i\jgfejXY`c`[X[\jgi\m†\dXm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[Xgfikf[XX\ogfj`ƒf[\cfe^X[liXƒf#lk`c`qXe[fZfdf
\jkiXk„^`Xg\[X^^`ZXX<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xc*%;\ekif[\ldX\ogfj`ƒffe[\fjZfek\’[fjZfeZ\`klX`j
efjf]XZ`cd\ek\Xjj`d`c}m\`j#XfYi`^Xkfi`\[X[\[\g\iZfii\ikf[XX\ogfj`ƒf\j\ljZfek\’[fj „ld
[\jXÔfZfejkXek\gXiXXdfe`kfi`X+%8c`X$j\X`jjfXj[`ÔZlc[X[\j\[lZXZ`feX`j`dgfjkXg\cXZfeZ\gƒf
dlj\f^i}ÔZX[X\ogfj`ƒf%
<jj\]Xkfi\d\k\XfjZfek\’[fj#j\^le[f`k\d[XXmXc`Xƒf[Xgi\gXiXƒf[Xm`j`kX%<jj\`k\d[\Xe}c`j\
XYfi[XfjZfek\’[fjZfeZ\`klX`j#gifZ\[`d\ekX`j\Xk`kl[`eX`j:fcc\kXc%#)''' gif^iXdX[fjg\cfJ8<
[fDQLJGgXiXj\i\dkiXYXc_X[fj[liXek\Xm`j`kX#\i\Õ\k\dgXik\[Xj\og\ZkXk`mXjhl\YXc`qXiXdX
\jkilkliXƒf[Xm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[X%
M\i`ÔZX$j\hl\eXXƒf\[lZXZ`feXc[fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`XXdX`figXik\[fjZfek\’[fjgifgfjkfjgXiX
j\i\dkiXYXc_X[fj[liXek\Xm`j`kXi\]\i\d$j\X]Xkfj\ZfeZ\`kfji\cXZ`feX[fj~g\jhl`jX\dQffcf^`X
[\j\emfcm`[X eX `ejk`kl`ƒf% GXiX `jjf# X \[lZX[fiX [f Dlj\l gifg‘\ X lk`c`qXƒf [\ \jkiXk„^`Xj [\
d\[`Xƒffi`le[Xj[Xd\kf[fcf^`X[X<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xchl\#gfid\`f[\hl\jk`feXd\ekfj#YljZX
gifdfm\i\jj\\ek\e[`d\ekf%<jjX\jkiXk„^`XZXiXZk\i`qX$j\\ehlXekfldZfek\’[fgifZ\[`d\ekXc%A}fj
Zfek\’[fjXk`kl[`eX`jef]fiXd\ogc`Z`kX[fjg\cfJ8<%
HlXekfXfjdXk\i`X`j#k\iZ\`if`k\d[Xgi\gXiXƒf[Xm`j`kX#fJ8<ZfekXZfd\jj\i\Zlijfk\e[f\d
m`jkXjlYj`[`XiXj\jZfcXjeXgi\gXiXƒf[Xjm`j`kXjXfDlj\l%FdXk\i`Xc#[`jki`Ylˆ[fXfjgif]\jjfi\j
[liXek\fjZlijfj[\gi\gXiXƒf#„Zfdgfjkf[\1ldXXgfjk`cXZfdldXZfc\ke\X[\k\okfj#ki†jc`mifj
[\[`mlc^XƒfZ`\ekˆÔZX[Xj„i`\È:fe_\Z\e[ffDlj\lÉ\ld]fc[\i\ogc`ZXk`mf[X\ogfj`ƒf[\cfe^X
[liXƒf%;\dXe\`iX^\iXcfjdXk\i`X`jYljZXdZfek\dgcXifjj\^l`ek\j`k\ej1Xgi\j\ekXƒf[X`ejk`kl`ƒf
,-
( 8<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xc„ldX`eZfigfiXƒfeXZ`feXc[fk\idf`e^c†j?\i`kX^\<[lZXk`fe%
) Ld gi`d\`if Xjg\Zkf [\jjX \jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\ i\j`[\ eX lk`c`qXƒf [fj fYa\kfj dlj\fc^`Zfj Zfdf i\Zlijf [`[}k`Zf% Ld j\^le[f Xjg\Zkf# \jk} eX
d\kf[fcf^`X[\<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xcgifgi`Xd\ek\[`kX#mfckX[XgXiXXfYj\imXƒf\c\`kliX[ffYa\kf#flj\aX#gXiXf\o\iZˆZ`f[ffc_Xi%
* F ifk\`if [\ m`j`kX ZfeZ\Y`[f g\cf J8< \jk} \jkilkliX[f efj `k\ej1 i\Z\gƒf [f ^ilgf# j\ej`Y`c`qXƒf gXiX X k\d}k`ZX [f Dlj\l \ [X \ogfj`ƒf#
gifdfƒf[X`ek\iXƒfZfd\jjXk\d}k`ZXgfid\`f[\g\i^lekXj[`i\Z`feX[XjgXiXXfYj\imXƒf[fjfYa\kfj\Zfe[lƒfgfikf[fjfjD[lcfj
\ogfj`k`mfj%
+ EXm`jf[Xgigi`X\hl`g\hl\ZfeZ\Y\lX\ogfj`ƒfÈ8g\jhl`jX\d9`fcf^`X1XY`f[`m\ij`[X[\jfYffc_Xi[fqfcf^fÉ#\cX„Zfej`[\iX[X[\[`]ˆZ`c
Zfdgi\\ejf#gfiXYfi[XiZfeZ\`kfj\jg\ZˆÔZfj[Xg\jhl`jX\dQffcf^`X%<jj\`k\dj\i}d\c_fi\ogcfiX[Xgfjk\i`fid\ek\%
\[\jlXjXk`m`[X[\j#ZfeZ\`kfj[\<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xc#i\cXƒfdlj\l&\jZfcX\Dlj\fcf^`X#Xc„d[\
gifgfiifk\`ifjg\[X^^`ZfjgXiXlk`c`qXƒf[X\ogfj`ƒf%
FjdXk\i`X`jefZfdg‘\dldXle`[X[\Zf\jX#Xgi\j\ekXe[fgfim\q\j`e]fidXƒ‘\jZfekiX[`ki`XjX
gigi`XZfeZ\gƒf\[lZXZ`feXc\ogi\jjXg\cfJ8<%@jjfj\[\m\Xf]Xkf[\hl\Xc^lej[fjdXk\i`X`jef
]fiXdZfejkilˆ[fjg\cXXklXc\hl`g\%<eki\kXekf#\c\jZfek`elXdXj\ilk`c`qX[fjgfiZfekX[X^iXe[\
hlXek`[X[\\o`jk\ek\%
F’ck`df`k\di\]\i\ek\Xgi\gXiXƒf[Xm`j`kXg\cX\hl`g\[fDlj\ljffjjXY\i\j[f\[lZX[fi[\
dlj\l%J\lj`^e`ÔZX[f\jk}mfckX[fgXiXf\ek\e[`d\ekf[fjjXY\i\j&ZfeZ\gƒ‘\jhl\f\[lZX[fi[\
dlj\ljk\djfYi\Xm`j`kX\jfYi\X\[lZXƒf\ddlj\lZfdfldkf[f #\hl\]fiXddfY`c`qX[fjgXiX
X\jkilkliXƒf[Xd\jdX,%
FJ\im`ƒf[\8k`m`[X[\j<[lZXk`mXj[fDQLJG„ZfdgfjkfgfildX\[lZX[fiX\gfi),\jkX^`}i`fj%8
\[lZX[fiX„Xi\jgfej}m\cg\cXZfeZ\gƒf\\o\Zlƒf[\^iXe[\gXik\[fjgif^iXdXj%:fd]fidXƒf
\d9`fcf^`X\XklXƒfgifÔjj`feXcZfdfgif]\jjfiX[f\ej`ef]le[Xd\ekXc\d„[`f#X\[lZX[fiXk\d
eXZfdle`[X[\\jZfcXij\l]fZfgi`eZ`gXc[\XklXƒf%J\d[’m`[XjlX]Xd`c`Xi`[X[\Zfd\jj\g’Yc`Zf
[\m\$j\XjlXXklXƒfgifÔjj`feXceX}i\X%Efhl\j\i\]\i\X]fidXƒf\jg\ZˆÔZX\d\[lZXƒfdlj\Xc#
XgifÔjj`feXcYljZflfi`\ekXƒf\dflkiXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jgfid\`f[\gXik`Z`gXƒf\d\m\ekfj\\jk}^`fj
fi`\ekX[fj%8fgƒfg\cfljf[Xd\kf[fcf^`X[\<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`XcgXi\Z\j\ild[fj]ilkfj[\jj\j
ZfekXkfj%
8gXik`i[fjXjg\ZkfjXgi\j\ekX[fj„gfjjˆm\c[\c`d`kXiXj\og\ZkXk`mXjhl\efik\XiXdXZfeZ\gƒf[f
Xk\e[`d\ekf~j\jZfcXji\Xc`qX[fg\cfDQLJG%=f`gfid\`f[XZfe]ifekXƒf\eki\\jj\j\c\d\ekfj\X
i\Xc`qXƒf[XjXk`m`[X[\jgifgi`Xd\ek\[`kXjhl\]fie\Z\iXdfj[X[fjgXiXXZfdgi\\ejf[Xi\cXƒf
[fDQLJGZfdXj\jZfcXj%;\jjX]fidX#efhl\j\i\]\i\Xi\Xc`qXƒf[Xm`j`kX\jZfcXiXfDQLJG#]fiXd
XeXc`jX[fjfjj\^l`ek\j`k\ej1Xƒ‘\j\\jkiXk„^`Xj#Zfek\’[fj#jla\`kfj\emfcm`[fj\jXY\i\j[f\[lZX[fi
[\dlj\lj%
8jXƒ‘\j\\jkiXk„^`Xj#]fiXdXmXc`X[Xjgfid\`f[Xm\i`ÔZXƒf[\gX[i‘\j[\ZfdgfikXd\ekf\Xk`kl[\j
[fjjla\`kfj\emfcm`[fj[liXek\Xm`j`kXƒf%Ldgi`d\`ifXjg\Zkf`e]\i`[f[`qi\jg\`kfX\jkiXk„^`Xlk`c`qX[X
g\cfjdfe`kfi\jgXiXZfe[lƒf[Xm`j`kX%FYj\imfl$j\hl\#[\dXe\`iX^\iXc#fjdfe`kfi\jeflk`c`qXiXd
Xd\kf[fcf^`X[X<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`XcmfckX[XgXiXfYj\imXƒf\fhl\jk`feXd\ekf[fY\dgXki`dfe`Xc%
8[fkXe[fldX]XcXÈ\ogc`ZXk`mXÉ\efÈ`ek\iif^Xk`mXÉ#fjdfe`kfi\jXjjld`XdfgXg\c[\ÈZfekX[fi\jÉ[fj
k\okfj[fjgX`e„`j#\ogc`ZXe[fgXiXfg’Yc`ZffjZfek\’[fje\c\j\ogi\jjfj%8fjfYa\kfj\ogfjkfji\jkXmX
fgXg\c[\`cljkiXƒf[fjZfek\’[fj\ogc`ZX[fj[liXek\Xj]XcXj\ef[\fYa\kfZ\ekiXc[Xm`j`kXƒf%
FlkifXjg\Zkf`dgfikXek\[Xi\Xc`qXƒf[Xm`j`kX„Xdlj\f^iXÔX[fZ`iZl`kf\ogfj`k`mf#hl\Xgi\j\ekX
YXii\`iXj]ˆj`ZXj\ZfeZ\`klX`jgXiXfXZ\jjf`ii\jki`kf[fg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi%C\mXe[f$j\\dZfej`[\iXƒf
hl\X\ogfj`ƒf]f`ZfeZ\Y`[Xk\e[fZfdfg’Yc`Zf$Xcmffj\jZfcXi\j#ÔZXgXk\ek\#dX`jldXm\q#XgflZX
`ej\iƒf[Xhl\jkf\[lZXZ`feXc[liXek\fgifZ\jjf[\Zi`Xƒf\dfekX^\d[X\ogfj`ƒf%<jjXi\Õ\of
ZfcfZXfjdfe`kfi\j\dldflkifgXkXdXi]i\ek\Xfg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi%D\[`Xi#e\jjX\ogfj`ƒf#\emfcm\
kXdY„djXY\ic`[XiZfdYXii\`iXj]ˆj`ZXj\ZfeZ\`klX`jhl\Xdlj\f^iXÔX`dg‘\Xfm`j`kXek\\d^ilgfj
\jZfcXi\j%J\„gXk\ek\hl\fjdfe`kfi\jXgi\j\ekXd[`ÔZlc[X[\j\d]Xq\i\jjXd\[`Xƒf[fj^ilgfj
Zfdf\jgXƒf\ogfj`k`mf#kXdY„d„]Xkfhl\X\ogfj`ƒfXgi\j\ekXgifYc\dXjgXiXXi\Z\gƒfX[\hlX[X
[\jj\hl\#\dk\fi`X#„ld[fjg’Yc`Zfjgi`fi`k}i`fj[X`ejk`kl`ƒf%
, EfZXjf[fDQLJG#Zfe_\Z\i\jjXZfeZ\gƒfgXjjXg\cXZfdgi\\ejf[fg\iÔcgifÔjj`feXc[fji\jgfej}m\`jg\cXXƒf\[lZXZ`feXc[fDlj\l\g\cf
\ek\e[`d\ekf[Xc^`ZX[\]fidXƒf[fjjXY\i\jZfejkilˆ[fjXfcfe^f[\jlXkiXa\ki`X%
,.
,/
F j\^le[f Xjg\Zkf [\ Xe}c`j\ [X i\Xc`qXƒf [X m`j`kX \jZfcXi Xf Dlj\l jf fj Zfek\’[fj% 8hl` [f`j
dfd\ekfj j\ [\jkXZXd% Ld gi`d\`if# fe[\ jf XYfi[X[fj fj Zfek\’[fj Xk`kl[`eX`j# cf^f eX \ekiX[X
[X\ogfj`ƒf%<jj\jZfek\’[fjjfi\cXk`mfj~ji\^iXj[\ZfdgfikXd\ekf[\ekif[f\jgXƒf\ogfj`k`mf%
<d ld j\^le[f dfd\ekf# [liXek\ f g\iZlijf \ogfj`k`mf# jf XYfi[X[fj fj Zfek\’[fj ZfeZ\`klX`j
\ogi\jjfjeX\ogfj`ƒf%Fjk\dXjgi\j\ek\jeXj]XcXj[fjdfe`kfi\jjf#\dgi`d\`ifcl^Xi#fj\e]fhl\j
[Xg\jhl`jX\dQffcf^`Xi\Xc`qX[XefDlj\l#hl\kiXYXc_XYXj`ZXd\ek\ZfdfjZfeZ\`kfj[\\mfclƒf
\Y`f[`m\ij`[X[\%<dj\^le[fcl^Xijf\ogc`Z`kX[fjfjgifZ\[`d\ekfj[Xg\jhl`jXqffc^`ZX%GfiÔd#\
Xg\jXi[\efj\if\e]fhl\[`i\kf[X\ogfj`ƒf#jfYXjkXek\jXc`\ekX[XjXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjdfi]fc^`ZXj
\ZfdgfikXd\ekX`j[fjXe`dX`j\ogfjkfj%
Ldgi`d\`ifhl\jk`feXd\ekfhl\j\ZfcfZXX[m„d[XX[\hlXƒf[fjZfek\’[fjZfeZ\`klX`j\di\cXƒf
X ]X`oX \k}i`X \ Xf ^iXl [\ `ejkilƒf [fj m`j`kXek\j . X (+ Xefj % J\e[f ld [fj fYa\k`mfj Z\ekiX`j [X
Xƒf\[lZXZ`feXc[fDlj\lXZfdgi\\ejf[fjZfeZ\`kfj\ogfjkfjeX\ogfj`ƒf#i\jkXjXY\i\dhl\
d\[`[X\jj\\ek\e[`d\ekffZfii\#flef#alekfX\jj\g’Yc`Zf%Ldj\^le[fhl\jk`feXd\ekfi\]\i\$j\
X X[\hlXƒf [X c`e^lX^\d lk`c`qX[X g\cfj dfe`kfi\j eX \ogc`ZXƒf [fj ZfeZ\`kfj% E\jjXj \ogc`ZXƒ‘\j
fj dfe`kfi\j ljXmXd i\Zfii\ek\d\ek\ k\idfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj Zfdgc\ofj hl\# gfi dX`j X[\hlX[Xd\ek\
\ogc`ZX[fj#gi\jjlg‘\ldeˆm\c[\Zfdgi\\ejfXYjkiXkX\Xk\eƒf#e\dj\dgi\gi\j\ek\jeX]X`oX\k}i`X
[fg’Yc`ZffYj\imX[f[liXek\Xjm`j`kXj%
F Xjg\Zkf j\^l`ek\ X j\i XeXc`jX[f eX i\Xc`qXƒf [X m`j`kX jf fj jla\`kfj \emfcm`[fj% E\jj\ ZXjf X
fYj\imXƒf]fZflXi\cXƒf\eki\dfe`kfi\j\Xclefj%G\iZ\Y\l$j\#Xfcfe^f[Xjm`j`kXjfYj\imX[Xj#ld
gXlcXk`ef [\j`ek\i\jj\ [fj m`j`kXek\j g\cX ]XcX [f dfe`kfi% <jj\ [\j`ek\i\jj\ j\ i\m\cXmX ef j g\cX
[`jg\ijf [f ^ilgf# Zfdf g\cX X^`kXƒf \ Zfem\ijXj gXiXc\cXj% Ld [fj dfk`mfj XgfekX[fj gXiX \jjX
fZfii†eZ`X „ j\d [’m`[X f ZXejXƒf ]ˆj`Zf hl\ X m`j`kXƒf gXi\Z\l k\i ^\iX[f% 8c„d [`jjf# X a} Z`kX[X
[`ÔZlc[X[\[fjZfek\’[fjXgi\j\ekX[fjgf[\j\ild]Xkfi`dglcj`feX[fi[\jjXj`klXƒf%
GfiÔd#f’ck`df`k\d[\Xe}c`j\[Xi\Xc`qXƒf[Xm`j`kXjffjjXY\i\j[f\[lZX[fi[\dlj\lj%<jk\`k\d[\
Xe}c`j\i\]\i\$j\XfjjXY\i\j&ZfeZ\gƒ‘\jjfYi\fdlj\lhl\]fiXddfY`c`qX[fjg\cf\[lZX[fi&dfe`kfi
[liXek\ X i\Xc`qXƒf [X m`j`kX% :fej`[\iX$j\ hl\ f \[lZX[fi „ Èi\gi\j\ekX[fÉ g\cX Xƒf \[lZXZ`feXc
i\Xc`qX[XZfdXj\jZfcXj%E\jj\ZXjf#gfikXekf#alc^X$j\`dgfikXek\XeXc`jXifjjXY\i\jdfY`c`qX[fjg\cf
dfe`kfigXiXX\o\Zlƒf[X\jkiXk„^`X[\d\[`Xƒf%
:fej`[\iX$j\#hl\[\ekif[fgifa\kf[\d\[`Xƒfgifgfjkfg\cfJ8<#„e\Z\jj}i`fhl\fdfe`kfidfY`c`q\
gfildcX[f#jXY\i\jg\[X^^`ZfjÆi\]\i\ek\j~j\jkiXk„^`Xj[\m`j`kXƒfhl\[\m\dj\iX[fkX[XjÆ\#
gfiflkifcX[f#jXY\i\jY`fc^`ZfjÆi\]\i\ek\jXfjZfek\’[fjZfeZ\`klX`jkiXYXc_X[fjeXgifgfjkX[X
\ogfj`ƒf%MXc\i\jjXckXikXdY„dhl\fgi`eZ`gXcfYa\k`mfZfdle`ZXZ`feXc[X\ogfj`ƒf„XZfdgi\\ejf
[fjZfeZ\`kfjZ`\ekˆÔZfji\cXZ`feX[fj~g\jhl`jX[fqfcf^f%<jj\]Xkfgi\jjlg‘\ldXmXcfi`qXƒf[fj
jXY\i\jY`fc^`ZfjeX\jkilkliXƒf[fgifa\kf[\d\[`XƒfmfckX[f~j\jZfcXj%
=f` \oXkXd\ek\ \jjX X ZfejkXkXƒf X[m`e[X [Xj fYj\imXƒ‘\j i\Xc`qX[Xj% Fj dfe`kfi\j Z\ekiXmXd X
dfe`kfi`XeX\ogc`ZXƒf[fjZfeZ\`kfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjgi\j\ek\jeX\ogfj`ƒf%GfikXekf#Zfdgi\\e[\$j\hl\
fjjXY\i\jdfY`c`qX[fjg\cfjdfe`kfi\j[liXek\Xd\[`XƒfZfdfg’Yc`Zf]fiXddXafi`kXi`Xd\ek\fj
jXY\i\jfi`le[fj[XjZ`†eZ`XjY`fc^`ZXj%HlXekfXfjjXY\i\jg\[X^^`Zfj#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\fji\cXk`mfj~j
\jkiXk„^`Xj[\d\[`Xƒfi\Xc`qX[Xj\ddlj\lj#gflZffleX[X]f`lk`c`qX[f%
GfiÔd#[\ekif[fdf[\cf[\Xe}c`j\gifgfjkf#Xk\iZ\`iX\’ck`dX\kXgXjfXjXk`m`[X[\j[\Zfek`elXƒf
[X m`j`kX% Ef hl\ j\ i\]\i\ Xf le`m\ijf ZlckliXc [f dlj\l# \jj\ dfd\ekf \jk} i\cXZ`feX[f Zfd Xj
Xk`m`[X[\j[\XmXc`Xƒf[fgifZ\jjf\[lZXZ`feXc[\j\emfcm`[fZfdfg’Yc`Zf\jZfcXi%E\jj\j\ek`[f#f
J8<gifdfm\ldXXmXc`XƒfZfdfjgif]\jjfi\jXfÔeXc[Xm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[X%<eki\kXekf#\jjXXmXc`Xƒf
X`e[XefgXjjflgfildgifZ\jjf[\Xe}c`j\dX`j\]\k`mf#[\m`[fXXlj†eZ`X[\ldgifÔjj`feXcmfckX[f
gXiX\jjXXk`m`[X[\%;\jjX]fidX#kf[XXmXc`Xƒfi\Xc`qX[X„YXj\X[X\dc\`kliXjjlg\iÔZ`X`j[\jj\dXk\i`Xc
i\Xc`qX[Xjg\cfj\jkX^`}i`fj\g\cXgigi`X\[lZX[fiX%Fji\jlckX[fj[\jjXjc\`kliXj[fZfekX[\hl\X
dfe`kfi`X„dl`kfY\dXmXc`X[Xg\cfjgif]\jjfi\j%
:FE:CLJÃ<J
:fdgi\\e[\i\XmXc`XiXjgfjj`Y`c`[X[\j[\`ek\iXƒf\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXjXgXik`i[Xj`ek\eƒ‘\j\[Xj
gi}k`ZXj[fj\[lZX[fi\j[\dlj\lj%<jk\kiXYXc_fgXik\[\ld[\k\id`eX[ffc_XijfYi\X`ejk`kl`ƒf
dlj\Xchl\YljZXZXiXZk\i`q}$cXZfdfldcfZXcefhlXc#Xgi\j\imXƒf[fjY\ejgXki`dfe`X`j#\jk}
XZfgcX[X~Zfdle`ZXƒf[\jlXjg\jhl`jXjgXiXldg’Yc`ZfXdgcf%;\jj\gfekf[\m`jkXX\[lZXƒf„
Zfdgi\\e[`[XZfdfldXi\]\i†eZ`Xhl\g\igXjjXkf[XjXjXk`m`[X[\jZfdle`ZXZ`feX`j[\lddlj\l#
\jkXe[f ZcXiXd\ek\ [\]`e`[X \ehlXekf gfcˆk`ZX `ejk`klZ`feXc efidXk`qX[fiX [\ fYa\k`mfj \ gi}k`ZXj
88D#(00) %
<jjX g\ijg\Zk`mX [\ XklXƒf# Zfdf a} jXc`\ekX[f# m\d ZX[X m\q dX`j \eZfekiXe[f \Zf ef DQLJG%
<eki\kXekf#X\[lZXƒfX`e[Xef„m`jkX[\]fidX`ek\^iX[X~j[\dX`jXk`m`[X[\jZfdle`ZXZ`feX`j[X
`ejk`kl`ƒf%<cX„Xek\jZfej`[\iX[Xldd„kf[f[\d\[`Xƒf#i\jgfej}m\cgfikiX[lq`ifjZfek\’[fj
\ogfj`k`mfj gXiX f g’Yc`Zf [\ ef Z`\ek`jkXj% ;\ XZfi[f Zfd ?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc (000 # X ]leƒf
\[lZXZ`feXc[\lddlj\lef[\m\]`ZXii\jki`kXXfj[\gXikXd\ekfj[\Xe`dXƒf\\[lZXƒf#jfYf
i`jZf[\m`iXi\dXk`m`[X[\jZfdgc\d\ekXi\j~j[\dX`j]leƒ‘\j[X`ejk`kl`ƒf%8\[lZXƒf[\m\Xek\j#
j\i\eZXdgX[XÈ_fc`jk`ZXd\ek\Ég\cfdlj\l#j\e[fXcmf[\ldgcXe\aXd\ekfZl`[X[fjfhl\`ek\i]\i\
\dkf[XjXj`ejkeZ`Xj#g\igXjjXe[fjlXd`jjf\i\jgfejXY`c`[X[\g’Yc`ZX%
Flkif Xjg\Zkf `dgfikXek\ [`q i\jg\`kf Xj \og\ZkXk`mXj hl\ fj \[lZX[fi\j [f Dlj\l k†d Zfd X
gi}k`ZX[\m`j`kXƒf%;\XZfi[fZfdfj[X[fjXeXc`jX[fj#efDQLJG\jjXj\og\ZkXk`mXj\jkfmfckX[Xj
gXiX X Xgi\\ejf [\ Zfek\’[fj ZfeZ\`klX`j [X }i\X [\ Z`†eZ`Xj eXkliX`j1 \mfclƒf \ [`m\ij`[X[\
Y`fc^`ZX# eX jlX dX`fi gXik\% 8c`X[f X ldX gflZX `ej\iƒf [Xj k\fi`Xj [\ \[lZXƒf \d dlj\l eX
ZfeZ\gƒf[\jlXjgi}k`ZXj\[lZXZ`feX`j#gf[\$j\X]`idXihl\fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X\eZXdgXldX
g\ijg\Zk`mX \jZfcXi`qX[X [\ \[lZXƒf dlj\Xc% 8g\jXi [X gXcXmiX ÈXgi\e[`qX[fÉ ef j\i Z`kX[X \d
e\e_lddfd\ekf#„dl`kfgi\j\ek\ef[`jZlijf[X\[lZX[fiX[fJ8<#\[fjd\dYifj[X;;:Zfdf
ldkf[f#hl\fjfYa\k`mfjZfdle`ZXZ`feX`j[X\ogfj`ƒf[\cfe^X[liXƒf[fDQLJGjfmfckX[fj
gXiX X Zfdgi\\ejf [fj ZfeZ\`kfj \ d„kf[fj hl\ i\^\d f kiXYXc_f [f qfcf^f% :fe[`q\ek\ Zfd
\jj\fYa\k`mf]f``[\Xc`qX[XldX\jkiXk„^`X[\d\[`Xƒfhl\k\deXm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[Xj\lgi`eZ`gXc
Xik`]ˆZ`f% <jjX m`j`kX dfe`kfiX[X [\m\# j\^le[f X k„Ze`ZX [f J8<# XYfi[Xi kf[fj fj Zfek\’[fj
ZfeZ\`klX`jgi\j\ek\jeX\ogfj`ƒf%
LdflkifXjg\ZkfgifYc\d}k`Zf\m`[\eZ`X$j\eXgi}k`ZX[Xm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[X%8Xk`kl[\[fjdfe`kfi\j
efgi`m`c\^`XXfYj\imXƒf[`i\kX[fjfYa\kfj\ogfjkfj#fhl\#\dk\fi`X#„ld[fj^iXe[\j^Xe_fj
g\[X^^`Zfj hl\ ldX m`j`kX X ld dlj\l gf[\ gifgfiZ`feXi 8ccXi[ \ 9flZ_\i# (00( % :feZcl`$
j\ hl\ X m`j`kX [f DQLJG „ Z\ekiX[X eX `e]fidXƒf \ ef ef Xgi\e[`qX[f Zfejkilˆ[f X gXik`i [Xj
i\]\i†eZ`Xj ZlckliX`j [f Xclef% y `ek\i\jjXek\ efkXi hl\# Xhl`# dX`j ld Xjg\Zkf fi`le[f [X gi}k`ZX
\jZfcXi kiX[`Z`feXc j\ ]Xq gi\j\ek\ eX gifgfjkX \[lZXZ`feXc [f DQLJG% J\ X ZfeZ\gƒf ZXcZX[X eX
Xgi\e[`qX^\d [\ Zfek\’[fj „ f gi`d\`if [\jj\j Xjg\Zkfj# X gi}k`ZX [\ kiXejd`jjf c`e\Xi [\jj\j
d\jdfjZfek\’[fj„flkif%
,0
8ZfejkXkXƒf[\jj\jgifYc\dXjXgfekXXe\Z\jj`[X[\[\Zfejkilƒf[\ldXgXiZ\i`XXj\ii\Xc`qX[X
`ejk`klZ`feXcd\ek\\eki\dlj\lj\\jZfcXj#flj\aX#Xgf`X[Xgfikf[XjXj`ejkeZ`Xjhl\XjZfdg‘\d#\
ef[\g\e[\ek\Xg\eXj[\Xc^lejgflZfjgifÔjj`feX`j`ek\i\jjX[fj%8[\c`d`kXƒf[\[`i\ki`q\jgXiXX
gXiZ\i`X\eki\Xj`ejkeZ`Xj[\\[lZXƒf]fidXc\ef]fidXc„ldgXjjf]le[Xd\ekXcgXiXX\jkilkliXƒf
[\gfcˆk`ZXjfk`d`qX[Xj[\Zfdle`ZXƒfZ`\ekˆÔZXXgXik`i\jgXƒfjdlj\X`j%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
-'
8ccXi[#D%p9flZ_\i#J%(00( 1C\dlj„\\kc˄Zfc\#Hl„Y\Z#?liklY`j\?D?%
8cd\`[X#8%D%(00. 1;\jXÔfj[Xi\cXƒfdlj\l$\jZfcX#:fdle`ZXƒf<[lZXƒf#('#gg%,'$,-%
8cm\j$DXqqfkk`#8%A%(000 1ÈFd„kf[feXjZ`†eZ`XjjfZ`X`jÉ#\e18cm\j$DXqqfkk`#8%A%p=%>\nXe[jqeXa[\i
\[j% 1 FD„kf[feXj:`†eZ`XjEXkliX`j\JfZ`X`j1g\jhl`jXhlXek`kXk`mX\hlXc`kXk`mX#JfGXlcf#<[`kfiX
G`fe\`iX%
8d\i`ZXe8jjfZ`Xk`fef]Dlj\ldj(00) 1<oZ\cc\eZ\Xe[<hl`kp1<[lZXk`feXe[k_\GlYc`Z;`d\ej`fe
feDlj\ldj#8I\gfik]ifdk_\8d\i`ZXe8jjfZ`Xk`fef]Dlj\ldj#NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%#88D%
:Xq\cc`#J%(00) 18c]XY\k`qXƒfZ`\ekˆÔZX\fjdlj\lj`ek\iXk`mfj[\Z`†eZ`X#I`f[\AXe\`if#;`jj\ikXƒf
D\jkiX[f # Gif^iXdX [\ Gj >iX[lXƒf \d <[lZXƒf# Gfek`]ˆZ`X Le`m\ij`[X[\ :Xkc`ZX [f I`f [\
AXe\`if%
VVVVV)''' 1;`mlc^XƒfZ`\ekˆÔZX\d\jgXƒfjef]fidX`j#8eX`j[fOO@M:fe^i\jjf[XJfZ`\[X[\[\
Qffc^`Zf[f9iXj`c#gg%('$('%
VVVVV\kXc%)''* 1<[lZXƒf\Zfdle`ZXƒf\ddlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`X1Xjg\Zkfj_`jki`Zfj#g\jhl`jX\
gi}k`ZX#\e>flm†X#>%\kXc%fi^j% # <[lZXƒf\Dlj\l%8ZfejkilƒfjfZ`Xc[fZXi}k\i\[lZXk`mf[fj
dlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj#I`f[\AXe\`if#8ZZ\j#gg%/*$('-%
:fcc#:%\kXc%)''' 1 FjZfek\’[fjeXi\]fidX%<ej`ef\Xgi\e[`qX^\d[\ZfeZ\`kfj#gifZ\[`d\ekfj\
Xk`kl[\j#JfGXlcf#8ik\jD„[`ZXj%
9iXe[f#:%I%=%(000 1GifZ\jjfdlj\fc^`Zf1Zi`k„i`fj[\\oZcljf%FZXjf[fjdlj\lj[\?`jki`X
EXkliXc#\e#8eX`j[X@@J\dXeX[\Dlj\lj[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf#JfGXlcf#LJG&Gi$I\`kfi`X[\
:lckliX\<ok\ejfLe`m\ij`k}i`X#(000#gg%+.$,/%
=i\`i\#9%D%(00) 1 F\eZfekifdlj\l&\jZfcX1fhl\j\[`q\fhl\j\]Xq#I`f[\AXe\`if#;`jj\ikXƒf
D\jkiX[f #;\gXikXd\ekf[\<[lZXƒf[XGfek`]ˆZ`XLe`m\ij`[X[\:Xkc`ZX%
>XiZˆX9cXeZf#Ý%(000 1CX\ogfj`Z`e#ldd\[`f[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e%DX[i`[#<[`Z`fe\j8bXc%
>XjgXi#8%(00* 1 Dlj\lj\:\ekifj[\:`†eZ`XjÆ:feZ\`klXƒf\GifgfjkX[\ldI\]\i\eZ`XcK\i`Zf#
K\j\[\;flkfiX[f#=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcfJfGXlcf%
>flm†X[\JfljX#>%8%)''' 1;`mlc^Xƒf:`\ekˆÔZXgXiX:i`XeƒXj1fZXjf[X:`†eZ`X?fa\[Xj:i`XeƒXj#
I`f [\ AXe\`if# K\j\ [\ ;flkfiX[f# :\ekif [\ :`†eZ`Xj [X JX’[\ [X Le`m\ij`[X[\ =\[\iXc [f I`f [\
AXe\`if%
>i`jgld#;%)''' 1<[lZXƒfgXiXfGXki`de`f1Dlj\l[\8ik\\\jZfcX%I\jgfejXY`c`[X[\ZfdgXik`c_X[X
eX]fidXƒf[\g’Yc`Zfj#JfGXlcf#K\j\[\;flkfiX[f#=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\Jf
GXlcf%
?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc# <% (000 1 Dlj\ld \[lZXk`fe1 gXjk# gi\j\ek Xe[ ]lkli\# \e QXmXcX# C% p I% D`c\j#
KfnXi[jk_\dlj\ldf]k_\]lkli\%E\n\lifg\Xeg\ijg\Zk`m\j#Cfe[i\j#Iflkc\[^\#gg%(**$(+-%
VVVVV(00+ 1<[lZXk`fe#Zfddle`ZXk`feXe[`ek\igi\kXk`fe1kfnXi[jXZi`k`ZXcg\[X^f^p`edlj\ldj#\e
?ffg\i$>i\\e_`cc#<%\[`kfi 1K_\\[lZXk`feXcifc\f]k_\dlj\ld#Cfe[fe#Iflkc\[^\#gg%*$),%
?fikX#D%[\C%G%#\kXc%(000 1 >l`X9}j`Zf[\<[lZXƒfGXki`dfe`Xc#9iXjˆc`X#@ejk`klkf[fGXki`de`f
?`jki`Zf\8ikˆjk`ZfEXZ`feXc&Dlj\l@dg\i`Xc%
AXZfY`#;%p:fgg\p#F%(00- 1Dlj„\\k„[lZXk`fe1Xl$[\c~[lZfej\ejlj#cXi\Z_\iZ_\[lgXik\eXi`Xk#
\e>fkk\j[`\e\i#?%\[`kfi 1GlYc`Zj\kDlj„\j%Dlj„\\k„[lZXk`fe#Cpfe#Gi\jj\jLe`m\ij`kX`i\j#(' gg%
('$))%
Bgkb\#C%J%)''* 1GXiZ\i`XDlj\l\<jZfcXZfdf\og\i`†eZ`XjfZ`Xc\\jgXƒf[\XÔidXƒf[fjla\`kf#
\e>flm†X#>%\kXc%fi^Xe`qX[fi\j 1 <[lZXƒf\Dlj\l%8ZfejkilƒfjfZ`Xc[fZXi}k\i\[lZXk`mf[fj
dlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj#I`f[\AXe\`if#8ZZ\j#)''*#gg%('.$()/%
VVVVV)''(#)'') 18gXiZ\i`X\[lZXk`mX1f\o\dgcf]iXeZ†j#:X[\iefj[fDlj\l[XM`[X#I`f[\AXe\`if#
Dlj\l[XM`[X&Dlj\l[\8jkifefd`X\:`†eZ`Xj8Ôej#gg%.'$.0%
VVVVV (00/ 1 C\j \ej\`^eXekj \k cË\ogfj`k`fe jZ`\ek`Ôhl\1 le\ „kl[\ [\ cËXggifgi`Xk`fe g„[X^f^`hl\
[†j \ogfj`k`fej \k [l ifc\ [\ d„[`Xk\li [\ cË\ej\`^eXek g\e[Xek cX m`j`k\ jZfcX`i\% Dlj„ld EXk`feXc
[Ë?`jkf`i\EXkli\cc\[\GXi`j#K\j\[\;flkfiX[f#GXi`j#8k\c`\ieXk`feXc[\i\gif[lZk`fe[\jk_…j\j%
C•[b\#D%p8e[i„#D%<%;%8%(0/- 1G\jhl`jX\d<[lZXƒf1XYfi[X^\ejhlXc`kXk`mXj#<[`kfiX<GL#Jf
GXlcf%
DXiXe[`ef# D% )''( 1 F Zfe_\Z`d\ekf Y`fc^`Zf efj dlj\lj [\ Z`†eZ`Xj1 Xe}c`j\ [f gifZ\jjf [\
Zfejkilƒf[f[`jZlijf\ogfj`k`mf#JfGXlcf#K\j\[\;flkfiX[f#=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\
[\JfGXlcf%
VVVVV\kXc%)''+ 18\[lZXƒfef]fidXc\X[`mlc^XƒfZ`\ekˆÔZX1fhl\g\ejXhl\d]Xq6#8kXj[f@M
<eZfekifEXZ`feXc[\G\jhl`jX\d<ej`ef[\:`†eZ`Xj$<EG<:#)''+%
DXik`ej#?%?%K%[\J%)''+ 1D\kf[fcf^`XhlXc`kXk`mX[\g\jhl`jX#<[lZXƒf\G\jhl`jX#JfGXlcf#*'#
) #gg%)/0$*''%
DXik`ej#C%:%)''- 1 8i\cXƒfdlj\l&\jZfcX1k\fi`X\gi}k`ZX\[lZXZ`feX`jeXjm`j`kXj\jZfcXi\jXf
Dlj\l[\Qffcf^`X[XLJG#JfGXlcf#;`jj\ikXƒfD\jkiX[f #=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf#Le`m\ij`[X[\[\
JfGXlcf%
DXjjXiXe`#C%(00/ 1 8;`mlc^Xƒf:`\ekˆÔZXefI`f[\AXe\`if1Xc^ldXji\Õ\o‘\jjfYi\X[„ZX[X[\
)'#;`jj\ikXƒf[\D\jkiX[f#I`f[\AXe\`if#<jZfcX[\:fdle`ZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\=\[\iXc[fI`f[\
AXe\`if%
VVVVV)''( 18[d`i}m\cDle[fEfmf%8Z`†eZ`X#fjZ`\ek`jkXj\X[lgcX_„c`Z\jfYffc_Xi[\\jkl[Xek\j#
;\g% [\ 9`fhlˆd`ZX D\[`ZX [f @ejk`klkf [\ :`†eZ`Xj 9`fd„[`ZXj [X Le`m\ij`[X[\ =\[\iXc [f I`f [\
AXe\`if#I`f[\AXe\`if%
DZdXelj#G%(00) 1Kfg`Zj`edlj\ldjXe[jZ`\eZ\\[lZXk`fe# Jkl[`\j`eJZ`\eZ\<[lZXk`fe#)'#gg%
(,.$(/)%
I`m`„i\#>%$?%(0/0 1CXdlj\fcf^`\#Kflij#;lef[%
If[i`^l\j#D%K%L%(000 1I\Xc`[X[\\[\jXÔfj[fjXZ\imfjdlj\Xc`qX[fj[XLJG%Dlj\l[\Qffcf^`X#
8eX`j[Xj\dXeX[\dlj\lj[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf#)#gg%*($*+%
Jkl[Xik#;%\kXc%)''* 1G\jhl`jX[\g’Yc`Zf\ddlj\lj1[\j\emfcm`d\ekf\g\ijg\Zk`mXj#\e>flm†X#
-(
>%\kXc%fi^j% 1<[lZXƒf\Dlj\l%8ZfejkilƒfjfZ`Xc[fZXi}k\i\[lZXk`mf[fjdlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj#I`f
[\AXe\`if#8ZZ\j#gg%()0Æ(-'%
MXc\ek\#D%<%8%(00, 1 <[lZXƒf\ddlj\l%Fg’Yc`Zf[\_fa\efdlj\l[\fek\d#I`f[\AXe\`if#
;`jj\ikXƒf[\D\jkiX[f#=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XGfek`]ˆZ`XLe`m\ij`[X[\:Xkc`ZX[fI`f[\AXe\`if%
CL:@8E8:FEI8;FD8IK@EJ
y?`jkfi`X[fiX#D\jki\\d<[lZXƒf\;flkfiXe[X[X=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\Jf
GXlcf%
clZ`XeXZfeiX[f7pX_ff%Zfd%Yi
D8IK?8D8I8E;@EF
-)
y9`cf^X\Gif]\jjfiX;flkfiX[X=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf%
dXidXiXe7ljg%Yi
Conversas de aprendizagem na
“oficina de classificação de animais”:
um estudo no Museu de Zoologia-USP
ClZ`XeXDX^Xc_\jDfeXZf#DXi`XGXlcX:fii\`X
[\JflqX#DXik_XDXiXe[`ef#ClXeXDXi`X[\
C`dX#D}iZ`X=%C%=iXeƒfjf#:i`jk`eX9Xif#D`i`Xe
;Xm`[DXihl\j#J`cm`XC%=%Ki`m\cXkf
I<JLD<E
<jk\kiXYXafXYfi[X\c\jkl[`f[\cXj`ek\iXZZ`fe\j[`jZlij`mXj[liXek\cXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\lekXcc\ic`Yi\f]i\Z`[fXcglYc`Zf\jZfcXigfi\c
Dlj\f[\Qffcf^ˆX[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[[\JXfGXYcfDQLJG #Zfe\cfYa\k`mf[\[`jZlk`i\ck\dX[\cXZcXj`ÔZXZ`eY`fc^`ZXi\Xc`qX[X
gficfjqfcf^fj%CfjgifZ\[`d`\ekfjp`ejkild\ekfj[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e]l\ifecXfYj\imXZ`e[\cglYc`Zf\jZfcXii\^`jkiX[X\eXl[`fp
m`[\f#pcXkiXejZi`gZ`epXe}c`j`j[\cXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\j[\cfjXcldefj[liXek\cXXZk`m`[X[%Cfj[`}cf^fjj\[`m`[`\ife\e\g`jf[`fj[\
\ej\ŒXeqX:XimXc_f\kXc(00) p]l\ifeXeXc`qX[fjXgXik`i[\ZXk\^fiˆXj[\Zfem\ijXZ`fe\j[\Xgi\e[`qXa\8cc\e#)'')2>XiZ`X#)''- %
<eki\cfji\jlckX[fjj\fYklmfhl\cXjgi`eZ`gXc\jZXk\^fiˆXj\eZfekiX[Xj\ecfjkXcc\i\jj\i\g`k`\ife\elegfiZ\ekXa\j`d`cXi[\ekif
[\ZX[X\g`jf[`f1\cdXpfigfiZ\ekXa\Zfii\jgfe[`XcXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\j\jkiXk„^`ZXj#j\^l`[f[\cXjg\iZ\gk`mXjpÔeXcd\ek\cXj
\jkiXk„^`ZXjpg\iZ\gk`mXj%<jkXjZXk\^fiˆXj[\Zfem\ijXZ`edl\jkiXehl\cfjZi`k\i`fjljX[fjgficfjXcldefjgXiXcXZcXj`ÔZXZ`e[\
cfjXe`dXc\jgl\[\e\jkXiYXjX[fjd}j\eZfefZ`d`\ekfjgi\m`fj[\cfjXcldefj#hl\\e\c\jkˆdlcfgifdfm`[f\e\c\jgXZ`fdlj\Xc%
J`e\dYXi^f#j\gl[`\ife[\k\ZkXiXc^lefjXjg\Zkfji\cXZ`feX[fjZfe\cgifZ\jf[\Xgi\e[`qXa\%<jkfj_XZ\ei\]\i\eZ`XXcgXg\chl\
[\j\dg\ŒXe\c\[lZX[fip\cdfe`kfi#pXcX]leZ`ehl\Zldgc\\c[`}cf^f[\ekif[\le^ilgf[\Xcldefjhl\i\Xc`qXeleXXZk`m`[X[
c’[`ZX\ele\jgXZ`f]ˆj`Zf[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\j%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
Dlj\fj#Z\ekifj`ek\iXZk`mfj[\Z`\eZ`X#gcXe\kXi`fjp\[lZXZ`eef]fidXc%
@EKIF;LxÂF
89`fcf^`X„fYa\kf[\g\jhl`jX\[\\ogfj`ƒf\ddlj\lj_}dl`kfk\dgf%F`ek\i\jj\g\cfj]\ed\efj
Y`fc^`Zfj\g\cXj]fidXjXe`dX`j\m\^\kX`jXdgc`flX\o`jk†eZ`X[\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j\c\mfl~Zfejfc`[Xƒf
[X?`jki`XEXkliXcZfdfZ`†eZ`Xdf[\ieX\d\i^\ek\%Efj„ZlcfO@O#\jj\jdlj\ljZXiXZk\i`qXiXd$j\
gfi \e]Xk`qXi X gi\fZlgXƒf [`[}k`ZX \d jlXj \ogfj`ƒ‘\j MXe$GiX‡k# (0/0 \ Xj gif]le[Xj dl[XeƒXj
fZfii`[XjdXiZXiXdf[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\ldXdlj\f^iXÔX\jg\Z`XcgXiX\jj\jcfZX`j%E\jk\d\jdf
g\iˆf[f]fiXd`dgcXekX[XjXjgi`d\`iXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jdlj\fc^`ZXjef9iXj`c#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\efdY`kf[Xj
:`†eZ`XjEXkliX`jCfg\j#(00. %Efj„ZlcfOO#fZfii\ldXXdgc`Xƒf[XjXƒ‘\j[\[`mlc^XƒfZ`\ekˆÔZX\
[\\ej`ef[\Z`†eZ`Xj#`eZ\ek`mXe[fX`dgc\d\ekXƒf[\m}i`fjdlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`XefgXˆj%EXj[„ZX[Xj
[\(0/'\(00'mXcfi`qX$j\X`e[XdX`jXjXƒ‘\j\d[`mlc^XƒfZ`\ekˆÔZXefgXˆj#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\gfid\`f
[XZi`Xƒf[\efmfjdlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`X%8klXcd\ek\„\m`[\ek\X`dgfikeZ`X[X[XX\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j#
XkiXm„j[fj`eZ\ek`mfj\gif^iXdXj^fm\ieXd\ekX`j\ef^fm\ieXd\ekX`jmfckX[fj~gfglcXi`qXƒf[X
Z`†eZ`X \d dlj\lj% ;\jj\ df[f# Zfej`[\iXdfj f dfd\ekf XklXc gif]ˆZlf ef hl\ j\ i\]\i\ X \jj\j
\jgXƒfj\#gfi\jjXiXqf#kfieX$j\\jj\eZ`Xcf[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\g\jhl`jXjhl\gfjjXd[`jZlk`iXj
hl\jk‘\j#fj[\jXÔfj\Xjgfjj`Y`c`[X[\jhl\j\ZfcfZXdgXiX\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j#\d\jg\Z`Xcefhl\j\
i\]\i\~Xgi\j\ekXƒf[fZfe_\Z`d\ekfY`fc^`ZfeXj\ogfj`ƒ‘\j\eXj[\dX`jXƒ‘\j\[lZXk`mXjhl\
[\j\emfcm\d%
8=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLJGÆ=<LJG#`ejk`kl`ƒfZffi[\eX[fiX[\jk\gifa\kf#gifg‘\$j\XZfejfc`[Xi
Xc`e_X[\g\jhl`jX\d\[lZXƒfef]fidXc\dY`fcf^`X[\j\emfcm`[Xefjdlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj%Fgifa\kf„
]ilkf[XgXiZ\i`X\eki\=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf\Dlj\l[\Qffcf^`X[XLJG$DQLJG#k\e[fkXdY„dZfdf
gXik\`ek\^iXek\[X\hl`g\g\jhl`jX[fi\j[X=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLE@:8DG#j\e[fÔeXeZ`X[Xg\cf
:EGh#XkiXm„j[f<[`kXcLe`m\ijXc[\)''*&)''+%F\jkl[fhl\Xgi\j\ekXdfjgfjjl`Zfdf]fZfk\i`Zf$
d\kf[fc^`ZfXXe}c`j\[Xj`ek\iXƒ‘\j[`jZlij`mXjZfd`ek\eƒf[\Zfdgi\\e[\iXjg\Zkfji\cXk`mfjXfj
gifZ\jjfj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d\ddlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj%
FDQLJG#XkiXm„j[\jlX\ogfj`ƒf\Xk`m`[X[\ji\cXZ`feX[XjX\cX#[\[`ZX$j\XfkiXYXc_f[\[`mlc^Xƒf
\ \[lZXƒf ef ]fidXc \d 9`fcf^`X% <jk\ dlj\l `eXl^lifl jlX XklXc \ogfj`ƒf [\ cfe^X [liXƒf \d
j\k\dYif[\)'')\m\dYljZXe[f#[\j[\\ekf#Xdgc`XijlXjXk`m`[X[\j[\g\jhl`jX[\g’Yc`Zf\[\
XmXc`Xƒf[X\ogfj`ƒf#ef`ekl`kf[\fYk\ijlYjˆ[`fjgXiXjlXgi}k`ZX\[lZXk`mXefZXdgfef]fidXc%
E\jk\j\ek`[f#XgXiZ\i`X\eki\Xj[lXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jÆ=<LJG\DQLJG$dfjkiX$j\ldZXd`e_f`[\XcgXiX
fXgif]le[Xd\ekfk\i`Zf\gi}k`ZfefZXdgf[X\[lZXƒfef]fidXc\dY`fcf^`X[\j\emfcm`[Xefj
dlj\lj%
GXiXXk`e^`ifjfYa\k`mfj[\jk\kiXYXc_f#YljZXdfjZXiXZk\i`qXi\i\Zfe_\Z\iXeXkli\qX[Xj`ek\iXƒ‘\j
hl\ f g’Yc`Zf \jkXY\c\Z\ Zfd f Zfe_\Z`d\ekf \ Xgi\j\ekX[f \d ldX [Xj Xk`m`[X[\j \[lZXk`mXj
[\j\emfcm`[XjXgj\ogfj`ƒf[fDQLJG#]fie\Z\e[fjlYjˆ[`fjgXiXjlXXmXc`Xƒf%KiXkX$j\[\ldXfÔZ`eX
jfYi\ÈZcXjj`ÔZXƒfY`fc^`ZXÉlk`c`qXe[fdf[\cfj[\Xe`dX`jd`e`XkliXj[\gc}jk`Zf ZfdfYa\k`mf[\
[`jZlk`i\XZfdgi\\e[\iX`dgfikeZ`X[f\jkXY\c\Z`d\ekf[\Zi`k„i`fjgXiXXZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[\fYa\kfj#
ldZfeZ\`kfY}j`ZfgXiXgfjk\i`fiZfdgi\\ejf[fjgi`eZˆg`fj[XJ`jk\d}k`ZX%
D<KF;FCF>@8
-+
8g\jhl`jX\dhl\jkflk`c`qflXYfi[X^\dhlXc`kXk`mX[\g\jhl`jX#eXYljZX[\Zfdgi\\e[\if]\ed\ef
[XXgi\e[`qX^\d\dm`j`kXjXfDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X%
X 8fÔZ`eX[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[\Xe`dX`j[fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`X$DQLJG
FJ\im`ƒf[\8k`m`[X[\j<[lZXk`mXj[fDQLJGk\d\eki\Xj[`m\ijXjgifgfjkXj[\Xk`m`[X[\j#ldXfÔZ`eX
[\ ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf [\ Xe`dX`j f]\i\Z`[X X ^ilgfj \jg\ZˆÔZfj [f le`m\ijf \jZfcXi [\j[\ )'')# „gfZX [X
`eXl^liXƒf[X\ogfj`ƒfÈG\jhl`jX\dQffcf^`X$XY`f[`m\ij`[X[\jfYffc_Xi[fqfcf^fÉ%
8 fÔZ`eX „ f]\i\Z`[X \oZclj`mXd\ek\ Xfj Xclefj [\ \jZfcXj hl\ X^\e[Xd m`j`kXj Xf dlj\l# gfi„d X
gXik`Z`gXƒf „ XY\ikX# jfd\ek\ fj `ek\i\jjX[fj X i\Xc`qXd Xf ÔeXc [\ ZX[X m`j`kX% :X[X \jZfcX [\m\
X^\e[XiXek\Z`gX[Xd\ek\jlXgXik`Z`gXƒfeXfÔZ`eX#XgjXm`j`kX%E\jjXXk`m`[X[\#fjXclefjlk`c`qXd
i\gi\j\ekXƒ‘\j[\Xe`dX`jd`e`XkliXj[\gc}jk`Zf#Zfd[`]\i\ek\jZfi\j ZfdffYa\k`mf[\[`jZlk`if
k\dX[Xclassificação biológicai\Xc`qX[Xg\cfjqfcf^fj%8`[„`Xgi`eZ`gXc„hl\fjXclefj]fid\d^ilgfj
ZfdXjd`e`XkliXj\[`jZlkXdfjZi`k„i`fjgXiXkXc#efj\e[f\o`^`[XldXZcXjj`ÔZXƒfÈY`fc^`ZXÉ%8gj
X m`j`kX fj Xclefj j\ j\ekXd ef Z_f# ef \jgXƒf \ogfj`k`mf# flm\d Xj \ogc`ZXƒ‘\j ^\iX`j ]\`kXj g\cf
\[lZX[fi\&fldfe`kfijfYi\Zfdfj\[\j\emfcm\i}XXk`m`[X[\%EXj\h•†eZ`Xjf]fidX[fj^ilgfj[\
Z`eZf$j\k\Xclefjhl\i\Z\Y\dXjd`e`XkliXj[fjXe`dX`j#ldXgiXeZ_\kX\gXg\c\dYiXeZfgXiXXefkXi
XZcXjj`ÔZXƒfÔeXc[f^ilgf%
Y >iXmXƒf[\}l[`f\mˆ[\f\ddlj\lj1[\jXÔfjd\kf[fc^`Zfj
Efjjf]fZf[\\jkl[f]fiXdXj`ek\iXƒ‘\j[`jZlij`mXj[liXek\XjfÔZ`eXjc`mi\j[fDQLJG#\gXiXi\^`jkif
[fj[X[fjcXeƒXdfjdf[fi\Zlijf}l[`f$m`jlXc%;liXek\fgifZ\jjf[\^iXmXƒfÔq\dfjXc^lejXaljk\j
d\kf[fc^`Zfj\XfÔeXc[\ki†jd\j\j[\kiXYXc_fÔcdXdfjhlXkiffÔZ`eXj%8gi`d\`iXÔcdX^\d]f`
]\`kXZfdXZd\iX[`^`kXc[\ekif[f^ilgf\jZfc_`[f#hlXe[fXg\jhl`jX[fiXj\ekfl$j\XfcX[f[Xj
Zi`XeƒXj[\ekif[fZˆiZlcf#fhl\[\`oflfjfddX`jc`dgf[\flkifjilˆ[fj%:fekl[f\jj\gifZ\[`d\ekf
[`ÔZlckflXkiXejZi`ƒf[Xj]XcXj#gf`j]f`dl`kfkiXYXc_fjf`[\ek`ÔZXihl\d\jkXmX]XcXe[f%8jZi`XeƒXj
[f^ilgfj\dfm`d\ekXmXdfk\dgfkf[f#ZfYi`e[fldXjXjflkiXjfhl\[`ÔZlckflXÔcdX^\d[f^ilgf
Zfdfldkf[f%<jjX]fidX[\ÔcdXi]f`\ÔZ`\ek\gXiXZXgkliXifjfd[f^ilgf#dXjef[fj`e[`mˆ[lfj#
\gfi\jjXiXqf#[\Z`[`dfjljXiXZd\iXXldX[`jkeZ`X[\ldd\kif[f^ilgf#Xc„d[\g\[`igXiX
j\gfj`Z`feXi\d\dj\d`$ZˆiZlcf#X]XjkX[fj[fj[\dX`jXclefj%@jjfg\id`k`lm\ij\dgi\hl\d\jkXmX
]XcXe[f\[`d`el`ifilˆ[f[Xj[\dX`jZi`XeƒXj%FZfii\iXdZXjfj\dhl\Xf\jZfc_\idfjXc\Xkfi`Xd\ek\
ld^ilgfgXiXÔcdXi#g\i[\dfjeXZcXi\qX[Xj]XcXj#gf`jfjXclefj]XcXmXddl`kfYX`of%
EXefjjXhlXikXÔcdX^\d#i\kfieXdfjXfgi`d\`ifdf[f[\ÔcdX^\d#ZfdXZd\iX[\ekif[f^ilgf#
fe[\fYk`m\dfjmfcld\[Xj]XcXj#dXjg\i[\dfj[\efmf\dZcXi\qX#\X[`ÔZlc[X[\[\`[\ek`ÔZ}$cXj
]f`dX`fihl\ef^ilgffe[\^iXmXdfjX[`jkeZ`X%;\Z`[`dfjk\i[f`j^ilgfj[\ÔcdX^\ej[`jk`ekXjef
`ekl`kf[\Zfe]ifekXiXhlXc`[X[\[\ZX[Xdf[f[\ZXgkliXiXj`dX^\ej#\XmXc`Xi\d\jkl[fj]lklifjX
d\c_fidXe\`iX[\ljXiXZd\iX%8fÔeXc#kˆe_Xdfj[f`jfÔZ`eXj^iXmX[XjZfdXZd\iX[\ekif[f^ilgf
\[f`jÔcdX[Xj~[`jkeZ`X#ZX[XldXZfdmXekX^\ej\g\i[Xj\jg\ZˆÔZXj%FjXclefjhl\gXik`Z`gXiXd
[XÔcdX^\d\iXdkf[fj[f\ej`ef]le[Xd\ekXcZfd`[X[\\eki\(($(+Xefj#j\e[fhl\ZX[XfÔZ`eX]f`
i\gi\j\ekX[XgfildXj„i`\[`]\i\ek\,±#-±#.±\/± %
:XgkliXi jfd \ `dX^\d \d ld XdY`\ek\ [\ dlj\l j\d g\i[X [X hlXc`[X[\ ÔeXc [X ^iXmXƒf „ ld
\j]fiƒfi\Xc[\k\dgf#[`e_\`if\[`jgfe`Y`c`[X[\%Flkifj\jkl[fjXgfekXd\jjX[`ÔZlc[X[\cf^ˆjk`ZX
\fg\iXZ`feXcX]\kXe[fkXdY„dXgigi`Xg\jhl`jX8cc\e#)'')2Klee`Zc`]]\#)''+ %FlkifgfekfXj\i
[\jkXZX[f„Xgigi`XZXgkliX[\`dX^\ej\jfej1XXihl`k\kliX[fjdlj\lj#Zfdg„[`i\`kfXckf#^iXe[\j
jXcXj# \ ^iXe[\ Z`iZlcXƒf [\ g\jjfXj# \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ Zi`XeƒXj# kfieX dl`kXj m\q\j Xj ]XcXj `eXl[ˆm\`j%
<jjXjmXi`}m\`jcf^ˆjk`ZXj\d\kf[fc^`ZXj]fiXdi\c\mXek\j\dkf[ffgifZ\jjf[\ZXgkXƒf[\jfd\
-,
}l[`f#c\mXe[ff^ilgfi\Õ\k`ijfYi\efmXj]fidXj[\ljXif\jgXƒf\f\hl`gXd\ekf[\ÔcdX^\d%
FgifZ\jjfj\^l`ek\#[\kiXejZi`ƒf[Xj]XcXj#]f`kXdY„d[\jXÔXek\#a}hl\XhlXc`[X[\[f}l[`f\d^\iXc
ef]f`YfX#Xc„d[Xj]XcXj[fjXclefjXgi\j\ekXi\dldkfd[\mfqdl`kfYX`of%EfkfkXc]fiXdZ\iZX
[\[f`j_fiXj[\Zfem\ijXjkiXejZi`kXj[XjhlXkiffÔZ`eXj^iXmX[Xj%:X[XfÔZ`eX]f`kiXejZi`kXgfildX
g\jjfX[`]\i\ek\#\gXiXd`e`d`qXiXjgfjjˆm\`j[`]\i\eƒXj[X[XjXfkiXkXd\ekf[Xj]XcXj#~ZXk\^fi`qXƒf
\ X Xe}c`j\ [Xj d\jdXj2 fj gifZ\[`d\ekfj ]fiXd [`jZlk`[fj Xek\j [X i\Xc`qXƒf [X kiXejZi`ƒf% 8c„d
[`jjf#XgjXjXe}c`j\j`e[`m`[lX`j#fjdXk\i`X`j[Xj+fÔZ`eXj]fiXdi\[`jZlk`[fjef`ekl`kf[\Z_\^XiX
ldZfej\ejfjfYi\fji\jlckX[fj%
Z @ejkild\ekfj[\Xe}c`j\[fj[X[fj
--
Categorias de conversas
8gjXkiXejZi`ƒf[Xj]XcXj#[`m`[`dfjXj]Xj\j[fj[`}cf^fj\d\g`j[`fj[\\ej`ef:XimXc_f\kXc
(00) % J\^le[f X XlkfiX# ld \g`j[`f „ ld dfd\ekf fe[\ _} ZcXiXd\ek\ ldX j`klXƒf [\ \ej`ef X
hlXcj\[\j\aX`em\jk`^Xi\#gXiXd\c_fi\ek\e[\i\jj\j\g`j[`fj#_}Xe\Z\jj`[X[\[\ljXiZXk\^fi`Xj
`ek\igi\kXk`mXjX[\hlX[XjXfjfYa\k`mfj[\g\jhl`jX%
Efefjjf\jkl[f#fjÈ\g`j[`fj[\\ej`efÉ]XZ`c`kXiXdf\ek\e[`d\ekf[Xj`ek\iXƒ‘\j[`jZlij`mXj[liXek\
XfÔZ`eX[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[fjXe`dX`j%:XimXc_f\kXc(00) #gifg‘\X[`m`jf[fj[`}cf^fj\dÈ\g`j[`fj
[\\ej`efÉefZfek\okf[fj\jkl[fj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dm`Xc`e^lX^\d\djXcX[\XlcX%Lk`c`qXdfjXhl`X
d\jdX`[„`X[\È\g`j[`fÉ#Zfekl[f[\jkXZXdfjj\ie\Z\jj}i`flddX`fiXgif]le[Xd\ekfjfYi\fjljfj
[\i\]\i\eZ`X`jmfckX[fjgXiX\jZfcXefj\jkl[fji\Xc`qX[fj\d\jgXƒfjef]fidX`j#Zfdffjdlj\lj%
GXiXXeXc`jXi\jjXj]XcXj#ljXdfjXjZXk\^fi`Xj[\ÈZfem\ijXj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉ]fidlcX[Xj\Xgc`ZX[Xj
gfi8cc\e)'') eld\jgXƒf\ogfj`k`mf[\lddlj\l[\Z`†eZ`Xj%<djldX#XjZXk\^fi`Xjjf1
( Zfem\ijX g\iZ\gk`mX1 `eZcl\d$j\ e\jjX ZXk\^fi`X kf[fj fj k`gfj [\ Zfem\ijXj hl\ \jk`dlcXd f
m`j`kXek\Xgi\jkXiXk\eƒfXfÈle`m\ijfÉXfi\[fi2hl\efZXjf[fDQLJGgf[\gXik`i[Xgigi`X
Xk`m`[X[\ [X fÔZ`eX fl [f \jgXƒf [f \ekfief1 fj fYa\kfj# [`fiXdXj# m`ki`e\j% GXiX kXekf# fj
m`j`kXek\jcXeƒXddf[XZXgXZ`[X[\[\efd\Xi#ZcXjj`ÔZXi#`[\ek`ÔZXiZX[X\c\d\ekffYj\imX[f%8j
jlYZXk\^fi`Xj[\jj\k`gf[\Zfem\ijXjf1identificação#nomeação#caracterização\citação%
) Zfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc1Zfdffgigi`fefd\[`q#\emfcm\XgXik`Z`gXƒf[\ZfeZ\`kfj#fjhlX`jgf[\d
j\iXgi\j\ekX[fj[\]fidXj`dgc\jflZfdgc\oX#\emfcm\e[f^\e\iXc`qXƒ‘\j%EfZXjf[XfÔZ`eX#XgXik`i
[\\c\d\ekfj]fie\Z`[fj`e`Z`Xcd\ek\g\cXg\iZ\gƒf#jli^\d`e]fidXƒ‘\jZfdgc\d\ekXi\jjfYi\fj
Xe`dX`j#hl\gf[\dj\ii\jki`kXjflefXfj\lZXdgf[\m`jf#i\]\i`e[f$j\XfZfdgfikXd\ekf#
}i\X[\m`[X#flcfZfdfƒf%@eZcl\d$j\ZfdfjlYZXk\^fi`Xjconceitual simples1fe[\_}Xg\eXjldX
`e]\i†eZ`X[\ldZfeZ\`kf2complexa:hlXe[fc\mXekXd_`gk\j\j#^\e\iXc`qXƒ‘\j[\`e]fidXƒf[X
\ogfj`ƒfflhlXe[f_}[`jZljjfjfYi\i\cXƒf\eki\fYa\kfj\gifgi`\[X[\j2de previsão1hlXe[f
Xgi\j\ekXldX\og\ZkXk`mX[fhl\mX`XZfek\Z\ieX\ogfj`ƒf#`eZcl`e[ffhl\fm`j`kXek\hl\im\i
fl]Xq\i2de metacognição: hlXe[f_}i\Õ\ofgigi`XjfYi\fjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjXklX`j[X\ogfj`ƒf flgi„m`fjX\cX%
* Zfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX1kf[fk`gf[\Zfem\ijXhl\]XqldXZfe\of\ogcˆZ`kX\eki\Xc^f[X\ogfj`ƒf\&
flXc^ldZfe_\Z`d\ekffl\og\i`†eZ`Xgi\^i\jjX%Gf[\j\iZfe\ofZfdXm`[X#ZfdfZfe_\Z`d\ekf#
flZfdXgigi`X\o`Y`ƒf`ek\ieXXfdlj\l%
+ Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX1k`gf[\Zfem\ijXfe[\_}[`jZljjf\ogcˆZ`kX[\ZfdfljXif\jgXƒf\ogfj`k`mf#
`eZcl`e[ffjXjg\Zkfj}l[`fj$m`jlX`j#\jgXZ`X`j#[\cfZfdfƒf#[\g\i]fidXeZ\[fj`e[`mˆ[lfj\d
i\cXƒf X \ogfj`ƒf# Y\d Zfdf jlXj Xƒ‘\j \ _XY`c`[X[\j% Ef ZXjf [X fÔZ`eX# kf[fj fj Xjg\Zkfj
i\cXZ`feX[fjXfdf[fhl\j\[}XXk`m`[X[\\dj`%
, Zfem\ijX X]\k`mX1 k\ekX ZXgkliXi kf[Xj Xj \ogi\jj‘\j [\ j\ek`d\ekfj# Zfdf giXq\i# [\jgiXq\i#
jligi\jX\`eki`^X%
<d 8cc\e )'') # \jjXj ZXk\^fi`Xj ]fiXd ljX[Xj gXiX Xe}c`j\ [Xj Zfem\ijXj [liXek\ m`j`kXj Xf dlj\l
\jkl[X[f\Xgc`ZX[Xj`e[`m`[lXcd\ek\#gf`jXXlkfiXXeXc`jflfj[`}cf^fj[\gXi\j%GfikXekfXc^lej[fj
j`^e`ÔZX[fj [Xj ZXk\^fi`Xj ]fiXd i\`ek\igi\kX[fj gXiX \jkX g\jhl`jX# Zfdf gfi \o\dgcf# X ZXk\^fi`X
ÈZfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZXÉ#fe[\f]fZf„X\ogfj`ƒf\j\l\jgXƒf\#gXiXej#gXjjflXj\i]fZfXfÔZ`eX\
j\l]leZ`feXd\ekf#\fgigi`fdfe`kfi%
F ZfeZ\`kf [\ Xgi\e[`qX^\d Zfd f hlXc kiXYXc_Xdfj Xhl` j\ XÔeX X ldX g\ijg\Zk`mX jZ`f$ZlckliXc
YXj\X[XeX`ek\igi\kXƒf[\j`^e`ÔZX[fj#XkiXm„j[\ldgifZ\jjf[`eXd`qX[fg\cXji\cXƒ‘\jjfZX`j#\ef
Xg\eXjef`e[`mˆ[lfj\^le[ffji\]\i\eZ`X`jgifgfjkfjg\cXgigi`X8cc\e)'') #XlkfiX[XjZXk\^fi`Xj
[\Zfem\ijXjlk`c`qX[XjZfdf\m`[†eZ`Xj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\de\jj\\jkl[fm\ikXdY„dM`^fkjbp#(00* %
8EÝC@J<;FJ;8;FJ
GXiXfc_XiZfdfXj`ek\iXƒ‘\j[`jZlij`mXj[liXek\XfÔZ`eX[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[fjXe`dX`jZfeki`Yl\dgXiX
fgifZ\jjf[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d#[\Ôe`dfjfj\g`j[`fj[\\ej`efZfdfle`[X[\j[\Xe}c`j\%
Fj\g`j[`fj]fiXdeld\iX[fjeldXj\h•†eZ`Xk\dgfiXc#Xjj`dk\dfj\dZX[XfÔZ`eXfj\g`j[`fj(#)
\*#jlZ\jj`mXd\ek\%8`[\ek`ÔZXƒf[Xj]XcXj[fjjla\`kfj]f`[\Ôe`[Xg\cfjgXg„`j[\ZX[Xld#Xjj`^cXj
<;[`qi\jg\`kf~j]XcXj[f\[lZX[fi[fDQLJG#DFE(#)\* Xfdfe`kfi2GHXfg\jhl`jX[fi2GIF=
Xfgif]\jjfi28C(#)#*#+\, Xj]XcXj[fjXclefj#=E@X]XcXef`[\ek`ÔZX[X2@]XcX`eXl[ˆm\`j2=:]XcX
ZfikX[X2KD=kf[fdle[f]XcXe[falekf%
8Xe}c`j\[fj\g`j[`fjefjg\id`k`lXm\i`^lXiXfZfii†eZ`X[\\m`[†eZ`Xj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\def[\Zfii\i
[Xj]XcXj[fjXclefj#XkiXm„j[XhlXek`ÔZXƒf[XjZXk\^fi`Xj[\Zfem\ijXj#[\XZfi[fZfd8cc\e)'') \>XiZ`X)''- %
8 d\jdX j\h•†eZ`X [\ \g`j[`fj XgXi\Z\iXd j`jk\dXk`ZXd\ek\ eXj + fÔZ`eXj XeXc`jX[Xj \ jf \c\j1
episódio 1: Xgi\j\ekXƒf [X fÔZ`eX2 episódio 2: [`jZljjf [f ^ilgf jfYi\ Zi`k„i`fj gXiX j\gXiXƒf [fj
Xe`dX`j2episódio 3:i\^`jkif\jZi`kfXgjXZcXjj`ÔZXƒf%
8jgi`eZ`gX`jZXk\^fi`XjfYj\imX[XjeXjfÔZ`eXjj\i\g\k`iXd\dgfiZ\ekX^\dj`d`cXi[\ekif[\ZX[X
\g`j[`f#fgi`d\`if]f`gi\[fd`eXek\[\Zfem\ijXj\jkiXk„^`ZXj#fj\^le[fk\m\gfiZ\ekX^\ddX`fi
[\Zfem\ijXjg\iZ\gk`mXj\efk\iZ\`ifgi\[fd`eXiXdXjZfem\ijXj\jkiXk„^`ZXj\g\iZ\gk`mXj#dXj
kXdY„d XgXi\Z\d Xj Zfem\ijXj ZfeZ\`klX`j \ Zfe\Zk`mXj >i}ÔZf (# g% - % 8j ]XcXj [fj dfe`kfi\j#
gif]\jjfi\j\g\jhl`jX[fi\jefj\ifXeXc`jX[XjgfiefXjZfej`[\iXidfjZfdffalas de aprendizagem,
a}hl\\jj\jefjffjjla\`kfj]fZf[Xg\jhl`jX%
8g\jXi [X j`d`cXi`[X[\ [fj \g`j[`fj \eki\ Xj fÔZ`eXj# Xc^ldXj \jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j `e[`m`[lX`j jli^`iXd#
Zfdfgfi\o\dgcf#XZXk\^fi`X[\Zfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX]f`fYj\imX[XXg\eXjeXfÔZ`eXhlXkif%Kˆe_Xdfj
^ilgfj[\XclefjZfdg\iÔj[`jk`ekfj\dZX[XldX[XjfÔZ`eXj#fhl\gifmXm\cd\ek\j\i\Õ\k\kXdY„d
\dXc^ldXjZXiXZk\i`qXƒ‘\j[`]\i\eZ`X[XjXZX[Xld[\c\j%
GXiX[\Ôe`iXjZXk\^fi`Xj[\Zfem\ijXj#fc_XdfjfZfealekf[\]XcXj[fjXclefjXek\j[\efd\}$cXj#gf`j
„e\Z\jj}i`f\ek\e[\ifZfek\okf[X]XcX\efXg\eXjldX’e`ZX]iXj\`jfcX[X%Dl`kXjm\q\jfXclef
efd\`XldXgi`d\`iXm\qldXe`dXcgXiX\dj\^l`[Xi\g\k`ifd\jdfefd\ef`ekl`kf[\i\]fiƒXiXjlX
-.
Gráfico 1. Porcentagens de conversas de aprendizagem em todos os episódios observados.
Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX
Zfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
Zfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX
(''
0'
/'
.'
-'
,'
+'
*'
)'
(
)
fÔZ`eX+
fÔZ`eX*
fÔZ`eX)
fÔZ`eX(
fÔZ`eX+
fÔZ`eX*
fÔZ`eX)
fÔZ`eX(
fÔZ`eX+
fÔZ`eX*
fÔZ`eX)
'
fÔZ`eX(
('
*
fg`e`fflX`e[XgXiXfXd`^f\jZlkXi#gXjjXe[fXj\ildXZfem\ijXefdX`j[\efd\Xƒf#dXjj`d
\jkiXk„^`ZX%8gi\j\ekXi\dfjXgjX[\jZi`ƒf[\ZX[X\g`j[`f#ki\Z_fjj\c\Z`feX[fj[XkiXejZi`ƒf
[XjhlXkiffÔZ`eXj#fe[\\jk\aXdi\gi\j\ekX[fjfjk`gfj[\Zfem\ijXj\eZfekiX[fj\dZX[Xld[fj
\g`j[`fj%
<G@Jä;@F(1
yf`eˆZ`f[XfÔZ`eX#e\jj\dfd\ekfX\[lZX[fiXflXc^ld[fjdfe`kfi\j\ogc`ZXXfjXclefj#j\ekX[fj
efZ_f#Zfdfj\i}XXk`m`[X[\\fhl\„\jg\iX[fXfÔeXc[XfÔZ`eX%KXdY„djf[X[Xji\Zfd\e[Xƒ‘\j
[\ Zfdf j\ ZfdgfikXi ef dlj\l \ f hl\ j\ \jg\iX Xf ÔeXc [X Xk`m`[X[\% <d jlX ^iXe[\ dX`fi`X# Xj
Zfem\ijXj[\jj\\g`j[`f]fiXdZcXjj`ÔZX[Xj[\\jkiXk„^`ZXj\dkf[XjXjfÔZ`eXjXeXc`jX[Xj%
8 gfiZ\ekX^\d [\ Zfem\ijXj \jkiXk„^`ZXj e\jk\ \g`j[`f \jk} \eki\ +'$('' \d kf[Xj Xj hlXkif
fÔZ`eXj%8gi\mXc†eZ`X[\jk\k`gf[\Zfem\ijX\jk}[`i\kXd\ek\i\cXZ`feX[XXfdfd\ekf`e`Z`Xc[XfÔZ`eX#
hlXe[ff\[lZX[fifldfe`kfi[fdlj\lXgi\j\ekXXXk`m`[X[\%8j]XcXj[fjXclefje\jk\\g`j[`fjf#
eXdX`fi`X[Xjm\q\j#gXiXk`iXi[’m`[XjjfYi\f]leZ`feXd\ekf[XXk`m`[X[\#Zfdf]fidXifj^ilgfj#\f
hl\[\m\d]Xq\i\kZ%8j\^l`ii\gif[lq`dfjXc^ldXj[\cXjXkˆklcf[\\o\dgcf%
Ki\Z_f(fÔZ`eX(
-/
ED: Por que ? Vocês notaram que não tem lata de lixo? Não pode. Nenhum museu a gente pode comer. FC
TMF e I
ED: FC ...tem mais ou menos 100 mil pessoas visitando esse museu por ano. Imagina se cada uma bota o dedinho
melado na parede?! Não é só chatice, entendeu? Por isso é que a gente fala dessas coisas...da classificação dos
animais. É o que vocês vão fazer. Só que vocês não vão fazer com bichos de verdade, naturalmente, ta? Vão fazer com
bichos de plástico. Eu não vou falar quase nada pra vocês. Eu vou deixar vocês se virarem. Tem esse saco de bichos
aqui, ó. Tem tudo quanto é bicho.
ED: Tudo. Eu aposto...Eu acho que vocês já conhecem todos, praticamente. Tem uns meio esquisitos, certo?! Que
nem eu sei muito bem o que é, aí vocês podem...fazer, imaginar, inventar um nome pra eles, ta?! Vocês vão pegar
cada grupinho assim de uns 5, 6 tá. Pode se espalhar mais ou menos por aqui. A Maria Paula vai filmar essa oficina,
porque estamos fazendo um trabalho para ver como é que os alunos fazem essa oficina. Então, vocês não precisam
se preocupar com fotografia, com filmagem, com nada, ta? É um trabalho nosso aqui. Ela vai filmar, ela vai ficar
num grupo, vai filmar, vai conversar com as pessoas do grupo, mas vocês não precisam se preocupar com nada!
Vocês falem, vocês fiquem à vontade.
Ki\Z_f)fÔZ`eX)
MON:... por algum motivo, ou porque já morreram, ou porque é doado, ta? E o que que acontece, as pessoas aqui
do museu, que trabalham, cientistas, eles recolhem esses animais e eles têm que separar de algum jeito, então
não pode colocar por exemplo um tipo de animal com outro tipo, eles têm que fazer uma separação, certo? Porque
vêm tudo misturado, né? Vêm um monte de animal e o que eles têm que fazer? Separar. Separar como? Aqui a
gente separa em famílias, em tipos de animais, então é, em aves, é, é, animais que mamam, né? (nesse momento
os alunos falavam juntos aves, mamíferos etc) os mamíferos, ou por ambiente, como vocês estão vendo aqui, não
é ? ali o ambiente floresta amazônica, aqui é outro ambiente, cerrado (fala mostrando os ambientes) ali é outro,
ali é outro, tá? Então é isso que eles fazem aqui, o que vocês vão fazer? Fazer a mesma coisa, só que os bichos de
plástico... (vira e pega um plástico cheio de bichos e mostra) ...aqui (nesse momento os alunos falam em conjunto:
Que legal!!!) ...tá tudo misturado, tem um monte de bichinho aqui, de todos os tipos, né? O que que eu quero que
vocês façam: vocês vão se separar em grupos, ta? (os alunos começam a se levantar e separar em grupos), Ãhan, e
vocês vão fazer o que? Vão separar, ta? Como? De que jeito? Do jeito que vocês quiserem. Vocês podem separar por
família, por tamanho, por ambiente, se nada se não nada, se é aquático, se não é, tá? Se tem perna, se não tem,
do jeito que vocês quiserem, tá? Entenderam?
ALUNO: É individual? conversa estratégica
MON: Não em grupo como eu falei.
Começam a escolher os grupos.
MON: Pessoal, pessoal, depois vocês vão anotar, por exemplo eu quero separar em animal aquático, animal
terrestre, aí vocês colocam, animal... é peixe, né? Aí vai colocando todo mundo que é aquático, aí terrestre, leão,
porco, ta? Vocês separem e anotem do jeito que vocês quiserem, ok? (fala mostrando a prancheta em que os alunos
farão as anotações)
<G@Jä;@F)1
E\jjX]Xj\fjXclefja}\jkfkf[fj\dj\lj^ilgfj#j\ekX[fjefZ_f\dZˆiZlcf#ef\jgXƒf\ogfj`k`mf#
XYi`e[ffjgXZfk\j[\Y`Z_fj\Zfd\ƒXe[fXj\gXiXifjXe`dX`j[\XZfi[fZfdZi`k„i`fjhl\mfjli^`e[f
[\ZX[XXclef\kXdY„dgfiZfej\ejf[f^ilgf%HlXe[fjli^\Xc^ldX[’m`[X\di\cXƒf~ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf
fl Xf df[\cf hl\ f Xe`dXc i\gi\j\ekX# fj Xclefj g\[\d Xal[X X ld X[lckf gif]\jjfi# dfe`kfi fl
g\jhl`jX[figi\j\ek\ %
-0
E\jk\\g`j[`fXgifo`dX[Xd\ek\-,[XjZfem\ijXj]f`ZcXjj`ÔZX[XZfdfg\iZ\gk`mX%@jjfgf[\\jkXi
i\cXZ`feX[f~\jZfc_X\e\^fZ`Xƒf[\ldZi`k„i`f[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[fjXe`dX`j#Zfe]fid\„XgifgfjkX
[XfÔZ`eX%y`dgfikXek\i\jjXckXihl\X\jZfc_X[\Zi`k„i`fjfZfii\j`dlckXe\Xd\ek\ZfdXj\gXiXƒf
]ˆj`ZX[fjY`Z_fjefj^ilgfj\#kXdY„d#ZfdXgigi`Xefd\Xƒf[\Xc^lej[\c\j%FjXclefjalekXdfj
Xe`dX`j[\XZfi[fZfdj\d\c_XeƒXj\XgXi\ek\d\ek\ZfdZi`k„i`fjX[hl`i`[fjgi\m`Xd\ek\#ZfdfeX
\jZfcX#gfid\`f[Xjdˆ[`Xj#[\Zfem\ijXjfl[Xgigi`Xm`j`kXXfDQLJG%E\jj\\g`j[`f#fjZi`k„i`fj[\
ZcXjj`ÔZXƒfdX`j\m`[\ek\jeXjfÔZ`eXj(\),±\-±j„i`\ jf1}i\X[\m`[X[fXe`dXc\cfZfdfƒf
X„i\f#k\ii\jki\#Xhl}k`Zf %EXjfÔZ`eXj*\+.±\/±j„i`\j XgXi\Z\dZcXjj`ÔZXƒ‘\jdX`ji\ÔeX[Xjfe[\
a}[\Ôe\dÔcf#ZcXjj\\flkifj^ilgfjkXofed`ZfjefdfefÔc„c`Zfj%
Fj\^le[fk`gf[\Zfem\ijXdX`j]i\h•\ek\e\jk\\g`j[`fjfXjZfem\ijXj\jkiXk„^`ZXj*' \_}
d\efjjfc`Z`kXƒf[\dfe`kfi\je\jj\dfd\ekf%
8j Zfem\ijXj X]\k`mXj jf gflZf ]i\h•\ek\j + \ f ]fZf e\jk\ dfd\ekf \jk} eX efd\Xƒf \ eX
[\Ôe`ƒf[fjZi`k„i`fj[\j\gXiXƒf[fjY`Z_fj%
A}XjZfem\ijXjZfeZ\`klX`jXgXi\Z\iXd\dXg\eXjldX[XjfÔZ`eXj\XgXi\ek\d\ek\\jkfi\cXZ`feX[Xj#
ZfdfeXXek\i`fi#ZfdXhl\jkf[f]fZf[\jk\\g`j[`fj\iXefd\Xƒf[fjfi^Xe`jdfj\[\Ôe`ƒf
[\Zi`k„i`fjgXiXXZcXjj`ÔZXƒf%8c„d[`jjf#„gfjjˆm\chl\XYX`oX]i\h•†eZ`X[\jk\k`gf[\Zfem\ijX
kXdY„dj\[\mXXf]Xkf[\hl\e\jk\\g`j[`ffjXclefj\jk\aXdZfeZ\ekiX[fjef\o\iZˆZ`f[\j\gXiXƒf
dXelXc[fjXe`dX`j%8c^lej\o\dgcfj[\jj\\g`j[`fj\i`Xd1
Ki\Z_f(fÔZ`eX( Nesse momento, eles acabaram de começar a atividade:
ED: você rasgou!!! (aqui acaba de rasgar o saco plástico de bichos)
AL1: mas não dava pra tirar... Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
ED: dá sim. É só ter um pouco de paciência. Mas você já rasgou....
Al2: a gente devia perguntar primeiro, né?! Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: cê perguntou pro...I Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
I: (....)
FNI: faz sinal pra ela (acena para a câmera). Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: ó, separa em marítimo, óó. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX(está nomeando o grupo “marítimo”)
AL3: que que eu falei..?? Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: marítimo, terrestre, réptil... Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL4: deixa separado! Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
FNI: voadores, marítimos Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: não, põe marítimos. Põe marítimos. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: são dois marítimos. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: não!! Põe réptil, anfíbio... Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: é da hora, meu! Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX
TMF: %%%%
.'
AL1: os marítimos ficam comigo. O arélio, o arélio....ai!!! (aqui troca a palavra aéreo por arélio sem intenção
Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL5: Aqui fica o ar. Aqui Lucas, fica o ar. Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: É aqui fica o ar. Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: o ar. Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
GH1X`^\ek\efk\jZlkXe[feX[X%%%
Ki\Z_f)fÔZ`eX(
Já é fase final do Episódio 2, antes deles começarem a registrar a separação já feita.
AL1: aquático Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: esse aqui é o quê mesmo?Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: deixa eu ver....Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
FNI: é aquáticoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL4: aquáticoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: aquáticoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
TMF: terrestreZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
TerrestreZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
TerrestreZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: barata, nãoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: terrestre, né?Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: não, mas...Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: não. isso aqui é anfíbio.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: esse aquiZfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL5: é você fica com os voadores Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: o leão marinho Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: “ Zeilor”, isso aqui é um leão marinho ou foca?Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: foca Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Zeilor: I...tem barba?
FNI: focaZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
<G@Jä;@F*1
yfdfd\ekf\dhl\fj^ilgfj]Xq\di\^`jkif\dgXg\c[\Zfdfj\gXiXiXdfjXe`dX`j%:X[X^ilgf\eki\^X
fj\li\^`jkifXld[fjdfe`kfi\j#fhlXcj\i}Xihl`mX[fg\cfJ\im`ƒf[\8k`m`[X[\j<[lZXk`mXj[fgigi`f
DQLJG%<jjX]Xj\„XdX`jcfe^X\ZfddX`fie’d\if[\]XcXj\„hlXe[ffjXclefji\e\^fZ`XdXjZXk\^fi`Xj
ljX[XjgXiXXj\gXiXƒf[fjXe`dX`j#Xgi\j\ekXdefmXj[’m`[Xj\#dl`kXjm\q\jjfc`Z`kXddX`jldXm\qX
gi\j\eƒX[fgif]\jjfi#dfe`kfiflg\jhl`jX[fihl\\jk\aXdX`jgio`df[f^ilgf>i}ÔZf)#g%(' %
.(
Gráfico 2. Número total de conversas de aprendizagem
/''
.''
-/-
-''
,/*
,''
+''
*''
)''
(''
'
.)
.(
*)
)
Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX
Zfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
Zfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX
E\jj\\g`j[`fXjZfem\ijXj\jkiXk„^`ZXjjfXjdX`j]i\h•\ek\jXgifo`dX[Xd\ek\,'[fkfkXc[\]XcXj%
8XckX]i\h•†eZ`X[\Zfem\ijXj[\jk\k`gfgf[\\jkXii\cXZ`feX[XXf]Xkf[\hl\e\jk\\g`j[`f#fjXclefj
]Xq\d f i\^`jkif \d gXg\c [Xj ZXk\^fi`Xj lk`c`qX[Xj gfi \c\j gXiX j\gXiXi fj Xe`dX`j% 8g\jXi [\ ef k\i
ldZXi}k\iXmXc`Xk`mfe\dgfigXik\[X`ejk`kl`ƒf\jZfcXi#e\dg\cfDQLJG \jjX]Xj\„c\mX[Xdl`kfX
j„i`fg\cfjXclefj[f^ilgf%Kf[fjgXik`Z`gXd\]\k`mXd\ek\[fi\^`jkif#fiX\jZi\m\e[f#fiXfi^Xe`qXe[ffj
^ilgfj[\Xe`dX`jflX`e[X[`kXe[ffgio`dfXe`dXcflZXk\^fi`Xhl\[\m\j\ii\^`jkiX[X%Fjdfe`kfi\j#
gif]\jjfi\j\g\jhl`jX[fi\jgi\j\ek\jjfdX`jjfc`Z`kX[fjefjgXiXk`iXi[’m`[XjZfdfkXdY„d[\Z\ikX
]fidXi\]\i\e[Xif[fZld\ekfÔeXchl\j\i}[\`oX[fefDQLJG%
Fj\^le[fk`gf[\Zfem\ijXdX`j]i\h•\ek\]f`[\g\iZ\gk`mXZfdZ\iZX[\+'[fkfkXc[\]XcXj%8gi\j\eƒX
dXiZXek\[\jk\k`gf[\Zfem\ijXfZfii\efdfd\ekf\dhl\fjXclefj\jkfi\e\^fZ`Xe[fXjZcXjj`ÔZXƒ‘\j
ljX[XjgXiXj\gXiXifjY`Z_fj#i\Zfii\e[fefmXd\ek\~jefd\Xƒ‘\j\[\Ôe`ƒ‘\j%;liXek\fi\^`jkifjli^\d
efmXd\ek\[’m`[XjkXekf\di\cXƒfXfjefd\j[fjXe`dX`jZfdf[f^ilgfefhlXc\c\jj\\eZX`oXd%Jli^\d
kXdY„defmXje\^fZ`Xƒ‘\jXi\jg\`kf[fjgigi`fjZi`k„i`fj[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf\jZfc_`[fjXek\i`fid\ek\%
A}XZfem\ijXX]\k`mXmXi`fl\eki\(X/%8g\jXi[XYX`oXgfiZ\ekX^\d#\cX„dX`jj`^e`ÔZXk`mXe\jj\[fhl\
efjflkifj\g`j[`fj%<cXXgXi\Z\e\jj\\g`j[`f\dkf[XjXjfÔZ`eXj#fe[\e’d\ifkfkXc[\Zfem\ijXj„
Y\ddX`fihl\efj[\dX`j\g`j[`fj>i}ÔZf) %8gi\j\eƒXXZ\eklX[X[\Zfem\ijXjX]\k`mXje\jj\\g`j[`f
gf[\j\ii\jlckX[f[\jj\dfd\ekf\dhl\Xg\eXjldfl[f`jXclefj\jkfdX`j\emfcm`[fjeXXk`m`[X[\[\
i\^`jkif#\fj[\dX`j[`jgfeˆm\`jgXiX^\iXidfd\ekfj[\[\jZfekiXƒf\Yi`eZX[\`iXj%
<d i\cXƒf X Zfem\ijXj ZfeZ\`klX`j# fYj\imXdfj e\jk\ \g`j[`f ld Xld\ekf Zfej`[\i}m\c \d i\cXƒf
Xfj[\dX`j%8c„d[`jjf#k\m\ldX]i\h•†eZ`X[\)X*\dkf[XjXjfÔZ`eXj[\jk\\g`j[`f%DX`jldXm\q
gXi\Z\hl\X`dgfikeZ`X[X[XXfi\^`jkifg[\gifgfiZ`feXildXdX`fimXi`\[X[\[\k`gfj[\Zfem\ijXj\X
gfjj`Y`c`[X[\[\\jk`dlcXi[`]\i\ek\j[`d\ej‘\j[fgifZ\jjf[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d%<dZfdgXiXƒfXf\g`j[`f
)#\jk\„dl`kXdX`ji\Õ\o`mf[fhl\d\Ze`ZX#a}hl\fjXe`dX`j]fiXdj\gXiX[fjef\g`j[`fXek\i`fi#
ZXY\e[fX^fiXXi\e\^fZ`Xƒf[fjZi`k„i`fj\[Xgigi`XZcXjj`ÔZXƒf%
8gXi\Z\e\jk\\g`j[`f#Xg\eXj\dldX[XjfÔZ`eXj#XZfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mXXgifo`dX[Xd\ek\( %8
YX`oˆjj`dX]i\h•†eZ`X[\jk\k`gf[\Zfem\ijXgf[\\jkXii\cXZ`feX[X~gigi`X[\Ôe`ƒf[XZXk\^fi`X
hl\gi\jjlg‘\ldXm\iYXc`qXƒf\ogcˆZ`kX[Xc`^XƒfZfd\c\d\ekfj[X\ogfj`ƒf#fl[Xm`[Xgi\^i\jjX
[fj`e[`mˆ[lfj%8j[lXj’e`ZXjZfem\ijXjZcXjj`ÔZX[XjZfdfZfe\Zk`mXj]Xq\dd\eƒf[`i\kXXld[fj
Zfek\’[fj[X\ogfj`ƒf#dXj`jjfefhl\i[`q\ihl\flkiXjZfem\ijXjefgfjjXdXgi\j\ekXiXc^ldX
Zfe\ofef\ogcˆZ`kXZfdXm`j`kXflZfdflkifjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjgi„m`fj%
Ki\Z_f(%fÔZ`eX(
Nesse momento, surge uma dúvida, há uma discussão sobre qual seria o animal e qual a categoria que ele deveria
ocupar. Há nitidamente uma discordância de opinião entre o grupo e os pesquisadores que estão filmando o grupo,
sobre qual seria o animal em questão.
AL2: isso é tatu, acho. É tatu? Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: galinha Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
FNI: veado, porco Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
PQ: parece um quati
AL2: quati (repetem o que a PQ fala) Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Al5: quati Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: quati Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
PQ-PROF-MON (?):parece um quati
AL4: I
Al1: qui que é isso aqui? Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: cavalo Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: isso aqui...isso aqui é o que, tia? Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
PQ-MON: isso não é uma moréia?
AL1: é enguia, não é ? Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Al5: é enguia Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
MON: uma moréia
PQ: uma moréia Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1, AL5, AL2: é enguia! Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: é enguia Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: é marítimo! Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
MON: é, a moréia tem uma outra....
AL3: é uma enguia! É enguia Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
FNI: é um veado Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
MON: não é um bode. É um bode
AL4: eu falei que era um bode. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: bode expiatório! Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX
.*
Ki\Z_f)%fÔZ`eX+
AL2: Louva Deus. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2:Louva Deus. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: I.
AL2: Deus. Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX
AL2: DEUS (levanta os braços para o alto) Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX
AL3: louva a DEUS (Levanta os braços para o alto) entendeu? Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX\Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: louva a?Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: não. louva Deus só.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: grilo. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: pra mim isso não é aracnídeo, nem isso, nem isso, é tudo inseto. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: Isso pra mim é uma abelha. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: Abelha.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: I
AL2: isso daqui pra mim é... um furão! Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: é o que? Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL4: I
AL2: libélula. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: lembra quando a gente viu inseto naquela coisinha? Tinha barata, tinha isso, tinha tudo menos a aranha.
Zfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX
AL2: barata. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: barata.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: I
AL2: não é. Barata não é aracnídeo, é inseto. Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: barata é inseto! Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: barata.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2 : agora os aracnídeos.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: não, isso daqui é inseto. É inseto. Centopéia.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZXZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL1: isso é uma lagarta.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: lagarta.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: pra mim isso é uma centopéia.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Ki\Z_f*%fÔZ`eX+
.+
AL3: pra mim isso é uma centopéia.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: I.
AL2: I.
AL1: la – gar - ta.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2 : lar - ga - ta.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: lar - gar - ta.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: la - gar. Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: lar - ga - ta.
AL3: la! não tem r depois do la, gar, ta.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: la - gar - ta.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: gar.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: formiga é aracnídeo.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: não é.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: tá bom. Aracnídeo: aranha.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL5: I.
AL3: eu não sei que bicho é esse.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: bicho de pau, não é? (pergunta para AL3) Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: aranha. Aracnídeo: aranha. (para AL1)Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: não é um grilo?Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: vai. Aranha. Aracnídeos: aranha.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: Ah, agora esses são os mais fáceis.Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX\Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL5: pingüim. Coloca ele na classe das aves. Aves: pingüim Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: não, mas deixa ela fazer aracnídeos.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: I.
AL2: aracnídeos...Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: eu já pus aranha aqui...Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: ah sua burra, aranha é aracnídeo.Zfem\ijXX]\k`mX\Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: põe entre parênteses: aracnídeo. Só.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: vai.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL3: põe, entre parênteses.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: muito bem. Agora aves: pingüim.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL1: I.
AL2: aves. Pingüim é entre parênteses.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: mamíferos.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL5: I.
AL2: I.
AL4: I (...) só aves.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: agora vem os mamíferos.Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: será que tudo isso é mamífero, esse daqui (...)I.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL4: I.
.,
AL3: pra mim esse daqui (...) I mas tudo bem.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX\Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL2: I.
AL5: I.
AL3: o mamífero é o que dá leite! Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: alce.Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: I.
AL3: ele dá. (fazendo referência ao animal que está segurando).Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL5: alce.
AL1: não é isso. Mas tem aquele lá ... o... I (...) ele bota ovo mas é um mamíferoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX\Zfem\ijX
ZfeZ\`klXc
Ki\Z_f+%fÔZ`eX)
Profª: ah! E não tem nenhum animal que é inseto e é venenoso?
FNI: sim Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
FNI: temZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL2: tem a cobra (pega o bicho mostrando à profª)Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: aranha não é Zfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
Profª: cobra é um inseto?
AL1: nãoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
FNI: nãoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
AL3: aranha não é inseto Zfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
Profª: cobra é o que
AL2: venenosoZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
Profª: Ela é venenosa, mas ela é o que?
FNI: réptilZfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
FNI: réptilZfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
FNI: réptilZfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
Profª: ta bom! Podemos ir, fizeram o registro? Podemos ir embora?
AL3: ainda nãoZfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
AL4: ainda não, ta faltando tudo isso daqui (aponta para os animais não registrados)Zfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
Profª: ta na hora se não...
FNI: ai carambaZfem\ijXX]\k`mX
.-
:FEJ@;<I8xÃ<J=@E8@J
Fk`gf[\Zfem\ijXdX`jXYle[Xek\\dkf[XjXjfÔZ`eXjfYj\imX[Xj]f`XZfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX#eld
kfkXc[\-/-]XcXj#Z\iZX[\,'[fe’d\ifkfkXc[\]XcXj>i}ÔZf) %8Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mXXgXi\Z\l
Zfdffj\^le[fk`gfdX`jXYle[Xek\Zfd,/*]XcXj#kfkXc`qXe[f+)%8Zfeki`Yl`ƒf[fjflkifjk`gfj
[\Zfem\ijXj]f`Y\dd\efi#XX]\k`mXZfekXY`c`qfl.(]XcXj#XZfeZ\`klXc*)]XcXj\XZfe\Zk`mXXg\eXj
)]XcXj#ZfdXjgfiZ\ekX^\ej[\,#)\d\efj[\([fkfkXc[\Zfem\ijXji\jg\Zk`mXd\ek\%
8cc\e )'') \eZfekifl gi\[fd`eXek\d\ek\ f k`gf [\ Zfem\ijX g\iZ\gk`mX \d j\l kiXYXc_f ef
È<ogcfiXkfi`ld[\JXe=iXeZ`jZfÉ#ZfdZ\iZX[\.'[fkfkXc[\]XcXjfYj\imX[Xj%Fj\^le[fk`gfdX`j
]i\h•\ek\]f`[\X]\k`mX\ZfeZ\`klXc#ZX[XldZfeki`Yl`e[f`^lXcd\ek\Zfd,-[fkfkXc[\]XcXj%Fj
[\dX`jk`gfj[\Zfem\ijXjZfekXiXdZfd)/[\Zfe\Zk`mX\('[\\jkiXk„^`ZXKXY\cX( %
KXY\cX(%E’d\ifkfkXc[\Zfem\ijXj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d\d*[`]\i\ek\j\jkl[fj%
Conversa de aprendizagem
(Tipos)
MZUSP
Pesquisa atual
(%)
Zôo de Sorocaba
(Garcia, 2006)
(%)
The Exploratorium,
San Francisco (Allen, 2002)
(%)
Estratégica
,'
()
('
Perceptiva
+*
,,
.'
Afetiva
,
/
,-
Conceitual
)
(/
,-
Conectiva
'#(+
.
)/
A} >XiZ`X )''- kiXYXc_Xe[f Zfd Xj d\jdXj ZXk\^fi`Xj [\ Zfem\ijXj [\ Xgi\e[`qX^\d ef Qf [\
JfifZXYX#\eZfekiflkXdY„dZfdfk`gfgi\[fd`eXek\XZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mXZfeki`Yl`e[fZfd,,
[fkfkXc[\]XcXj#j\^l`[X[XZfeZ\`klXcZfd(/#\jkiXk„^`ZXZfd()#\fjk`gfjX]\k`mX\Zfe\Zk`mX
Zfd.\/i\jg\Zk`mXd\ek\KXY\cX( %>XiZ`X)''- jZfekXY`c`qflXj]XcXj\jkiXk„^`ZXjhlXe[f\cXj
XgXi\Z`Xdjfq`e_Xj#gfi`jjfkXcm\qXgfiZ\ekX^\d\eZfekiX[X]f`d\efihl\\defjjf\jkl[fefDQLJG#
fe[\X^iXe[\dX`fi`X[Xj]XcXj]f`[\jj\k`gf[\Zfem\ijX%<defjjfZXjf#eXdX`figXik\[Xjm\q\j
\cXj\iXd]XcXj\oZclj`mXd\ek\\jkiXk„^`ZXj#j\de\e_ldflkifk`gfXjjfZ`X[f%<jj\k`gf[\ZXk\^fi`X
]f`fi`^`eXcd\ek\[\jZi`kXZfdf]XcXji\cXZ`feX[XjXf]leZ`feXd\ekf[X\ogfj`ƒfef<ogcfiXkfi`ld
[\JXe=iXeZ`jZf\XcfZXc`qXƒf[fjm`j`kXek\jef\jgXƒfdlj\Xc8cc\e)'') %<defjjXXgifgi`Xƒf
[\jjXZXk\^fi`X#kf[fjfjXjg\Zkfji\cXk`mfjXf]leZ`feXd\ekf[XfÔZ`eX\dj`]fiXd[\Ôe`[fjZfdf
Zfem\ijXj\jkiXk„^`ZXj#fhl\gf[\k\i\c\mX[ffe’d\ifkfkXc[\jj\k`gf[\Zfem\ijX#a}hl\fgi`d\`if
\g`j[`f\dkf[XjXjfÔZ`eXjfYj\imX[Xj„\oZclj`mXd\ek\[\\ogc`ZXƒfg\cf\[lZX[fi[\Zfdfj\i}
XXk`m`[X[\%
?} ^iXe[\ Xgifo`dXƒf [fj i\jlckX[fj \eZfekiX[fj efj * \jkl[fj hlXe[f fc_Xdfj X ZXk\^fi`X [\
Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mXa}hl\\jk\]f`fdX`j]i\h•\ek\efj\jkl[fj[\8cc\e)'') \>XiZ`X)''- #\
f j\^le[f dX`j gi\[fd`eXek\ e\jk\ kiXYXc_f% DX`j ldX m\q f ZfekXkf Zfd fj fYa\kfj# hl\ ef ZXjf
[fDlj\l[\Qffcf^`XjffjY`Z_fj[\gc}jk`Zf#gf[\c\mXifjm`j`kXek\jX[\j\emfcm\i\dZfem\ijXj
fe[\Xefd\Xƒf#ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf\`[\ek`ÔZXƒfjfYi\jjX\d\d[\ki`d\ekf[fj[\dX`jk`gfj[\Zfem\ijX
X]\k`mX#ZfeZ\`klXc#Zfe\Zk`mX\kZ %
FlkifgfekfXj\iZfej`[\iX[f„Xgi\j\eƒXd\efjXZ\eklX[X[\Zfem\ijXjZfeZ\`klX`jfYj\imX[Xje\jj\
\jkl[f\dZfdgXiXƒfXf\eZfekiX[fefQf[\JfifZXYX>XiZ`X#)''- #\`jjfgf[\j\i\ogc`ZX[fg\cX
gigi`X[\Ôe`ƒf[fjk`gfj[\Zfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX\ZfeZ\`klXc%FjZi`k„i`fjljX[fjgXiX[\Ôe`ƒf[\
..
./
ZX[XldX[\cXjefjfdl`kfi\jki`kfj#[Xe[fdXi^\dXfljf[\]fidXg\Zlc`XiXZX[XZXjf#flj\aX#
hl\[\g\e[\e[f[\hl\dX`ek\igi\kXgf[\[\Ôe`$cXfiXZfdfg\iZ\gk`mX#fiXZfdfZfeZ\`klXcgXiX
[\kXc_\jm\i8cc\e#)'') %
HlXe[fXeXc`jXdfjf\o\iZˆZ`f[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[\j\emfcm`[feXfÔZ`eX#g\iZ\Y\dfjhl\fjXclefjj\
mXc\iXddX`j[\Zi`k„i`fjefkXofed`Zfj#Zfdf}i\X[\m`[X\df[f[\cfZfdfƒfgXiX[`m`[`ifj
^ilgfj[fhl\XZi`k„i`fjljX[fjg\cfjqfcf^fj#fli\cXk`mfjXfZfek\’[fXYfi[X[f[liXek\Xm`jkX
Xf dlj\l% 8f fc_Xidfj X [`jgfj`ƒf [fj Xe`dX`j \d j\lj XdY`\ek\j ef \jgXƒf \ogfj`k`mf ef hlXc
XfÔZ`eX„i\Xc`qX[Xd[lcf+ #efkXdfjhl\_}ldX]fik\c`^XƒfZfdjlXj}i\Xj[\m`[X\]fidXj
[\ cfZfdfƒf# f hl\ gf[\ \jkXi `eÕl\eZ`Xe[f Xj ZXk\^fi`Xj ljX[Xj g\cXj Zi`XeƒXj% ;\m\$j\ i\jjXckXi
kXdY„d hl\ fj gifZ\[`d\ekfj [\ ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf [\ j\i\j m`mfj „ Xc^f gi\j\ek\ \d m}i`Xj Xk`m`[X[\j
\jZfcXi\j#cf^ffjZi`k„i`fj[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒfgifgfjkfjefgf[\dj\iXki`Ylˆ[fjjfd\ek\~m`j`kX%8c„d
[`jjf#ef„fYa\k`mfgi`dfi[`Xc[XfÔZ`eXXmXc`Xij\\o`jk\ldXc`^Xƒf\eki\m`j`kX\fjZi`k„i`fjljX[fj
g\cfjXclefj#dXjj`d\jk`dlcXif\o\iZˆZ`f[\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf%<dYfiXfdlj\l\djlX\ogfj`ƒfXjjldX
Xg\ijg\Zk`mX[\ÈZcXjj`ÔZXƒfÔcf^\e„k`ZXÉ#XjZi`XeƒXjXgi\j\ekXiXdldXZcXjj`ÔZXƒfdl`kfgio`dX
[Xhl\cXjgifgfjkXjg\cXj`[„`XjXi`jkfk„c`ZXj\c`e\e`XeXjjfYi\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf%%
<jk\ k`gf [\ ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf ef kXofed`ZX fl ef qffc^`ZX \eZfekiX[X eXj fÔZ`eXj# ZfiifYfiX fj
i\jlckX[fj\eZfekiX[fj\dflkifj\jkl[fjjfYi\XZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[\Xe`dX`jgfi\jkl[Xek\j%BXkkdXee
)''( Xgc`ZflldXj„i`\[\hl\jk`fe}i`fjgXiXZi`XeƒXj\eki\0X(-Xefj#fe[\g\[`XgXiXhl\ZX[XXclef
Ôq\jj\jlXgigi`XZcXjj`ÔZXƒfgXiXXc^lej^ilgfj[\Xe`dX`jZfe_\Z`[fj%8^iXe[\dX`fi`X[XjZi`XeƒXj
[Xj fÔZ`eXj [f DQLJG ljfl fj d\jdfj Zi`k„i`fj [\ j\gXiXƒf \eZfekiX[fj e\jj\ \jkl[f1 Xhl}k`Zfj#
k\ii\jki\j#mfX[fi\j\iXjk\aXek\j%E\c\X`e[X#fj\jkl[Xek\jdX`jm\c_fjXgXik`i[\(*Xefj `eZclˆiXd
Zi`k„i`fjkXofed`ZfjgXiXXZcXjj`ÔZXƒfdX`jgio`dX[\ldqfcf^f#dXjX`e[XXjj`dg\idXe\Z\iXd
ZfdfjZi`k„i`fjcfZfdfƒf\}i\X[\m`[X%
<dldflkif\jkl[fjfYi\fk\dXÈZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[\Xe`dX`jÉ#]\`kfgfiKlee`Zc`]]\\I\`jj(000 X^iXe[\
dX`fi`X[fjXclefjgXik`Z`gXek\j#`e[\g\e[\ek\[X`[X[\fl[fj\of#ljXiXdZi`k„i`fjXeXkd`ZfjgXiX
efd\Xi\X^ilgXifjXe`dX`j%8Xk`m`[X[\Zfej`jk`X\defd\Xi#ZcXjj`ÔZXi\X^ilgXi-\jg„Z`\j[\Xe`dX`j
gi\j\imX[fjgXiXZi`XeƒXj[\,$(+Xefj%Fljf[fd`eXek\[\ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjXeXkd`ZXjgXiXZcXjj`ÔZXƒf
[fjXe`dX`j]fidX[fZfigf#k`gf[\Y`Zf#XjX#Zfi#k`gf[\]XZ\\kZ [\jZfe\ZkX[Xj[f_XY`kXkfl[f
ZfdgfikXd\ekf#gf[\j\i\cXZ`feXij\^le[ffjXlkfi\j#ZfdXe\Z\jj`[X[\_ldXeXgi\d\ek\[\efd\Xi
\ ZcXjj`ÔZXi kf[Xj Xj Zf`jXj [f dle[f% <jjX m`jf [\ dle[f j\i`X i\]fiƒX[X kXdY„d g\cf df[f [\
\ej`eXi9`fcf^`X#hl\gi`fi`qXfXe`dXc\dj`#[\jcfZX[f[fZfek\okf[fj\l_XY`kXkflfZfdgfikXd\ekf
XjjfZ`X[fX\c\Klee`Zc`]]\\I\`jj#(000 %
8 ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf [fj Xe`dX`j fYj\imX[X eX fÔZ`eX [f DQLJG `cljkiX \oXkXd\ek\ \jjX e\Z\jj`[X[\ [\
efd\XifjXe`dX`j#ldXm\qhl\gi`m`c\^`XfZfekXkf[`i\kfZfdffYa\kf#efZXjfldXi\gi\j\ekXƒf
[\ldXe`dXc#j\dldZfek\okfgi„m`f#gifdfm\e[f`ejk`ek`mXd\ek\XZXiXZk\i`qXƒf\Xefd\Xƒf[fj
d\jdfj%
GfiÔd#ldXjg\Zkfd\i\Z\Xk\eƒf%8gjX^ilgXifjXe`dX`j#fj\jkl[Xek\j\jZi\m\d\dgXg\cZfdf
\c\j[`m`[`iXdfj^ilgfj\`jjfÔZXZfdfld[fZld\ekf\eki\^l\XfDQLJG%E\jj\gifZ\jjf[\i\^`jkif#
Xc^ldXj[’m`[Xjjli^\d\eki\fjXclefj#\dl`kXjm\q\jfZfii\defmXjefd\Xƒ‘\j%G\iZ\Y\$j\hl\fj
\jkl[Xek\j[fdl`kX`dgfikeZ`XX\jjX]Xj\[XfÔZ`eX#hlXe[f\jkf]fZX[fj\dZldgi`ildi`klXc
dl`kfgio`dfXfhl\ldZ`\ek`jkX]XqgXiXj`jk\dXk`qXifjj\lji\jlckX[fj#Xc„d[\j\Xgifo`dXikXdY„d
[X<jZfcX#gfii\gi\j\ekXifdfd\ekf[\fi^Xe`qXƒf\j`jk\dXk`qXƒf[fZfe_\Z`d\ekf%
8g\jXi[fjm}i`fj[\jXÔfj[fljf\[XXgifgi`Xƒf[XjZXk\^fi`Xj[\ÈZfem\ijXj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉ#]f`
gfjjˆm\cZfdgi\\e[\i[\dXe\`iXdX`jgif]le[XfgifZ\jjf[\Xgi\e[`qX^\defj\jgXƒfj[\\[lZXƒf
ef ]fidXc [liXek\ Xj m`j`kXj% E\jj\ j\ek`[f f ljf [Xj ZXk\^fi`Xj [\ 8cc\e )'') kiflo\ ldX efmX
g\ijg\Zk`mX[\j\fYj\imXiXZfdle`ZXƒf[liXek\ldXm`j`kXflXk`m`[X[\\[lZXZ`feXc\ddlj\lj%F
[\jXÔfdX`fi„[\]Xq\iXX[\hlXƒf[XjZXk\^fi`Xja}gifgfjkXjXi\Xc`[X[\j[`jk`ekXjfe[\\o`jkXX
c`e^lX^\d]XcX[X%
8Xgifo`dXƒf[\\jkl[fjk\i`ZfjeX}i\X[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dZfdXjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj\ddlj\lj\#
gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\]fZX[fjeXc`e^lX^\d„ld\j]fiƒfhl\[\m\j\i\em`[X[fZX[Xm\qdX`jgXiXlddX`fi
\ek\e[`d\ekf[Xi\cXƒfg’Yc`Zf$dlj\l\[Xjgfjjˆm\`j\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j[\jj\j\jgXƒfj[\[`mlc^Xƒf
Z`\ekˆÔZX%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
8cc\e# J% )'') 1 Cffb`e^ ]fi C\Xie`e^ `e M`j`kfi KXcb1 8 D\k_f[fcf^`ZXc <ogcfiXk`fe# en: C\`e_Xi[k# >%# B%
:ifnc\p#Xe[B%Belkjfe#<[j% # Learning Conversations in Museums#El\mXA\ij\p#C<8GlYc`j_\ij#g%),0$*'(%
:XimXc_f#8%D%G%2:Xjkif#I%J%2CXYlil#:%<%\Dfik`d\i#<%=%(00) 1Gi\jjlgfjkfj\g`jk\dfc^`Zfj
gXiXXg\jhl`jX\d\ej`ef[\:`†eZ`Xj#Cadernos de Pesquisa#/) #gg%/,$/0#JfGXlcf%
>XiZ`X#M%8%I%)''- 1O processo de aprendizagem no Zôo de Sorocaba: análise da atividade educativa visita orientada
a partir dos objetos biológicos#;`jj\ikXƒfD\jkiX[f\d<[lZXƒf #Le`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf%
BXkkdXee#L%)''( 18hlXk`Zj#=cp\ij#:i\\g\ijXe[K\ii\jki`Xcj$jkl[\ekjËZfeZ\gk`fejf]Xe`dXcZcXjj`ÔZXk`fe#
Journal of Biological Education, *,* #g%(+($(+.%
Cfg\j#D%D%(00. 1O Brasil Descobre a Pesquisa Científica: os museus e as ciências naturais no século XIX#<[`kfiX
?lZ`k\Z%
MXe$Gi€\k#D%(0/0 1:fekiX[`Zk`fej[\jdlj„\j[Ë_`jkf`i\eXkli\cc\\k\mfclk`fe[\c\lij\ogfj`k`fej#\e
JZ_`\c\# 9% \[% 1 Faire Voir, Faire Savoir: la muséologie scientifique au present. Musée de la civilization# Hl„Y\Z# g%
),$**%
Klee`Zc`]]\#J%;%\I\`jjD%A%(000 19l`c[`e^Xdf[\cf]k_\\em`ifed\ek1_fn[fZ_`c[i\ej\\Xe`dXcj6#
Journal of Biological Education,*** #g%(+)$(+/%
Klee`Zc`]]\#J%;%)''+ 1N\Ëi\Xcc^f`e^kfk_\qff$k_\\]]\Zkkfk_\jfZ`Xc^iflgfek_\Zfem\ijXk`feXc
Zfek\ekf]gi`dXipjZ_ffcZ_`c[i\e#\e: International Zoo Educators Association South East Asian Zoos Association
Conference Proceedings%:_`eXg%(,%
M`^fkjbp#C%J%(00* 1Pensamento e Linguagem#JfGXlcf#DXik`ej=fek\j%
.0
CL:@8E8D8>8C?Â<JDFE8:F
C`Z\eZ`X[X \d Y`fcf^`X# d\jki\ \d <Zfcf^`X g\cf @EG8$DXeXlj% KiXYXc_fl Zfdf g\jhl`jX[fiX \d
Le`[X[\j [\ :fej\imXƒf [\ DXeXlj$8D \ JXekXi„d$G81 GXihl\ EXZ`feXc [f AX’# GXihl\ Dle`Z`gXc
[fD`e[l#=cfi\jkXEXZ`feXc[fKXgXaj#ZfcXYfiX[fiX[fGifa\kfÈJ\ZXÕfi\jkXÉ[f@G8D&C98&:EGh%
8klXcd\ek\ kiXYXc_X Zfd <[lZXƒf Ef =fidXc Zfd ]fZf \d Dlj\lj# Xc„d [\ XklXi eXj }i\Xj [\
\[lZXƒfXdY`\ekXc\\Zfkli`jdf%
clZVdfeXZf7pX_ff%Zfd%Yi
D8I@8G8LC8:FII<@8;<JFLQ8
9`cf^X%8klflZfdfcXYfiXkfi`jkX\gif]\jjfiX[f<ej`ef=le[Xd\ekXc%8klXcd\ek\„XcleX[\d\jkiX[f
[fGif^iXdX[\Gj$^iX[lXƒf[X=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLJG#eX}i\X[\<[lZXƒfEf=fidXcZfd
]fZf\dDlj\lj%KXdY„d]XqgXik\[X\hl`g\[f>ilgf[\<jkl[f\G\jhl`jX\d<[lZXƒfEf=fidXc
\;`mlc^Xƒf:`\ekˆÔZX><<E= %
dgXlcX[Xi\7_fkdX`c%Zfd
D8IK?8D8I8E;@EF
/'
9`cf^X#gif]\jjfiX;flkfiX=<$LJG#fi`\ekXg\jhl`jXj\d\[lZXƒf\ddlj\lj%:ffi[\eX[\j[\)'')
f>ilgf[\<jkl[f\G\jhl`jX\d<[lZXƒfEf=fidXc\;`mlc^Xƒf:`\ekˆÔZX><<E= %<og\i`†eZ`X
gifÔjj`feXc\XZX[†d`ZXkiXYXc_Xe[feX:ffi[\eXƒf[\<[lZXƒf[fDlj\l[\8jkifefd`X\:`†eZ`Xj
8ÔejÆD8JK&D:K#k\e[fkXdY„dXklX[fZfdf:_\]\[\Gifa\kfj[\G\jhl`jXe\jk\cfZXc(00,X)'') \Zfdgif[lƒf[\Xik`^fj#kiXYXc_fj\dZfe^i\jjfj#dXk\i`X`j[`[}k`Zfj\\ogfj`ƒ‘\j%
dXidXiXe7ljg%Yi
CL8E8D8I@8;<C@D8
9`cf^X% 8klfl Zfdf gif]\jjfiX [\ <[lZXƒf [\ Afm\ej \ 8[lckfj# ef <ej`ef =le[Xd\ekXc% M\d
\o\ZlkXe[f Xk`m`[X[\j eX ;`m`jf [\ ;`]ljf :lckliXc [f DQLJG Zfdf c\mXekXd\ekf Y`Yc`f^i}ÔZf
[\ kiXYXc_fj Z`\ekˆÔZfj# fi^Xe`qXƒf \ ÔcdX^\d [Xj fÔZ`eXj# kiXejZi`ƒf \ ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf [fj [`}cf^fj
[XjfÔZ`eXj#dXelk\eƒf\ZfeÔ^liXƒf[\_Xi[nXi\#[\j`^e\i\[`X^iXdXƒf[\[fZld\ekfj]fkfj#
[\j\e_fj\k\okfj #\Xloˆc`feXdXelk\eƒf[X\ogfj`ƒf%
clec`d7^dX`c%Zfd
DÝI:@8=<IE8E;<JCFLI<ExF
9`cf^X# d\jki\ \d Qffcf^`X g\cX LJG# [`i\kfiX [f J\im`ƒf [\ 8k`m`[X[\j <[lZXk`mXj [f DQLJG%
I\jgfej}m\cg\cfjgif^iXdXj\[lZXk`mfj[fDQLJG%<o\ZlkXXklXcd\ek\fjgif^iXdXjgifdfm`[fjg\cf
j\kfi\[lZXk`mfXk\e[`d\ekfX\jZfcXj#gif^iXdX[\Zlijfj[\\ok\ejf#\cXYfiXƒf[\Zfealekfj[\
dXk\i`Xc qffc^`Zf gXiX \dgi„jk`df % y gif]\jjfiX [\ \ej`ef ]le[Xd\ekXc [X i\[\ dle`Z`gXc [\ Jf
GXlcf%
d]\i7ljg%Yi
:I@JK@E898IÂF
G\[X^f^X#d\jki\\d<[lZXƒfg\cXLe`m\ij`[X[\<jkX[lXc[\:Xdg`eXj#Xklflef\ej`ef$]le[Xd\ekXc$
gi`d\`if$^iXl \ \ej`ef$d\[`f$j\^le[f$^iXl% 8klXcd\ek\ „ Gif]\jjfiX <]\k`mX [X Gi\]\`kliX Dle`Z`gXc
[\:Xdg`eXj%8klXe[fgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\efjj\^l`ek\jk\dXj1<[lZXƒfef]fidXc#Dlj\lj[\:`†eZ`Xj#
\jZfcXj#`dX^\d#]fidXƒf[\gif]\jjfi\j%
Zi`jk`eXYXiXf7`^%Zfd%Yi
/(
D@I@8E;8M@;D8IHL<J
9`cf^X# gif]\jjfiX XjjfZ`X[X \ [`i\kfiX [X ;`m`jf [\ ;`]ljf :lckliXc [f DQLJG% I\jgfej}m\c g\cf
gifa\kf [\ X[\hlXƒf [f \jgXƒf \ogfj`k`mf [X efmX \ogfj`ƒf [\ cfe^X [liXƒf =8G<JG# )''( %
:ffi[\eX[fiX[fgifa\kf\ogfj`k`mf1ÈG\jhl`jX\dQffcf^`X1X9`f[`m\ij`[X[\jfYfFc_Xi[fQfcf^fÉ
)''($)'') %:ffi[\eXXklXcd\ek\fjgif^iXdXj[X;`m`jf[\;`]ljf:lckliXcXk\e[`d\ekfXj\jZfcXj#
Zlijfj[\\ok\ejf#\cXYfiXƒf[\Zfealekfj[\dXk\i`Xcqffc^`ZfgXiX\dgi„jk`df$Gi$I\`kfi`X[\
:lckliX\<ok\ejfLe`m\ij`k}i`X[XLJG %
d`dXihl\7ljg%Yi
J@CM@8C%=%KI@M<C8KF
/)
9`cf^X#gif]\jjfiX[flkfiX[X=<$LJG#kiXYXc_XeX\cXYfiXƒf[\dXk\i`Xc[`[}k`Zf[\j[\(0./#`eZcl`e[f
ifk\`ifj[\Xk`m`[X[\jgXiXgif]\jjfi\j#gifa\kfj[\\[lZXƒfX[`jkeZ`XgXiXf\ej`efd„[`f#Zfc\ƒ‘\j
[`[}k`ZXj gXiX f \ej`ef ]le[Xd\ekXc \ d„[`f \ dXk\i`Xc gXiX ]fidXƒf Zfek`elX[X [\ gif]\jjfi\j%
Fi`\ekX kiXYXc_fj [\ d\jkiX[f \ [flkfiX[f hl\ \e]fZXd Xgi\e[`qX^\d \d XdY`\ek\j [\ \[lZXƒf
ef]fidXcZfdf\dgXihl\jqffc^`Zfj\e’Zc\fj[\gXihl\j\jkX[lX`j\Xk`m`[X[\j[\ZXdgfZfdf
\jkl[fj[fd\`f%Fi`\ekXkXdY„dkiXYXc_fj[\d\jkiX[f\[flkfiX[fhl\X[fkXdXc`e^lX^\d\Xj
`ek\iXƒ‘\j[`jZlij`mXjZfdffYa\kf[\Xe}c`j\[Xjj`klXƒ‘\j[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d[\Z`†eZ`Xj%
jc]ki`m\7ljg%Yi
Zoológicos: Que mensagem
estamos passando?
M`m`Xe\8gXi\Z`[XIXZ_`[>XiZ`X
DXik_XDXiXe[`ef
I<JLD<E
CXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jqffc^`ZXj#\jgXZ`fj[\\[lZXZ`eef]fidXc#`e`Z`XifeZfeleZXi}Zk\ikXofed`ZfpXZklXcd\ek\gfj\\eleX]l\ik\
pe\Z\jXi`Xk\e[\eZ`XZfej\imXZ`fe`jkX%8gXik`i[\\j\dfm`d`\ekf#cX\[lZXZ`ej\Zfejfc`[X\ecfjqffc^`Zfj[\dXe\iXi}g`[X
p#[\Y`[fXcXe\Z\j`[X[[\mfcm\icX`e]fidXZ`eXZZ\j`Yc\Xcg’Yc`Zfm`j`kXek\#i\hl`\i\e\cljf[\d\kf[fcf^ˆXj\[lZXk`mXjp[\
\mXclXZ`egifg`Xj%8jˆ#Zfe\cfYa\k`mf[\`em\jk`^XicfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjkiXYXaX[fj[liXek\cXXZk`m`[X[[\m`j`kX^l`X[X\e\cQff
[\JfifZXYXÆJfGXlcf#gfid\[`f[\cljf[\fYa\kfjY`fc^`ZfjpZfele^ilgf[\Xcldefj[\\jZl\cXg’Yc`ZX#i\Xc`qXdfjleX
`em\jk`^XZ`ehl\klmfZfdfi\]\i\eZ`Xcd\kf[fc^`ZfleXYfi[Xa\ZlXc`kXk`mf#Zfdfi\]\i\eZ`Xck\i`Zf\cXYfi[Xa\jfZ`f$_`jki`Zf$
ZlckliXcpcfji\]\i\eZ`Xc\j[\c}i\X[\\[lZXZ`e\edlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xjp[\_`jkfi`XeXkliXc%
Cfj[XkfjfYk\e`[fjXgXik`i[\cXe}c`j`j[\cXle`[X[Èg`Zf[\klZ}eÉ#efji\m\cXifehl\cXXgifg`XZ`e[\cfjZfeZ\gkfjY`fc^`Zfj
p\Zfc^`ZfjfZlii`XdXpfi\jZXcX\ei\cXZ`eXXhl\ccfjXjfZ`X[fjXcXZfej\imXZ`e%<jfj[Xkfjefjcc\mXeXi\Õ\o`feXijfYi\cX
]fidXZ`e[\cfj^lˆXj#cXjgfj`Y`c`[X[\j[\kiXYXafhl\\cqffc^`Zff]i\Z\pcXÔcfjf]ˆX[\\jXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
;`jZlijf\[lZXZ`feXc\ecfjqffc^`Zfj#gifZ\jf[\\ej\ŒXeqX$Xgi\e[`qXa\\eqffc^`Zfj#m`j`kXjdfe`kfi\X[Xj#Xgi\e[`qXa\gfid\[`f
[\fYa\kfjY`fc^`Zfj%
QFFCä>@:F1LDGFL:F;<?@JKäI@8
F_}Y`kf[\Zfc\Z`feXiXe`dX`j\dZXk`m\`ifm\d[\j[\X8ek`^•`[X[\#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\eki\fj`dg\iX[fi\j
Z_`e\j\j#Xjk\ZXj#]XiXj\^ˆgZ`fj\Z_\]\j[\\jkX[f%<jj\_}Y`kfg\idXe\Z\l\eki\Xj]Xdˆc`XjefYi\j[f
dle[fkf[f#Xk„fj„ZlcfOM@@@#hlXe[fZfd\ƒXiXdXj\]fidXifjgi`d\`ifjqffc^`ZfjeX<lifgX1M`\eX#
\d(.,)#GXi`j#\d(.0*#Cfe[i\j#\d(/)-\;lYc`e#\d(/*)N_\Xk\i\kXc%#(00)29Xl[`e#(0/* %
Fj^i\^fj@M8: #fjZ_`e\j\j('''8: \fj\lifg\ljdfjkiXdhl\#efgXjjX[f#kX`jZfc\ƒ‘\j[\Xe`dX`j
\iXddXek`[Xjgfim}i`XjiXq‘\j1ZfdfjˆdYfcfj[\Y\d$\jkXi\gf[\igXiXfjk\ekXƒf[\ldÈjkXkljÉ#
gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ gfi `dg\iX[fi\j \ Z_\]\j [\ \jkX[f# gfi `ek\i\jj\j qffc^`Zfj# gXiX \eki\k\e`d\ekf#
[`m\ijf\\jkl[fj<jZfYXi#)''' %
<eki\kXekf# fj qffc^`Zfj \ jlXj ]leƒ‘\j \mfclˆiXd Zfd f gXjjXi [fj k\dgfj% Ef j„Zlcf O@O# fj
qffc^`ZfjgfjjlˆXdldZXi}k\i\jki`kXd\ek\kXofed`Zf#\iXdZfej`[\iX[fjm\i[X[\`ifjÈ>XY`e\k\j
M`mfj[\?`jki`XEXkliXcÉ#fe[\Xj\jg„Z`\j\iXd\o`Y`[Xj\daXlcXj#m`jXe[fXg\eXj~jlXdXelk\eƒf\
i\gif[lƒf%Efj„ZlcfOO#\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j#]fiXd[\efd`eX[Xj[\ÈDlj\ljM`mfjÉ#Xjjld`e[fldefmf
g\iÔc#f\Zfc^`Zf#Zfd†e]Xj\eXY`fcf^`X[fZfdgfikXd\ekf\efj[`]\i\ek\jk`gfj[\_XY`kXk#ZlaXj
\jg„Z`\jgXjjXiXdXj\i\o`Y`[Xj\d[`fiXdXj%8li`ZZ_`f#(000 %
8klXcd\ek\#m\i`ÔZX$j\ldX]fik\k\e[†eZ`XZfej\imXZ`fe`jkXa}\ogcˆZ`kX\dXc^lejqffc^`Zfj#m`jXe[f
~ kiXej]fidXƒf [\jjXj `ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j \d ^iXe[\j :\ekifj [\ :fej\imXƒf ex situ, Zfd g\jhl`jX \ X
\jkilkliXƒf [\ jlXj `ejkXcXƒ‘\j j`d`cXi\j Xfj \Zfjj`jk\dXj eXkliX`j \ Zfd X gXik`Z`gXƒf \]\k`mX eX
Zfej\imXƒfin situ.
8jj`d#XgXik`i[\jj\dfm`d\ekfm\i`ÔZX$j\hl\X\[lZXƒfm†dj\Zfejfc`[Xe[f[\]fidXi}g`[XXf
cfe^f[fjk\dgfj#gXjjXe[fXXjjld`ildgXg\cZilZ`Xce\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j#XgXik`i[fdfd\ekf\dhl\
jlXjXƒ‘\jÈgXiXfg’Yc`Zf\Zfdfg’Yc`ZfÉ#XZlikf\cfe^fgiXqf#[`mlc^Xd\jljk\ekXdfj\j]fiƒfj[X
Zfej\imXƒf\`em\jk`^Xƒf^\iX[fje\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j%
GXik`e[f [\jjXj Xƒ‘\j fYj\imX$j\ hl\ fj qffc^`Zfj XklX`j \jkf gXlkX[fj efj j\^l`ek\j fYa\k`mfj1
Zfej\imXƒf [\ \jg„Z`\j Xd\XƒX[Xj# g\jhl`jX&YXeZf [\ `e]fidXƒf \ [`mlc^Xƒf# cXq\i \ \[lZXƒf
XdY`\ekXc%Ef\ekXekf#<jZfYXi)''' efji\m\cXX\o`jk†eZ`Xe\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j[\ld[\YXk\jfYi\X
aljk`ÔZXƒf[\jj\jfYa\k`mfj#gfi„dj\di\jjXcmXj[\jkXZXhl\XdX`fiZfeki`Yl`ƒf[fjqffc^`Zfj~
Zfej\imXƒf„XkiXm„j[X\[lZXƒf%
QFFCä>@:FJ<8<;L:8xÂF
/+
8\[lZXƒfef]fidXcgifdfm`[Xg\cXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jqffc^`ZXj„ldX]fek\`e\j^fk}m\c[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d#
hl\Zfeki`Yl`j`^e`ÔZXk`mXd\ek\gXiXf[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\ldX\[lZXƒfZ`\ekˆÔZX#fe[\fg’Yc`Zf
\jgfekXe\Xd\ek\ZfdgXik`c_Xfdfd\ekf[\ldX\ogfj`ƒf#kifZXe[f`[„`Xj#`dgi\jj‘\j#`e]fidXƒ‘\j
\\dfƒ‘\j#Zfejk`kl`e[fld\jgXƒfXckXd\ek\jfZ`XcD\e\^Xqq`#)''' %
Fjgif^iXdXj[\\[lZXƒf[fjqffc^`ZfjYiXj`c\`ifjXgi\j\ekXdldX^iXe[\mXi`\[X[\[\k\dXjZfdf
Zfej\h•†eZ`X [f ZXi}k\i dlck` \ `ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi hl\ Xgi\j\ekXd% ;\jjX ]fidX# [\m`[f ~ [`m\ij`[X[\
[\Zfek\’[fjZ`iZlcXek\j#Xj`e]fidXƒ‘\jjfYi\X]XleXjfkiXYXc_X[XjgXiXXc„d[fgfekf[\m`jkX
Y`fc^`Zf# gifZliXe[f gifdfm\i f \emfcm`d\ekf [f g’Yc`Zf eXj hl\jk‘\j XdY`\ekX`j# m`jXe[f X ldX
d\c_fi i\cXƒf _fd\d$eXkli\qX% KX`j Zfek\’[fj Zfe]\i\d X \jjXj `ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j ld mXjkf ZXdgf gXiX
kiXYXc_fjeXj[`]\i\ek\j}i\Xj[\Zfe_\Z`d\ekf8li`ZZ_`f#(000 %
9XqXiiX(00+ [\]\e[\hl\X\[lZXƒfXdY`\ekXcZfdf[`d\ejf\[lZXk`mX#[\m\j\i`eZfigfiX[Xefj
gif^iXdXj[fjqffc^`Zfj#ZfdfldgifZ\jjfg\idXe\ek\#[`ed`Zf\`ek\^iXchl\\jkl[XX`ek\i$i\cXƒf
[f`e[`mˆ[lfZfdj\l\ekfief#gifgfiZ`feXe[fXZfejkilƒf[\ldXZlckliXXdY`\ekXc%
8 XlkfiX d\eZ`feX Xc^lej fYa\k`mfj gi\j\ek\j e\jj\ k`gf [\ \[lZXƒf# Zfdf1 gifgfiZ`feXi
Zfe_\Z`d\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#i\]fiƒXiXk`kl[\jgfj`k`mXj#XgfekXi\c\d\ekfjgXiX[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\ldX
ZfejZ`†eZ`XXdY`\ekXc#\kZ%2i\jjXckXkXdY„dXc^ldXjmXekX^\ej\[lZXk`mXjhl\fjqffc^`Zfjf]\i\Z\d1
]fikXc\Z`d\ekf\\ei`hl\Z`d\ekfZlckliXcXfkiXYXc_Xik\dXji\cXZ`feX[fjX\jg„Z`\jeXk`mXj\\ok`ZXj2
[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[XXk`m`[X[\Z`\ekˆÔZXef`e[`mˆ[lf2\jkˆdlcf~Zi`Xk`m`[X[\\~`dX^`eXƒf2Zi`Xƒf[f
j\ek`d\ekf[\\dgXk`X#i\jg\`kf\X[d`iXƒf~m`[Xj`cm\jki\#\eki\flkiXj%
Ef \ekXekf fYj\imX$j\ hl\ X \mfclƒf [X ÔcfjfÔX [\ kiXYXc_f [fj qffc^`Zfj# gfjj`Y`c`kfl X
[\jZ\ekiXc`qXƒf[Xjhl\jk‘\jY`fc^`ZXj\\Zfc^`ZXj\X`eZfigfiXƒf[Xjhl\jk‘\jZfej\imXZ`fe`jkX
eXj [`]\i\ek\j ]leƒ‘\j \o\iZ`[Xj gfi \jkX `ejk`kl`ƒf% Gfi\d ef ZXdgf \[lZXk`mf# kXc \mfclƒf
jljZ`kX Zfek`elXd\ek\ [fj \[lZX[fi\j [\jj\j \jgXƒfj ldX Xe}c`j\ \ i\Õ\of jfYi\ Xj jlXj gi}k`ZXj#
gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\jfYi\fj\c\d\ekfj\emfcm`[fjeXj\c\ƒf#\cXYfiXƒf#Zfejkilƒf\Zfdgi\\ejf[fj
Zfe_\Z`d\ekfjXgi\j\ekX[fj%
;\jjX]fidX[\m`[f~e\Z\jj`[X[\[\kfieXiXj`e]fidXƒ‘\jXZ\jjˆm\`jXfg’Yc`Zfm`j`kXek\#fjqffc^`Zfj
i\hl\i\dfljf[\d\kf[fcf^`Xj\[lZXk`mXj\XmXc`Xk`mXjgigi`Xj%8jj`d#Zfdf`ekl`kf[\`em\jk`^Xif
gifZ\jjf[\\ej`ef$Xgi\e[`qX^\d\dldXXk`m`[X[\\[lZXk`mX[fQf[\JfifZXYX$JfGXlcfXeXc`jXdfj
XXk`m`[X[\Èm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉZfdfljf[\fYa\kfjY`fc^`Zfjgi\j\imX[fj#Zfdld^ilgf[\Xclefj
[Xgi`d\`iXj„i`\[f<ej`ef=le[Xd\ekXc[\ldX\jZfcXg’Yc`ZX[XZ`[X[\#ZlaXjhl\jk‘\j`em\jk`^X[Xj
]fiXd1
› M\i`ÔZXij\XXk`m`[X[\\[lZXk`mXÈm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉZfdfljf[\fYa\kfjY`fc^`Zfjgfjj`Y`c`kXX
Xgi\e[`qX^\d6<dZXjfXÔidXk`mf#hlX`j]fiXd~j\m`[†eZ`Xj[\jlXfZfii†eZ`X6
› :XiXZk\i`qXifjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjkiXYXc_X[fj#flj\aX#f[`jZlijf[fdfe`kfi[fQf[\JfifZXYX#hl\
XkfleXXk`m`[X[\Èm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉXgXik`i[XXe}c`j\[\ldXle`[X[\%
D<KF;FCF>@8
:XiXZk\i`qXƒf[XXk`m`[X[\XeXc`jX[XÈm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉ1
<jjXXk`m`[X[\Zfej`jk\[\dfd\ekfj[\`ek\iXƒf\eki\fg’Yc`Zf\fdfe`kfi\jg\Z`Xc`qX[f[liXek\
ldgXjj\`fg\cXjXcXd\[Xj\YXjk`[fi\j[fQf%K\dZfdfobjetivo Xgi\j\ekXifjXe`dX`j[X\o`Y`ƒf
\Xc^ldXj[\jlXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj\Zli`fj`[X[\j#[\jkXZXe[ffjgi`eZ`gX`j]Xkfi\jhl\Zfeki`Yl\dgXiX
jlXZfej\imXƒf\dm`[Xc`mi\%
<eZfekiX$j\[`m`[`[X\dki†j\kXgXj1
(² <kXgX1 È9Xk\ GXgfÉ jfYi\ fj fYa\k`mfj [X Xk`m`[X[\ \ Xgi\j\ekXƒf [f Qf ]leƒ‘\j \
Zli`fj`[X[\j %
)—<kXgX1M`j`kXg\cfjj\kfi\j[fQfgXiXZfe_\Z\ifji\Z`ekfj[fj[`]\i\ek\jXe`dX`j\o`jk\ek\jXm\j#
dXdˆ]\ifj#i„gk\`j\Xe]ˆY`fj eXk`mfj\\ok`Zfj%
*—<kXgX1m`j`kXXfjYXjk`[fi\j[fQf1Zfq`e_X#j\kfi[\Y`fcf^`X\m\k\i`e}i`X%
:fd f `ekl`kf [\ È`eZi\d\ekXiÉ X m`j`kX# fj dfe`kfi\j lk`c`qXd ldX ÈdfZ_`cX [\ Zli`fj`[X[\jÉ# hl\
Zfej`jk\[\ldXdfZ_`cXÈZXdl]cX[XÉZfdfYa\kfjY`fc^`Zfjgi\j\imX[fjY`Zf[\klZXef#gXkX\fmf
[\\dX#Zie`fj[\feƒX\[\kXdXe[l}\Xdl[X\^l`qf[\ZXjZXm\c %
/,
<jj\j fYa\kfj jf i\]\i\ek\j X Xc^lej Xe`dX`j [X \ogfj`ƒf hl\ fZfii\d ef \Zfjj`jk\dX [f :\iiX[f
m\^\kXƒf gi\j\ek\ eX Z`[X[\ fj hlX`j \ekiXd \d Z\eX eX ]i\ek\ [f i\Z`ekf [f Xe`dXc Zfii\cXkf# ~
d\[`[Xhl\fdfe`kfii\Xc`qXXXk`m`[X[\%
F ljf [\jj\j fYa\kfj Y`fc^`Zfj k\d Zfdf fYa\k`mf X^lƒXi X Zli`fj`[X[\ [f m`j`kXek\# Zi`Xe[f ldX
Xkdfj]\iX [\ `em\jk`^Xƒf# m`jXe[f ~ ]fidlcXƒf [\ _`gk\j\j \ f \jkXY\c\Z`d\ekf [\ i\cXƒ‘\j \
ZfdgXiXƒ‘\j[ffYa\kfZfdfXe`dXcm`mf\ogfjkf%
GXiX X i\Xc`qXƒf [\jkX g\jhl`jX ]f` i\^`jkiX[X \ XeXc`jX[X Xg\eXj X )— <kXgX [X Xk`m`[X[\ Èm`j`kX
dfe`kfiX[X”# gfi j\i X ’e`ZX \kXgX hl\ Zfek\dgcX X m`j`kXƒf Xfj i\Z`ekfj# \ hl\ \emfcm\l m}i`fj
\c\d\ekfj1fjjla\`kfjgXik`Z`gXek\jXclefj#gif]\jjfi\dfe`kfi #fji\Zlijfjlk`c`qX[fj\\ogcfiX[fj
fjfYa\kfjY`fc^`Zfjgi\j\imX[fj\fjXe`dX`jm`mfj[X\ogfj`ƒf \Xji\cXƒ‘\j\jkXY\c\Z`[Xj\eki\
\jj\j\c\d\ekfj#hl\gl[\iXdj\ifYj\imX[Xjgfid\`f[Xj]XcXj[fjgXik`Z`gXek\j%
=`^liX(1DXgX[fQf[\JfifZXYXZfdXcfZXc`qXƒf[fji\Z`ekfjhl\]fiXdkiXYXc_X[fjZfdfjfYa\kfj
Y`fc^`Zfjgi\j\imX[fj[liXek\XÈm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉ%
/-
I\]\i\eZ`Xck\i`Zf\d\kf[fc^`ZfX[fkX[f
GXiXi\Xc`qXƒf[\jjXg\jhl`jXX[fkXdfjZfdfi\]\i\eZ`Xck\i`ZfXXYfi[X^\djZ`f$_`jki`Zf$ZlckliXc
[\Mp^fkjbp\fji\]\i\eZ`X`j[X}i\X[\\[lZXƒf\ddlj\lj#gXik`ZlcXid\ek\[\dlj\lj[\Z`†eZ`Xj\
[\_`jki`XeXkliXc%A}fi\]\i\eZ`Xcd\kf[fc^`Zfj\c\Z`feX[f]f`XXYfi[X^\dhlXc`kXk`mX%
Fj`ejkild\ekfj[\Zfc\kX[\[X[fjX[fkX[fj]fiXd1
› FYj\imXƒf[`i\kX[XÈm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉgfid\`f[XÔcdX^\d\gfjk\i`fikiXejZi`ƒf[Xj]XcXj[fj
jla\`kfj\emfcm`[fjdfe`kfi[X`ejk`kl`ƒf#Zi`XeƒXj\[Xgif]\jjfiX 2
› <eki\m`jkXXjjfZ`X[XXfd„kf[fÈC\dYiXeƒX<jk`dlcX[XÉ
=XcZfp>`cY\ik#)'', ]f`i\Xc`qX[XZfdldX[Xj
Zi`XeƒXjgXik`Z`gXek\j[Xm`j`kX#ZlaffYa\k`mf]f`i\j^XkXiXjÈ\m`[†eZ`Xj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉfZfii`[Xj
eXXk`m`[X[\Èm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉ[f`jd\j\j[\gf`j[XjlXi\Xc`qXƒf%
EX Xgc`ZXƒf [\jj\ `ejkild\ekf ]f` j\^l`[f ld ifk\`if# hl\ Zfek`e_X hl\jk‘\j gi„$\cXYfiX[Xj Zfdf
]fidX[\Zfe[lq`i~c\dYiXeƒX[\j`klXƒ‘\jm`m\eZ`X[Xjg\cXXcleX[liXek\Xm`j`kX%<eki\kXekf#Zfdf
X Xgc`ZXƒf [X C< jl^\i\ ld i\^`jkif [X Xk`m`[X[\ i\Xc`qX[X gXiX i\Xm`mXi X d\di`X [X \eki\m`jkX[X#
lk`c`qXdfj]fkfj#hl\]fiXd`ekif[lq`[XjeX\eki\m`jkX#~d\[`[Xhl\XXcleXefXgi\j\ekXmXc\dYiXeƒXj
\jgfeke\Xj[XXk`m`[X[\%
›8e}c`j\[fZld\ekXc%
Fj`ejkild\ekfj[\Xe}c`j\[fj[X[fj1
8Xe}c`j\[fj[X[fj#flj\aX#Xe}c`j\[Xj]XcXj[fjjla\`kfj\emfcm`[fj]f`i\Xc`qX[Xgfid\`f[\ZXk\^fi`Xj
`ek\igi\kXk`mXj\XYfi[X^\ej%
8j]XcXj[XjZi`XeƒXj]fiXdXeXc`jX[XjXgXik`i[fj`jk\dX[\ZXk\^fi`Xj`ek\igi\kXk`mXj#[\efd`eX[Xj
ÈZfem\ijXj [\ Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉ# gifgfjkXj gfi 8cc\e )'') # hl\ Zf[`ÔZX f [`jZlijf X gXik`i [\ ldX
XYfi[X^\djfZ`fZlckliXc#\e^cfYXe[fXj\ogi\jj‘\jm\iYX`j[\g\ejXd\ekfj#j\ek`d\ekfj\Xƒ‘\j%<jj\
j`jk\dX]f`df[`ÔZX[fgXiXXe}c`j\[fj[X[fj[\jkXg\jhl`jX#YXj\X[fefjkiXYXc_fj[\Klee`Zc`]]\)''+ #
eXjXYfi[X^\ejlk`c`qX[XjgXiXZXiXZk\i`qXif[`jZlijf[fdfe`kfi\kXdY„defjZfek\’[fjgi\j\ek\jef
gifZ\jjf[\\ej`ef$Xgi\e[`qX^\d[\Z`†eZ`Xj#j\^le[ffjGXid\kifj:lii`ZlcXi\jEXZ`feX`j$G:EJ%KXc
j`jk\dX]f`Zfdgfjkfg\cXjj\^l`ek\jZXk\^fi`Xj1
› :fem\ijXjg\iZ\gk`mXj1@eZcl`kf[fjfjk`gfj[\Zfem\ijXhl\k\e_XdZfe\ofZfdXXk\eƒfg\iZ\gƒf [fm`j`kXek\\di\cXƒfXfj\jkˆdlcfjhl\fj%Fconteúdo[\jjXjZfem\ijXjZfek\dgcXldXXYfi[X^\d
kXofed`ZXeXd\[`[X\dhl\`[\ek`ÔZX#efd\`X\ZcXjj`ÔZXfjfi^Xe`jdfj%
› :fem\ijX ZfeZ\`klXc1 M`jX ~ ZXgkliX [\ `ek\igi\kXƒ‘\j Zf^e`k`mXj [\ kl[f f hl\ \jkXmX j\e[f
Zfdle`ZX[f eX Xk`m`[X[\% F conteúdo [\jjXj Zfem\ijXj Xgi\j\ekXd ldX XYfi[X^\d Y`fc^`ZX \
\Zfc^`ZX#XYXiZXe[ffj_}Y`kfjXc`d\ekXi\j#i\gif[lƒf\ZfdgfikXd\ekf[Xj\jg„Z`\j#Y\dZfdf
X[`ed`ZX\]leZ`feXd\ekf[fj\Zfjj`jk\dXj%
› :fem\ijX X]\k`mX1 <emfcm\ ldX XYfi[X^\d Zfej\imXZ`fe`jkX eX d\[`[X \d hl\ \ogi\jjX j\ejXƒ‘\j
gfj`k`mXjfle\^Xk`mXj #mXcfi\j\fg`e`f\di\cXƒfXfXdY`\ek\#XjhlX`jgf[\dZfe[lq`ifm`j`kXek\
X[\k\id`eX[XjXk`kl[\j\Xƒ‘\ji\cXZ`feX[Xj~dXelk\eƒf[Xj\jg„Z`\j\[\j\ljXdY`\ek\j%
› :fem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX1@eZcl`hlXchl\ik`gf[\Zfem\ijXhl\[\dfejki\\ogc`Z`kXd\ek\XZfe\of\eki\
ld\c\d\ekf[XXk`m`[X[\ZfdXc^ldZfe_\Z`d\ekffl\og\i`†eZ`X[fm`j`kXek\#flj\aX#Xgi\j\ekX
\m`[†eZ`Xj[Xfi`^\d[fZfek\’[f[XZfem\ijX%
› :fem\ijX \jkiXk„^`ZX1 I\]\i\$j\ ~j \jkiXk„^`Xj \jkXY\c\Z`[Xj g\cX Xk`m`[X[\ m`X f [`}cf^f# gXiX
[\j\eZX[\XiX`ek\iXƒf\eki\fjjla\`kfj\emfcm`[fj#Xc„d[\fi`\ekXiX\ogcfiXƒf\fXZ\jjfXfj
\c\d\ekfj[X\o`Y`ƒf%
GXiXXeXc`jXiXjZfem\ijXj[fjdfe`kfi\j\cXYfiXdfjki†jXYfi[X^\ejhl\]fiXdZfejkilˆ[XjXgXik`i[fjj\^l`ek\j
kiXYXc_fj18li`ZZ_`f(000 \X@L:E(00) hl\Xgi\j\ekXd~j]leƒ‘\j\o\iZ`[Xj\Xki`Ylˆ[XjXfjqffc^`ZfjXf
cfe^f[\jlX\mfclƒfkXofed`ZX\Zfc^`ZX\Zfej\imXZ`fe`jkX 2Ele\j)''( hl\XYXiZXfjZfe_\Z`d\ekfj
\ mXcfi\j „k`Zfj# \jk„k`Zfj \ gfcˆk`Zfj \ogi\jjfj \d ldX Èm`j`kX dfe`kfiX[XÉ Xf qffc^`Zf2 \ fj Zfek\’[fj
j\c\Z`feX[fjg\cXgigi`X\hl`g\[fQf[\JfifZXYXgXiXj\i\dkiXYXc_X[fj[liXek\\jjXXk`m`[X[\%
/.
› KXofed`ZX&\mfclk`mX1†e]Xj\eX`[\ek`ÔZXƒf\ZcXjj`ÔZXƒf[fjfi^Xe`jdfj#Xgi\j\ekXe[fef
jX[`m\ij`[X[\[\k}ofej\[\\Zfjj`jk\dXj#Y\dZfdffgifZ\jjf[\X[XgkXƒf[Xj\jg„Z`\j#Zfdf
j\e[fgXik\[fgifZ\jjf\mfclk`mf#\jj\eZ`XcgXiXXjfYi\m`m†eZ`X[Xjd\jdXj\dXdY`\ek\j
XckXd\ek\[`ed`Zfj\\dZfejkXek\kiXej]fidXƒf%
› 9`fc^`ZX&\Zfc^`ZX1mXcfi`qXXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjY`fc^`ZXj\\Zfc^`ZXj[X\jg„Z`\Zfdf1_}Y`kfj
Xc`d\ekXi\j#i\gif[lƒf#ZfdgfikXd\ekf#\eki\flkifj2Xgi\j\ekX\[`jZlk`fj[`]\i\ek\jk`gfj[\
`ek\iXƒf\eki\\jjXj\jg„Z`\j\j\lj_XY`kXkjZX[\`X\k\`XXc`d\ekXi#[`jg\ijf#ZXdlÕX^\d#\kZ% #
Y\dZfdfX[`ed`ZX\]leZ`feXd\ekf[fj\Zfjj`jk\dXj%
› :fej\imXZ`fe`jkX1XYfi[Xhl\jk‘\ji\cXZ`feX[XjXmXcfi\j#XfjXjg\Zkfj„k`Zfj#\jk„k`Zfj\gfcˆk`Zfj
\di\cXƒfXfd\`fXdY`\ek\Zfdffki}ÔZf\XZXƒXgi\[Xki`X#[\jkil`ƒf[fj_XY`kXkj#gfcl`ƒf#
\eki\ flkifj# [\jkXZXe[f fj ]Xkfi\j _`jki`Zfj# jfZ`X`j \ ZlckliX`j gi\j\ek\j eX i\cXƒf _fd\d$
eXkli\qX# `eZ\ek`mXe[f X gXik`Z`gXƒf [f `e[`mˆ[lf \d Xƒ‘\j \ÔZXq\j gXiX X dXelk\eƒf [f
XdY`\ek\%
8fi^Xe`qXƒf[XkiXejZi`ƒf1
GXiX ]XZ`c`kXi X fi^Xe`qXƒf \ X Xe}c`j\ [fj [X[fj ^\iX[fj eX Èm`jkX dfe`kfiX[XÉ \ [X Xgc`ZXƒf [X
\eki\m`jkX XjjfZ`X[X Xf d„kf[f C\dYiXeƒX <jk`dlcX[X C< # [`m`[`dfj [`[Xk`ZXd\ek\ X Xk`m`[X[\ \d
Z`eZfle`[X[\j[\Xe}c`j\j#hl\Zfii\jgfe[`XdXfjZ`eZffYa\kfjY`fc^`Zfjgi\j\imX[fjkiXYXc_X[fjeX
m`j`kX1le`[X[\@$Y`Zf[\klZXef2le`[X[\@@$dl[X[\ZfYiXZXjZXm\c2le`[X[\@@@$fmf\gXkX[\\dX2
le`[X[\@M$Zie`f[\kXdXe[l}YXe[\`iX\le`[X[\M$Zie`f[\feƒX%
<d ld j\^le[f dfd\ekf i\Xc`qXdfj Xj kiXejZi`ƒ‘\j [Xj ]XcXj [fj jla\`kfj \emfcm`[fj eX Èm`j`kX
dfe`kfiX[XÉ#XjhlX`j]fiXdeld\iX[XjgfigXi}^iX]fj\`[\ek`ÔZX[Xj%8c\kiXD\iXi\]\i\ek\~j]XcXj[f
dfe`kfi#XGXj]XcXj[Xgif]\jjfiX\#gfi’ck`df#Xc\kiX:`e[`ZXXj]XcXj[XjZi`XeƒXj%:fdfeX`ek\iXƒf
_flm\XgXik`Z`gXƒf[\m}i`XjZi`XeƒXje\Z\jj`kfl$j\X[`Z`feXie’d\ifjgXiX[`]\i\eZ`}$cXj1:(#:)#:)#
:*#:+\:,%Gfi„d#hlXe[fX]XcX[XZi`XeƒXef\iXgXjjˆm\c[\`[\ek`ÔZXƒf#lk`c`qfl$j\jfd\ek\X
c\kiX:%FjˆdYfcf:mXgXi\Z\lhlXe[f_}fZfe]ifekf[\]XcXj#`jkf„#hlXe[fXgXi\Z\dm}i`XjZi`XeƒXj
]XcXe[f#\X`[\ek`ÔZXƒf`e[`m`[lXckXdY„d„dl`kf[`]ˆZ`c%
A}eXXgc`ZXƒf[XC< X`[\ek`ÔZXƒf[fjjla\`kfjgXik`Z`gXek\j[X\eki\m`jkXg\jhl`jX[fiX \ XcleX ]fiXdi\Xc`qX[Xj[Xj\^l`ek\]fidX1Xc\kiXG\iXi\]\i\ek\X]XcX[Xg\jhl`jX[fiX\Xc\kiX:~[XXcleX
\eki\m`jkX[X%
E\jk\ kiXYXc_f Xgi\j\ekXdfj jfd\ek\ X Xe}c`j\ [\ Xc^ldXj ]XcXj [X le`[X[\ @ i\]\i\ek\ Xf 9`Zf [f
KlZXef# Zfdf ]fidX [\ \clZ`[Xi fj fYa\k`mfj gifgfjkfj \ Zfe[lq`i X ldX Yi\m\ [`jZljjf jfYi\ X
d\ejX^\dhl\fjqffc^`Zfj\jkfgXjjXe[f%
8e}c`j\[fj[X[fjfYk`[fjeXle`[X[\@[XÈm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉ19`Zf[\klZXef
<jjXle`[X[\`e`Z`fl$j\ZfdXjZi`XeƒXjgXiX[Xj\d]i\ek\Xfi\Z`ekf[XjXm\jgXekXe\`iXj#cfZXcfe[\
j\ \eZfekiXd m}i`fj \jg„Z`d\j [\ klZXef$kfZf \d \ogfj`ƒf# fe[\ f dfe`kfi [\l `eˆZ`f Xf [`}cf^f
Xgi\j\ekXe[ffXe`dXcm`mf\#\dj\^l`[X#\ogcfiflfdXk\i`XcY`fc^`ZfXe`dXcgi\j\imX[f1fY`Zf #
gi\j\ek\eXdfZ_`cX[\Zli`fj`[X[\j%
*%D1%%%ÈMXdfj[XildXfc_X[Xe\jj\Y`Z_fXhl`#f_%%%hl\Y`Z_fhl\„\jj\Xhl`6É
//
/%D1ÈKlZXef#[\`oX\lXYi`id`e_XdfZ_`cXd}^`ZXXhl`#e`e^l„dgf[\fc_XiXhl`[\ekif%G\jjfXcmXdfj
kf[fjfc_XigXiXfY`Z_fc}#kf[fdle[ffc_Xe[fgXiXfklZXefc}%<jj\Y`Zf[\c\„Zfdgi`[f#e„É
<o\dgcfj[XZfem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d
*%D1È%%%MXdfj[XildXfc_X[Xe\jj\Y`Z_fXhl`#f_%%%hl\Y`Z_fhl\„\jj\Xhl`6É
+%:m1ÈKlZXefÉ%:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
-'% D1 ÈHl\d a} Zfd\l Xhl\c\j Zfhl`e_fj% :X[†# [\`oX \l m\i j\ k\d Xc^ld gfi Xhl`% È f dfe`kfi
fYj\imXf\jgXƒfhl\\jk}gXiXm\ij\ef_}ldXgXcd\`iXZfdZfhl`e_fj %
-(%:m1È<la}Zfd`K`f%É
-)%D1ÈF_#jXY\\jj\jZfhl`e_fjhl\k\d%%%FklZXefZfd\jj\Y`ZfXhl`#\c\hl\YiXXj\d\ek\#\\c\
Zfd\fZfhl`e_f%<jj\Y`Zf„dl`kf]fik\%FklZXefkXdY„d]XqldXZf`jXjlg\ic\^Xc#\c\^fjkX[\
Zfd\ifmf%É
-*%:m1ÈFmf6É:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
<o\dgcfj[XZfem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d
0(%D1ÈGf[\j\ikXdY„d#j\k`m\i#\c\Zfd\kXdY„d%G\jjfXcldXZf`jXkXdY„d#hl\fklZXef]Xqhl\
„jlg\ic\^Xc1c\dYiXfZfhl`e_fhl\\l]Xc\`gXiXmfZ†j#hl\\c\g\^XXj\d\ek\#\c\mX`c}#[\kfeXX
j\d\ek\\[\gf`jZfjg\Xj\d\ek\%JXY\fhl\mX`XZfek\Z\iZfd\jjXj\d\ek\hl\ZX`lefZ_f6É
0)%:*1ÈMX`eXjZ\i%É:fem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
0*%D1ÈMX`eXjZ\ifhl†6É
0+%:.1ÈLdklZXef%É:fem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
0,%:*1ÈLdX}imfi\%É:fem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc%D1ÈLdX}imfi\[\Zfhl`e_f#ef„m\i[X[\68`mX`k\idX`j
Zfd`[XgXiX\c\Zfd\i#ef„m\i[X[\6<„`jjfhl\fklZXef]Xq%<c\]XqX[`jg\ijf[\j\d\ek\j#hl\
X^\ek\]XcX#\c\]Xqk\idX`jgcXekXeXeXkli\qX%<ekf„Yfdk\iklZXefeXeXkli\qX6yYfdflef„6
Gfihl†6É
<o\dgcfj[XZfem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d
()%D1È<lk\e_fldXhl`Zfd`^f#Xhl`#f_%%%Fc_XjÉ%
(*%:(1Èy[\m\i[X[\k`fÉ6:fem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX
(+%D1Èy[\m\i[X[\É%
(,%:(1È;\`oX\lm\iÉ6
(-%:)1È;\ldhl\dfii\lÉ6:fem\ijXZfe\Zk`mX
(.%D1Èy#kf[fdle[fmX`gf[\igXjjXiXdfe\c\#dXjX^fiXd`e_Xg\i^lekXgi`eZ`gXc„%É
(/%:(1Èyldhl\dfii\l6É
(0%D1Èyldhl\dfii\l%E`e^l„ddXkflfY`Z_fgiXgf[\g\^XifY`Zf#\c\dfii\l[\m\c_f#fl[f\ek\#
flXGfcˆZ`X8dY`\ekXckiflo\a}gXiXZ}[f\ek\fldfikf%;XˆX^\ek\g\^XXhl`gXiXgf[\i[XiXlcX\
gf[\idfjkiXigXiXfg\jjfXc%<jj\Y`ZfXhl`#fc_XfkXdXe_f[fY`Zf[\c\c}6Ékf[XjXjZi`XeƒXjm`iXd
gXiXfc_XifXe`dXcm`mf %
<o\dgcfj[XZfem\ijXX]\k`mX[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d
0-%D1ÈLdX}imfi\[\Zfhl`e_f#ef„m\i[X[\68`mX`k\idX`jZfd`[XgXiX\c\Zfd\i#ef„m\i[X[\6
<„`jjfhl\fklZXef]Xq%<c\]XqX[`jg\ijf[\j\d\ek\j#hl\X^\ek\]XcX#\c\]Xqk\idX`jgcXekXeX
eXkli\qX%<ekf„Yfdk\iklZXefeXeXkli\qX6yYfdflef„6Gfihl†6É
0.%:(1Gfihl\\c\„dl`kfYfd\„[XeXkli\qX%<\c\%%%:fem\ijXX]\k`mX
/0
0/%D1<c\Xld\ekXXÕfi\jkX%
00%:(1È<\c\„[X%%%[fY`Z_f\efdXZ_lZXe`e^l„d%É:fem\ijXX]\k`mX
<o\dgcfj[XZfem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d
*,%D1È>\ek\#hl\d]Xcflhl\„c\m\#dXe[fldl`kfY\d%É
*-%:m1È<l]Xc\`%É:fem\ijX\jkiXk„^`ZX
E\jjX le`[X[\ Xf XeXc`jXidfj \ ZcXjj`ÔZXidfj kf[Xj Xj ]XcXj [Xj Zi`XeƒXj# m\i`ÔZXdfj hl\ X dX`fi
`eZ`[†eZ`X[\ÈZfem\ijXj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉ]fiXd[fk`gf1g\iZ\gk`mXZfd†e]Xj\eX`[\ek`ÔZXƒf \
ZXiXZk\i`qXƒf2ZfeZ\`klX`j#\jkiXk„^`ZX#Zfe\Zk`mXj\\dd\efi\jZXcXXjX]\k`mXj%
<jj\j [X[fj ZfdgXZklXiXd Zfd fj [X[fj fYk`[fj eX Xgc`ZXƒf [X \eki\m`jkX XjjfZ`X[X Xf d„kf[f
ÈC\dYiXeƒX<jk`dlcX[XÉ#Zfdfgf[\dfjfYj\imXiXYX`of%
8e}c`j\[fj[X[fjfYk`[fjeXÈC\dYiXeƒX<jk`dlcX[XÉ19`Zf[fklZXef
8fXgc`ZXifd„kf[fC<ZfdffYa\kfY`fc^`Zfgi\j\imX[fY`Zf[fklZXef#Xg\jhl`jX[fiXe\Z\jj`kfl
Xgi\j\ekXi X ]fkf gXiX `e`Z`Xi f [`}cf^f \ Zfej\hl\ek\d\ek\ X Zfc\kX [fj [X[fj# gf`j X Xclef ef
Xgi\j\ekfl ldX c\dYiXeƒX \jgfeke\X [\jjX Xƒf# e\Z\jj`kXe[f [\jj\ i\Zlijf gXiX i\Xm`mXi X jlX
d\di`X%
)'(% G1 È%%%MXdfj mfckXi e\jjX ]fkf Xhl` giX m† j\ mfZ† c\dYiX [\ Xc^ldX Zf`jX Xhl`# f_%%%F hl\ mfZ†
c\dYiX[`jjf6É
0'
=`^liX)1=fkf[ffYa\kfY`fc^`Zfgi\j\imX[fkiXYXc_X[fY`Zf[\klZXef [liXek\X`ek\iXƒfZfdXjZi`XeƒXj
)')%:1È8_<lXc\dYif#„fY`Zf[f%%% #\l\jhl\Z`fefd\[\c\%É:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
)'*%G1ÈFhl†#hl\mfZ†c\dYiX[\c\^Xc[\jj\Y`Z_f\ekf6W
)'+%:1Èyhl\XXjX[\c\„dl`kf]fik\%É:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
)',%G1Èy6É
)'-%:1ÈyfY`Zf[\c\kXdY„d%É:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
)'.%G1ÈKXdY„d6MfZ†j\^lifl\jj\Y`ZfeXdf6Fhl\mfZ†j\ek`leX_fiXhl\mfZ†j\^lifl\jj\Y`Zf
eXdf6É
)'0%G1È<c\Zfd\fmf6<\c\„]fik\6Fhl\dX`j\iX\jj\Y`Zf6ÉMfZ†Zfej\^l`lj\^liXi\jj\Y`Zf6%
)('%:1ÈG\jX[f%É:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
)((%G1Èyg\jX[f6K\dZ\ik\qX6É
)()%:1È8_Ef#„c\m\%É:fem\ijXg\iZ\gk`mX
)(*%G1ÈGfihl\6É
)(+%:1ÈGfihl\j\]fjj\g\jX[f\c\efZfej\^l`XmfXi%É:fem\ijXZfeZ\`klXc
)(,%G1ÈM\i[X[\%J\c\dYiX[\k\ij\^liX[f\jj\Y`Zf6Fhl\mfZ†j\ek`lhlXe[fmfZ†m`l\jj\Y`Zf6É
)(-%:1È<lXZ_\``dgi\jj`feXek\É%:fem\ijXX]\k`mX[\giXq\i
<d kf[Xj Xj ]XcXj Xgi\j\ekX[Xj [liXek\ X Xgc`ZXƒf [f d„kf[f C<# m\i`ÔZXdfj X gi\j\eƒX dX`fi [\
ÈZfem\ijXj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉ[fk`gfg\iZ\gk`mX#]fZX[XjeX`[\ek`ÔZXƒf\ZXiXZk\i`qXƒf[ffYa\kf\
Zfem\ijXjZfeZ\`klX`jhl\\jkXmXdi\cXZ`feX[Xj~Xc`d\ekXƒf\XfZfdgfikXd\ekf%<dd\efi\jZXcX
XgXi\Z\iXdXjX]\k`mXj%
F[`jZlijf[fdfe`kfi1
8f XeXc`jXidfj Xj ]XcXj [f dfe`kfi fZfii`[Xj eX m`j`kX dfe`kfiX[X [liXek\ X le`[X[\ @# m\i`ÔZXdfj
X gi\j\eƒX [X XYfi[X^\d kXofed`ZX \ [X Y`fc^`ZX$\Zfc^`ZX# hl\ \m`[\eZ`XiXd Xj ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj
dfi]fc^`ZXj# ZfdgfikXd\ekX`j# Xc`d\ekXi\j \ Xj i\cXƒ‘\j \Zfc^`ZXj [f Xe`dXc kiXYXc_X[f# Zfdf
dfjkiXfj\o\dgcfjXYX`of1
-)%D1ÈF_#jXY\\jj\jZfhl`e_fjhl\k†d%%%FklZXefZfd\jj\Y`ZfXhl`#\c\hl\YiXXj\d\ek\#\
\c\Zfd\fZfhl`e_f%<jj\Y`Zf„dl`kf]fik\%FklZXefkXdY„d]XqldXZf`jXjlg\ic\^Xc#\c\^fjkX[\
Zfd\ifmf%É
0(%D1ÈGf[\j\ikXdY„d#j\k`m\i#\c\Zfd\kXdY„d%G\jjfXc#ldXZf`jXkXdY„d#hl\fklZXef]Xqhl\
„jlg\ic\^Xc1c\dYiXfZfhl`e_fhl\\l]Xc\`gXiXmfZ†j#hl\\c\g\^XXj\d\ek\#\c\mX`c}#[\kfeXX
j\d\ek\\[\gf`jZfjg\Xj\d\ek\%JXY\fhl\mX`XZfek\Z\iZfd\jjXj\d\ek\hl\ZX`lefZ_f6É%
0-%D1ÈLdX}imfi\[\Zfhl`e_f#ef„m\i[X[\68`mX`k\idX`jZfd`[XgXiX\c\Zfd\i#ef„m\i[X[\6
<„`jjfhl\fklZXef]Xq%<c\]XqX[`jg\ijf[\j\d\ek\j#hl\X^\ek\]XcX#\c\]Xqk\idX`jgcXekXeX
eXkli\qX%<ekf„Yfdk\iklZXefeXeXkli\qX6yYfdflef„6Gfihl†6É%
8j XYfi[X^\ej gi\j\ek\j ef [`jZlijf [f dfe`kfi# fl j\aX# fj Zfek\’[fj kiXYXc_X[f [liXek\ X Èm`j`kX
dfe`kfiX[XÉZfiifYfiXdZfdXjÈ\m`[†eZ`Xj[\Xgi\e[`qX^\dÉXgi\j\ekX[XjeXj]XcXj[XjZi`XeƒXjkXekf
eXÈm`j`kXÉhlXekfeXXgc`ZXƒf[XC\dYiXeƒX<jk`dlcX[XC< #XjhlX`j\jkXmXdXki\cX[XjXld[`jZlijf
Y`fc^`Zf\\Zfc^`Zf\efZfej\imXZ`fe`jkX%
0(
:FEJ@;<I8xÃ<J=@E8@J
0)
E\jjXg\jhl`jX]f`gfjjˆm\cXeXc`jXij\fjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjkiXYXc_X[fjeXÈm`j`kXdfe`kfiX[XÉ\jkXmXd
Xki\cX[fjXfgXg\cZ\ekiXc[\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j1XZfej\imXƒf%Fj[X[fjfYk`[fjXgi\j\ekXiXdX`e\o`jk†eZ`X
[\ldXZf\i†eZ`XjfYi\XÔcfjfÔX[\kiXYXc_fX[fkX[Xe\jjXXƒf\[lZXk`mXZfdXgifgfjkXXklXc[X
`ejk`kl`ƒf% Gf`j# m\i`ÔZXdfj hl\ fj ZfeZ\`kfj [\ dX`fi Z`iZlcXƒf gi\j\ek\j eX Xk`m`[X[\# \ogi\jjfj
kXekfeX]XcX[fdfe`kfihlXekfeXj]XcXj[XjZi`XeƒXjhl\gXik`Z`gXiXd[Xm`j`kX\jkXmXdXki\cX[fjeX
jlX ^iXe[\ dX`fi`X ~j hl\jk‘\j Y`fc^`ZXj \ \Zfc^`ZXj [f Xe`dXc kiXYXc_X[f# XgXi\Z\e[f \d d\efi
\jZXcXfjZfeZ\`kfji\cXZ`feX[fj~Zfej\imXƒf%
8gXik`i[\jj\j[X[fjm\i`ÔZXdfjhl\f[`jZlijfgi\j\ek\eXXk`m`[X[\`em\jk`^X[XefQf[\JfifZXYX
ÆÈm`j`kX dfe`kfiX[XÉ Zfd fYa\kfj Y`fc^`Zfj gi\j\imX[fj$ „ gi\[fd`eXek\d\ek\ kXofed`Zf \ hl\
f fYa\kf Y`fc^`Zf gi\j\imX[f gf[\ k\i \jk`dlcX[f \&fl i\]fiƒX[f \jj\ [`jZlijf [\m`[f Xj jlXj
\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[\j%
:fejkXkXdfjkXdY„dhl\\jj\[`jZlijfX`e[X\jk}dl`kfgio`df[f[`jZlijf[XZ`†eZ`X#Xf\e]Xk`qXi
XkXofefd`X\Xj`jk\d}k`ZX#gf`jj\c\mXidfj\dZfekXX_`jki`X[fjdlj\lj[\_`jki`XeXkliXc\[fj
qffc^`Zfj#m\i`ÔZXdfjhl\\jj\\iXf[`jZlijf_\^\de`ZfXk„Y\dgflZfk\dgf%
Ef\ekXekf#efgf[\dfj^\e\iXc`qXi\jj\[`jZlijfZfdfj\e[f[\kf[ffgif^iXdX\[lZXk`mf[fQf
[\JfifZXYX#gf`jgXiX`jjfj\i`Xe\Z\jj}i`fldXXe}c`j\[\kXc_X[X[\ZX[XXk`m`[X[\%
8Xe}c`j\[fjZfek\’[fjkiXYXc_X[fjg\cfdfe`kfiZfdffYa\kfY`fc^`Zfgi\j\imX[fY`Zf[fklZXef kXdY„dgfjj`Y`c`kflm\i`ÔZXiX\o`jk†eZ`X[\ldk\okfX\ej`eXiZ`\ekˆÔZf #fhlXcgf[\dfjZ_XdXi[\
X^\e[X[fdfe`kfi&`ejk`kl`ƒf%<jjXX^\e[Xi\gi\j\ekX#\dgXik\#XÈmfq[X`ejk`kl`ƒfÉ#flj\aX#Xj`[„`Xj
\ ZfeZ\gƒ‘\j [fj jla\`kfj \cXYfiX[fi\j [f gif^iXdX [\ \[lZXƒf# hl\ fi`\ekXd fj Zfe_\Z`d\ekfj
X j\i\d kiXYXc_X[fj \ X ]fidX Zfdf jf \ogi\jjfj% A} X flkiX gXik\ [X X^\e[X \jk} i\cXZ`feX[X ~j
\og\i`†eZ`Xj`e[`m`[lX`j[fdfe`kfi%
8jj`d#gf[\dfj`e]\i`ihl\Xd\[`Xƒf_ldXeX\dgi\^X[XeXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jqffc^`ZXj„ldÈZfealekfÉ
[\\og\i`†eZ`Xjg\jjfX`j\jfZ`X`j#hl\Xfj\iXeXc`jX[X[\m\Zfej`[\iXiXZlckliX[fjjla\`kfj\emfcm`[fj
\X[Xgigi`X`ejk`kl`ƒf%
8hl\jkfhl\Xhl`j\ZfcfZX#ZfdYXj\\defjjXg\jhl`jX#„j\`e[\g\e[\ek\[X\jkiXk„^`Xlk`c`qX[X
eXjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXjgi\j\eƒXflXlj†eZ`X[ffYa\kfY`fc^`Zfgi\j\imX[f f[`jZlijf[fdfe`kfi
gi\j\ek\eXjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj[fjqffc^`Zfj[\m\j\i\jki`kXd\ek\Zfej\imXZ`fe`jkX#ldXm\qhl\
\jj\j\jgXƒfjXgi\j\ekXdld^iXe[\gfk\eZ`XcgXiX[`m\ijXjXYfi[X^\ej[\\ej`efY`fcf^`X#\Zfcf^`X#
\eki\ flkifj % KX`j XYfi[X^\ej [\ \ej`ef jf [\ ^iXe[\ mXc`X# gf`j Zfeki`Yl\d [`i\kXd\ek\ gXiX X
gfglcXi`qXƒf[XZ`†eZ`X%
<eki\kXekf#j\XgifgfjkX\[lZXk`mX[X`ejk`kl`ƒf]fikiXYXc_Xid\ejX^\ej[\Zfej\imXƒf#hl\„ffYa\kf
[\ZcXiX[f[fQf#j\i`Xe\Z\jj}i`fgifgfi\jkiXk„^`XjdX`j\ÔZXq\jgXiXhl\f[`jZlijf[fdfe`kfi#ef
gifZ\jjf [\ i\Zfek\oklXc`qXƒf# `eZfigfiXjj\ dX`j Xj hl\jk‘\j [\ Zfej\imXƒf% LdX flkiX `e`Z`Xk`mX
j\i`Xhl\Xgigi`X`ejk`kl`ƒfXjjld`jj\hl\fj\l[`jZlijfgf[\Xgi\j\ekXi[`]\i\ek\jXYfi[X^\ej[\
\ej`ef#\hl\j\`e`Z`X[fXgXik`i[\ldm`„jY`fcf^`qXek\#gf[\d[\j\eZX[\Xihl\jk‘\ji\cXZ`feX[Xj~
Zfej\imXƒf[\j[\hl\fdfe`kfiZXgXZ`kX[fZfe[lqXf[`}cf^fgXiXXjhl\jk‘\jXdY`\ekX`j%
8 gXik`i [\jjX Yi\m\ Xe}c`j\ jli^\d Xc^ldXj hl\jk‘\j hl\ efj c\mXd X i\Õ\k`i jfYi\ X XklXƒf [fj
dfe`kfi\j# hl\ gfi i\gi\j\ekXi\d X Èmfq [X `ejk`kl`ƒfÉ \ j\i\d Zf$i\jgfej}m\`j g\cX `e]fidXƒf
kiXYXc_X[X[\m\i`Xdk\ildXd\c_fi]fidXƒf%Ldflkifgfekf`dgfikXek\„XX[fƒf[\ldXÔcfjfÔX
[\kiXYXc_f’e`ZXeX`ejk`kl`ƒf#eXj[`m\ijXj]i\ek\j[\kiXYXc_fhl\Xgi\j\ekXg\jhl`jX#Zfej\imXƒf\
X\[lZXƒf Zfdf]fidX[\^XiXek`iXƒ‘\j\ld[`jZlijf`ejk`klZ`feXc’e`Zf%
:fd \jjX g\hl\eX [`jZljjf j`eXc`qXdfj X `dgfikeZ`X [X XmXc`Xƒf [Xj Xk`m`[X[\j \[lZXk`mXj eXj
`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\jqffc^`ZXj#gf`jldXi\Õ\ofZfejkXek\[XjXƒ‘\j\[lZXk`mXjgf[\i\]fiƒXifli\Zfe[lq`i
fjZXd`e_fj[XjXk`m`[X[\j\o\ZlkX[Xj#j`eXc`qXe[fefmXjgfjj`Y`c`[X[\j[\kiXYXc_f#hl\Zfe[lqXdX
Xƒ‘\j\]\k`mXj\[\hlXc`[X[\e\jj\j\jgXƒfj%
E\jj\j\ek`[f#DXZ_X[f(00- [\jZi\m\Y\d\jjXi\cXƒf#Xfj\i\]\i`iXfj\[lZX[fi\j[\:`†eZ`Xj1ÈLd
dXlgif]\jjfi[\DXk\d}k`ZXc\mXldXclefX[\k\jkXiDXk\d}k`ZX%DXjXZi`XeƒXefgf[\dXkXifj
e’d\ifj\e\dXZXYXiZfdXj\hlXƒ‘\j%A}lddXl\[lZX[fi[\:`†eZ`Xj#ef\ekXekf#]XqZfdhl\f
Xcleff[\`\gcXekXj\Y`Z_fj$\`jjf\c\gf[\[\jkil`i%%% ld\ej`ef[\Z`†eZ`Xjil`dgf[\gif[lq`ild
[\jkil`[fi\efldZfej\imX[fi[XeXkli\qX#kiX`e[fffYa\kfY}j`Zf[X\[lZXƒfXdY`\ekXcÉ%
;\jjX ]fidX# fj \[lZX[fi\j [\ qffc^`Zf k†d X i\jgfejXY`c`[X[\&X d`jjf [\ gifdfm\i f XZ\jjf
[f g’Yc`Zf ~j hl\jk‘\j XdY`\ekX`j# Zfd f `ekl`kf [\ kfie}$cf ZfejZ`\ek\ \ i\jgfej}m\c g\cf d\`f
XdY`\ek\%
8jj`d#fj\jkl[fjeX}i\X[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d\dqffc^`Zfjjfe\Z\jj}i`fj\Xfd\jdfk\dgf[\jXÔX[fi\j#
gf`jgfjj`Y`c`kXdm\i`ÔZXij\Xd`jjf\[lZXZ`feXc[\jjXj`ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j„Xg\eXjkiXejd`k`iZfeZ\`kfj\&
fl `eÕl\eZ`Xi f ZfdgfikXd\ekf# Xk`kl[\j \ Xƒ‘\j gXiX Zfd f d\`f XdY`\ek\# X hlXc gi\jjlg‘\ ld
gcXe\aXd\ekf[XjXk`m`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj#hl\[\m\dj\iZfejkXek\d\ek\i\$\cXYfiX[Xj[\XZfi[fZfd
fjfYa\k`mfjgifgfjkfj\fZfe_\Z`d\ekf[fg’Yc`ZfjfYi\Xjhl\jk‘\jXdY`\ekX`j%
0*
9@9C@F>I8=à8
8cc\e# J% )'') 1 9ljZXe[f \c Xgi\e[`qXa\ \e cXj Zfem\ijXZ`fe\j [\ cfj m`j`kXek\j1 leX \ogcfiXZ`e
d\kf[fc^`ZX#<eLearning conversations in museums, E\nA\ij\p#C<8GlYc`j_\ij#gg%),0$*'(%
8li`ZZ_`f#8%C%I%(000 1Gfk\eZ`Xc[\cX<[lZXZ`e8dY`\ekXc\ecfjQffc^`Zfj9iXj`c\Œfj#Publicação
avulsa do Instituto Pau Brasil de História Natural,JfGXlcf#( #gg%($+-%
9Xl[`e#D%D%A%:%(0/* 1Guia de los Zoos, Safaris y Acuarios de España,<jgXŒX#G\ek_Xcfe%
9XqXiiX#C%(00+ 1Los zoológicos en camino hacia la educación: manual para el educador, D„o`Zf;=#J\Zi\kXiˆX
[\<[lZXZ`eG’Yc`ZX%
<jZfYXi#8%<%)''' 1Plan de Educación Ambiental para Zoológicos,9\cf?fi`qfek\#:Xik`ccX[\c:lijf[\
<[lZXZ`e8dY`\ekXc\eQffc^`ZfjÆOO@M:fe^i\jf[XcXJfZ`\[X[9iXj`c\ŒX[\Qffc^`Zfj %
=XcZf#;%p>`cY\ik#A%)'', 1D„kf[f[\ci\Zl\i[f\jk`dlcX[f1LeX_\iiXd`\ekX[\`em\jk`^XZ`ejfYi\
Xgi\e[`qXa\\edlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#História, Ciências, Saúde -Manguinhos,I`f[\AXe\`if#()#gg%0*$((,%
D\e\^Xqq`#:%J%)''' 1<jgXZ`fj<okiX<jZfcXi\j[\<[lZXZ`e#Revista da Sociedade de Amigos da Fundação
Zôo-Botânica,9\cf?fi`qfek\#(( #gg%()$(*
Ele\j#<%J%)''( 1Análisis del Programa de Educación Ambiental Visita Guiada – Desarrollado en el Zoológico
Municipal de Piracicaba,fi`^`eXcd\ek\gi\j\ekX[fZfdfkiXYXaf[\^iX[f[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[\<jkX[lXc[\
JfGXlcf#@ejk`klkf[\9`fZ`†eZ`XjÆ;\gXikXd\ekf[\<[lZXZ`e#:XdgljI`f:cXif#JfGXlcf%
Klee`Zc`]]\#J%;%)''+ 1Kf[fjefjfkifj`i\dfjXcqffc^`ZfÆ\c\]\Zkf[\c^ilgfjfZ`Xc\ecfjZfek\e`[fj
Zfem\ijXZ`feXc\j [\ Xcldefj [\ \jZl\cX gi`dXi`X# \e 8jjfZ`Xƒf @ek\ieXZ`feXc [\ <[lZX[fi\j [\
Qffc^`ZfjZffdg`cX[fi 1International Zoo Educators Association South East Asian Zoos Association Conference
Proceedings,:_`eXgg%($(,#]fidXkf\c\Zkie`Zf%
N_\Xk\i# I% (00) 1 @ekif[lZZ`e1 qffc^`Zf \e le dle[f hl\ ZXdY`X# \e N_\Xk\i# I% A%# G% BXijk\e
p L% J\Xc1 The world zoo conservation strategy: the role of zoos and aquaria of world in global conservation,
NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%#@L:E#gg%($,%
M@M@8E<8G8I<:@;8I8:?@;>8I:@8
GXihl\Qffc^`ZfDle`Z`gXcÈHl`eq`e_f[\9XiifjÉJfifZXYXÆJfGXlcf%
=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf=<$LJG%
IlX1GfikfI`Zfef(+*9XiZ\cfeXJfifZXYX:<G1(/')-'+'JfGXlcf#9i%
m`iXZ_`[7`^%Zfd%Yi#m`iXZ_`[7ljg%Yi
D8IK?8D8I8E;@EF
0+
=XZlc[X[\[\<[lZXƒf[XLe`m\ij`[X[\[\JfGXlcf=<$LJG%
IlX:fi`ekf.*0#Xgkf%-+8M`cX@e[`XeXJfGXlcf:<G1',,/-$'-'JfGXlcf#9i%
dXidXiXe7ljg%Yi
Las demostraciones breves de ciencia. Una
alternativa de divulgación en el Museo
Universum: sus experiencias y su evaluación
DX%?fik\ej`X>XiZˆXM`^`c
ClˆjD\qX8iZfj
I<JLD<E
8k\e[`\e[fXcgifgj`kf]le[Xd\ekXc[\cDlj\fLe`m\ijld[\XZ\iZXicXZ`\eZ`XXcg’Yc`Zf^\e\iXc#\c}i\X[\:`\eZ`X
I\Zi\Xk`mX _X [\jXiifccX[f le gif^iXdX [\ [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j Zfe \c hl\ j\ \jg\iX Zfdle`ZXi [\ ]fidX c’[`ZX p Xd\eX
[`]\i\ek\jXjg\Zkfj[\cXZ`\eZ`XXcfjljlXi`fjhl\XZl[XeXjlj`ejkXcXZ`fe\j%
CXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j Yi\m\j jfe XZk`m`[X[\j gi}Zk`ZXj dlp ZfikXj# Z\ekiX[Xj \e \c [\jXiifccf [\ [fj f ki\j ZfeZ\gkfj
Z`\ekˆÔZfjp[`j\ŒX[Xj[\XZl\i[fXcXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj[\cfj[`]\i\ek\j^ilgfjXcXhl\j\[`i`^\e%
<c gi\j\ek\ kiXYXaf dl\jkiX cX \og\i`\eZ`X [\ \mXclXi le gif^iXdX [\ [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j i\Xc`qX[f gXiX Z\c\YiXi \c XŒf
@ek\ieXZ`feXc [\ cX =ˆj`ZX )'', % <c XikˆZlcf j\ fi^Xe`qX \e j\`j gXik\j# \e cX gi`d\iX j\ [`jZlk\ cX `dgfikXeZ`X [\ cXj
[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jYi\m\j[\Z`\eZ`X2\ecXj\^le[Xj\gi\j\ekX\cgif^iXdX[\[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jhl\\jfYa\kf[\\mXclXZ`e2
\ecXk\iZ\iXj\gi\j\ekXcXd\kf[fcf^ˆXj\^l`[XgXiX\mXclXi2\ecXZlXikXcfji\jlckX[fj#\ecXhl`ekXcXjZfej`[\iXZ`fe\j
ÔeXc\j#p\ecXj\okXcXjZfeZclj`fe\j[\ckiXYXaf%CXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\cX\mXclXZ`eZfej`jk`\e\eki\m`jkXjXcfjljlXi`fj#
fYj\imXZ`fe\j[\jlZfdgfikXd`\ekf[liXek\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jp\cXe}c`j`j[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\leX\eki\m`jkXXgc`ZX[X
XleXdl\jkiX%CX`e]fidXZ`ei\ZXYX[Xefjg\id`k\XÔidXihl\d\[`Xek\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jj\gifdfm`\ecfjljlXi`fj
leXdXpfiZfdgi\ej`e[\cfjk\dXjZfdle`ZX[fjphl\cXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\jlckXedlp`ek\i\jXek\jgXiX\cg’Yc`Zfhl\
m`j`kX \c dlj\f% =`eXcd\ek\# p X dXe\iX [\ ZfeZclj`e# j\ _XZ\e Xc^leXj i\Õ\o`fe\j p jl^\i\eZ`Xj gXiX d\afiXi \jkXj
XZk`m`[X[\jhl\gl\[\ej\ileXXck\ieXk`mX’k`cgXiX[`mlc^XicXZ`\eZ`XXg’Yc`Zfj^\e\iXc\j%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
;`mlc^XZ`egXiXe`Œfjpam\e\j#[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X#Z`\eZ`X`ek\iXZk`mX#\mXclXZ`e#\og\i`\eZ`XjZfecXZ`\eZ`X%
C8J;<DFJKI8:@FE<J9I<M<J;<:@<E:@8
CXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j# alekf Zfe cfj kXcc\i\j# \og\i`d\ekfj p cfj al\^fj ]fidXe gXik\ [\ cXj [`]\i\ek\j
XZk`m`[X[\jhl\j\[\jXiifccXe\e\c}i\X[\:`\eZ`XI\Zi\Xk`mX[\cDlj\fLe`m\ijld%CXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j
[\Z`\eZ`XjfeYi\m\j\a\iZ`Z`fjhl\`emfclZiXegifZ\jfj[\Xk\eZ`e#dfk`mXZ`epi\Õ\o`e[`e}d`ZX#
hl\`em`kXeXg\ejXi#\jk`dlcXecXZli`fj`[X[p\cg\ejXd`\ekfZi\Xk`mf >XiZˆXpD\qX#)'', %K`\e\ecX
g\Zlc`Xi`[X[[\j\i#ZfdfjlefdYi\cf`e[`ZX#Yi\m\j[\k`\dgf#\j[\Z`i#[\j`\k\X[`\qd`elkfj#X[\d}j
j\i\Xc`qXeZfedXk\i`Xc\jdlpj\eZ`ccfjZfe\cgifgj`kf[\hl\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\jgl\[Xei\gif[lZ`icfj
\ejljZXjXjf\ejlj\jZl\cXj%
CXjXZk`m`[X[\j[fe[\\cg’Yc`ZfgXik`Z`gXXZk`mXd\ek\k`\e\eZ`\ikXjm\ekXaXji\jg\ZkfXfkifjd\[`fj
[\[`mlc^XZ`e\e\cdlj\f#\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\i\jg\ZkfXcXjm`j`kXj^l`X[Xj%<o`^\eleXgXik`Z`gXZ`ed}j
XZk`mX`dX^`eXk`mXpZi\Xk`mX pefjfcfm\iYXcgfigXik\[\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j2j\XcZXeqXe\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\
Xgi\e[`qXa\ p [`j]ilk\ d}j \ei`hl\Z\[fiXj% KXdY`„e g\id`k\e Zfdgc\kXi cX \ogc`ZXZ`e Zfe dXk\i`Xc\j
[`[}Zk`Zfjphl\cXjg\ijfeXjk\e^Xe\og\i`\eZ`Xjm`jlXc\j#Xl[`k`mXjpdXe`glcXk`mXjj`dlck}e\Xd\ek\#cf
hl\]Xmfi\Z\ÈXYi`icXd\ek\ÉXel\mXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjpefjfcfcc\eXicfj[\gXcXYiXj2gcXek\XeXZk`m`[X[\j
\ecXjhl\d}jhl\[XileXi\jgl\jkXj\jljZ`kXleXgi\^lekX\ecXd\ek\[\cgXik`Z`gXek\#j`klXZ`ehl\\j
d}j\ei`hl\Z\[fiXhl\\jZlZ_Xile[`jZlijfjfYi\\ck\dX2pgifdl\m\e\cZfekXZkf[`i\ZkfZfecXfYiX#
cfjXgXiXkfjpcfjdXk\i`Xc\j\ogl\jkfj%
8[\d}jjfeXZk`m`[X[\j\e[fe[\efj\jfYi\ZXi^X[\`e]fidXZ`eXcfjm`j`kXek\j#j\c\ji\kXX`em\jk`^Xigfi
\ccfjd`jdfj#X`ek\iXZklXiZfecfjdXk\i`Xc\j#j\i\kfdXecXjZXgXZ`[X[\jp_XY`c`[X[\j[\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j
Zfe\cÔe[\gifdfm\icX`ek\iXZZ`epcXZfem\ijXZ`e%:fecXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jj\gi\k\e[\1
X \jk`dlcXiel\mfj`ek\i\j\jp\og\i`\eZ`Xj_XZ`XcXZ`\eZ`X#
Y df[`ÔZXicX`[\X^\e\iXc`qX[X[\hl\cXZ`\eZ`X\j[`]ˆZ`c#XYlii`[XpjcfgXiXZfefZ\[fi\j#
Z i\cXZ`feXicfjXgi\e[`qXa\jpcXjfYj\imXZ`fe\j[\\jk\k`gf[\\og\i`\eZ`XjZfejljXZk`m`[X[\j[\
cXm`[XZfk`[`XeX#
[ gifdfm\icXZli`fj`[X[pY’jhl\[X[\\ogc`ZXZ`fe\j[liXek\\c[\jXiifccf[\cXXZk`m`[X[#p
\ \jk`dlcXi ]fidXj [\ Zfdgi\ej`e p \ogc`ZXZ`e [\ cfj _\Z_fj p ]\ed\efj [\j[\ leX m`j`e
Z`\ekˆÔZX%
C8J;<DFJKI8:@FE<J9I<M<J;<:@<E:@8<E<CDLJ<F
LE@M<IJLD<E<C8zF@EK<IE8:@FE8C;<C8=àJ@:8
0-
:fdfgXik\[\cfj]\jk\afj[\c8Œf@ek\ieXZ`feXc[\cX=ˆj`ZX)'', #j\gifgljffi^Xe`qXilegif^iXdX
[\[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jYi\m\j[\Z`\eZ`XgXiX_XZ\icc\^XicXZ`\eZ`XXleg’Yc`Zfef\jg\Z`Xc`qX[f#Zfeki`Yl`i
Xc\ei`hl\Z`d`\ekf[\jl`ek\igi\kXZ`e[\cdle[fpdfjkiXihl\cXZ`\eZ`XkXdY`„e\j[`m\ik`[X%
;\ XZl\i[f Xc gif^iXdX ^\e\iXc [\ XZk`m`[X[\j [\c dlj\f \e \jkX Z\c\YiXZ`e# cXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j
j\ Z\ekiXife \e cfj j`^l`\ek\j ZfeZ\gkfj1 dX^e\k`jdf# ZXdgf dX^e„k`Zf# ]l\iqX# clq# `clj`e gk`ZX#
[`]iXZZ`e#m`YiXZ`e#fe[Xj#jfe`[f#XZZ`e#i\XZZ`epdfm`d`\ekf%
CXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j j\ cc\mXife X ZXYf \e [`]\i\ek\j ZXii`kfj dm`c\j hl\ ]l\ife ZfcfZX[fj \e j`k`fj
\jkiXk„^`Zfj[\cdlj\f#kfdXe[f\eZl\ekXZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjZfdflY`ZXZ`e#`cld`eXZ`epZfdf[`[X[#
XjˆZfdfgfijlXÕl\eZ`XpgXjf[\cg’Yc`Zfm`j`kXek\%
:X[XZXii`kfdm`c\jkXYX[\[`ZX[fXlek\dX[\cX]ˆj`ZXpj\i\Xc`qXYXle^ilgf[\[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j
Yi\m\j#XZXi^f[\ZlXkif[\dfjkiX[fi\jm\iKXYcX( %
KXYcX(%K\d}k`ZXpXZk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[Xj[liXek\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X
CARRITOS
TEMÁTICA
DEMOSTRACIONES
Actividades
con elaboración de
producto
Actividades
sin elaboración de producto
UBICACIÓN
(
Electricidad y
Magnetismo
¿Cómo hacer una brújula?
Esferas de unicel
Globos, confeti e imanes
Motor y bocina
Sala de Energía
)
Luz
Traumátropo (ilusión
óptica)
Cámara obscura
Tarjetas con figuras
Espejos y espectros de luz
Patio principal
*
Sonido
Gallinita
Regla zumbadora
Diapasones
Varilla
Copas
Mangueras
Cuerda
Patio principal
+
Movimiento
Globo Cohete
Cohetes
Artefactos voladores
Ciencia Recreativa
Patio principal y Explanada
GXiX \c [\jXiifccf [\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j j\ Zfejkilp\ife df[\cfj ki`[`d\ej`feXc\j gXiX hl\ \c g’Yc`Zf
`ek\iXZklXiX Zfe \ccfj Zfe cX Xpl[X [\c [\dfjkiX[fi% <e Xc^lefj ZXjfj \c g’Yc`Zf [\YˆX Zfejkil`i jlj
gifg`fjdf[\cfj%
CfjdXk\i`Xc\jhl\j\lk`c`qXife]l\ife[\YXafZfjkf#[\i\ljfp[\]}Z`cX[hl`j`Z`e$XcXdYi\#`dXe\j#
g`cXj# ^cfYfj# gXg\c# Zfcfi\j# ZXaXj [\ ZXike# gfgfk\j# ZfgXj [\ m`[i`f# [`XgXjfe\j# mXjfj [\ le`Z\c#
^cfYfj#m`eX^i\#ZXiYfeXkf#pX^lXÆZfe\cgifgj`kf[\hl\\cg’Yc`ZfgXik`Z`gXek\cfjgl[`\iXi\gif[lZ`i
\ejljZXjXjf\ejlj\jZl\cXj%
0.
=@:?8Ky:E@:8G8I8C8;<DFJKI8:@äE9I<M<
EfdYi\[\cX[\dfjkiXZ`e
GfYcXZ`e
<ck`\dgf\jk`dX[f
:feZ\gkfjZcXm\
<jkiXk\^`Xj
¶Hl„j\_XZ\6
¶:l}c\j\cfYa\k`mf6
:f_\k\
;\dfjkiXZ`e[`i`^`[XXe`ŒfjdXpfi\j[\()XŒfj%
,d`elkfj%
Dfm`d`\ekf#]l\iqX#i\XZZ`e#gi\j`e#m\cfZ`[X[#g\jf%
Gi\^lekXj XZk`mX[fiXj [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf gi\m`f# `eZclj`e [\
XeXcf^ˆXj#i\Zlg\iXZ`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfZfk`[`Xef¶Hl`„eZfefZ\
cfjZf_\k\j6#¶;e[\cfj_Xem`jkf6 %
J\_XZ\mfcXileZf_\k\lk`c`qXe[fcXgi\j`e[\cX^lX%
<ogc`ZXi \c dfm`d`\ekf [\c Zf_\k\ X gXik`i [\ cX k\iZ\iX c\p [\
E\nkfe1 8 kf[X ]l\iqX hl\ le Zl\igf Xgc`ZX X fkif# Zfii\jgfe[\
leX i\XZZ`e f ]l\iqX hl\ \c j\^le[f Zl\igf Xgc`ZX Xc gi`d\if#
\oXZkXd\ek\[\cXd`jdXdX^e`kl[g\if[\j\ek`[fZfekiXi`f%
›M}cmlcXgXiX`eÕXiYXcfe\j
›:fiZ_fgXiXYfk\ccXj
¶Hl„dXk\i`Xc\jj\lk`c`qXe6
›9fdYX[\X`i\gXiX`eÕXiYXcfe\j
›LeXYfk\ccX[\gc}jk`Zf[\Xgifo`dX[Xd\ek\),'dC
›I\Z`g`\ek\j[\gc}jk`Zf
›J\g\i]fiX\cZfiZ_fZfecXm}cmlcXgficXgXik\d}jXeZ_X#gifZliXi
hl\jXc^X[\cfkif\oki\df%
›J\le\cXYXj\[\cXm}cmlcXXcXYfdYX%
›J\cc\eX_XjkX(&*cXYfk\ccXZfeX^lX%
¶:l}c\j\cgifZ\[`d`\ekf6
›J\[\jZXejXcXYfk\ccXjfYi\Xc^’ei\Z`g`\ek\[\gc}jk`Zf#gifZliXe[f
hl\hl\[\[\]fidXm\ik`ZXc%
›@ep\ZkXiX`i\XcXYfk\ccX%
›Ef[`i`^`icXYfk\ccXXcXjg\ijfeXje`XfYa\kfj[\c`ZX[fj%
¶Hl„jlZ\[\pgfihl„6
0/
CXgi\j`e[\cX`i\Zi\XleX]l\iqX[\Z`\ikXdX^e`kl[hl\jXZXXc
X^lX\eleX[`i\ZZ`e%8\jkX]l\iqXc\Zfii\jgfe[\fkiX[\cXd`jdX
dX^e`kl[p\e[`i\ZZ`eZfekiXi`Xhl\gifmfZXhl\\cZf_\k\ml\c\
\ecX[`i\ZZ`efgl\jkXXcXgi\j`e[\cX`i\%
CXXckliXXcXhl\gl\[\cc\^Xi\cZf_\k\[\g\e[\[\cXgi\j`e[\c
X`i\hl\j\gl\[\Xgc`ZXiXcXYfk\ccX%
CXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j [\ Z`\eZ`X ]l\ife Zfe[lZ`[Xj gfi *, \jkl[`Xek\j [\ gj`Zfcf^ˆX YXaf cX klkfiˆX p
jlg\im`j`eg\idXe\ek\[\cXgif]\jfiX[\cX=XZlckX[[\Gj`Zfcf^ˆXi\jgfejXYc\[\jl]fidXZ`e\ecX
gi}Zk`ZX%;liXek\\jk\gifZ\jf#cfj\jkl[`Xek\jkXdY`„eZfekXifeZfecXXj\jfiˆX[\cg\ijfeXc[\cÝi\X
[\ :`\eZ`X I\Zi\Xk`mX [\c Dlj\f Le`m\ijld# hl\ X[\d}j gi\m`Xd\ek\ cfj gi\gXi \e cfj Zfek\e`[fj
Z`\ekˆÔZfjXZfdle`ZXi[liXek\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j%
GXiX Zfdle`ZXi \c Zfek\e`[f k\d}k`Zf# j\ \dgc\Xife [`m\ijXj \jkiXk\^`Xj g\[X^^`ZXj# kXc\j Zfdf1
i\Zlg\iXZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf \jZfcXi`qX[f p m`m\eZ`Xc# m`eZlcXZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekf gi\m`f Zfe cfj
ZfeZ\gkfjZ\ekiXc\j[\ZX[Xk\dX#i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cXjgi\ZfeZ\gZ`fe\jZfk`[`XeXj#Zl\jk`feXd`\ekf#
Zfea\kliX# XeXcf^ˆXj p i\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\j [\ `d}^\e\j# df[\cXd`\ekf [\ cX j\Zl\eZ`X [\ cX kXi\X X
i\Xc`qXi#dfe`kfi\fpZcXi`ÔZXZ`e[\`ejkilZZ`fe\j[liXek\cX\cXYfiXZ`e[\cdf[\cffi\gif[lZZ`e
[\c\og\i`d\ekf[\dfjkiX[f%
Gfi \c k`\dgf Zfej`[\iX[f gXiX ZX[X [\dfjkiXZ`e# j\ Z\ekiXife \e [fj f ki\j ZfeZ\gkfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj
m`eZlcX[fj Xc [\jXiifccf [\ leX XZk`m`[X[ gi}Zk`ZX [`j\ŒX[X [\ XZl\i[f X cXj ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj [\ cfj
[`]\i\ek\j^ilgfjXhl`\e\jj\[`i`^`1gi`dXi`X#j\Zle[Xi`XpYXZ_`cc\iXkf#XjˆZfdfX[lckfj%
<ek„id`efj^\e\iXc\jZX[X[\dfjkiXZ`eklmfleX[liXZ`e[\.X('d`elkfjZfdfd}o`df#\]\Zkl}e[fj\
,)0j\j`fe\j[\[\dfjkiXZ`eZfdgi\e[`[Xj[\c(/[\dXiqfXc).[\dXpf#p[\c(-[\X^fjkfXc/[\
[`Z`\dYi\[\)'',#[liXek\cXjZlXc\jj\Xk\e[`\ifeXd}j[\))''g\ijfeXj%
C8<M8CL8:@äE;<C8J;<DFJKI8:@FE<J
CX Zi\XZ`e [\ \og\i`\eZ`Xj Xck\ieXk`mXj [\ [`mlc^XZ`e# cX `em\jk`^XZ`e \[lZXk`mX p cX \mXclXZ`e
j`jk\d}k`ZX[\cfj\]\Zkfjhl\Zfecc\m\ZlXchl`\i`eefmXZ`efi\efmXZ`e#Zfejk`klp\e\ejlZfealekf
cX\jkiXk\^`XZilZ`XcgXiXd\afiXicXXZk`m`[X[[\[`mlc^XZ`eXci\ZfefZ\icfj]XZkfi\jhl\`ek\im`\e\e\e
\ccf^iffef[\jljgifgj`kfj%
GficfkXekf#cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`XXgfikX\c\d\ekfjhl\efjg\id`k\eXmXeqXi
_XZ`XjlZfejfc`[XZ`eZfdf\og\i`\eZ`Xj]XmfiXYc\j\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\Xgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
Z`\ekˆÔZf#XjˆZfdfgXiX\cXZ\iZXd`\ekfXcXZ`\eZ`X[\gfYcXZ`fe\jZlpX[`m\ij`[X[\jlei\kf2X[\d}j
[\Zfeki`Yl`iXc\ei`hl\Z`d`\ekf[\cXgi}Zk`ZX[\[`mlc^XZ`e%
<jXjˆhl\gXiX[XiZl\ekX[\cX\ÔZXZ`X[\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jZfdfdf[Xc`[X[Xck\ieXk`mX[\[`mlc^XZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X#\ecX\mXclXZ`ej\gcXek\XifecfjfYa\k`mfjj`^l`\ek\j1
FYa\k`mf^\e\iXc
8eXc`qXi\c\]\Zkf[\cXXgc`ZXZ`e[\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X\e\cZfek\okf[\cdlj\f%
FYa\k`mfj\jg\ZˆÔZfj
›@[\ek`ÔZXicfjZfek\e`[fjhl\i\jlckXifeZcXifjpZfdgi\ej`Yc\jgXiXcfjgXik`Z`gXek\j%
›I\ZfefZ\icXjXZk`m`[X[\jhl\gifg`Z`XifeZli`fj`[X[\`ek\i„jgficXZ`\eZ`X%
›@[\ek`ÔZXicfjZfefZ`d`\ekfj\jZfcXi\jpm`m\eZ`Xc\j[\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j\ecXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j%
›@[\ek`ÔZXicXjXZk`kl[\j[\cfjljlXi`fj_XZ`XcXZ`\eZ`X%
›;`j\ŒXi[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`Xhl\gifdl\mXecXXgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf%
GXiX\cZldgc`d`\ekf[\cfjfYa\k`mfjj\cc\mXZXYfleXi\m`j`e[fZld\ekXcpY’jhl\[X[\`e]fidXZ`e
[\ [`m\ijXj ]l\ek\j XZ\iZX [\ cXj df[Xc`[X[\j [\ [`mlc^XZ`e [\c Dlj\f p \e gXik`ZlcXi [\c Ýi\X [\
:`\eZ`XI\Zi\Xk`mX2[\cfjZfek\e`[fj[\]ˆj`ZXXZfdle`ZXi[liXek\cXjXZk`m`[X[\jj\c\ZZ`feX[Xj#p
00
[\ cXj ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj [\ cfj ljlXi`fj hl\ ^\e\iXcd\ek\ XZl[\e X Le`m\ijld% 8[\d}j j\ \]\ZklXife
fYj\imXZ`fe\j[liXek\\c[\jXiifccf[\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j#XjˆZfdf\eki\m`jkXjXcfjgXik`Z`gXek\j%
9’jhl\[X[\cX`e]fidXZ`epi\m`j`e[fZld\ekXc
CX Y’jhl\[X [\ cX `e]fidXZ`e p i\m`j`e [fZld\ekXc Zfej`jk` \e [\k\ZkXi# fYk\e\i p ZfejlckXi cX
Y`Yc`f^iX]ˆXpfkifjdXk\i`Xc\jhl\]l\ife’k`c\jgXiX\cgifgj`kf[\c\jkl[`f#[\[fe[\j\\okiXafpj\
i\Zfg`ccX`e]fidXZ`ei\c\mXek\pe\Z\jXi`X%
J\lY`ZXife[fjk`gfjY}j`Zfj[\]l\ek\j[\`e]fidXZ`e%
=l\ek\jgi`eZ`gXc\j%
:fejk`klp\ife\cfYa\k`mf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`epgifgfiZ`feXife[Xkfj[\gi`d\iXdXef%<a\dgcfj[\\jkXj
]l\ife1Zfdg`cXZ`fe\j#i\j’d\e\jpc`jkX[fj[\i\]\i\eZ`XjglYc`ZX[Xj\e\c}i\X[\el\jkif`ek\i„j#\j
[\Z`i[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#[\cXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\XZk`m`[X[\jkXc\jZfdfkXcc\i\j#[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j
p\og\i`d\ekfj[\Z`\eZ`XXjˆZfdf[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\\mXclXZ`e\edlj\fj%@e]fid\j[\cDlj\f
Le`m\ijldp[\cÝi\X[\:`\eZ`XI\Zi\Xk`mX%
=l\ek\jj\Zle[Xi`Xj%
=l\ife c`Yifj# Xekfcf^ˆXj# XikˆZlcfj# glYc`ZXZ`fe\j g\i`[`ZXj# dfef^iX]ˆXj# k\j`j# kiXYXafj gi\j\ekX[fj
\eZfe]\i\eZ`Xj#j`dgfj`fjfj\d`eXi`fj#XikˆZlcfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj#g\cˆZlcXj[fZld\ekXc\j#pj`k`fjn\Y#
\eki\fkiXj%
CX [`]\i\eZ`X \eki\ cXj [`]\i\ek\j ]l\ek\j ZfejlckX[Xj \jki`YX \e hl\ cXj ]l\ek\j j\Zle[Xi`Xj i\’e\e
]l\ek\j[\gi`d\iXdXef%
FYj\imXZ`fe\j
CXjfYj\imXZ`fe\jj\i\Xc`qXife[liXek\\c[\jXiifccf[\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`XZfe\cgifgj`kf
[\i\ZfefZ\ij`cXjXZk`m`[X[\j\iXedfk`mXek\j#j`ZXgkXYXepdXek\eˆXe\c`ek\i„j[\cfjljlXi`fj#j`
]Xmfi\ZˆXecXgXik`Z`gXZ`eXZk`mX\`ek\iXZZ`e\eki\\ccfjpZfehl`\e\jZfe[lZˆXecXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j%
GXiX\ccf#j\ZfekZfele]fidXkf^lˆXgXiX\ci\^`jkif[\cfjXjg\ZkfjXek\jd\eZ`feX[fjpj\ZXgXZ`k
Xle^ilgf[\\jkl[`Xek\j[\gj`Zfcf^ˆXgXiXcc\mXicXjXZXYfhl`\e\jj\[`jki`Ylp\ife\egXi\aXj\eZX[X
lY`ZXZ`e[\cfjZXii`kfjp[\dfjkiX[fi\j%8ck„id`ef[\ZX[Xj\j`e[\[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jj\ZfdgXikˆXe
cfj[Xkfji\^`jkiX[fjgXiXZfeÔXY`c`qXicXjfYj\imXZ`fe\j%
<eki\m`jkXj
:fdf j\ j\ŒXc Xek\i`fid\ek\# j\ i\Xc`q leX \eki\m`jkX j\d`\jkilZkliX[X X leX dl\jkiX `ek\eZ`feXc
gifgfj`k`mX[\).-g\ijfeXjgXiX`e[X^Xi#\eki\fkifjXjg\Zkfj1Zfdgi\ej`e[\ck\dXZfdle`ZX[f p
fg`e`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[Xj%
KXYcX)%GfYcXZ`egXik`Z`gXek\pdl\jkiX\eki\m`jkX[X
(''
TEMA
PARTICIPANTES
ENTREVISTADOS
Electricidad y magnetismo
759
83
Luz
482
54
Sonido
Movimiento
337
47
671
92
2249
276
CXj \eki\m`jkXj ]l\ife i\Xc`qX[Xj Xc ÔeXc [\ ZX[X [\dfjkiXZ`e gfi cfj \jkl[`Xek\j [\ gj`Zfcf^ˆX
gi\m`Xd\ek\[\j`^eX[fj%:X[X\eki\m`jkX\jklmfZfe]fidX[XgfiZ`eZfgcXek\Xd`\ekfj^lˆXfi`\ekX[fj
X ZfefZ\i jl fg`e`e jfYi\1 cX XZk`m`[X[ p dXk\i`Xc\j# ZfefZ`d`\ekfj Zfe hl\ ZfekXYX Xc i\jg\Zkf p
Zfej`[\iXZ`fe\jjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`X#jlZfdgi\ej`efef[\cXj\ogc`ZXZ`fe\j\`ejkilZZ`fe\j#XZk`m`[X[\j
gi\]\i\ek\jpjljiXqfe\j#kiXkXd`\ekffef[\cfjk\dXj\e\cXlcX%CX\eki\m`jkXklmfleX[liXZ`e
Xgifo`dX[X [\ [`\q d`elkfj p ]l\ife Xl[`f^iXYX[Xj gXiX X^`c`qXi cX ZXgkXZ`e [\ `e]fidXZ`e%
Gfjk\i`fid\ek\#]l\ifekiXejZi`kXjgXiXZfej\imXicXj\e]fidX[\[fZld\ekf\c\Zkie`Zf[\dXe\iXhl\
]l\iXgfj`Yc\Xgc`ZXi\cgif^iXdX[\Xe}c`j`j%
GXiXXeXc`qXicXj\eki\m`jkXjj\lk`c`q\cgif^iXdX?pg\iI\j\XiZ_m\ij`egXiXD8:)%-#hl\g\id`k`
ZXk\^fi`qXicXji\jgl\jkXj[X[Xj\ecXj\eki\m`jkXj\eZ[`^fjpgfjk\i`fid\ek\_XZ\ile`e]fid\^cfYXc
[\ cfj i\jlckX[fj% Cfj i\jlckX[fj [\ cX \eki\m`jkX ]l\ife X^ilgX[fj \e kXYcXj [\ ]i\Zl\eZ`X Zfe cX
`ek\eZ`e[\dfjkiXi\ck`gf[\i\jgl\jkXjd}j]i\Zl\ek\jpZl}c\jklm`\ifegfZXgi\j\eZ`X%
I<JLCK8;FJ
8gXik`i[\cXji\jgl\jkXjm\ik`[Xj[liXek\cXj\eki\m`jkXjj\Zfejkilp\ifecXj[`d\ej`fe\jpZXk\^fiˆXj
[\Xe}c`j`jhl\[XeZl\ekX[\cfjj`^l`\ek\jXjg\Zkfj1
KXYcX*%I\jlckX[fj^cfYXc\j[\cX<eki\m`jkXJ\d`\jkilZkliX[X
DIMENSIÓN
CATEGORÍAS
% ENTREVISTADOS
Conocimientos
1. Reafirmó conocimiento
2. Adquirió el conocimiento
3. Aclaró conocimiento que tenía confuso
4. Recordó algo que ya sabía
46%
24%
17%
13%
Satisfacción
1. Gustó por creativo y divertido
2. Fue interesante
3. No gustó
79%
16%
5%
Actitud
1. Experiencia totalmente positiva
2. Experiencia positiva
3. Experiencia negativa
87%
8%
5%
:fdfj\gl\[\fYj\imXi\ecXkXYcX#\ei\cXZ`eXcX[`d\ej`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfi\jXckXhl\\c+-
[\ cXj g\ijfeXj \eki\m`jkX[Xj [`Z\e _XY\i i\XÔidX[f jl ZfefZ`d`\ekf2 \e kXekf hl\ \c )+ i\Ô\i\
\jkXi X[hl`i`\e[f ZfefZ`d`\ekfj kfkXcd\ek\ el\mfj2 gXiX \c (. cXj XZk`m`[X[\j p \ogc`ZXZ`fe\j c\
g\id`k`\ifeZfdgi\e[\ik\dXjhl\k\eˆXZfe]ljfj#pjcfle(*d\eZ`fehl\c\Xpl[Xi\Zfi[Xi
Z`\ikfjZfefZ`d`\ekfj%
GfifkifcX[f#\ecX[`d\ej`e[\jXk`j]XZZ`e\c.0[\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\jfg`eXehl\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j
c\j ^ljkXife gfi j\i Zi\Xk`mXj p [`m\ik`[Xj2 gXiX \c (- ]l\ife `ek\i\jXek\j p ’e`ZXd\ek\ Xc , [\ cX
gfYcXZ`eefc\j^ljkcXXZk`m`[X[\ecXhl\gXik`Z`gXifepXhl\efc\ji\gi\j\eklei\kf%
<e ZlXekf X cX [`d\ej`e [\ XZk`kl[# gXiX \c /. [\ cfj \eki\m`jkX[fj cX \og\i`\eZ`X ]l\ kfkXcd\ek\
gfj`k`mXhl\jldX[fXc/[\hl`\e\jj\ŒXcXifehl\]l\leX\og\i`\eZ`Xgfj`k`mX#k\e[iˆXdfjle0,[\
ljlXi`fjhl\[\j\XiˆXemfcm\iXgXik`Z`gXi\eXZk`m`[X[\j[\\jk\k`gf%
;\ XZl\i[f Zfe cfj [Xkfj fYk\e`[fj gfi cX \eki\m`jkX p cXj fYj\imXZ`fe\j# gf[\dfj XÔidXi hl\ cXj
[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`XZfeki`Ylp\e[\[`]\i\ek\dXe\iXXcXZfejkilZZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf1( pXj\X
]Xmfi\Z`\e[fZfecXj\ogc`ZXZ`fe\jpXZk`m`[X[\jhl\j\i\XÔid\ecfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjgi\m`fj\jZfcXi\jf
\og\i`\eZ`Xc\j#) hl\j\XZcXi\eZfefZ`d`\ekfjZfe]ljfjf\hl`mfZX[fj·pf_XYˆX\ek\e[`[fhl\¿
('(
g\ifX_fiXpXj\hl\¿ p#* ^\e\iXe[fcXjZfe[`Z`fe\jgXiXel\mfjXgi\e[`qXa\j%;\`^lXcdXe\iX#\jkfj
_XccXq^fjjl^`\i\ehl\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X^\e\iXifecXj\ejXZ`e[\X^iX[fpZXgXZ`[X[gXiX
\ek\e[\icXZ`\eZ`X#gl\jcXjm`m\eZ`XifeZfdfXZk`m`[X[\j`ek\i\jXek\jp[`m\ik`[Xj%Kf[f\ccfj`ehl\
g\i[`\iXem\iXZ`[X[%
GficfkXekf#XgXik`i[\cX\og\i`\eZ`Xpcfj[XkfjXeXc`qX[fjgf[\dfjXmXeqXi\ecXjZfej`[\iXZ`fe\j
j`^l`\ek\j1
›CXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j jfe le d\[`f \]\Zk`mf gXiX \jk`dlcXi# i\]fiqXi p [\jXiifccXi \c `ek\i„j p \c
ZfefZ`d`\ekfgficXZ`\eZ`X%
›;\j[\\cglekf[\m`jkXgj`ZfjfZ`XccX`ek\iXZZ`epcXZfem\ijXZ`ej`klX[Xg\id`k`\jk`dlcXicX
Zli`fj`[X[#\c^ljkfp\c[\j\f[\ZfefZ\id}j%
›GXiX cfj [fZ\ek\j Xj`jk\ek\j# cXj [\dfjkiXZ`fe\j i\jlckXe le d\[`f j\eZ`ccf# \Zfed`Zf p dlp
gi}Zk`ZfgXiXm`m\eZ`XiXc^lefj[\cfjZfeZ\gkfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj%
›GXiXcfj\jZfcXi\jgXik`Z`gXek\j#\jkX\og\i`\eZ`X\j[\j\XYc\hl\j\^\e\iXc`Z\Xfkifjdlj\fjphl\
X[\d}jj\`eZclpXe\ecXj\jZl\cXj%
:FEJ@;<I8:@FE<J=@E8C<J
CXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jYi\m\j[\Z`\eZ`X\e\cdlj\fLe`m\ijld#jfeXZk`m`[X[\j[fe[\j\XZ\iZXXcg’Yc`Zf
ef\jg\Z`Xc`qX[fXcXZ`\eZ`X[\leX]fidXdlpgXik`ZlcXihl\\jd\[`Xek\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`eXZk`mXpX
kiXm„j[\cal\^f%
<eki\cXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjdXj`dgfikXek\j[\\jkX]fidX[\[`mlc^XicXZ`\eZ`X_Xphl\[\jkXZXihl\jfe
XZk`m`[X[\j i}g`[Xj# dfk`mXek\j# dlp [`e}d`ZXj2 hl\ `em`kXe X g\ejXi p hl\ \jk`dlcXe cX Zli`fj`[X[%
<c\d\ekfjhl\\cg’Yc`Zfi\ZfefZ\ZfdfmXc`fjfj\ejljfg`e`fe\j%
Efj\i\hl`\i\[\leX`e]iX\jkilZkliXdXk\i`Xcdlp]l\ik\fleX`em\ij`e\Zfed`ZX[\Zfej`[\iXZ`e%
Gfi\cZfekiXi`f\ckiXYXaXiZfedXk\i`Xc\jj\eZ`ccfjp[\]}Z`cX[hl`j`Z`egifmfZXleXZ`\ikXZfeÔXeqXp
jfigi\jX\e\cg’Yc`Zf%
Cfji\jlckX[fjfYk\e`[fjdl\jkiXekXdY`„e\ek„id`efj^\e\iXc\jhl\XcX^\ek\c\`ek\i\jX\c[\jX]ˆf[\
gXik`Z`gXip\e]i\ekXij\Xlei\kf#leX^iXedXpfiˆXi\XÔidXcfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjhl\pXk\eˆXegi\m`Xd\ek\
\e\jk\ZXjfj\[\Y`gfj`Yc\d\ek\gfihl\\c^il\jf[\cXgfYcXZ`e\eki\m`jkX[X]l\[\j\Zle[Xi`X
pYXZ_`cc\iXkf #\ej\^le[f^iX[fdlZ_X^\ek\`ek\^iel\mfjZfeZ\gkfjXjljZfefZ`d`\ekfjgi\m`fj#
kXekf\jZfcXi\jZfdf[\jlm`[XZfk`[`XeX%
J`e[l[Xcfj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jYi\m\jjfeleXXck\ieXk`mX’k`cgXiX[`mlc^XicXZ`\eZ`X\eZ\ekifjpdlj\fj
[\ Z`\eZ`X# p dlp gifYXYc\d\ek\ gl\[\e j\i kXdY`„e le i\Zlijf \e \c jXce [\ ZcXj\j% GXiX \ccf# \j
[\j\XYc\hl\j\^\e\i\egif^iXdXjg\idXe\ek\j\eki\cfjdlj\fjpcXj\jZl\cXjgXiXhl\\jkfj’ck`dfj
Zfeki`YlpXeXci\]fiqXd`\ekfp\jk`dlcXZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf%8j`d`jdf#\je\Z\jXi`fi\ZfefZ\ihl\
_XpgfZXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj`ek\iXZk`mXjj`jk\dXk`qX[Xj[\\jk\k`gfphl\`dgfikXmXcfiXicXjZfdflei\Zlijf
g\[X^^`Zf`dgfikXek\gXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e%
J`e\dYXi^f#\j`dgfikXek\efg\i[\i[\m`jkXhl\cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j`ek\i\jXek\jpc’[`ZXj[\dXe[Xe
k`\dgf#Zi\Xk`m`[X[pgif^iXdXj[\]fidXZ`epZXgXZ`kXZ`e[\gif]\j`feXc\j[\cX[`mlc^XZ`epcX
\[lZXZ`e%
(')
:FE:CLJ@FE<J><E<I8C<J
<c gifZ\jf [\ \mXclXZ`e \e cfj dlj\fj \j leX ]fidX [\ i\ZfefZ\i cf^ifj p [\Y`c`[X[\j gXiX gf[\i
XZklXi\eZfej\Zl\eZ`X%JXY\i[e[\d\afiXi#[e[\XgfpXi#[e[\ZXdY`XicXgifgl\jkXfcX]fidX[\
XZklXif\ck`gf[\XZk`kl[%J\YljZX\ek\e[\iZdf\jhl\j\[XZX[XgifZ\jfpXcfhl\Zfe[lZ\ecXj
gifgl\jkXj%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#cX\mXclXZ`eX[hl`\i\leXZXi}Zk\i[\`em\jk`^XZ`ehl\YljZXZfefZ\icf
hl\jlZ\[\\ecXi\Xc`[X[%8[\d}j#cX\mXclXZ`ek`\e\leXjg\Zkf]le[Xd\ekXcZfdf`ejkild\ekf[\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e#\j`dgfikXek\[\k\e\ij\XZfej`[\iXihl„\jcfhl\jlZ\[\Zfe\cfkifpcfhl\\cfkif
gl\[\XgfikXi%
<ecXXZklXc`[X[#\cdlj\fk`\e\cXe\Z\j`[X[[\\mXclXijljgifgl\jkXj2gXiXjXY\iZfdf`eZ`[`i\e\c
[\jXiifccf jfZ`Xc [\ dXe\iX j`^e`ÔZXk`mX# \o`jk\e d’ck`gc\j \jkl[`fj [\ g’Yc`Zf hl\ Xjˆ cf `e[`ZXe# j\
i\ZfefZ\ecXjfg`e`fe\j[\cm`j`kXek\d\[`Xek\c`Yifjl_faXj[\Zfd\ekXi`fj#\eki\m`jkXj#pZl\jk`feXi`fj#
\eki\fkifj#g\ifX’ehl\[XdlZ_fgfi_XZ\igXiX\jkXYc\Z\i\jkiXk\^`Xj[\\mXclXZ`ehl\gifg`Z`\e
mˆXjX[\ZlX[Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eZfecfjm`j`kXek\j%
Gfi\jkXiXqe#cfji\jlckX[fj[\cgi\j\ek\kiXYXafXpl[Xi}eXZfejfc`[Xip&fd\afiXicX]fidX[\i\Xc`qXi
cXj[\dfjkiXZ`fe\jYi\m\j[\Z`\eZ`X\e\cDlj\fLe`m\ijld%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
8j\ej`f#D%pGfc#<%)'') 1Nuevos escenarios educativos#8i^\ek`eX#<[`kfi`Xc8`hl\%
9ifne#A%J%#:fcc`ej#8%p;l^l`[#G%(0/0 #J`klXk\[:f^e`k`feXe[k_\:lckli\f]C\Xie`e^# Education
Researcher,(/#(#*)$+)%
:Xc\if#D%)''* 1Educar jugando#D„o`Zf#<[`kfi`Xc8c]Xfd\^X%
:Xe\jkif#<%(00) 1Disfrutar aprendiendo ciencias#8i^\ek`eX#<[`kfi`XcKifhl\c%
:_Xd`qf#A%8%)''' #Encuentros con la ciencia. El impacto social de los museos y centros de ciencia,
:FE8:PK#D„o`Zf#8DD::pK%
;ˆXq$9Xii`^X#=%)''- 1Enseñanza Situada: vínculo entre la escuela y la vida, D„o`Zf#DZ>iXn$?`cc%
=Xcb#A%#p;`\ib`e^#C%(00) 1The Museum Experience#NXj_`e^kfe#;:#N_Xc\jYXZb9ffbj%
>`fi[Xef#8%(00( 1Enseñar y aprender ciencias naturales#8i^\ek`eX#Kifhl\c%
DXp\i#<%)''+ 1Psicología de la Educación%Enseñar para un aprendizaje significativo#Mfc%@@#G\Xijfe%
GXjkfi#D%@%(00) 1El museo y la educación en la comunidad#<jgXŒX#:<8:%
JXekfj#>%(00, 1La evaluación un proceso de diálogo, comprensión y mejora, >iXeX[X#8ca`Y\%
JXekifZb#A%)'') 1Psicología de la Educación#D„o`Zf#DZ>iXn?`cc%
JkXb\#I%<%(000 1Investigación con estudio de casos#DX[i`[#DfiXkX#)±\[`Z`e%
MXe:c\Xm\#A%)''( 1Física para niños y jóvenes. 101 experimentos superdivertidos#D„o`Zf#C`dljX%
('*
D8%?FIK<EJ@8>8I:à8M@>@C
=XZlckX[[\Gj`Zfcf^ˆX
Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf
^Xm_7j\im`[fi%leXd%do
<jgj`Zcf^X\^i\jX[X[\cX=XZlckX[[\Gj`Zfcf^ˆX[\cXLE8D%
<jgif]\jfiX[\cX=XZlckX[[\Gj`Zfcf^ˆX[\cXL%E%8%D%X[jZi`kXXcX:ffi[`eXZ`e[\Gj`Zfcf^ˆX<[lZXk`mX#
ZfeXek`^•\[X[[\)'XŒfj%<^i\jX[X[\cXd`jdX@ejk`klZ`e#[fe[\fYklmf\c^iX[f[\c`Z\eZ`XkliX
\e \c Ýi\X [\ Gj`Zfcf^ˆX <[lZXk`mX# Zfe \jkl[`f ZfeZcl`[fj [\ cX DX\jkiˆX \e Gj`Zfcf^ˆX <[lZXk`mX# p
XZklXcd\ek\j\\eZl\ekiX[\jXiifccXe[f\cGifp\Zkf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e`ek`klcX[fÈ8e}c`j`j[\cXXZk`m`[X[
[\c8eÔki`e$;`mlc^X[fiZfdfD\[`X[fi[\c8gi\e[`qXa\\eDlj\fj[\:`\eZ`XjÉ%
<e jl kiXp\Zkfi`X gif]\j`feXc# ZXY\ d\eZ`feXi jl gXik`Z`gXZ`e \e [`]\i\ek\j ]fifj XZX[„d`Zfj Zfe
k\dXj i\cXk`mfj X jlj cˆe\Xj [\ kiXYXaf \ `em\jk`^XZ`e1 \mXclXZ`e [\ cX ]fidXZ`e \e cX gi}Zk`ZX [\
\jkl[`Xek\j[\Gj`Zfcf^ˆX<[lZXk`mX2\ej\ŒXeqX[\cXjZ`\eZ`XjeXkliXc\jpZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e
XdY`\ek\j[\\[lZXZ`eef]fidXc2gi\gXiXZ`egj`Zfc^`ZX[\cXZfdle`[X[gXiXX]ifekXij`klXZ`fe\j[\
i`\j^f#Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\i`\j^fjXdY`\ekXc\j2fi`\ekXZ`egj`Zf\[lZXk`mXX\jkl[`Xek\j[\c`Z\eZ`XkliX2
g\ejXd`\ekf[`[}Zk`Zf[\cfj[fZ\ek\j[\gj`Zfcf^ˆX#\eki\fkifj%
CL@JD<Q88I:FJ
('+
Dlj\f[\cXj:`\eZ`XjLe`m\ijld#;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#LE8D%
Ýi\X[\:`\eZ`XI\Zi\Xk`mX%
cd\qX7le`m\ijld%leXd%do
<jY`cf^f\^i\jX[f[\cX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`X[\cXLE8D%
KiXYXa\ecX[„ZX[X[\cfjfZ_\ekX\e\c:\ekifLe`m\ij`kXi`f[\:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X:L:: [\
cXLE8D%;`Z_fZ\ekif]l\\chl\[`fi`^\eXcdlj\fLe`m\ijld%
?XkiXYXaX[f[liXek\ZXj`)'XŒfj\eXZk`m`[X[\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#gXik`ZlcXid\ek\\ecXj
[`i`^`[XjXe`Œfjpam\e\j#[\jkXZXe[f\eki\\ccXj1kXcc\i\j[\Z`\eZ`X#[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j#\og\i`d\ekfjp
al\^fj%
?X`dgXik`[fZlijfjpgc}k`ZXjXgif]\jfi\jpdX\jkifjjfYi\:`\eZ`XI\Zi\Xk`mX%
8jˆd`jdf_XgXik`Z`gX[f\e[`]\i\ek\j\m\ekfj[\[`mlc^XZ`eZfdfZfe^i\jfj#pZfcfhl`fj#]\i`Xj[\
Z`\eZ`Xp\eZl\ekifj[\[`mlc^XZ`e%
8ZklXcd\ek\\j\ca\]\[\c}i\X[\Z`\eZ`Xi\Zi\Xk`mX[\cDlj\f[\cXj:`\eZ`XjLe`m\ijld%
Parques da ciência
universitários:
A importância das agências
de fomento e do suporte
institucional
:i`jk`XeX[\=iXeƒX:_`XiX[`X
I<JLD<E
<cgi\j\ek\kiXYXafk`\e\ZfdffYa\k`mfXeXc`qXicX`eÕl\eZ`X[\cXjX^\eZ`Xj[\]fd\ekfpjfgfik\`ejk`klZ`feXcgXiX
cXXpl[XpXdgc`XZ`e[\cfjccXdX[fjgXihl\j[\cXZ`\eZ`Xle`m\ij`kXi`fj%<c\jkl[`f[\cZXjfXhlˆXYfi[X[fj\i\Ô\i\
Xlef[\\jkfjgXihl\j#Zi\X[f\e(00.#hl\Xdgc`\ce’d\if[\m`j`kXek\j#\eZ\iZX[\leXŒfpZfecXZfcXYfiXZ`e
[\cXFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)#\e\c-+%CX\mXclXZ`e[\dl\jkiXhl\\cXgfpf
[\X^\eZ`Xj\ok\ieXjXld\ekXcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\jfZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\\jkfj\jgXZ`fjp\j`dgfikXek\gXiXcXZfek`el`[X[[\
\jk\k`gf[\gifp\Zkfj%<cjfgfik\`ejk`klZ`feXc`ek\ief\j]le[Xd\ekXcgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j#gl\j\e
\cgi\j\ek\ZXjf#cfj^\jkfi\j[\cgifp\Zkf[\[lZ\ehl\\cXld\ekf[\cX\ÔZXZ`X[\cgXihl\gf[iˆXj\iXled\afi#j`
_lY`\j\leXXpl[Xd}jZlXc`ÔZX[X[\cXle`m\ij`[X[%J\\ek`\e[\hl\cX]XckX[\\jkilZkliX]ˆj`ZX#jldX[XXcXj[\ÔZ`\ek\j
Zfe[`Z`fe\j[\kiXYXafgXiXcfjgif]\jfi\jpXcldefjZfeY\ZX#g\ial[`ZcXZXc`[X[[\cfji\jlckX[fj\_`qf[`]ˆZ`ccX
i\efmXZ`e[\\jkXZfcXYfiXZ`e%J\ZfeZclp\hl\cXXpl[X\ok\ieX\j`dgfikXek\#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\ecfhl\ZfeZ`\ie\
XcXmXcfi`qXZ`e[\gifp\Zkfj[\\jkXeXkliXc\qX#phl\\j]le[Xd\ekXccXZfejkilZZ`e[\leXgfcˆk`ZX`ejk`klZ`feXc
`ek\ieXgXiX\cjljk\ekf[\\jk\k`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\j%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
GXihl\j[\cXZ`\eZ`X2Z\ekifj`ek\iXZ`mfj2le`m\ij`[X[
@EKIF;LxÂF
<jk\ kiXYXc_f k\d# Zfdf YXj\# X efƒf [\ hl\ gXihl\ [X Z`†eZ`X „ ld \jgXƒf `ek\iXk`mf# hl\ m`jX
gifgX^Xi\[\dfejkiXiZfeZ\`kfjY}j`Zfj[XZ`†eZ`X[\]fidXc’[`ZX\Zi`Xk`mX1ÈR¿Tfgifa\kfGXihl\
[X:`†eZ`X]f`\jkilkliX[fgXiXj\im`iZfdf`ejkild\ekf[\Xgf`fXgif]\jjfi\j\\jkl[Xek\j#YljZXe[f
[\ ]fidX [`ed`ZX \ Zi`Xk`mX# X [`mlc^Xƒf [X :`†eZ`X \ K\Zefcf^`X# XkiXm„j [\ [\dfejkiXƒ‘\j \
\og\i`d\ekfjhl\g\id`kXdldXd\c_fiZfdgi\\ejf\Zfejfc`[Xƒf[\Zfe_\Z`d\ekfjZ`\ekˆ]`Zfj
XdgcXd\ek\lk`c`qX[fjefZfk`[`Xef[\ZX[X`e[`mˆ[lf%ÉJfXc_\`if\kXc#)''+1) %
F \jgXƒf gfjj`Y`c`kX hl\ fj m`j`kXek\j k\e_Xd ldX dX`fi Xgi\\ejf [\ ZfeZ\`kfj Z`\ekˆ]`Zfj# gf`j
Xgifo`dXXjg\jjfXj~:`†eZ`X[\ldX]fidXdX`jgi}k`ZX\giXq\ifjX#]Xq\e[fZfdhl\fZfe_\Z`d\ekf
j\aX dX`j gXcg}m\c \ d\efj d`k`]`ZX[f# Xgi\j\ekXe[f$f XkiXm„j [\ [`m\ijfj \og\i`d\ekfj ]ˆj`Zf$
hlˆd`Zfj%
Fjconceitos científicoseldXg\ijg\Zk`mXMp^fjkjbpXeXjfÈ~hl\c\j\m\ekfjef[`i\kXd\ek\XZ\jjˆm\`j
~fYj\imXƒfflXƒf`d\[`XkX[XZi`XeƒXRflg\jjfXT1jfZfe_\Z`d\ekfjj`jk\dXk`qX[fj#X[hl`i`[fj
eXj`ek\iXƒ‘\j\jZfcXi`qX[XjÉI\^f#)''(1.. \hl\j\[`]\i\eZ`Xd[fjZ_XdX[fjconceitos cotidianos#
hl\jfdX`j\jgfeke\fj#d\efj\cXYfiX[fj\Xgi\e[`[fj]fiX[f\jgXƒf]fidXc[\\ej`ef%
FkiXYXc_f#ef\jgXƒf[fgXihl\[XZ`†eZ`X#YljZX]Xq\iZfdhl\Xjg\jjfXj\ek\e[XdfjZfeZ\`kfj
Z`\ekˆ]`ZfjXkiXm„j[fljf[\`ejkild\ekfj(Xgifgi`X[fjgXiX\jk\]`d#gfjj`Y`c`kXe[fldXXgifo`dXƒf
[fm`j`kXek\X\jk\jZfeZ\`kfj#hl\jfkiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\dX`jXYjkiXkfj%EfgXihl\#Zfdgi\\e[\d
d\c_fifjZfeZ\`kfjhl\jf\ej`eX[fjef\ej`efi\^lcXi#gf`j^\iXcd\ek\fjd\jdfjjf[X[fj[\
ldX]fidXXYjkiXkX#^\iXe[f[`]`Zlc[X[\j\dj\lXgi\e[`qX[f#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\d]leƒf[X[\]`Z`\ek\
\jkilkliXccXYfiXkfi`Xc#gXiX\jk\k`gf[\m`m†eZ`X#eXhlXj\kfkXc`[X[\[Xj\jZfcXjYiXj`c\`iXj%
E\jkXj `ejk`kl`ƒ‘\j# \jkX [\]`Z`†eZ`X ^\iX# kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\# ld \ej`ef YXj\X[f gi`fi`kXi`Xd\ek\ \d
ZfeZ\`kfj [\jZfe\ZkX[fj [f Zfek`[`Xef [fj jla\`kfj# Xld\ekXe[f X [`]`Zlc[X[\ [\ Xgi\\ejf% LdX
gi}k`ZX[\\ej`efhl\]XqZfdhl\dl`kfjZfeZ\`kfjj\aXdXgi\\e[`[fj[\]fidXXo`fd}k`ZX#[\m`[f~
[`]`Zlc[X[\\dZfdgi\\e[†$cfj#gf`jfXclefefZfej\^l\Xik`ZlcXifjZfek\’[fj~jlXm`[X%
Gfi„d#efGXihl\„gfjjˆm\cm`jlXc`qXi\jk\jjXY\i\j#Zfe\ZkXe[f$fjXfdle[fXkiXm„j[XZfeZi\k`Z`[X[\
[\ j\lj \og\i`d\ekfj1 ÈE\jk\ Z\e}i`f# Xj gi}k`ZXj g\[X^^`ZXj# kXekf [fj [fZ\ek\j Zfdf [fj
[`jZ\ek\jm`j`kXek\j#fZfii\d[\]fidX[`jk`ekX[Xhl\cXjm\i`]`ZX[XjeXjjXcXj[\XlcXj1fj[fZ\ek\j
jf \jk`dlcX[fj X Xjjld`i\d Xk`kl[\j [\ d\[`X[fi\j# \d m\q [X gfjkliX hlXj\ j\dgi\ m\iYXc`jkX
\ Z\ekiXc`qX[fiX \o\iZ`[X eX jXcX [\ XlcX# \ fj [`jZ\ek\j jf `ejk`^X[fj X fYj\imXi\d \ i\]c\k`i\d
jfYi\]\ed\efjZ`\ekˆ]`ZfjZfek\oklXc`qX[fj\j\ejfi`X`j#m`m\eZ`Xe[f\og\i`†eZ`Xj[`m\ik`[Xj\Y\d
jlZ\[`[Xj[\[\jZfY\ikX#Xgi\e[`qX^\d#\ogcfiXƒf\Xgifgi`Xƒf[fjXY\iZ`\ekˆ]`Zf%ÉJfXc_\`if\k
Xc%#)''+1)
E\jk\j \jgXƒfj# f ljf [\ `ejkild\ekfj \ [\ g\jjfXj dX`j \og\i`\ek\j j\im\d [\ d\[`Xƒf gXiX f
Zfe_\Z`d\ekf#Xlo`c`Xe[feXXgi\e[`qX^\d[fjZfeZ\`kfj]ˆj`Zf$hlˆd`Zfj%<jkXd\[`Xƒf`e]cl\eZ`Xi`X
ef hl\ Mp^fkjbp Z_XdX [\ QfeX [\ ;\j\emfcm`d\ekf Gifo`dXc1 È<cX „ X [`jkeZ`X \eki\ f eˆm\c [\
[\j\emfcm`d\ekfi\Xc#hl\j\ZfjkldX[\k\id`eXiXkiXm„j[Xjfclƒf`e[\g\e[\ek\[\gifYc\dXj#\f
eˆm\c[\[\j\emfcm`d\ekfgfk\eZ`Xc#[\k\id`eX[fXkiXm„j[Xjfclƒf[\gifYc\dXjjfYXfi`\ekXƒf[\
ldX[lckffl\dZfcXYfiXƒfZfdZfdgXe_\`ifjdX`jZXgXq\jÉMp^fkjbp#)'''1(() %
('-
( @ejkild\ekfjjfkf[fjfjfYa\kfjZfejkilˆ[fjg\cf_fd\d\eldgifZ\jjf[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d]leZ`feXdZfdfldXd\[`XƒfgXiXfZfe_\Z`d\ekf%
GXiXc\idX`jm\i1I\^f)''( \Mp^fjkjbp)''' %
8Xgi\e[`qX^\dgfjj`Y`c`kX[XeldXQfeX[\;\j\emfcm`d\ekfGifo`dXcj\i`Xldeˆm\c[\Xgi\e[`qX^\d
`ek\id\[`}i`f\eki\Xhl\c\efhlXcfjla\`kf[\j\emfcm\`e[\g\e[\ek\d\ek\[\k\id`eX[fjgifYc\dXj
\Xhl\c\hl\efk\dZfe[`ƒ‘\j[\i\jfcm†$cf%
<jk\ „ f gXg\c [fj \jkX^`}i`fj \ gif]\jjfi\j hl\ XklXd e\jk\ gifa\kf# gf`j Xlo`c`Xd f m`j`kXek\ X
[\j\emfcm\ijlXqfeX[\[\j\emfcm`d\ekfgifo`dXc#eXd\[`[X\dhl\]Xq\dXd\[`Xƒf#Xfg’Yc`Zf#
[\ [`m\ijfj ]\ed\efj XkiXm„j [fj fYa\kfj Xc` Xgi\j\ekX[fj% Fl j\aX# \jkXY\c\Z\d i\cXƒ‘\j hl\
Xlo`c`XdXXgi\e[`qX^\d#XkiXm„j[Xj[\dfejkiXƒ‘\j\\ogc`ZXƒ‘\j[fZfe_\Z`d\ekfXZX[†d`ZfjfYi\
fj]\ed\efj]ˆj`Zf$hlˆd`Zfj%:fd`jkf#j\im\d[\d\[`XƒfeXXgifgi`Xƒf#gfigXik\[fjm`j`kXek\j#
[\efmfjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjZ`\ekˆ]`Zfj%
F:8JF<JKL;8;F
FZXjfXhl`XYfi[X[fj\jljk\ekXeX_`jki`Xi\Z\ek\[\ldgXihl\#c`^X[fXldXle`m\ij`[X[\cfZXc`qX[X
\d>fm\ieX[fiMXcX[Xi\j#<jkX[f[\D`eXj>\iX`j9I8J@C %<jk\gXihl\]f`Zi`X[f\d(00.#eXLe`m\ij`[X[\
MXc\[fI`f;fZ\LE@M8C< #eldX`e`Z`Xk`mXg`fe\`iXef<jkX[f#ZfdffYa\k`mf[\[`]le[`i\gfglcXi`qXi
fjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjeXj}i\Xj[\]ˆj`ZX\hlˆd`ZX%
EXjZ\l [X `e`Z`Xk`mX [\ Xc^lej gif]\jjfi\j le`m\ij`k}i`fj hl\# d\jdf Zfd gflZf Xgf`f `ejk`klZ`feXc#
Zfej\^l`iXd#Xk„)''+#Xk\e[\idX`j[\(*d`cg\jjfXj[\[`]\i\ek\j`[X[\j\[\[`]\i\ek\jZ`[X[\j[Xi\^`f%
8klXcd\ek\]leZ`feXeldX}i\X[\Xgifo`dX[Xd\ek\).'d#i\Z\Y\e[fm`j`kXek\jcfZX`j\[\feq\flkiXj
Z`[X[\j[Xi\^`f#ZfdXk\e[`d\ekfj[\j\^le[XXj\okX]\`iXefjkliefjdXklk`ef\m\jg\ik`ef)%
J\l]fZfgi`eZ`gXc[\Xk\e[`d\ekfjfXclefj[f\ej`efd„[`f#XkiXm„j[\m`j`kXj^l`X[Xjgfigif]\jjfi\j
\&flXclefjle`m\ij`k}i`fj[fjZlijfj[\hlˆd`ZX\]ˆj`ZX%
:fem†e`fZfdX8^†eZ`X[\=fd\ekf~G\jhl`jX
8gXik`i[\)'',#X=le[Xƒf[\8dgXif~G\jhl`jX[f<jkX[f[\D`eXj>\iX`j=8G<D@> Xgifmflf
Gifa\kfÈ8g\i]\`ƒfXd\ekf[fGXihl\[X:`†eZ`X[XLE@M8C<É*#hl\k`e_XZfdfld[\j\ljfYa\k`mfj1
È8dgc`Xi \ Xg\i]\`ƒfXi f XZ\imf [f GXihl\ [X :`†eZ`X [X LE@M8C<# Zfeki`Yl`e[f gXiX X gifgX^Xƒf
\[`jZljjfjfYi\fhl\„X:`†eZ`X#Zfdf\cXj\[\j\emfcm\\Zfdf`eÕl†eZ`Xf[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[X
jfZ`\[X[\%ÉJfXc_\`if\kXc%#)''+1)
:fd\jk\Zfem†e`f#X=8G<D@>[\jk`eflm\iYXgXiXXhl`j`ƒf[\efmfj\hl`gXd\ekfj\i\Zlg\iXƒf
[fj Xek`^fj \# Zfdf ZfekiXgXik`[X# X Le`m\ij`[X[\ [\m\i`X Xdgc`Xi f \jgXƒf ]ˆj`Zf [f gXihl\% <jk\
\jgXƒfa}ZXi\Z`X[\Xdgc`Xƒf#gf`j[`ÔZlckXmXfXk\e[`d\ekfXfj^ilgfj#\d]leƒf[X[`jgfj`ƒf[fj
\hl`gXd\ekfj#Xc„d[\efgf[\iXYi`^XilddX`fie’d\if[\\hl`gXd\ekfj\#\dZfej\hl†eZ`X#[\
\og\i`d\ekfj%8Le`m\ij`[X[\[\m\i`X#X`e[X#ZfekiXkXihlXkifXclefj#Xkˆklcf[\dfe`kfi`X[\\ok\ejf#
[fj:lijfj[\C`Z\eZ`XkliX\dHlˆd`ZX\\d=ˆj`ZX#gXiXi\Xc`qXi\dfXk\e[`d\ekfXfjm`j`kXek\j%
I\jlckX[fj[\jk\Gifa\kf
<jkXgXiZ\i`XXld\ekflfjkXklj[f^ilgf[\gif]\jjfi\j\[fgXihl\#gf`jX=8G<D@>„X^iXe[\X^†eZ`X[\]fd\ekf
[f<jkX[f[\D`eXj>\iX`j#^\iXe[fldX^iXe[\m`j`Y`c`[X[\`ek\ieX\#Zfej\h•\ek\d\ek\#eXdˆ[`XcfZXc%:fd`jkfXj
Xk`m`[X[\j[fgXihl\]fiXdgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\[`mlc^X[XjeXk\c\m`jf[Xle`m\ij`[X[\\efjk\c\afieX`jcfZX`j%
) FÕlofeXXY\ikliX[f\jgXƒfefj’ck`dfjXefj]f`fj\^l`ek\1[\(00.X(000kf[fjfj[`Xj[Xj\dXeX#[\)'''X)'')[f`j[`XjeXj\dXeX#[\)''*X
)''+ldXkXi[\eXj\dXeX%
* Gifa\kf:ffi[\eX[fgfiClˆj:c}lq`f[\I\eeDXZ_X[f\GXlcf?\ei`hl\[\:XjkifJfXc_\`if%8\hl`g\[\kiXYXc_fj\Zfdgc\kXZfdXjgif]\jjfiXj
;\YfiX_=XiX^AXi[`d#Ifj\dXipJflqX=\ii\`iX\JXe[iXDXi`X:f\c_f=\ii\`iX%
('.
:fdXm\iYXi\Z\Y`[X[X=8G<D@>]fiXdZfej\ikX[fj\X[hl`i`[fjefmfj\hl`gXd\ekfjgXiXfgXihl\
[XZ`†eZ`X%<jkXXdgc`Xƒfefe’d\if[\\hl`gXd\ekfj[`jgfeˆm\`jXld\ekflX[`ÔZlc[X[\#hl\a}\iX
gifYc\d}k`ZX#eXi\Z\gƒf[fjm`j`kXek\j#gf`jXle`m\ij`[X[\efZldgi`lXjlXgXik\eXXdgc`Xƒf[f
\jgXƒf]ˆj`ZfZfdf_Xm`Xj\Zfdgifd\k`[f#Xld\ekXe[fX`e[XdX`jfgifYc\dX[\\jkilkliX%
HlXekf~ZfekiXkXƒf[\Xclefj[fj:lijfj[\C`Z\eZ`XkliX\dHlˆd`ZX\\d=ˆj`ZX#gXiX i\Xc`qXi\d
fXk\e[`d\ekfXfjm`j`kXek\j#]f`gXiZ`Xcd\ek\\]\k`mX[f#gf`jfjXclefji\Z\Y\iXdmXc\kiXejgfik\(\#
\dXg\eXjldj\d\jki\#ldXYfcjX[\\jkl[fj%8YfcjX]f`Xki\cX[XXfgX^Xd\ekf[Xd\ejXc`[X[\[f
Zlijf[fXclef#j\e[f\jkXY\c\Z`[XZfdfld[\jZfekf[\+'#[Xd\ejXc`[X[\#efgi`d\`ifj\d\jki\
[\)''-%
<jkXj ZfekiXkXƒ‘\j j\i`Xd ]le[Xd\ekX`j gXiX f Yfd [\j\emfcm`d\ekf [\jk\ gifa\kf# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\
[\m`[fXf]Xkf[\jk\jZlijfjk\i\dZfdfZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXXgflZXgXik`Z`gXƒf[fjXclefj\dXk`m`[X[\j
\okiX$Zlii`ZlcXi\j%@jkfj\[\m\#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\#\d]leƒf[Xi\Xc`[X[\ÔeXeZ\`iX[\j\l^ilgf[\Xclefj
hl\#]fiX[fj_fi}i`fj[\XlcXeXLe`m\ij`[X[\#lk`c`qXdfk\dgfgXiXkiXYXc_Xi#XÔd[\gX^XiXjjlXj
d\ejXc`[X[\j\j\dXek\i\d\jkl[Xe[f%
<jk\j[f`jZlijfjXZfek\Z\defg\iˆf[fefklief\k†dXjd\ejXc`[X[\jdX`jYXiXkXj[Xle`m\ij`[X[\#gf`j
]Xq\dgXik\[\ldgif^iXdX[\`eZ\ek`mf~c`Z\eZ`XkliX%:fej\hl\ek\d\ek\#k\dZfdfZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZX
ldX Zfdgfj`ƒf [\ Zc`\ek\cX Zfd YX`of gf[\i Xhl`j`k`mf \ hl\ \jZfc_\ dl`kXj m\q\j f Zlijf g\cf
gi\ƒf[Xd\ejXc`[X[\#fhl\^\iXdl`kX\mXjfef[\Zfii\i[X^iX[lXƒf%<d]leƒf[`jjf#ldXYfcjX
gfjj`Y`c`kXi`XXfj`ek\i\jjX[fjXgXik`Z`gXƒfe\jk\k`gf[\Xk`m`[X[\\„]le[Xd\ekXcgXiXfjlZ\jjf
[\jk\k`gf[\gifgfjkX%
Fhl\j\g\iZ\Y\„hl\#d\jdfZfd\jk\Xgf`fgXiZ`Xc[Xle`m\ij`[X[\fjXk\e[`d\ekfjefgXihl\[\
dXiƒf[\)'',XdX`f[\)''-Z_\^XiXdXdX`j[\/%)''m`j`kXek\j%LdXld\ekf[\-+efe’d\if[\
m`j`kXek\j\dZ\iZX[\ldXef)%Jeld\m\ekf[\Z`eZf[`Xj#ZfdldX\ogfj`ƒf\ok\ieXXfZXdglj#
]fiXdXk\e[`[Xj*%*).g\jjfXj%*
GifYc\dXj`ek\iefjef^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf[fZfem†e`f
8g\jXi[fj[X[fjgfj`k`mfj#fjgif]\jjfi\ji\jgfej}m\`jg\cXgifgfjkX\ek\e[\dhl\`ek\ieXd\ek\ef
]f`[X[ff[\m`[fmXcfiX\jk\k`gf[\gifa\kf#ldXm\qhl\#Xc„d[XLe`m\ij`[X[\efk\iZldgi`[fX
ZfekiXgXik`[Xgifd\k`[X#k`m\iXdflkifjgifYc\dXj[\^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf%
=fiXd`[\ek`ÔZX[fj[f`jgi`eZ`gX`jgifYc\dXj[\^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf#fgi`d\`if]f`X[`ÔZlc[X[\[\dXek\i
_fiXj[\gif]\jjfi\jgXiXgXik`Z`gXi[fgifa\kf#gf`jXZX[Xefmfj\d\jki\jf[`jZlk`[XjX[`jgfe`Y`c`qXƒf
flef[\_fiXj[\gif]\jjfi\jgXiXj\[\[`ZXi\dXfgXihl\%Ef_}`ek\ieXd\ek\ldX[\Ôe`ƒfgi„m`X
hl\[†\jkXY`c`[X[\~XklXƒfe\jk\\jgXƒf%@jkf^\iXk\ejfg\cX]XckX[\j\^liXeƒXeX[`jgfe`Y`c`qXƒf
[fji\jgfej}m\`jgXiXXZfek`el`[X[\[Xhl\cXgifgfjkX\#kXdY„d#ldX`ejZfejkeZ`Xefe’d\if[\
_fiXj [`jgfeˆm\`j gXiX \jk\ Ôd# [`ÔZlckXe[f ld gcXe\aXd\ekf X d„[`f giXqf \ Zfej\hl\ek\d\ek\ X
Xdgc`Xƒf\Zfej\Zlƒf[fjfYa\k`mfjgi\m`Xd\ek\[\Ôe`[fj%
Fj\^le[f]f`X[`ÔZlc[X[\\dk\ildj\kfihl\gfjjXXZfc_\ifGXihl\\]XƒXfj\eZXd`e_Xd\ekfj
e\Z\jj}i`fjgXiXjlgi`iXje\Z\jj`[X[\jZfk`[`XeXj[\ldgifa\kf[\jjX\em\i^X[liX%E\jkXhl\jkf[f
XZfc_`d\ekf#g\iZ\Y\dfjhl\`ek\ieXd\ek\_}ldgifYc\dXef^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf[\jk\k`gf[\gifa\kf#
gf`j Zfdf f Zfem†e`f Zfd X =8G<D@> f m`eZlcX X ldX X^†eZ`X [\ ]fd\ekf ~ g\jhl`jX \jkX m\iYX
('/
( FmXc\kiXejgfik\„ldk`Zb\khl\[}^iXkl`[X[\efkiXejgfik\Zfc\k`mfgXiXhl\fXclefgfjjXj\cfZfdfm\iXk„fcfZXc[fgXihl\[XZ`†eZ`X%
) Fe’d\if[\Xk\e[`d\ekfjefGXihl\[X:`†eZ`X#[\j\k\dYif[\(00.Xj\k\dYif[\)''+#]f`[\(*%/(+m`j`kXek\j%
* <jk\\m\ekf]f`i\Xc`qX[f[liXek\Z`eZf[`XjZfej\Zlk`mfjefshopping center[XZ`[X[\%
i\Z\Y`[X„X[d`e`jkiX[XeXLe`m\ij`[X[\alekfXfj\kfi[\g\jhl`jXeX8jj\jjfi`X[\G\jhl`jX\Gj$
>iX[lXƒf%Gfi„d#efZfk`[`XefX[d`e`jkiXk`mf[X@ejk`kl`ƒf#XXk`m`[X[\[fgXihl\ef„ZXiXZk\i`qX[X
Zfdfg\jhl`jX#dXjZfdf\ok\ejf#gf`jj\l]fZf„fXk\e[`d\ekf~Zfdle`[X[\%:fej\hl\ek\d\ek\#
„ X[d`e`jkiX[X gfi flkif j\kfi# X 8jj\jjfi`X [\ <ok\ejf% @jkf ^\iX ldX XdY`^l`[X[\ X[d`e`jkiXk`mX1
fj\kfi[\g\jhl`jX^\i\eZ`Xf[`e_\`if[fZfem†e`f#efhl\j\i\]\i\~ZfdgiX\~dXelk\eƒf[fj
\hl`gXd\ekfj#dXjefefXgf`fcf^ˆjk`Zfe\Z\jj}i`fgXiXXdXelk\eƒf[XjXƒ‘\jZfk`[`XeXj[Xhl\cX
gifgfjkX#hl\[\m\i`Xj\i^\i\eZ`X[fg\cfj\kfi[\\ok\ejf%
=f`\jkX[`ÔZlc[X[\`ek\ieX[\^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf[\gifa\kfjhl\]\qZfdhl\ef_flm\jj\ldj\kfie\d
XG\jhl`jX#e\dX<ok\ejf i\jgfej}m\cgfiXƒ‘\j]le[Xd\ekX`jeXhlXc`[X[\[fgifa\kf%Ldj\kfihl\
gl[\jj\e\^fZ`XiZfdXj`ejkeZ`Xjjlg\i`fi\j[XLe`m\ij`[X[\i\`kfi`X\]le[Xƒf X[`jgfe`Y`c`qXƒf
[fjgif]\jjfi\j#XZfekiXkXƒf[\XclefjflfXgf`fgXiXkiXejgfik\[\\hl`gXd\ekfj%
8]XckX[\ldXgfcˆk`ZX[\[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[\Ôe`[XfZXj`fefl[`ÔZlc[X[\j#gfi\o\dgcf#gXiXf^ilgf
[\ i\jgfej}m\`j g\cf gifa\kf ef XiiXeaf [\ ld XmXc `ek\ief gXiX f Xgf`f cf^ˆjk`Zf ef kiXejgfik\ [\
\hl`gXd\ekfj%Kfieflg\efjXXkXi\]X[\Zfej\^l`ildZXd`e_f[\kiXejgfik\\g\jjfXjgXiX\jk\Ôd
gXiX\ogfj`ƒf\ok\ieXXfZXdglj#Xg\jXi[\jkXXƒfkiXq\ildX^iXe[\m`j`Y`c`[X[\gXiXX`ejk`kl`ƒf
\gXiXfgifa\kf\[\j\ildX\jki}k\^`XgXiXXZfeZi\k`qXƒf[ffYa\k`mf[\[`]le[`iXZ`†eZ`X%Gfi\jk\
dfk`mf#\jkXXk`m`[X[\]f`i\Xc`qX[XldX’e`ZXm\q%
8mXc`Xƒf[\jk\:fem†e`f
HlXe[f ]f` `e`Z`X[f f Zfem†e`f# X `ejk`kl`ƒf \jkXmX i\]Xq\e[f j\lj [fZld\ekfj `ejk`klZ`feX`j#
kXekfhl\\d)'',XgXi\Z\efj\lGifa\kfG\[X^^`Zf@ejk`klZ`feXc#Zfdfld[fjgi`eZˆg`fj^\iX`jX
`e[`jjfZ`XY`c[X[\[f\ej`ef#[Xg\jhl`jX\[X\ok\ejf%
È8Le`m\ij`[X[\„#\dj\lj]le[Xd\ekfj#\jgXƒf[\Xhl`j`ƒf#gif[lƒf\jfZ`Xc`qXƒf[fZfe_\Z`d\ekf%
<cXk\d#gfikXekf#fZfdgifd`jjf[\Xjjld`ildXXk`kl[\i\Xcd\ek\`ek\^iX[fiX\eki\\ej`ef#g\jhl`jX
\\ok\ejf#efg\id`k`e[fhl\X`e[`jjfZ`XY`c`[X[\\eki\\jjXj`ekeZ`Xjj\aXXg\eXjXÔidXƒf[\ld
gi`eZˆg`fc\^Xc#gf`j„\jjX`ek\^iXƒfhl\gfjj`Y`c`kXZfe[`ƒ‘\jgXiXXgif[lƒf[fjXY\iZ`\ekˆÔZf%
F \ej`ef# e\jjX i\cXƒf# j\ gXlkX gfi ldX ]fidXƒf X[\hlX[X ]i\ek\ ~j hl\jk‘\j [X i\Xc`[X[\
Zfek\dgfie\X\g\cXXgifgi`Xƒf[\ldXdgcf\jg\Zkif[fgifZ\jjf[\gif[lƒf[\Zfe_\Z`d\ekf
\jg\ZˆÔZfXZX[X}i\X%8\ok\ejf#gfijlXm\q#gf[\i\Xc`qXi#\dZfekXkfˆek`dfZfdXg\jhl`jX\f
\ej`ef#dX`j\]\k`mXd\ek\j\lgXg\cjfZ`Xc#Zfeki`Yl`e[fgXiXf[\j\emfcm`d\ekf[XjfZ`\[X[\\gXiX
X]fidXƒf[\ldgifÔjj`feXc$Z`[X[f#ZfdXƒ‘\jdXiZX[XjgfildX]fidXƒf„k`Zf$Ziˆk`ZX\gfildX
YXj\[\Zfe_\Z`d\ekfXdgcX\XklXc%=`eXcd\ek\#Xg\jhl`jXdl`kf^Xe_Xi}\di\c\meZ`X#Zfej`jk†eZ`X
\fi`^`eXc`[X[\XgXik`i[Xgi}k`ZX#[fjhl\jk`feXd\ekfj\[fj[X[fjfi`^`eX[fj[XjXk`m`[X[\j[\\ej`ef
\\ok\ejf%
GXiXi\Xc`qXi\jk\gi`eZ`g`f#gfi„d#„e\Z\jj}i`ff\emfcm`d\ekf`e[`m`[lXc[fj`ek\^iXek\j[XZfdle`[X[\
XZX[†d`ZX [X LE@M8C< \ f Xgf`f [X \jkilkliX `ejk`klZ`feXc# Zfdf Xik`ZlcX[fiX \ ]XZ`c`kX[fiX [\jjX
`ek\^iXƒf# ^XiXk`e[f X \o\Zlƒf [\jj\ gifa\kf \ X `e\m`k}m\c `e[`jjfZ`XY`c`[X[\ \ej`ef# g\jhl`jX \
\ok\ejf%
<jk\ Gifa\kf G\[X^^`Zf @ejk`klZ`feXc# gfikXekf# ZXd`e_X gXiX ldX Xk`kl[\ `em\jk`^Xk`mX# i\Õ\o`mX \
gifYc\dXk`qX[fiX#gfigXik\[fj[fZ\ek\j\[`jZ\ek\j#\gXiXldXXk`kl[\]XZ`c`kX[fiX\Zfdgifd`jjX[X
~jhl\jk‘\ji\cXk`mXj~Xhl`j`ƒf#gif[lƒf\jfZ`Xc`qXƒf[fZfe_\Z`d\ekf#gfigXik\[XLe`m\ij`[X[\#
[\ekif[f\jZfgf[fgi`eZˆg`fXhl`ÔidX[f%ÉLe`mXc\#)'',1)) ('0
J\ `jkf [\dfejkiX ld dfm`d\ekf `ek\ief ef j\ek`[f [X \]\k`mXƒf [f ki`g„ XZX[†d`Zf# f gifYc\dX
Xhl`i\cXkX[fdfjkiXf`em\ijf%8Xik`ZlcXƒf\eki\\ej`ef#g\jhl`jX\\ok\ejf#Xg\jXi[\]Xq\igXik\
[\ldXgifgfjkXdX`jZf\i\ek\Zfdfdfk\XZX[†d`Zf#ef]f`XYjfim`[Xg\cXZlckliX[X`ejk`kl`ƒf%F
`ejk`klˆ[fjfYi\g‘\$j\Xf`ejk`kl`ek\\#Xg\jXi[f]fik\[\j\af[\ldXXZX[\d`XdX`jZf\jX\\ÔZ`\ek\#
X]fiƒX`ek\ieX„`ejlÔZ`\ek\gXiXhl\`jkffZfiiX%=fiƒXhl\j\kfieXX`e[XdX`j]i}^`cg\cXgigi`X]XckX
[\jk\gi`eZˆg`f#eXd\[`[Xhl\#j\djlXXYjfiƒf#X[`d\ejfX[d`e`jkiXk`mf$ÔeXeZ\`iXj\jfYi\g‘\~
[`d\ejfXZX[†d`ZX%@jkf#gfij\lklief#[`ÔZlckXX[\Ôe`ƒf\XgifmXƒf[\ldgcXeffiƒXd\ek}i`f#
ZfdfjZfej\hl\ek\jfiƒXd\ekf^\iXc\\jg\ZˆÔZfj#\[\gcXefj[\[\j\emfcm`d\ekf`ejk`klZ`feXchl\
]fikXc\ƒXd\jkXjXƒ‘\j%;\jkX]fidX#Xj[\Z`j‘\jXZXYXdj\e[fkfdX[XjZfdYXj\\dflkifjgXid\kifj#
j\aXf\Zfed`Zf#j\aX\d]leƒf[\gifYc\dXj[\^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf`ek\ieffld\jdfXgXik`i[\i\cXƒ‘\j
g\jjfX`j#Xf`em„j[\gXid\kifjdX`jgifgi`Xd\ek\XZX[†d`Zfj%
FGifa\kfG\[X^^`Zf@ejk`klZ`feXc]f`df[`ÔZX[f#dXjflkifj[fZld\ekfjhl\m`XY`c`qXi`XdfXcZXeZ\
[\jk\fYa\k`mfX`e[Xef_Xm`Xd#~„gfZX[\jk\\jkl[f#j`[fdf[`ÔZX[fj(#dXek\e[ffjXek`^fjgifYc\dXj
\[`ÔZlckXe[ffXmXeƒf`ek`klZ`feXc%
<jg\Z`ÔZXd\ek\\di\cXƒfXfGXihl\[X:`†eZ`X#Xg\eXjld[fZld\ekf[}[\jkXhl\~Xk`m`[X[\%Ef
GcXefGcli`XelXc[\>\jkf)'',&)''/Le`mXc\#)'', #\c\XgXi\Z\[\jkXZX[feX[\jZi`ƒf[fjˆk\ej[f
G\iÔc8ZX[†d`Zf[X@ejk`kl`ƒf)%Gfi„d#efXgXi\Z\\de\e_ldXXƒfgifgfjkXe\jk\gcXef\e\d„
Z`kX[f\de\e_ldX[XjflkiXj-,g}^`eXj[f[fZld\ekf%E\jk\j\ek`[f#m\i`ÔZX$j\hl\Xle`m\ij`[X[\
i\]\i\e[XXjlX\o`jk†eZ`X#dXjhl\efk\dZcXifldXg\ijgZk`mXhl\[†X`dgfikeZ`Xe\Z\jj}i`XX\jk\
k`gf[\gifgfjkX%
8GI<E;<E;F:FD<JK<:8JF
:fdf Zfej\hl†eZ`X [\jkX gifYc\d}k`ZX# Xg\jXi [f \oZ\c\ek\ i\jlckX[f XcZXeƒX[f g\cf GXihl\ \
[\dfejkiX[fg\cfXld\ekfjlYjkXeZ`Xc[fe’d\if[\Xk\e[`d\ekfj#f^ilgf[\gif]\jjfi\ji\jgfej}m\`j
g\cXgifgfjkXefj\`ek\i\jjflg\cXi\efmXƒf[fZfem†e`f#efZfeZfii\e[fXf\[`kXcjlYj\hl\ek\%
8aljk`ÔZXk`mXgXiX\jkXXk`kl[\j\jljk\ekXeXj[`ÔZlc[X[\j[\^\i\eZ`Xd\ekf[fgXihl\m`m\eZ`X[XjeX
[liXƒf[fZfem†e`fZfdXX^†eZ`X[\]fd\ekf#XÔidXe[fhl\\c\ef[\m\i`Xj\ii\efmX[fXk„hl\
\jkXj`klXƒfj\df[`Ôhl\#gf`jfjgifYc\dXj[\dfejkiXdldX`eZXgXZ`[X[\#gfigXik\[XLe`m\ij`[X[\#
gXiXg\iZ\Y\iX`dgfikeZ`X[\jk\k`gf[\\jgXƒf[\Zfdle`ZXƒf[\Z`†eZ`X%
8 XmXc`Xƒf ZcXiXd\ek\ \m`[\eZ`X hl\ f j`dgc\j Xgf`f [\ X^†eZ`Xj \ok\ieXj „ `dgfikXek\ gXiX X
Zfek`el`[X[\ [\jk\ k`gf [\ gifa\kf# gf`j Xld\ekX ]fik\d\ek\ X gfjj`Y`c`[X[\ [\ jfZ`Xc`qXƒf [\jk\j
\jgXƒfj#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\d]leƒf[fjkXkljhl\\jk\k`gf[\Zfem†e`fXjjld\eXZfdle`[X[\`ek\ieX
\\ok\ieX%Gfi„d#fjlgfik\`ejk`klZ`feXc`ek\iefef[\m\#[\dXe\`iXe\e_ldX#j\i[\jZfej`[\iX[f\d
jlX`dgfikeZ`XgXiXXZfek`el`[X[\[\jkXjXk`m`[X[\j%
<jkXXÔidXk`mXgf[\j\iZfdgifmX[Xefgi\j\ek\ZXjf#gf`jfj^\jkfi\j[fgifa\kfXjj\^liXdhl\\jkX
Xdgc`XƒfeX\ÔZ}Z`X[fGXihl\gf[\i`Xj\iX`e[XdX`fi#ZXjf_flm\jj\ldXgf`fdX`jhlXc`ÔZX[f[X
Le`m\ij`[X[\%<ek\e[\dhl\X]XckX[\\jkilkliX]ˆj`ZX#alekf~j[\ÔZ`\ek\jZfe[`ƒ‘\j[\kiXYXc_fgXiX
gif]\jjfi\j\XclefjYfcj`jkXji\[lq`lXhlXc`[X[\[fji\jlckX[fj%
:feZcl`$j\hl\„e\Z\jj}i`XXZfejkilƒf[\ldXgfcˆk`ZX`ejk`klZ`feXc`ek\ieXhl\mXcfi`q\\jk\k`gf
(('
( <jk\jflkifj[fZld\ekfj`ejk`klZ`feX`jm\dj\e[fi\]fidlcX[fj\Xk„fÔeXc[\)''-X`e[Xef_Xm`X[`mlc^Xƒf[\jlXXgifmXƒf%
) <jk\gcXef]f`Zfejkilˆ[f[\dfZiXk`ZXd\ek\alekf~:fdle`[X[\8ZX[„d`ZX\XgifmX[fg\cfj:fc\^`X[fjJlg\i`fi\j[XLe`m\ij`[X[\#gfi„defk\m\
m\iYXfiƒXd\ek}i`f\ef]f``dgc\d\ekX[f%
[\ Xk`m`[X[\# gXiX hl\ _XaX ldX YXj\ hl\ [† jlYjˆ[`fj Xfj \emfcm`[fj eX dXelk\eƒf [\jk\ k`gf [\
Xk`m`[X[\%<jkXgfcˆk`ZX[\m\#X`e[X#gfjj`Y`c`kXiXdXelk\eƒf[\Xclefj\[\ld^ilgf[\gif]\jjfi\j#
gifgfiZ`feXe[f Zfe[`ƒ‘\j gXiX X Zfej\Zlƒf [\ flkifj fYa\k`mfj [\j\aX[fj# Zfdf X Xdgc`Xƒf eX
gif[lƒf[\kiXYXc_fjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#Zfdm`jkXj~ZfdgifmXƒfZi`Xk`mX[fjgi`eZˆg`fj]ˆj`Zfj\hlˆd`Zfj#X
gif[lƒf[\dXk\i`X`j[`[}k`Zfj\ldXX^\e[X[\gXc\jkiXj\d`e`$Zlijfj~gfglcXƒf\d^\iXc%
8 gXik`i [f \ogfjkf# Zfej`[\iXdfj hl\ f Xgf`f \ok\ief „ `dgfikXek\# gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ eX d\[`[X \d
hl\ i\]\i\e[X X `dgfikeZ`X [\ gifa\kfj [\jkX eXkli\qX% Gfi„d# „ ]le[Xd\ekXc ldX gfcˆk`ZX `ek\ieX#
eXjle`m\ij`[X[\j#[`i\Z`feX[X~[`jgfe`Y`c`qXƒf[fjZfe_\Z`d\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjgif[lq`[fj#gXiXhl\
gifgfjkXj\^ilgfjZfdff[\jk\gifa\kfj\Zfejfc`[\d%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
I\^f#K%:%)''( 1Vygostsky. Uma perspectiva histórica-cultural da educação,G\kigfc`j#IA#Mfq\j%
JfXc_\`if#G%?%[\:%\kXc)''+ 1Aperfeiçoamento do parque da Ciência da Univale,>fm\ieX[fiMXcX[Xi\j#
Le`mXc\%
Le`mXc\)'', 1Projeto Pedagógico Institucional#>fm\ieX[fiMXcX[Xi\j#Le`mXc\%
Le`mXc\)'', 1Plano Plurianual de Gestão 2005/2008#>fm\ieX[fiMXcX[Xi\j#Le`mXc\%
Mp^fjkjbp#C%J%)''' 1A formação social da mente. O desenvolvimento dos processos psicológicos superiores#
JfGXlcf#DXik`ej=fek\j%
:I@JK@8E8;<=I8Ex8:?@8I8;@8
Le`m\ij`[X[\MXc\[fI`f;fZ\$LE@M8C<
Zi`jk`]iXeZX7_fkdX`c%Zfd
IlX1I`f>lXˆYX#e²)/'%9X`iif1Q`dYifj$9fdY`e_XjJ: 9iXj`c
:<G1//%)(,$'''
(((
SECCIÓN 3
<M8CL8:@äE;<D<;@FJD8J@MFJP
EL<M8JK<:EFCF>à8J
Cuando la ciencia es noticia:
una evaluación de la sección de ciencia
en nueve países de América Latina
Cl`jXDXjjXiXe`
9ilef9lpj(
I<JLD<E
<cfYa\k`mf[\\j\XikˆZlcf\j_XZ\iXc^leXji\Õ\o`fe\jjfYi\cXZfY\ikliXg\i`f[ˆjk`ZX[\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\e
8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#XgXik`i[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\le\jkl[`f[\ZXjf[\cXj\ZZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X[\()g\i`[`Zfj[`Xi`fj[\el\m\
gXˆj\j[\cXi\^`e%J\i\Zfc\ZkXifecfjk\okfjglYc`ZX[fj\e[`Z_Xj\ZZ`e\e\cg\i`f[fZfdgi\e[`[f\eki\\e\ifpale`f
[\)''-#pj\XeXc`qXifeZfeYXj\\ecXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\semana construida,lk`c`qXe[f_\iiXd`\ekXjZlXek`kXk`mXj%CXdl\jkiX
i\’e\0-0k\okfj%<eki\cfji\jlckX[fjj\\eZl\ekiXleX`dgfikXek\gi\j\eZ`X[\k\dXji\cXk`mfjXcXd\[`Z`eXZfdflef
[\cfjgi`eZ`gXc\jkg`Zfj\ecfjXikˆZlcfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj%CXZ`\eZ`XeXZ`feXcklmf^XiXek`qX[fjl\jgXZ`f\ecfjg\i`[`Zfj#
Xlehl\]l\d}ji\[lZ`[fhl\\c[\jk`eX[fXcfj[\jZlYi`d`\ekfj\ecfjgXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj%<ecfjk\okfjj\[\jkXZXife
cfjY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X#pj\\eZfekilee`m\cdlpYXafZfei\jg\ZkfXcXgi\j\eZ`X[\Zfekifm\ij`Xjp[\i`\j^fj[\cX
Z`\eZ`X%CfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj]l\ifecXgi`eZ`gXc]l\ek\[\`e]fidXZ`egXiXcfjg\i`f[`jkXjp_lYfgfZXji\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\j\jk\$
i\fk`gX[Xj[\\jfjgif]\j`feXc\j\ecfjXikˆZlcfj%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
G\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf2Z`\eZ`Xpd\[`fjdXj`mfj28d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
( Efj^ljkXiˆX[Xi^iXZ`XjXPli`a:Xjk\c]iXeZ_`#gfijljZfd\ekXi`fjZfei\jg\ZkfXcXd\kf[fcf^ˆXpXe}c`j`j[\\jk\\jkl[`f#pX=\ieXe[XM\e\l#gfiXpl[Xiefj\ecXm\ij`e
\e\jgXŒfc[\ck\okf%
@EKIF;L::@äE
Cfjd\[`fjdXj`mfjjfeleX]l\ek\`dgfikXek\[\`e]fidXZ`ei\cXZ`feX[XZfek\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
gXiX\cg’Yc`Zf^\e\iXcm\i#gfi\a\dgcf#9lY\cXp:XlÔ\c[#)''+2>\cc\i9\ie_Xi[k#?fckqdXe#)'') %<ecfj
<<%LL%#gfi\a\dgcf#cXKMj\gfj`Z`feX\e\cgi`d\icl^Xi\e\cranking[\]l\ek\j[\`e]fidXZ`e\eZ`\eZ`X
pk\Zefcf^ˆX#j\^l`[Xgficfj[`Xi`fjEXk`feXcJZ`\eZ\=fle[Xk`fe#)''+ %Le\jZ\eXi`fj`d`cXi\ji\^`jkiX[f
\e gXˆj\j \lifg\fj <lifYXifd\k\i# )''(2 N\ccZfd\ Kiljk# )''' # \e 8ljkiXc`X 9`fk\Z_efcf^p 8ljkiXc`X#
)''( p\e:_`eX?\g\e^#)''- %8j`d`jdf#[fj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j\e9iXj`cjl^`\i\ei\jlckX[fjj\d\aXek\j1le
\jkl[`fZlXc`kXk`mfi\Xc`qX[fZfeam\e\jYiXj`c\Œfj[\Iˆf[\AXe\`ifDXjjXiXe`#)''( ple\jkl[`f[\ZXjf
jfYi\\cZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cXgfYcXZ`ejfYi\\c[\e^l\\ecXZ`l[X[YiXj`c\ŒX[\DXiXe_f>feƒXcm\jE\kf#
Dfek\`if#>feƒXcm\j#I\Y\cf#)''- %
:fej`[\iXe[f \jk\ Zfek\okf# \j \m`[\ek\ cX `dgfikXeZ`X \jkiXk„^`ZX [\ \mXclXi Zdf \j cX ZfY\ikliX [\
k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecfjd\[`fjdXj`mfj#ZfefZ\ihl„`e]fidXZ`fe\j\jk}e[`jgfe`Yc\jXcg’Yc`Zf
^\e\iXcp\mXclXi[\hl„]fidXj\gl\[\`eZi\d\ekXicXZXc`[X[[\cXZfY\ikliXg\i`f[ˆjk`ZX[\\jkfjk\dXj%
<e\jk\XikˆZlcf#efjZfeZ\ekiXi\dfj\ecXZfY\ikliX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX[\[`Xi`fj%<e\c\jZ\eXi`f
`ek\ieXZ`feXc#fYj\imXdfjXc^lefj\jkl[`fj[\Xe}c`j`j[\cXZfY\ikliX[\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
\e \jkfj m\_ˆZlcfj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e Rm\i# gfi \a\dgcf1 G\cc\Z_`X (00. # :fe[`k )''( # :fe[`k )''+ #
C\n\jk\`epE`jY\k)'') #:fe[`k)''+ #:cXibp@ccdXe)''- #\e<<%LL2<`ej`\[\c(00) #JXXi`#>`Yjfe
pFjc\i(00/ #\e:XeX[}2G\k\ij(00, #Bf_i`e^pDXkk_\j)'') #\e8c\dXe`X2?`adXej#Gc\ak\ipN\jk\
)''* #\e?fcXe[X2?Xej\ep;`Zb`ejfe(00) #9Xl\i#IX^eXij[kk`ipI’[c]j[kk`i(00* #?Xi^i\Xm\j#
C\n`jpJg\\ij)'') #9Xikc\kk#Jk\ie\p<^^\i)'') #\e>iXe9i\kXŒX29lZZ_`pDXqqfc`e`)''* #\e
@kXc`X2;`dfgflcfjpBflcX`[`j)'') #\e>i\Z`X2;lkkp>Xi^%)''' #\e@e[`XT%<ecfjgXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZX
CXk`eX#_XpkiXYXafj\e\jkX[`i\ZZ`eRm\i#gfi\a\dgcf#Gfc`ef#:_`Xgg\#=Xq`f)''-Y #jfYi\[`Xi`fj\e
8i^\ek`eX#pIfqf)''- #jfYi\El Tiempo [\:fcfdY`XT#j`e\dYXi^f_Xpkf[XmˆXlee’d\ifi\[lZ`[f
[\kXc\j\jkl[`fj#hl\jl\c\ek\e\i[`ÔZlckX[\j[\Xgfpf\Zfed`Zfp[\dXek\e\icXZfek`el`[X[[\c
Xe}c`j`j% Kf[XmˆX d\efj ]i\Zl\ek\j jfe cfj \jkl[`fj hl\ YljZXe ZfdgXiXi \c g\i`f[`jdf \e Z`\eZ`X p
k\Zefcf^ˆXgiXZk`ZX[f\ecfj[`jk`ekfjgXˆj\j[\cXi\^`e(%
K\e`\e[f\eZl\ekXcXgifg`Xalm\ekl[[\\jk\ZXdgf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\e\cdle[fp\e\jg\Z`Xc\e
8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#[fe[\cfjgi`d\ifjZlijfj[\gfjk^iX[fp^ilgfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\dg`\qXeXjli^`i\e\c
}i\X[\[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX#kXdY`„ej\fYj\imXcXe\Z\j`[X[[\[\jXiifccXid\kf[fcf^ˆXjd}jjc`[Xj
[\ Xe}c`j`j p \mXclXZ`e [\ cX ZfY\ikliX [\ cX gi\ejX Zfe i\jg\Zkf X k\dXj [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX)%
;\ gXik\ [\ cfj d\[`fj dXj`mfj# kXdgfZf _Xp \jkl[`fj jc`[fj [\ \mXclXZ`e p dfe`kfi\f [\ [`Z_X
ZfY\ikliX%Gfi\jkf#Zi\\dfjhl\\jk\gifp\Zkfcc\eXlemXZˆf`dgfikXek\pgl\[\Zfeki`Yl`iXdX[liXi
\cZXdgfpgifm\\ijlYj`[`fjgXiXg\i]\ZZ`feXi\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf[\el\jkiXi\^`e%
J`^l`\e[fcfjgXjfj[\le\jkl[`fhl\_`Z`dfjXek\i`fid\ek\[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfY\ikliX[\k\dXj
[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXgi\ejX[\Z`eZfgXˆj\j*#Xdgc`Xdfj\c}dY`kf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`egXiX()
[`Xi`fj[\`dgXZkfj`^e`ÔZXk`mf\ecXi\^`e#`emfclZiXe[fel\m\gXˆj\j#Zfdfj\i}d}j[\kXccX[f\e\c
ˆk\dD\kf[fcf^ˆXXj\^l`i%
((-
( <c’e`Zf\jkl[`fZfdgXiXk`mfi\Xc`qX[f\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eXhl\ZfefZ\dfj\jGfc`ef#:_`Xgg\#=Xq`f)''-X #hl\j`e\dYXi^fj\ZfeZ\ekiX\e`em\j$
k`^XZ`e\ejXcl[%=\ii\i)'') YljZX_XZ\ileXi\Õ\o`ejfYi\\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#g\ifefi\Zlii\XcXe}c`j`j[\cfjk\okfj
g\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj%
) <e\jk\j\ek`[f#Zfej`[\iXdfjhl\\jk\kiXYXaf\jk}\egifZ\jf[\Zfejfc`[XZ`epg\i]\ZZ`feXd`\ekf#gXiXcfZlXcZfd\ekXi`fjjfedlpY`\em\e`[fj%
* M\iDXjjXiXe`#9lpj#8dfi`d#M\e\l)'', %CfjZ`eZf[`Xi`fjjfe1El Mercurio,[\:_`c\2El Comercio,[\<ZlX[fi2La Nación,[\8i^\ek`eX2Reforma,[\
D„o`Zf2Folha de São Paulo y O Globo,[\9iXj`c%
CXjZl\jk`fe\j\jg\ZˆÔZXjhl\fYj\imXdfj\e\jk\\jkl[`f\ecfj[`Xi`fjjfe+1
¶:l}c\j ZXdgfj p hl„ k\dXj XZX[„d`Zfj jfe Zfej`[\iX[fj Z`\eZ`X gfi cfj g\i`[`Zfj \e 8d„i`ZX
CXk`eX6
› ¶<ehl„d\[`[XcXZ`\eZ`XeXZ`feXc\jgi\j\ekX[X\ecfjg\i`[`Zfj#j`\jZfdgXiX[XZfecXZ`\eZ`X
i\Xc`qX[X\ecfjgXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj6
› ¶<ehl„d\[`[XcfjXikˆZlcfj\ogi\jXegi\fZlgXZ`fe\jfgifd\jXj[\cXZ`\eZ`X6
› ¶<ehl„d\[`[XcfjXikˆZlcfj\e]Xk`qXecfjY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X6
› ¶<ehl„d\[`[XcfjXikˆZlcfj[`jZlk\ecfji`\j^fj[\Z`\eZ`X6
› ¶<ehl„d\[`[XcfjXikˆZlcfj\e]Xk`qXecXjZfekifm\ij`Xj[\cXZ`\eZ`X6
› ¶<ehl„d\[`[XcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjjfe]l\ek\j[\`e]fidXZ`elk`c`qX[Xjgficfjg\i`f[`jkXj6
› ¶:fek`\e\ecfjXikˆZlcfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj`d}^\e\j\jk\i\fk`gX[Xj[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj6
D<KF;FCF>à8
8eXc`qXdfj () [`Xi`fj [\ el\m\ gXˆj\j \e 8d„i`ZX CXk`eX1 Clarín nnn%ZcXi`e%Zfd p La Nación nnn%
cXeXZ`fe%Zfd%Xi # 8i^\ek`eX2 Folha de São Paulo nnn(%]fc_X%lfc%Zfd%Yi&]jg p O Globo f^cfYf%^cfYf%
Zfd&afieXc #9iXj`c2El Mercurio [`Xi`f%\cd\iZli`f%Zfd #:_`c\2El Tiempo_kkg1&&\ck`\dgf%k\iiX%Zfd%Zf& #
:fcfdY`X2La Nación nnn%eXZ`fe%Zfd #:fjkXI`ZX2El Comercio nnn%\cZfd\iZ`f%Zfd #<ZlX[fi2Reforma
nnn%i\]fidX%Zfd pLa Jornada nnn%afieX[X%leXd%do #D„o`Zf2El Nuevo Día nnn%\e[`%Zfd #Gl\ikf
I`Zf2El Nacional nnn%\c$eXZ`feXc%Zfd #M\e\ql\cX,%
CfjZi`k\i`fjgXiXcXj\c\ZZ`e[\cfj[`Xi`fjd\eZ`feX[fjm\iKXYcX(#\ecXj`^l`\ek\g}^`eX ]l\ife\c
_\Z_f[\hl\#X[\d}j[\k\e\ile`dgXZkf`dgfikXek\\ejljgXˆj\j#k`\e\eleXj\ZZ`e[\jk`eX[XX
glYc`ZXik\okfj[\Z`\eZ`X#Zfele\hl`gf[\[`ZX[fX\jkfjk\dXj-%Cfj[`Xi`fj]l\iXej\c\ZZ`feX[fjX
kiXm„j[\CXk`e[\onnn%cXk`e[\o%Zfd #legfikXchl\`eZclp\leXc`jkX[\cfjd\[`fjdXj`mfj[\ZX[X
lef[\cfjgXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eX2kf[fjcfjg\i`[`Zfj`eZcl`[fjXhlˆ\jk}e\ecXZXk\^fiˆXÈ!!É#le
jˆdYfcfgXiX`e[`ZXicfj[`Xi`fjd}j`dgfikXek\j.%
JXY\dfjhl\k\okfj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXjfeglYc`ZX[fjZfe]i\Zl\eZ`X\efkiXjj\ZZ`fe\j#`eZcljfcXj
[\[`ZX[XjXc[\gfik\#XcX]Xd`c`X#XcXjdla\i\j#Xcfjcómics#\kZ%DXjjXiXe`#Dfi\`iX#DX^Xc_\j#)''* %
J`e\dYXi^f#Zfej`[\iXe[f\ce’d\if[\glYc`ZXZ`fe\j\c\^`[Xj#ef\iX]XZk`Yc\\e\j\dfd\ekf`e[X^Xi
\ekf[XjcXjj\ZZ`fe\j[\cfj[`Xi`fj%Gfi\ccf#[\Z`[`dfjk\e\iZfdfglekf[\gXik`[XjfcXd\ek\cXj
j\ZZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X%KXdY`„ejXY\dfjhl\cX[\Ôe`Z`e[\hl„k\dXj\ekiXe\ccXjj\ZZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X
gl\[\mXi`Xi[\XZl\i[fZfe\c[`Xi`f1gfi\a\dgcf#d`\ekiXjFolha de São Paulofgkgfik\e\ileXj\ZZ`e
\jg\ZˆÔZX[\jXcl[#La NaciónpEl Nacionali\’e\eZ`\eZ`XpjXcl[\ecXd`jdXj\ZZ`e%<eEl Tiempo\o`jk\
leXfi`\ekXZ`e\[`kfi`Xc[\[`m`[`igfik\dXj\eZlXkifj\ZZ`fe\j1\Zfcf^ˆX#Z`\eZ`X#jXcl[pk\Zefcf^ˆX%
GficfkXekf#cfji\jlckX[fjXeXc`qX[fjXhlˆ\hl`mXc\e’e`ZXd\ek\Xcfjk\okfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj
+ <e\c]lklifgio`df\jkXi\dfjXdgc`Xe[f\ce’d\ifp\c}dY`kf[\cXjZl\jk`fe\j\jg\ZˆÔZXj#`eZcljfZdf\ji\gi\j\ekX[f\cgXg\c[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#
cXm`j`e[\ZdfcXZ`\eZ`X\jgif[lZ`[X#j`cfji\jlckX[fjZ`\ekˆÔZfjjfem`jkfjZfdfgXik\[\legifZ\jf_`jki`Zf#\eki\fkiXj%
, @e`Z`Xcd\ek\kXdY`„eZfc\ZkXdfjk\okfj[\Granmannn%^iXedX%ZlYXn\Y%Zl #[\:lYX%J`e\dYXi^f#\ce’d\if[\efk`Z`Xji\cXZ`feX[XjXZ`\eZ`X\e
\cg\i`f[f]l\dlpYXafpefg\id`k`_XZ\ileXe}c`j`jZlXek`kXk`mf
- El ClarínpLa Nación&:fjkXI`ZXefk`\e\eleXj\ZZ`e\oZclj`mXgXiXZ`\eZ`X#g\ifjˆk`\e\eleXj\ZZ`e\ecXZlXcj\glYc`ZXek\okfjjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`Xp
k\Zefcf^ˆXpk\Zefcf^ˆX%GficX`dgfikXeZ`X[\\jkfj[`Xi`fjpgfi\c_\Z_f[\hl\\]\Zk`mXd\ek\\ccfjgifm\\e\jgXZ`fgXiXk\dXj[\Z`\eZ`X#[\Z`[`dfj
`eZcl`icfj%
. La Jornada\j\c’e`Zf[`Xi`fhl\ef\jk}\ecXZXk\^fiˆXÈ!!É%J`e\dYXi^f#[\Z`[`dfj`eZcl`icfk\e`\e[f\eZl\ekXhl\`eZcl`dfj[fj[`Xi`fj\ecfjgXˆj\j
ZfecX\jkilZkliX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXd}jjc`[Xp\jk\[`Xi`fk`\e\leXZfY\ikliXj`jk\d}k`ZX[\Z`\eZ`X%
((.
KXYcX(%;`Xi`fjeXZ`feXc\jpk`iX[Xgfi[ˆX
Diario
Tirada de la publicación por
día (en millares)
Población
(en millones)
Razón
población/
tirada
País
El Nuevo Día
)',
*#(
(,#()
Gl\ikfI`Zf
La Nación
00
)#0
)0#*'
:fjkXI`ZX
Folha de S. Paulo
*(*
(+#(
+,'#+/
9iXj`c
Reforma
(+0
.+#0
,')#-/
D„o`Zf
La Nación
)()
('
+.#(.
8i^\ek`eX
Clarín
,0*
('
(-#/-
8i^\ek`eX
O Globo
),,
(+(
,,)#0+
9iXj`c
La Jornada
(''
.+#0
(+0/#''
D„o`Zf
El Comercio
((.
0
.-#0)
<ZlX[fi
El Mercurio
(-,
('#.
-+#/,
:_`c\
El Tiempo
)+'
*'#,
().#/'
:fcfdY`X
El Nacional
(''
(/#)
(/)#,
M\e\ql\cX
IXqegfYcXZ`e&k`iX[X[\cXglYc`ZXZ`e4E’d\if[\_XY`kXek\jgfiZX[X\a\dgcXi[\c[`Xi`f%
=l\ek\j1>;8>ilgf;`Xi`fj8d„i`ZX#NGK)'')#NGK)''*pK_\:@8Nfic[=XZkYffb(%
(;`jgfe`Yc\\e_kkgj1&&nnn%Z`X%^fm&Z`X&glYc`ZXk`fej&]XZkYffb&`e[\o%_kdcXZZ\jf\e(*[\fZklYi\[\)''-
glYc`ZX[fj \e cX j\ZZ`e [\ Z`\eZ`X p \e Xc^leX d\[`[X cX ZfdgXiXZ`e \eki\ cfj [`Xi`fj gf[iˆX j\i
Zfdgc`ZX[X%GfifkifcX[f#el\jkifj[Xkfjefjgl\[\eXpl[XiXZfdgi\e[\id\afiZl}c\jcXZfeZ\gZ`e
[\leXj\ZZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X#Zfej`[\iXe[fZX[Xlef[\cfj[`Xi`fj%
J`^l`\e[fcfjc`e\Xd\ekfjXek\i`fid\ek\d\eZ`feX[fj#Zfc\ZkXdfjkf[fjcfjk\okfjglYc`ZX[fj\ecX
j\ZZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X#[`jgfe`Yc\\e\cgfikXc[\cfj[`Xi`fj#gfileg\i`f[f[\j\`jd\j\j\e\ifXale`f
[\)''- %(El\jkiXdl\jkiX\jklmfYXjX[X\ecXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\Èj\dXeXZfejkil`[XÉgXiX\cXe}c`j`j[\
Zfek\e`[f[\cfjd\[`fjdXj`mfjRBi`gg\e[fi]](00' #Jk\dg\c(0/0 T%GXiXZX[Xd\j#j\c\ZZ`feXdfj
leXj\dXeXZfdfj`^l\1\c\^`dfjXcXqXilecle\j#ledXik\j#led`„iZfc\j#\kZ%#gXiX\e\if[\)''-%
<ej\^l`[X#lk`c`qXdfjcXd`jdX\jkiXk\^`XgXiX]\Yi\if[\)''-\kZ%<oZcl`dfjk\okfj[\d\efj[\,''
ZXiXZk\i\j# fYk\e`\e[f leX dl\jkiX ÔeXc [\ 0-0 k\okfj# Zfe cfj ZlXc\j Zfejkil`dfj el\jkiX YXj\ [\
[Xkfj%
Lk`c`qXdfj leX d\kf[fcf^ˆX ZlXek`kXk`mX [\ Xe}c`j`j [\ Zfek\e`[f# hl\ klmf Zfdf glekf [\ gXik`[X
le`ejkild\ekf[\jXiifccX[fgfi9Xl\i#IX^eXij[kk`ipI’[c]j[kk`i(00* pX[XgkX[fgfiefjfkifj%
El\jkifXe}c`j`jZfek`\e\[fjgXik\j#leXhl\`eZclp\leframe[\Zf[`ÔZXZ`egi`dXi`fpleframe[\
Zf[`ÔZXZ`ej\Zle[Xi`f%<cframe[\Zf[`ÔZXZ`egi`dXi`f`eZclp\`e]fidXZ`e^\e\iXcjfYi\ZX[Xk\okf#
Zfdfj`^l\1`e]fidXZ`ejfYi\\cZf[`ÔZX[fi2`[\ek`ÔZXZ`e[\ck\okf2efdYi\[\c[`Xi`f2[ˆX#d\jpXŒf\e
hl\\ck\okf]l\glYc`ZX[f2kXdXŒf[\ck\okf%<ej\^l`[X#c\ˆdfjZX[Xlef[\cfjk\okfjpZf[`ÔZXdfj[\
XZl\i[fZfe\cframe[\Zf[`ÔZXZ`ej\Zle[Xi`f#`eZclp\e[fcfj`^l`\ek\1ZXdgfXZX[„d`Zf2 cfZXc`qXZ`e
[\c \m\ekf&XZZ`e gi`eZ`gXc d\eZ`feX[f \e \c k\okf2 \mXclXZ`e [\c kfef [\c k\okf \ogi\j`e [\
gi\fZlgXZ`fe\jfgifd\jXjZfei\jg\ZkfXcXZ`\eZ`X 2gi\j\eZ`Xfef [\d\eZ`eXY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cX
Z`\eZ`X2gi\j\eZ`Xfef [\d\eZ`eXi`\j^fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X2gi\j\eZ`Xfef [\d\eZ`eXZfekifm\ij`Xj
\ecXZ`\eZ`X2k`gf[\XlkfiˆX2gi\j\eZ`Xfef [\\jk\i\fk`gf[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj%8Zfek`elXZ`e#ZlXe[f
gi\j\ek\dfjcfji\jlckX[fj#gifm\\i\dfjd}j`e]fidXZ`ejfYi\[`Z_XjZXk\^fiˆXj%
((/
( JXY\dfjhl\Xc^lefj[`Xi`fjgl\[\ek\e\i[`]\i\eZ`Xj\eki\cXjm\ij`fe\j`dgi\jXjp\c\Zkie`ZXj%J`e\dYXi^f#fgkXdfjgficXm\ij`e\c\Zkie`ZX#
gl\j\iXd}j]XZk`Yc\\ek„id`efj[\ZfjkfjcXdXpfiˆX[\cfj[`Xi`fjefZfYiXegfi\cXZZ\jf\c\Zkie`Zf pgfiXjg\Zkfjgi}Zk`ZfjcfjZfii\fjjl\c\e
j\ic\ekfjpdlZ_Xjm\Z\j\okiXmˆXeZfii\jgfe[\eZ`Xj %8[\d}j#\cXZZ\jfXcXjm\ij`fe\j\c\Zkie`ZXjefj\c`d`kXeXcgXˆj[\fi`^\e[\c[`Xi`f%Gficf
kXekf#cfji\jlckX[fj[\\jk\XikˆZlcf[\Y\ej\im`jkfjZfej`[\iXe[fcXjm\ij`fe\j\c\Zkie`ZXj[\cfj[`Xi`fj%
Le Xjg\Zkf `dgfikXek\ X j\i Zfej`[\iX[f \j \c _\Z_f [\ hl\ \jk\ k`gf [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e `emfclZiX
[\Z`j`fe\jjlYa\k`mXjgfigXik\[\cfj Zf[`ÔZX[fi\j #Xlehl\\jkfjj\XeZXgXZ`kX[fjgXiXcXkXi\X%
I<JLCK8;FJ
<e cX KXYcX ) j\ gl\[\ fYj\imXi \c e’d\if [\ k\okfj [\ el\jkiX dl\jkiX# Zfej`[\iXe[f ZX[X lef [\
cfj[`Xi`fj%<cgi`d\ii\jlckX[fhl\ccXdXcXXk\eZ`e\j\c_\Z_f[\hl\cfj[fj[`Xi`fjhl\klm`\ife
\ce’d\ifd}j^iXe[\[\k\okfjglYc`ZX[fj\e\cg\i`f[fÆEl Nuevo Día#[\Gl\ikfI`Zf#pLa Nación[\
:fjkX I`ZXÆ jfe gifm\e`\ek\j [\ gXˆj\j hl\ k`\e\e le j`jk\dX [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX d}j ]i}^`c \e
ZfdgXiXZ`eZfefkifj[\cXi\^`e#Zfdf9iXj`c#D„o`Zfp8i^\ek`eX%KXdY`„efYj\imXdfjleXmXi`XZ`e
`dgfikXek\i\jg\ZkfXce’d\if[\k\okfjglYc`ZX[fj\e\cg\i`f[f#Zfej`[\iXe[f\c[`Xi`f\jg\ZˆÔZf#
[\j[\(()El Nuevo Día _XjkX*,k\okfjEl Nacional %
KXYcX)%E’d\if[\k\okfjj\^’eZX[X[`Xi`fe’d\ifi\Xc
Número de textos
El Nuevo Día / Puerto Rico
(()
La Nación / Costa Rica
('0
Folha de São Paulo / Brasil
('-
Reforma / México
0/
La Nación / Argentina
0*
Clarín / Argentina
/0
O Globo / Brasil
//
La Jornada / México
/)
El Comercio / Ecuador
-+
El Mercurio / Chile
,0
El Tiempo / Colombia
*/
El Nacional / Venezuela
*,
TOTAL
969
:Xdgfj[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
:cXiXd\ek\#cfj[`Xi`fjXeXc`qX[fjZfej`[\iXeleXm`j`eXdgc`X[\Z`\eZ`XpleXmXi`XZ`eZfej`[\iXYc\
Zfei\jg\ZkfXcfjZXdgfjXZX[„d`ZfjZlXe[fZfdgXiXdfjcfj[`jk`ekfj[`Xi`fjKXYcX) %J`e\dYXi^f#
_XpleXgi\[fd`eXeZ`X[\k\okfji\cXZ`feX[fjXk\dXj[\d\[`Z`eX#cc\^Xe[f_XjkX\c,.#'[\cfjk\okfj
\e\cZXjf[\La Nación[\8i^\ek`eX%M\iKXYcX*\ecXj`^l`\ek\g}^`eX %
;\_\Z_f#\c[`Xi`fXi^\ek`efZcXiXd\ek\mXcfi`qXcXgi\j\eZ`X[\k\dXj[\d\[`Z`eX#`eZcljfefdYiXe[f
cX j\ZZ`e È:`\eZ`X p JXcl[É% J`klXZ`e j`d`cXi \j fYj\imX[X \e El Nacional# Zfe cX j\ZZ`e È:`\eZ`X p
Y`\e\jkXiÉpcfjk\dXj[\d\[`Z`eXjfei\jgfejXYc\j[\c+)#0[\cfjk\okfj\e\cg\i`f[fXeXc`qX[f%
KXdY`„e\cLa Nación[\:fjkXI`ZXp\cClarínfYj\imXdfjmXcfi\jXckfjgXiXk\dXj[\d\[`Z`eX#j\^l`[fj
gfiLa Jornadap O Globo#ZfemXcfi\j[\i\jg\Zk`mXd\ek\\c++#+'#+#*'#,p)0#,%J`e\dYXi^f#Z`eZf
[`Xi`fjgi\j\ekXeleXgi\j\eZ`Xd}jYXaX[\d\[`Z`eX\ejljk\okfj#ZfemXcfi\jd}jg\hl\Œfjhl\\c
)'[\cfjk\okfji\cXZ`feX[fjXck\dXEl Tiempo#Reforma#Folha de São Paulo#El MercuriopEl Nuevo Día %
<e\cZXjf[\cXjZ`\eZ`XjY`fc^`ZXj#cfjmXcfi\jjfedXjgio`dfjj`ZfdgXiXdfjcfj[`jk`ekfj[`Xi`fj#[\
Xci\[\[fi[\c)'#X\oZ\gZ`e[\El Tiempo#Zfe\c('#,[\jljk\okfji\cXZ`feX[fjX\jk\}i\X%<e\c
((0
KXYcX*%;`jki`YlZ`e[\cfjk\okfj[\XZl\i[fZfecfjZXdgfjXZX[„d`Zfj
Ciencias
exactas
Ciencias de la
tierra
Ciencias
biológicas
Ciencias
ambientales
Medicina
Ciencias
sociales
CyT
Clarín
15,7
2,2
19,1
15,7
40,4
4,5
2,2
El Comercio
26,6
1,6
17,2
12,5
23,4
9,4
9,4
El Nacional
11,4
2,9
22,9
5,7
42,9
5,7
8,6
El Nuevo Día
39,3
3,6
19,6
8,0
18,8
7,1
3,6
Folha de São Paulo
29,2
0,9
24,5
16,0
13,2
15,1
0,9
O Globo
22,7
2,3
26,1
8,0
29,5
10,2
1,1
La Jornada
22,0
2,4
22,0
15,9
30,5
4,9
2,4
La Nación/Argentina
11,8
3,2
18,3
2,2
57,0
6,5
1,1
El Mercurio
25,4
3,4
20,3
15,3
16,9
11,9
6,8
La Nación/Costa Rica
14,7
0,9
17,4
9,2
44,0
12,8
0,9
Reforma
33,7
2,0
23,5
8,2
18,4
6,1
8,2
El Tiempo
42,1
2,6
10,5
5,3
15,8
21,1
2,6
FYj\imXZ`e(1:`\eZ`Xj\oXZkXj`eZclp\e]ˆj`ZX#XjkifefdˆX#Z`\eZ`Xj\jgXZ`Xc\j#hlˆd`ZXjpdXk\d}k`ZX
FYj\imXZ`e)1:pK\hl`mXc\eXk\dXj^\e\iXc\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
ZXjf[\c}i\X[\\oXZkXj#cfjmXcfi\jjfedlp[`jk`ekfj#[\j[\\c((#+\eEl Nacional_XjkX\c+)#(\eEl Tiempo%(
<e\cZXjf[\cXjZ`\eZ`XjXdY`\ekXc\j#cfjmXcfi\jmXiˆXe[\j[\\c(-Folha de São Paulo _XjkX\c)#)La
Nación[\8i^\ek`eX %CXmXi`XZ`e\e\cZXjf[\cXjZ`\eZ`XjjfZ`Xc\j\j[\j[\\c+%,[\Clarín_XjkX\c)(#(
[\El Tiempo%JfeYXaXjcXjmXi`XZ`fe\j\e\cZXjf[\k\dXjXdgc`fj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX:pK 1\cmXcfid}j
YXaf`[\ek`ÔZX[f\j[\c'#0Folha de São PaulopLa Nación&:fjkXI`ZX _XjkX\c0#+El Comercio %
CXmXi`XZ`e[\cfjZXdgfj[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\eXc^lefjZXjfj\jlei\Õ\af[\cXfi`\ekXZ`e^\e\iXc
[\cfjg\i`[`ZfjZfei\jg\ZkfXhl„[\Y\j\iglYc`ZX[f\ecXj\ZZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X%G\ifkXdY`„egl\[\
\m`[\eZ`XicXZfdgi\ej`e[\ck\dXgfigXik\[\cfj\[`kfi\j#fY`\ecfhl\\ccfjg`\ejXegl\[\j\i
d}jXkiXZk`mfgXiX\cg’Yc`Zf%8[\d}j[\cX[\Z`j`e\[`kfi`Xc[\kiX\ik\dXj[\jXcl[gXiXcXj\ZZ`e
[\Z`\eZ`X\eEl Nacionalp\eLa Nación[\8i^\ek`eX#kXdY`„efYj\imXdfjhl\El MercuriopEl Comercio
[\Z`[`\ife efdYiXi cX j\ZZ`e [\[`ZX[X X k\dXj Z`\ekˆÔZfj ÈZ`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆXÉ \j \c ZXjf [\ El
TiempopEl Nuevo Día %<ccf\ogc`ZXcfjXckfjgfiZ\ekXa\j\eZfekiX[fj\eXdYfjg\i`[`Zfj[\XikˆZlcfj
i\cXZ`feX[fjXcXjZ`\eZ`Xj\oXZkXj[\d}j[\c), #Xlehl\fkiXjglYc`ZXZ`fe\jfYklm`\ifemXcfi\jd}j
XckfjgXiX\cd`jdfZXdgfXZX[„d`ZfXlehl\j`ed\eZ`e[`i\ZkXXcXgXcXYiXÈk\Zefcf^ˆXÉ\e\ckˆklcf
[\cXj\ZZ`e\j\cZXjf[\El Tiempop[\El Nuevo Día %:fdfpX_\dfjd\eZ`feX[f#\eEl Tiempo\o`jk\
leXfi`\ekXZ`e\[`kfi`Xc[\[`m`[`igfik\dXj\eZlXkifj\ZZ`fe\j1\Zfcf^ˆX#Z`\eZ`X#jXcl[pk\Zefcf^ˆX#
cfhl\gl\[\`dgXZkXiel\jkifXe}c`j`j#[\Xc^leXdXe\iX#Xlehl\aljkXd\ek\\jk\[`Xi`fgi\j\ekX\c
e`m\cdXjXckf[\k\okfji\cXZ`feX[fjXZ`\eZ`Xj\oXZkXj%
CfZXc`qXZ`e[\c\m\ekf&XZZ`egi`eZ`gXc
?\dfj fYj\imX[f kXdY`„e \c ZXi}Zk\i [\ cfZXc`qXZ`e [\ cfj \m\ekfj f XZZ`fe\j i\cXZ`feX[fj \e cfj
k\okfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj#YljZXe[f\mXclXij`\jfj\jk}eZfe\ZkX[fjXcZfek\okfeXZ`feXcgXˆj[\fi`^\e[\c
g\i`[`Zf #8d„i`ZXCXk`eXfkifgXˆj\ecXi\^`ehl\ef\cgXˆj[\fi`^\e[\cg\i`[`Zf #fkifjgXˆj\j\e
[\jXiifccf#gXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fjfj`k`\e\leZXi}Zk\idle[`Xc%
()'
( <j`dgfikXek\fYj\imXihl\El Tiempo`eZclp\ki\jj\ZZ`fe\ji\cXZ`feX[XjXk\dXj[\Z`\eZ`XZlpfjk\okfjef]l\ifeZfej`[\iX[fjXhlˆ#gfiZl\ekX[\
el\jkiX\og\i`\eZ`Xd\kf[fc^`ZX1\Zfcf^ˆX#k\Zefcf^ˆXpjXcl[%
<ecXKXYcX+j\gl\[\g\iZ`Y`ileX[`]\i\eZ`XZfej`[\iXYc\\eki\cfj[`Xi`fji\jg\ZkfXcXd\eZ`eXcX
Z`\eZ`XeXZ`feXcÆ[\j[\\c.#0El Tiempo _XjkXXci\[\[fi[\c++Folha de São PaulopEl Mercurio $%G\if#
\e^\e\iXc#jˆ_lYf\jgXZ`fgXiXcXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXeXZ`feXc\j%Cfji\jlckX[fjjfejlg\i`fi\jXcfj
+'\eZlXkif[\cfj[fZ\g\i`[`ZfjXeXc`qX[fjFolha de São Paulo#La Nación[\8i^\ek`eX#El Nacionalp
El Mercurio[\:_`c\ p\eki\cfj*'pcfj+'\eZlXkifglYc`ZXZ`fe\jClarín#El Comercio#La JornadapLa
Nación[\:fjkXI`ZX %Cfjg\i`[`Zfj[\8i^\ek`eX\jk}e\eki\cfjhl\k`\e\eZfY\ikliXg\i`f[ˆjk`ZXd}j
Xdgc`Xi\jg\ZkfXcXZ`\eZ`XeXZ`feXc#leX\ogi\j`e[\mXcfiXZ`e[\cfcfZXcgfigXik\[\cg\i`f[`jdf
[\Xhl\cgXˆj%Folha de São PaulokXdY`„e]fidXgXik\[\\j\^ilgf#g\ifcXdXpfigXik\[\cfjk\okfjjcf
\jk}ei\cXZ`feX[fjXcXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\ji\Xc`qX[Xj\e\c\jkX[f[\JXeGXYcf9iXj`c %
8g\jXi[\cXgi\j\eZ`Xj`^e`ÔZXk`mX[\Z`\eZ`XcfZXc\eXc^lefjg\i`[`Zfj#cX^iXegXik\[\cXZfY\ikliX
[\gi\ejX\jk}i\cXZ`feX[XXcfjgXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj#Zfe\cgfiZ\ekXa\d}j\c\mX[f\eEl Nuevo Día-.#
cfhl\j\gl\[\Zfdgi\e[\i#pXhl\\j\gXˆj\jk}XjfZ`X[fXcfj<jkX[fjLe`[fj pEl Tiempo-*#) %Cfj
gfiZ\ekXa\ji\cXZ`feX[fjXfkifjgXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eXjfeYXafjÆ[\j[\(#)La Jornada _XjkXle
-#,La Nación[\8i^\ek`eX %KXdY`„ejfeg\hl\ŒfjcfjgfiZ\ekXa\ji\cXZ`feX[fjXcXZ`\eZ`X\efkifj
gXˆj\j\e[\jXiifccfÆ[\j[\(#(La Nación[\8i^\ek`eX _XjkXle.#*La Nación[\:fjkXI`ZX %
KXYcX+%CfZXc`qXZ`e[\c\m\ekf&XZZ`egi`eZ`gXcd\eZ`feX[f\e\ck\okf
Nacional
Otros países
Países
América Latina en
desarrollo desarrollados
Carácter
mundial
No aplicable
Clarín
38,2
5,6
2,2
44,9
6,7
2,2
El Comercio
32,8
4,7
3,1
54,7
3,1
1,6
El Nacional
42,9
5,7
2,9
42,9
2,9
2,9
El Nuevo Día
21,4
2,7
2,7
67,0
5,4
0,9
Folha de São Paulo
44,3
3,8
2,8
40,6
4,7
3,8
O Globo
26,1
4,5
5,7
52,3
11,4
0,0
La Jornada
34,1
1,2
2,4
46,3
13,4
2,4
La Nación/Argentina
41,9
6,5
1,1
40,9
7,5
2,2
El Mercurio
44,1
1,7
1,7
49,2
3,4
0,0
La Nación/Costa Rica
35,8
5,5
7,3
41,3
7,3
2,8
Reforma
26,5
3,1
3,1
58,2
8,2
1,0
El Tiempo
7,9
5,3
2,6
63,2
13,2
7,9
¶Gi\fZlgXZ`fe\jfgifd\jXj6
<mXclXdfj\ckfef[\cXikˆZlcfgXiXXm\i`^lXij`\ogi\jXYXgi\fZlgXZ`fe\jfgifd\jXjZfei\jg\Zkf
XcXZ`\eZ`XpXcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#[\cXj`^l`\ek\]fidX1ZX[XXikˆZlcf]l\gleklX[f[\$,X",#\ehl\$,
j`^e`]`ZXle[`jZlijfgi\[fd`eXek\[\^iXegi\fZlgXZ`ep",j`^e`]`ZXle[`jZlijfgi\[fd`eXek\[\
^iXegifd\jX%Cl\^fj\jldXkf[f%:lXekfd}jZ\iZX[\cZ\if\jcXjldX#d}je\lkiXcj`gl\[\Zfej`[\iXi
\cZfealekf[\k\okfj[\le[`Xi`f%J`e\dYXi^f#\j`dgfikXek\fYj\imXileXc`d`kXZ`e`dgfikXek\[\
\jkXd\[`[X1j`le[`Xi`fglYc`ZXd`kX[[\jljk\okfj\ogi\jXe[fle[`jZlijfgi\[fd`eXek\[\^iXe
gi\fZlgXZ`epcXfkiXd`kX[\ogi\jXe[fle[`jZlijfgi\[fd`eXek\[\^iXegifd\jXkXdY`„ek\e[iˆX
leXjldX`^lXcXZ\if#[\]fidXj`d`cXiXle[`Xi`fhl\glYc`ZXkf[fjjljk\okfj[\]fidXÊe\lkiXË#\j
[\Z`i#ef\ogi\jXe[fle[`jZlijf[\^iXegi\fZlgXZ`ef[\^iXegifd\jX\ecfjk\okfj%
()(
KXYcX,%Kfef[\cXikˆZlcf
Suma
Clarín
-1
El Comercio
-1
El Nacional
2
El Nuevo Día
2
Folha de São Paulo
1
O Globo
0
La Jornada
-2
La Nación/Argentina
3
El Mercurio
1
La Nación/Costa Rica
-1
Reforma
3
El Tiempo
3
;\XZl\i[fZfecfj[Xkfj[\cXKXYcX,#\c’e`Zf[`Xi`fhl\gi\j\ekleXjldX`^lXcXZ\if]l\O Globo#
j`\e[fhl\kXdY`„efkifjZ`eZf\ogi\jXiXemXcfi\jZ\iZX[\\jk\mXcfiClarín#El Comercio#Folha de São
Paulo#El MercuriopLa Nación[\:fjkXI`ZX %La Jornada]l\\c[`Xi`fhl\fYklmf\cmXcfid}jYXaf$) \eki\kf[fjcfjg\i`[`ZfjXeXc`qX[fj#d`\ekiXjLa Nación[\8i^\ek`eX#ReformapEl Tiempo]l\iXecfj
hl\ fYklm`\iXe \c mXcfi d}j Xckf \e el\jkif \jkl[`f * % Cfj [Xkfj kXdY`„e dl\jkiXe hl\ cfj [`Xi`fj
XeXc`qX[fj# \e Zfealekf# \ogi\jXe d}j le [`jZlijf [\ gifd\jX hl\ [\ gi\fZlgXZ`e Zfe i\jg\Zkf X
cXZ`\eZ`X%J`e\dYXi^f#Xlehl\\jk\Xe}c`j`jgi\c`d`eXigifm\\[\Xc^leXj`e]fidXZ`fe\j`dgfikXek\j
gXiX jljZ`kXi \c [\YXk\ [\c kfef [\ cX ZfY\ikliX [\ Z`\eZ`X# \jkl[`fj ZlXc`kXk`mfj d}j gif]le[fj jfe
e\Z\jXi`fj#gXiXg\id`k`ileX\mXclXZ`ed}j\oXZkX[\\jkfjXjg\Zkfj[\cXZfY\ikliX%
9\e\ÔZ`fjpi`\j^fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X
8lehl\j\fYj\im\c\hl`c`Yi`f\e\ckfef[\cfji\gfikXa\j#Zfdfj\dl\jkiXXZfek`elXZ`e#kXdY`„e
\jklmfZcXifhl\_Xpgi\j\eZ`X[\leXi\]\i\eZ`X\ogcˆZ`kXXcfjY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ekf[fjcfj
g\i`[`ZfjXeXc`qX[fjKXYcX- %<cZXjfd}j[`jk`e^l`Yc\\j\c[\El Nacional#\e\cZlXc-/#-[\cfjk\okfj
KXYcX-%Gi\j\eZ`X[\Y\e\]`Z`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X
Beneficios
())
Clarín
46,1
El Comercio
32,8
El Nacional
68,6
El Nuevo Día
48,2
Folha de São Paulo
38,7
O Globo
43,2
La Jornada
39,0
La Nación/Argentina
55,9
El Mercurio
54,2
La Nación/Costa Rica
45,0
Reforma
42,9
El Tiempo
44,7
jlYiXpXecfjY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X%<cgfiZ\ekXa\d}jYXafj\\eZfeki\eEl Comercio*)#/ %
GfifkifcX[f#Zfdfgf[\dfjm\i\ecXKXYcX.cXgi\j\eZ`XdlpYXaX[\i\]\i\eZ`XXcfji`\j^fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X
Æ\ekf[fjZXjfj[\d\efj[\c0[\cfjk\okfjpcc\^Xe[fXci\[\[fi[\c)\eReformapEl Tiempo%
KXYcX.%Gi\j\eZ`X[\i`\j^fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X
Clarín
6,7
El Comercio
4,7
El Nacional
8,6
El Nuevo Día
4,5
Folha de São Paulo
5,7
O Globo
8,0
La Jornada
6,1
La Nación/Argentina
6,5
El Mercurio
5,1
La Nación/Costa Rica
4,6
Reforma
2,0
El Tiempo
2,6
=l\ek\j[\`e]fidXZ`e
FkifXjg\Zkfhl\fYj\imXdfj]l\j`cfjXikˆZlcfj]l\ifeÔidX[fjgfig\ijfeXjfgfifi^Xe`qXZ`fe\j#
j\^’e cfj ^ilgfj hl\ j`^l\e1 g\i`f[`jkX2 Z`\ekˆÔZf2 X^\eZ`X efk`Z`fjX2 g\ijfeX c\^X% FkiXj fgZ`fe\j
]l\ife1i\[XZZ`e2j`eÔidX2fkifj%
<ecXKXYcX/j\fYj\imXleX[`]\i\eZ`X`dgfikXek\\eki\cfj[`Xi`fji\jg\ZkfXcXgi\j\eZ`X[\X^\eZ`Xj
efk`Z`fjXjZfdf]l\ek\jgi`dXi`Xj[\cXjefk`Z`Xj1[\j[\le+#.Folha de São Paulo _XjkX\c.(#0El
Comercio %<eZlXkif[\cfjg\i`[`Zfj#\jX\jcXgi`eZ`gXc]l\ek\[\XlkfiˆXEl Comercio#El Nuevo Día#La
JornadapEl Tiempo %<eLa Nación[\:fjkXI`ZX#cXjX^\eZ`Xjefk`Z`fjXjk`\e\e`dgfikXeZ`Xj`d`cXiXcX[\
cfjg\i`f[`jkXji\jg\ZkfXZl\jk`fe\j[\XlkfiˆX%FYj\imXdfj\eO GloboXikˆZlcfjZfdgiX[fj[\fkifj
g\i`[`Zfj#gfi\a\dgcfNew York Timesm\iZfcldeXÈFkifjÉ %
KXYcX/%K`gfj[\Xlkfi\j
Periodista
Científico
Redacción
Agencia
noticiosa
Sin firma
Otros
Clarín
34,8
2,2
3,4
32,6
21,3
5,6
El Comercio
1,6
0,0
7,8
71,9
17,2
1,6
El Nacional
40,0
8,6
0,0
8,6
25,7
17,1
El Nuevo Día
17,0
0,0
3,6
66,1
13,4
0,0
Folha de São Paulo
69,8
13,2
5,7
4,7
3,8
2,8
O Globo
26,1
2,3
13,6
10,2
40,9
6,8
La Jornada
17,1
2,4
0,0
57,3
20,7
2,4
La Nación/Argentina
48,4
2,2
0,0
26,9
19,4
3,2
El Mercurio
54,2
0,0
0,0
27,1
13,6
5,1
La Nación/Costa Rica
42,2
0,9
0,0
43,1
11,0
2,8
Reforma
39,8
2,0
9,2
28,6
18,4
2,0
El Tiempo
13,2
0,0
0,0
68,4
15,8
2,6
<oZcl`[fÊg\ijfeXc\^XËi\jlckX[f4'
()*
Folha de São Paulo\j\cg\i`[`ZfZfegfiZ\ekXa\d}jXckf[\i\gfikXa\jÔidX[fjgfig\i`f[`jkXj-0#/ #
j\^l`[fgfiEl Mercurio ,+#) %;\_\Z_f#XdYfjg\i`[`Zfjk`\e\ele\hl`gfY`\e\jkilZkliX[f\ejlj
j\ZZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`XDXjjXiXe`#9lpj#8dfi`d#M\e\l#)'', %J`e\dYXi^f#cXXlj\eZ`X[\cXÔidX[\
g\i`f[`jkXjgl\[\j\iZfej\Zl\eZ`X[\gifZ\[`d`\ekfj`ek\iefj#\ecl^Xi[\Xlj\eZ`XfgfZXgi\j\eZ`X
[\ \jfj gif]\j`feXc\j% <j cf hl\ gXjX \e O Globo# gfi \a\dgcf# \e \c hl\ jfcXd\ek\ le )-#( [\ cfj
XikˆZlcfjXeXc`qX[fj]l\ifeÔidX[fjgfig\i`f[`jkXjple(*#-ÔidX[fZfdfI\[XZZ`e%Fkifj+'#0
ef\jkXYXeÔidX[fj#lei\Õ\af[\cX[\Z`j`e\[`kfi`Xc[\hl\jfcXd\ek\i\gfikXa\j\oZclj`mfjj\iˆXe
ÔidX[fjgficfjg\i`f[`jkXj[\cXi\[XZZ`e8dfi`d#)''- %<eEl Comerciojfcf(#-]l\ÔidX[fgfi
g\i`f[`jkXj#gfi\c_\Z_f[\hl\cXm\ij`e\c\Zkie`ZX\j[`jk`ekXXcX`dgi\jX2\ecXm\ij`e\c\Zkie`ZX#
cfjk\okfjjfe\e^\e\iXcgif[lZ`[fjgficX=le[XZ`egXiXcX:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆX=le[XZpk %
Ef _\dfj \eZfekiX[f e`e^’e XikˆZlcf ÔidX[f gfi c\^fj# cf hl\ \j Zfdgi\ej`Yc\# kfd}e[fj\ \e
Zfej`[\iXZ`e \c g\iÔc [\ cX j\ZZ`e [\ Z`\eZ`X Æj`e \dYXi^f# Xlehl\ ef ZfefZ\dfj \jkl[`fj jfYi\
\ck\dX#Zi\\dfjhl\#`eZcljf\ecXj\ZZ`e[\ZXikXj#cXgi\j\eZ`X[\ZXikXjglYc`ZX[Xj jfYi\Z`\eZ`X
\jZi`kXjgfig\ijfeXjc\^Xj[\Y\j\idlpYXaX$%
KXdY`„efYj\imXdfj\e[`\q[\cfj[fZ\g\i`[`ZfjcXi\[lZ`[Xgi\j\eZ`X[\Z`\ekˆÔZfjZfdfXlkfi\j%
<eZlXkif[\\ccfj#ef\eZfekiXdfje`j`hl`\iXlek\okfÔidX[fgfile\og\ikfEl Comercio#El Nuevo Día#
El MercuriopEl Tiempo %<ce`m\cd}o`df[\gi\j\eZ`X[\Z`\ekˆÔZfjfYj\imX[f]l\\eFolha de São Paulo
(*#) #j\^l`[f[\El Nacional 8,6% %Folha`eZclp\le\jgXZ`fj\dXeXcgXiX\c]ˆj`ZfYiXj`c\ŒfDXiZ\cf
>c\`j\i#Xlehl\\e\jk\ZXjf\jZi`Y\Zfe\cgXg\c[\[`mlc^X[fi[\cXZ`\eZ`X#[X[fhl\jljk\okfjj\
i\Ô\i\eXk\dXjhl\efe\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\_XZ\egXik\[\jl\og\ik`j\Z`\ekˆÔZX%CXXlj\eZ`X[\XikˆZlcfj
ÔidX[fj gfi Z`\ekˆÔZfj ef j`^e`ÔZX# e\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\# hl\ cfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj ef \emˆ\e XikˆZlcfj gXiX
glYc`ZXZ`e\ecfjg\i`[`Zfj%<jgfj`Yc\hl\cfj_XpXe\em`X[f#g\if_lY`\iXegf[`[fj\ii\Z_XqX[fj%
CXmfq[\cZ`\ekˆÔZf
J`e\dYXi^f#XcX_fiX[\c\\icfjk\okfj#fYj\imXdfjhl\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjk`\e\elegXg\c`dgfikXek\
Zfdf]l\ek\[\`e]fidXZ`e#XkiXm„j[\\eki\m`jkXjhl\ZfeZ\[\eXcfjg\i`f[`jkXj%;\_\Z_f#kf[fj
cfjg\i`[`Zfjk`\e\elegfiZ\ekXa\dlpXckf[\Z`\ekˆÔZfj\eki\m`jkX[fj#ZfelemXcfi\eki\*0#,El
Tiempo X.+#,Reforma KXYcX0 %<eClarín#Folha de São Paulo#El Mercurio pReforma#ki\jZlXikfj[\cfj
k\okfj`eZclp\e\eki\m`jkXjZfeZ`\ekˆÔZfj%
KXYcX0%K\okfjhl\`eZclp\e\eki\m`jkXjZfeZ`\ekˆ]`Zfj
()+
Clarín
74,2
El Comercio
48,4
El Nacional
51,4
El Nuevo Día
60,7
Folha de São Paulo
73,6
O Globo
58,0
La Jornada
65,9
La Nación/Argentina
62,4
El Mercurio
72,9
La Nación/Costa Rica
62,4
Reforma
74,5
El Tiempo
39,5
Gi\j\eZ`X[\Zfekifm\ij`Xjp[\\jk\i\fk`gfj
FkifXjg\ZkffYj\imX[f\jcXd\[`[X\ehl\cXjZfekifm\ij`Xj\jklm`\ifegi\j\ek\j\ecfjk\okfj%Gfi
Zfekifm\ij`Xj`eZcl`dfjkXekfZfekifm\ij`XjZ`\ekˆÔZXj[\^iXe[`d\ej`eZfdfm`j`fe\j[`jk`ekXjZfe
i\jg\ZkfXled`jdfk\dXÆ\cccXdX[fÊZfekiX[`Zkfi`fËhl\#[\XZl\i[fZfecXj\jZl\cXj[\g\i`f[`jdf#
[\Y\e\jkXigi\j\ek\j\elek\okfg\i`f[ˆjk`Zf$%;\XZl\i[fZfecXKXYcX('#fYj\imXdfjleXi\[lZ`[X
gi\j\eZ`X[\Zfekifm\ij`Xj#[\Xcd}o`dfXci\[\[fi[\c('[\cfjXikˆZlcfj%El Comerciogi\j\ek\cmXcfi
d}jYXaf#Zfed\eZ`fe\jXcXjZfekifm\ij`Xj\ejfcXd\ek\le+#.[\cfjk\okfj%
KXYcX('%Gi\j\eZ`X[\Zfekifm\ij`Xj
Clarín
10,1
El Comercio
4,7
El Nacional
8,6
El Nuevo Dia
5,4
Folha de São Paulo
10,4
O Globo
6,8
La Jornada
9,8
La Nación/Argentina
7,5
El Mercúrio
6,8
La Nación/Costa Rica
7,3
Reforma
6,1
El Tiempo
10,5
KXdY`„e XeXc`qXdfj cfj i\gfikXa\j Zfe \c fYa\k`mf [\ `[\ek`ÔZXi \e hl„ ^iX[f j\ gi\j\ekXe leX
i\gi\j\ekXZ`e\jk\i\fk`gX[X[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#pXhl\\ecfj[\YXk\j\eki\Z`\ekˆÔZfjpg\i`f[`jkXj\jk\
k\dX\j]i\Zl\ek\ZfdfZiˆk`ZXgi\j\ekX[Xgficfjgi`d\ifjXcfj’ck`dfj%KXcpZfdfj\m\\ecfj[Xkfj
[\cXKXYcX((#\eZfekiXdfjgfZfj\jk\i\fk`gfj[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#ZfegfiZ\ekXa\j`e]\i`fi\jXcfj('\e
fZ_f[\cfj()g\i`[`Zfj`em\jk`^X[fj%O GlobopEl Comerciok`\e\ecfjˆe[`Z\jd}jXckfj[\gi\j\eZ`X[\
\jk\i\fk`gfj\ejljk\okfj(,#0p(+#(#i\jg\Zk`mXd\ek\ %
KXYcX((%8ikˆZlcfj\ecfjhl\j\\eZfekiXc^’e\jk\i\fk`gf[\cfjZ`\ekˆ]`Zfj
Clarín
12,4
El Comercio
14,1
El Nacional
5,7
El Nuevo Día
8,9
Folha de São Paulo
13,2
O Globo
15,9
La Jornada
3,7
La Nación/Argentina
8,6
El Mercurio
6,8
La Nación/Costa Rica
8,3
Reforma
7,1
El Tiempo
7,9
(),
:FEJ@;<I8:@FE<J=@E8C<J
<egi`d\icl^XiefjccXdXcXXk\eZ`ecX^iXeZXek`[X[[\XikˆZlcfj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXglYc`ZX[fj\e
cXjj\ZZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X[liXek\\cg\i`f[fhl\XeXc`qXdfj#\eXc^lefj[\cfjd}j`dgfikXek\j[`Xi`fj
[\ 8d„i`ZX CXk`eX% <jfj i\jlckX[fj ZfeÔidXe cfj \eZfekiX[fj \e le \jkl[`f hl\ i\Xc`qXdfj \e )''+
DXjjXiXe`#9lpj#8dfi`d#M\e\l#)'', #`e[`ZXe[fhl\_Xp\jkXY`c`[X[\ecXZfY\ikliX[\gi\ejXjfYi\
Z`\eZ`X \e [`Z_X j\ZZ`e gfi cf d\efj \e Z`eZf [\ cfj [fZ\ g\i`[`Zfj hl\ ]fidXife gXik\ [\ \jX
`em\jk`^XZ`e#[\j[\)''+_XjkX\ekfeZ\j%(Efjjfigi\e[`\eZfekiXile^iXee’d\if[\i\gfikXa\jjfYi\
Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXkXdY`„e\e:fjkXI`ZXpGl\ikfI`Zf#[X[fhl\\jfjgXˆj\jk`\e\elej`jk\dX[\
Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXpleXgi}Zk`ZX[\g\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZfd\efjZfejfc`[X[fjj`ZfdgXiXdfjZfe
fkifjgXˆj\j[\cXi\^`e#Zfdfgfi\a\dgcfD„o`Zf#9iXj`cp8i^\ek`eX%:fjkXI`ZXk`\e\ledfm`d`\ekf
i\Z`\ek\ _XZ`X \c g\i`f[`jdf Z`\ekˆÔZf# `eZcljf Zfe cX Zi\XZ`e [\ leX XjfZ`XZ`e eXZ`feXc \c XŒf
gXjX[f%
J\^’ecfji\jlckX[fj\eZfekiX[fj#\o`jk\leXmXi`XZ`e`dgfikXek\\eki\cfjg\i`[`ZfjcXk`efXd\i`ZXefj
i\jg\ZkfXcfjZXdgfj[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfkiXkX[fj\ecfji\gfikXa\jglYc`ZX[fj\ecXjj\ZZ`fe\j[\Z`\eZ`X%
J`e\dYXi^f#j`^l`\e[fleXk\e[\eZ`XfYj\imX[X\efkiXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jRgfi\a\dgcf#G\cc\Z_`X(00. 2
9lZZ_`pDXqqfc`e`)''* 2:cXibp@ccdXe)''- T#d\[`Z`eXpjXcl[jfecfjk\dXjd}j\eZfekiX[fj\ecX
dXpfiˆX[\cfjg\i`[`ZfjXeXc`qX[fj#Xlehl\\eZXek`[X[\j[`jk`ekXj#[\XZl\i[fZfecfj[`Xi`fj%
<e cfj i\jlckX[fj# kXdY`„e \eZfekiXdfj [`]\i\eZ`Xj Zfej`[\iXYc\j \eki\ cfj g\i`[`Zfj i\jg\Zkf X cX
gi\j\eZ`X[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXeXZ`feXc#Xlehl\ZcXiXd\ek\\jfjk\dXjk`\e\e\jgXZ`f\ecfj[`Xi`fj%
<e\j\j\ek`[f#\jk}ZcXifhl\\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf\e8i^\ek`eX#fgficfd\efj\chl\j\_XZ\\e
cfj[fjg\i`[`Zfjd}j`dgfikXek\j[\cgXˆj#jˆmXcfiXecXZ`\eZ`XcfZXcRm\ikXdY`„eDXjjXiXe`#9lpj#
8dfi`d# M\e\l )'', p 8dfi`d )''- # gfi ZfeZclj`fe\j j`d`cXi\jT% <e gXik\# \jkf gl\[\ j\i i\Õ\af
[\c _\Z_f hl\ 8i^\ek`eX \j lef [\ cfj gXˆj\j [\ cX i\^`e hl\ klm`\ife le gifZ\jf _`jki`Zf cXi^f
[\Zfejfc`[XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpleX\jkilZkliX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXd}jjc`[X#j`e\dYXi^f\jkX
\ogc`ZXZ`eef\jjlÔZ`\ek\#gl\jkfhl\D„o`Zf\ogi\jmXcfi\jYXafjgXiXcXZ`\eZ`XeXZ`feXcXlehl\
jlj`jk\dXZ`\ekˆÔZfj\XZfdgXiXk`mXd\ek\Y`\e\jkilZkliX[f %
Jfei\[lZ`[fjcfjgfiZ\ekXa\ji\cXZ`feX[fjXcXZfY\ikliX[\gi\ejX[\Zfehl`jkXjZ`\ekˆÔZXj[\fkifj
gXˆj\j[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#i\Õ\aXe[f\c_\Z_f[\hl\#i\jg\ZkfXcXZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX#jXY\dfjd}j
cfhl\gXjX\ecfjgXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fjhl\cfhl\gXjX\ecfjgXˆj\jm\Z`efj#ZfeZfek\okfj\`ek\i\j\j
j\d\aXek\j#pZfecfjZlXc\jgl[`„iXdfjdXek\e\iZfcXYfiXZ`fe\j%CfjgfiZ\ekXa\jkXdY`„ejfeYXafj
i\jg\ZkfXcXgi\j\eZ`X[\cXZ`\eZ`X\efkifjgXˆj\j\e[\jXiifccf%
8lehl\cfji\jlckX[fjZXdY`Xej\^’ecXjglYc`ZXZ`fe\j#\ekf[fjcfjg\i`[`ZfjXeXc`qX[fj#^iXegXik\
[\cXZfY\ikliX[\gi\ejX\jk}i\cXZ`feX[XZfegXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fjfZfefkiXjgXik\j[\cdle[f%<e
cfj[\YXk\jjfYi\g\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf#j\jl\c\XÔidXihl\cXdXpfigXik\[\cXZfY\ikliX[\gi\ejX
[\Y\[\j\i\ecfjgXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj#pXhl\\jfjgXˆj\jjfecfji\jgfejXYc\j[\cXdXpfigXik\[\cX
gif[lZZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\e\cdle[f%<j\gXi\Z\j\ileXi^ld\ekfaljkf%9iXj`c#gfi\a\dgcf#\jlef[\cfj
gXˆj\jhl\d}jgif[lZ\eZ`\eZ`X\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eX#g\ifjlgif[lZZ`eZfii\jgfe[\Xle)[\cfhl\
j\_XZ\\e\cdle[f%
J`e\dYXi^f#ef[\Y\dfj`^efiXicfj\c\mX[fjgfiZ\ekXa\j[\cfjXikˆZlcfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfji\gif[lZ`[fj
gfiX^\eZ`Xjefk`Z`fjXj[\gXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj%<jkfjk\okfjjfei\gif[lZ`[fj\e^iXee’d\if#j`ej\i
()-
( CfjZ`eZf[`Xi`fjjfe1El Mercurio,[\:_`c\2El Comercio,[\<ZlX[fi2La Nación,[\8i^\ek`eX2Reforma,[\D„o`Zf2Folha de São PaulopO Globo,[\9iXj`c%
gl\jkfj\eZfek\okfpj`ehl\cfjg\i`f[`jkXjk\e^XeleXd`iX[XZiˆk`ZX[\cfjk\dXjhl\j\XYfi[Xe%
8[\d}j j\ kiXkX [\ leX ]l\ek\ j\Zle[Xi`X# ZlpXj `e]fidXZ`fe\j ef jl\c\e j\i m\i`ÔZX[Xj gfi cfj
g\i`f[`jkXj%J`e\dYXi^f#\jkXef\jleXi\^cX^\e\iXcgXiXkf[fjcfjg\i`[`Zfj`em\jk`^X[fj1Xc^lefj[\
cfjg\i`f[`jkXjjˆj\gi\fZlgXeZfeZfeÔidXicXj`e]fidXZ`fe\jhl\cc\^Xe[\j[\cXjX^\eZ`Xjefk`Z`fjXj
f [\j[\ fkiXj ]l\ek\j `ek\ieXZ`feXc\j p YljZXe kXdY`„e# \e dlZ_fj ZXjfj# [Xic\j Zfcfi\j eXZ`feXc\j
Xcfjk\dXj[\jljXikˆZlcfj%)<eXc^lefj[\\jfjg\i`[`Zfj#[\_\Z_f#cfjXikˆZlcfjjfe\jZi`kfjgfi
g\i`f[`jkXjÆdlZ_fj[\cfjZlXc\jcc\mXedlZ_fk`\dgfkiXYXaXe[f\eg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZfpg`\ejXe
\e\jkiXk\^`XjgXiXg\i]\ZZ`feXicXZfY\ikliX[\k\dXjZ`\ekˆÔZfj$%
8gXik`i[\cfji\jlckX[fjhl\\eZfekiXdfj#cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjjfecXgi`eZ`gXc]l\ek\[\`e]fidXZ`e[\cfj
g\i`f[`jkXjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#Xlehl\efZfdfXlkfi\j[\cfjk\okfjglYc`ZX[fj%<jfji\jlckX[fjZfiifYfiXecfj
\eZfekiX[fjgfiel\jkif\hl`gf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\efkifj\jkl[`fj#\ecfjhl\lk`c`qXdfjd\kf[fcf^ˆXj
ZlXc`kXk`mXjpZlXek`kXk`mXjhl\\ogcˆZ`kXd\ek\dfjkiXYXehl\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjjfecXjgi`eZ`gXc]l\ek\[\
`e]fidXZ`ep[\jl^\i\eZ`Xj[\gXlkXjgXiXcfjk\okfjg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj%
El\jkifj[Xkfjdl\jkiXehl\cfj[`Xi`fjXeXc`qX[fj#\eZfealekf#\ogi\jXed}jle[`jZlijf[\gifd\jX
hl\[\gi\fZlgXZ`eZfei\jg\ZkfXcXZ`\eZ`X%J`e\dYXi^f#leXjg\ZkfXj\iXm\i`^lX[f\eleXgfk\eZ`Xc
Xdgc`XZ`e[\\jk\\jkl[`f\jj`\c[`jZlijf[\gifd\jXhl\jfYi\jXc\#\jk}i\cXZ`feX[fZfe\c_\Z_f[\
hl\cfjk\okfj\jk„e\ecXj\ZZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X%LeXgfj`Y`c`[X[XZfej`[\iXi\jj`fkiXjj\ZZ`fe\jgf[iˆXe
gi\j\ekXile[`jZlijfd\efjgfj`k`mfZfei\jg\ZkfXcXZ`\eZ`X1gfi\a\dgcf#\ecXj\ZZ`e[\ZlckliX
f[\\ZfefdˆX#gf[iˆXj\ihl\\c\[`kfi\jk`dlcXiX\cg\i`f[`jkXXk\e\ileXYfi[Xa\d}jZiˆk`Zf[\cX
Z`\eZ`X%:fei\jg\ZkfX\jkf#kXdY`„efYj\imXdfjleXgi\j\eZ`Xd}j^iXe[\[\k\okfjhl\[\dl\jkiXe
cfjY\e\ÔZ`fj[\cXZ`\eZ`X#d`\ekiXjcfji`\j^fj\jk}egi\j\ek\j\ed\efid\[`[X%
KXdY`„e g\iZ`Y`dfj le YXaf gfiZ\ekXa\ [\ Zfekifm\ij`Xj \e cfj g\i`[`Zfj cXk`efXd\i`ZXefj ÆZfdf
d}o`df \c (' [\ cfj XikˆZlcfj DXjjXiXe`# 9lpj# 8dfi`d# M\e\l# )'', $% <jfj gfiZ\ekXa\j kXdY`„e
ZfeZl\i[Xe Zfe i\jlckX[fj \eZfekiX[fj \e `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j Xek\i`fi\j% I\Xc`qXdfj \eki\m`jkXj Zfe
cfj \[`kfi\j [\ Z`eZf [\ cfj [fZ\ g\i`[`Zfj# \e cXj ZlXc\j j\ ZfeÔid hl\# [\ _\Z_f# ef k`\e\e cXj
Zfekifm\ij`Xj Zfdf k\dXj [\ ^iXe `ek\i„j \e \c g\i`f[`jdf Z`\ekˆÔZf 8dfi`d# )''- % <e el\jkiX
fg`e`e#j`e\dYXi^f#cXjZfekifm\ij`Xjjfe`ekiˆej\ZXjXcgifZ\jfZ`\ekˆÔZfp#gfi\ccf#[\YˆXe[\\jkXi
d}jgi\j\ek\j\ecfjg\i`[`Zfj%
El\jkiX `em\jk`^XZ`e g\id`k` XeXc`qXi \e hl„ d\[`[X j\ i\gi\j\ekX \e cfj g\i`[`Zfj cX `dX^\e
\jk\i\fk`gX[X[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#leXZiˆk`ZXZfd’e[\\jfjgif]\j`feXc\j\ecfj\eZl\ekifjjfYi\Z`\eZ`X
pcfjd\[`fjdXj`mfj%Gficfd\efj\ecfj[fZ\g\i`[`Zfj`em\jk`^X[fj#\eZfekiXdfjgfZfjXikˆZlcfj
hl\Zfeklm`\iXe\jk\i\fk`gfj[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#cfhl\ZfeZl\i[XZfei\jlckX[fj[\\jkl[`fjXek\i`fi\j
DXjjXiXe`#9lpj#8dfi`d#M\e\l#)'', %
LeXjg\Zkfhl\ef`eZcl`dfj\eel\jkifXe}c`j`j#Xg\jXi[\j\idlp`dgfikXek\#\jcX\oXZk`kl[[\cX
`e]fidXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXm\_`ZlcX[X#hl\#Xlehl\[\ZilZ`Xc`dgfikXeZ`X#i\hl`\i\le\hl`gf[\Zfejlckfi\j
Z`\ekˆÔZfj\ecXj[`jk`ekXj}i\Xj%<jg\iXdfj`eZcl`i\jkX\kXgX\e\c]lklifgio`df#XjˆZfdfcXj\kXgXj
ZlXc`kXk`mXj[\cXe}c`j`j[\cXccXdX[Xagenda building%
<e \jX `em\jk`^XZ`e klm`dfj Zfdf fYa\k`mf i\Xc`qXi le dXgX `e`Z`Xc [\ cX ZfY\ikliX [\ gi\ejX jfYi\
Z`\eZ`X \e 8d„i`ZX CXk`eX# Zfej`[\iXe[f Xc^lefj [\ cfj g\i`[`Zfj d}j `dgfikXek\j \e cX i\^`e% Le
Xjg\Zkf`ek\i\jXek\hl\ef]l\gfj`Yc\`[\ek`ÔZXi#\jZdf\cZfek\okfeXZ`feXc[\ZX[XgXˆjZXdY`X
) El\jkif\hl`gfi\Xc`q\jkl[`fjZlXc`kXk`mfjX[`Z`feXc\j#ZfefYa\k`mf[\XeXc`qXiZdfcX`e]fidXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXZfefi`^\e\ecfjgXˆj\j[\jXiifccX[fj
jl]i`XZfdf[XZ`fe\jZlXe[flk`c`qX[fgfig\i`f[`jkXj[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eXRm\iM\e\l#DXjjXiXe`#8dfi`d)''- T%
().
\c XYfi[Xa\ [\ cfj k\dXj i\kiXkX[fj \e cfj g\i`[`Zfj% <e el\jkiX _`gk\j`j `e`Z`Xc \jg\i}YXdfj# gfi
\a\dgcf#fYj\imXij`d`c`kl[\j\eki\\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZfi\Xc`qX[f\ecfjgXˆj\jZfeleX\jkilZkliX
[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXd}j[\jXiifccX[X\eZfdgXiXZ`eZfefkifj[\cXi\^`e#Zfdf8i^\ek`eX#9iXj`c
pD„o`Zf%J`e\dYXi^f#\jkfeffZlii`%El\jkifj[Xkfjjl^`\i\ehl\cXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj^\e\iXc\j[\c
g\i`f[`jdf Z`\ekˆÔZf k`\e\e d}j hl\ m\i Zfe fi`\ekXZ`fe\j \[`kfi`Xc\j \jg\ZˆÔZXj [\ ZX[X [`Xi`f p
ef[\cZfek\okf[\cgXˆj pÆgfj`Yc\d\ek\ZfedlZ_XdXpfi`eÕl\eZ`XÆZfefi`\ekXZ`fe\j[\c\[`kfi%
<jkfXgfpXkXdY`„eel\jkifj[XkfjfYk\e`[fjXek\i`fid\ek\DXjjXiXe`#9lpj#8dfi`d#M\e\l#)'', [\
hl\\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf[\8d„i`ZXCXk`eX\jk}#\e^iXed\[`[X#YXjX[f\e\j]l\iqfj[\`e[`m`[lfj
hl\ gfi dfk`mfj g\ijfeXc\j `ej`jk\e \e [\[`ZXij\ X cX ZfY\ikliX [\ k\dXj [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX p#
\e\jkfj\ek`[f#\ogi\jXeXkiXm„j[\c[`Xi`fjlgifg`fglekf[\m`jkX[\hl„j`^e`ÔZXcXZfY\ikliX[\
Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX% 8[\d}j [\ \ogi\jXi le ZXi}Zk\i `e[`m`[lXc# \jkf kXdY`„e `dgc`ZX leX ]iX^`c`[X[
[\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf[\cXi\^`e#[X[fhl\cXjXc`[X[\\jkfj`e[`m`[lfjZfdf[\_\Z_fgXj\e
cfj[`Xi`fjFolha de São PaulopReforma j`ZfdgXiXdfj\jk\\jkl[`fZfe\cXek\i`fi gl\[\j`^e`ÔZXile
ZXdY`fj`^e`ÔZXk`mf\e\ck`gfpcXZXc`[X[[\cXZfY\ikliXi\Xc`qX[X[\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%
<jg\iXdfj\e\c]lklif#\eZfekiXi_l\ccXjhl\efjg\id`kXek\e\ii\jgl\jkXjgXiXXZcXiXi\jk\Xjg\Zkf
\e\cg\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf\ecXi\^`e%
()/
9@9C@F>I8=à8
8dfi`d C%?% )''- 1 Jornalismo científico na América Latina: Um estudo de caso de sete jornais da região#
;`j\ikXZ`e[\dX\jkiˆX#@ejk`klkfFjnXc[f:ilq&=`fZilq#jlg\im`j`eCl`jXDXjjXiXe`%
9Xl\iD%#IX^eXij[kk`i#Ý%#I’[c]j[kk`i8%(00* 1Science and Technology in the British Press, 1946-1990
– A systematics content analysis of the press#nfibi\gfik%
9lY\cX K% D%# :XlcÔ\c[ K%8% )''+ 1 ;f k_\ gi`ek d\[`X È_pg\É ^\e\k`Z i\j\XiZ_6 8 ZfdgXi`jfe f]
e\njgXg\i jkfi`\j Xe[ g\\i$i\m`\n\[ i\j\XiZ_ gXg\ij# Canadian Medical Association Journal# (.'0 # gg%
(*00Æ(+'.%
9lZZ_` D%# DXqqfc`e` I% )''* 1 9`^ jZ`\eZ\# c`kkc\ e\nj1 jZ`\eZ\ Zfm\iX^\ `e k_\ @kXc`Xe [X`cp gi\jj#
(0+-$(00.#Public Understanding of Science#()#gg%.$)+%
:cXib#=%#@ccdXe#;%)''- 18Cfe^`kl[`eXcJkl[pf]k_\E\nPfibK`d\jJZ`\eZ\K`d\jJ\Zk`fe#Science
Communication#).+ #gg%+0-$,(*%
:fe[`k:%#=\i^ljfe8#BXjj\cI%#K_X[_Xe`:%#>ff[`e^?%:%#GXiifkkI%)''( 18e<ogcfiXkfipJkl[p
f]k_\@dgXZkf]E\nj?\X[c`e\jfe>\e\k`Z;\k\id`e`jd#Science Communication,))+ #gg%*.0$*0,%
:fe[`k#:%)''+ 1JZ`\eZ\i\gfik`e^kfk_\glYc`Z1[f\jk_\d\jjX^\^\kkn`jk\[6CMAJ#(.'0 #gg%(*00$(+'.%
;`dfgflcfjB%#BflcX`[`jM%)'') 1K_\jfZ`f$\g`jk\d`ZZfejk`klk`fef]jZ`\eZ\Xe[k\Z_efcf^p`ek_\
>i\\bgi\jj18eXeXcpj`jf]`kjgi\j\ekXk`fe#Public Understanding of Science#((#gg%)),$)+(%
;lkk9%#>Xi^B%:%)''' 18efm\im`\nf]jZ`\eZ\Xe[k\Z_efcf^pZfm\iX^\`e@e[`Xe<e^c`j_$cXe^lX^\
[X`c`\jÉ#Public Understanding of Science#0#gg%()*Æ(+'%
<`ej`\[\c<%(00) 1=iXd`e^jZ`\eZ\Xe[k\Z_efcf^p`ek_\ZXeX[`Xegi\jj#Public Understanding of Science
(#gg%/0Æ('*%
<pZbK%)'', 1K_\d\[`XXe[glYc`Zfg`e`fefe^\e\k`ZjXe[Y`fk\Z_efcf^p1d`iifij#n`e[fnj#finXccj6
Public Understanding of Science#(+#gg%*',$*'-%
>\cc\i>#9\ie_Xi[k98#?fckqdXeE%8%#)'') 1K_\d\[`XXe[glYc`Zi\XZk`fekf^\e\k`Zi\j\XiZ_#JAMA,
gg%)/.$..*%
>feƒXcm\jE\kfM%J%#Dfek\`ifJ%>%#>feƒXcm\j8%>%#I\Y\cfA%D%D%)''- 1Conhecimentos e atitudes
da população sobre dengue no Município de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, )''+% :X[\iefj [\ JX’[\ G’Yc`ZX
))(' # gg% )(0($))''% ;`jgfe`Yc\ \e 3_kkg1&&nnn%jZ`\cf%Yi&jZ`\cf%g_g6jZi`gk4jZ`VXikk\okg`[4J'(')$
*((O)''-''(''''),ce^4\eeid4`jf5m`j`kX[f\c()[\j\gk`\dYi\[\)''- %
>lek\i9%#B`e[\ic\i\iA%#9\pc\m\c[#;%(000 1K_\d\[`XXe[glYc`Zle[\ijkXe[`e^f]Y`fk\Z_efcf^p1
8jlim\pf]jZ`\ek`jkjXe[aflieXc`jkj#Science Communication)'+ #gg%*.*$0+%
?Xej\e8%#;`Zb`ejfeI%(00) 1JZ`\eZ\Zfm\iX^\`ek_\9i`k`j_dXjjd\[`X1D\[`XflkglkXe[jfliZ\
`eglk#Communications(.* #gg%*-,$..%
?Xi^i\Xm\j@%#C\n`jA%#Jg\\ijK%)'') 1Towards a better map: science, the public and the media%Jn`e[fe#
<Zfefd`ZXe[JfZ`XcI\j\XiZ_:fleZ`c%
?`adXej <%# Gc\`ak\i 8%# N\jk\i =% )''* 1 :fm\i`e^ JZ`\ek`ÔZ I\j\XiZ_ `e ;lkZ_ E\njgXg\ij# Science
Communication#),) #gg%(,*$(.-%
Bf_i`e^D%#DXkk_\jA%)'') 1K_\]XZ\k jf]Y`fk\Z_`ek_\e`e\k`\j1_fnk_\>\idXegi\jj]iXd\[
df[\ieY`fk\Z_efcf^p#Public Understanding of Science#((#gg%(+*Æ(,+%
()0
Bi`gg\e[fi]]B%(00' 1Metodología de análisis de contenido. Teoría y Práctica, <[`Z`fe\jGX`[j#9XiZ\cfeX%
DXjjXiXe`C%#9lpj9%#8dfi`dC%?%#M\e\l#=%)'', 1JZ`\eZ\AflieXc`jd`eCXk`e8d\i`ZX18ZXj\jkl[p
f] j\m\e e\njgXg\ij `e k_\ i\^`fe# Journal of Science Communication% +* % ;`jgfe`Yc\ \e 3_kkg1&&aZfd%
j`jjX%`k&XiZ_`m\&'+&'*&8'+'*')$\e6j\kVcXe^lX^\4\e5m`j`kX[f\c)0DXp)''- %
DXjjXiXe` C%# Dfi\`iX @%# DX^Xc_\j @% )''* 1 HlXe[f X ^\e„k`ZX m`iX efkˆZ`X1 Ld dXg\Xd\ekf [X
^\e„k`ZXefjafieX`j[`}i`fj#Ciência e Ambiente,)-#gg%(+($(+/%
D\kZXc]\ A%# >XjZf`^e\ K% (00, 1 JZ`\eZ\ aflieXc`jd `e 8ljkiXc`X# Public Understanding of Science +# gg%
+(($+)/%
E`jY\kD%:%#C\n\ejk\`e9%)'') 19`fk\Z_efcf^pXe[k_\8d\i`ZXeD\[`X1K_\Gfc`ZpGifZ\jjXe[k_\
<c`k\Gi\jj#(0.'kf(000#Science Communication#)*+ #gg%*,0$*0(%
G\cc\Z_`XD%>%(00. 1Ki\e[j`ejZ`\eZ\Zfm\iX^\18Zfek\ekXeXcpj`jf]k_i\\LJe\njgXg\ij#Public
Understanding of Science, -#gg%+0$-/%
G\k\ij?%(00, 1K_\`ek\iXZk`fef]aflieXc`jkjXe[jZ`\ek`ÔZ\og\ikj1:f$fg\iXk`feXe[ZfeÕ`ZkY\kn\\e
knfgif]\jj`feXcZlckli\j#Media, Culture and Society,(.#gg%*($+/%
Gfc`ef:%#:_`Xgg\;%#=Xq`fD%<%)''-X 1Los hallazgos científicos en salud en los diarios de América Latina:
¿Qué se ofrece al público lector?@:fe^i\jf@Y\ifXd\i`ZXef[\:`\eZ`X#K\Zefcf^ˆX#D„o`Zf%
Gfc`ef:%#:_`Xgg\;%#=Xq`fD%<%)''-Y 1Análisis de la oferta informativa sobre ciencia y tecnología en los
principales diarios argentinos%@e]fid\ÔeXc%
Ifqf#:%)''- 1Cultura científica y tecnológica en la prensa nacional, @:fe^i\jf@Y\ifXd\i`ZXef;\:`\eZ`X
K\Zefcf^ˆX#JfZ`\[X[\@eefmXZ`e#:`l[X[[\D„o`Zf%
JXXi`D%8%#>`Yjfe>%Fjc\i8%(00/ 1<e[Xe^\i\[jg\Z`\j1JZ`\eZ\ni`k\ij`ek_\:XeX[`Xe[X`cpgi\jj#
Public Understanding of Science#.#gg%-($/(%
Jk\dg\c>%?%#N\jkc\p9%?%\[j% (0/0 1Research Methods in Mass Communication#<e^c\nff[:c`]]j#EA1
Gi\ek`Z\?Xcc%
M\e\l=%#DXjjXiXe`C%#8dfi`d#C%?%)''- 1JZ`\eZ\aflieXc`jd`eCXk`e8d\i`ZX1?fnk_\jZ`\ek`ÔZ
`e]fidXk`fe]ifdXjZ`\ek`ÔZjfliZ\`jj\kkc\[n_\e`k`jkiXej]fid\[`ekfXaflieXc`jk`Zjkfip%@e1 9th
PCST International Conference: Scientific Culture for Global Citizenship, )''-# J\lc% GifZ\\[`e^j $ 0k_ G:JK
@ek\ieXk`feXc:fe]\i\eZ\1JZ`\ek`ÔZ:lckli\]fi>cfYXc:`k`q\ej_`g%J\lc1Bfi\XJZ`\eZ\=fle[Xk`fe%
N\ccZfd\ Kiljk2 F]ÔZ\ f] JZ`\eZ\ K\Z_efcf^p )''' 1 Science and the public: a review of science
communication and public attitudes to science in Britain#Cfe[fe%;`jgfe`Yc\\e13nnn%n\ccZfd\%XZ%lb&\e&
`dX^\j&jZ`\eZ\glYc`ZV**0(%g[]5m`j`kX[f\c)-[\dXiqf[\)''+ %
NGK)'') 1World Press Trends – 2002 edition#GXi`j#Nfic[8jjfZ`Xk`fef]E\njgXg\ij%
NGK)''* 1World Press Trends – 2003 edition#GXi`j#Nfic[8jjfZ`Xk`fef]E\njgXg\ij%
CL@J8D8JJ8I8E@P9ILEF9LPJ
(*'
Dlj\f[\cXM`[X#:XjX[\FjnXc[f:ilq#=le[XZ`eFjnXc[f:ilq
Z\jkl[fj7ÔfZilq%Yi
La evaluación de las actividades
de divulgación en la Facultad
de Ciencias de la Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México
GXki`Z`XDX^XŒXIl\[X
I<JLD<E
MXcfiXiX[\ZlX[Xd\ek\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\jleXkXi\X\ecXhl\gfZfXgfZfj\_XXmXeqX[f\ecXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j
[\ \[lZXZ`e jlg\i`fi% <e cX =XZlckX[ [\ :`\eZ`Xj [\ cX Le`m\ij`[X[ EXZ`feXc 8lkefdX [\ D„o`Zf \o`jk\e XZklXcd\ek\
d\ZXe`jdfj[\\mXclXZ`ehl\i\g\iZlk\e\ecXd\afiXZfek`elX[\cfjgifp\Zkfjp\e\cXgfpfXcXgif]\j`feXc`qXZ`e[\cfj
XZX[„d`Zfj[\[`ZX[fjX\jkXjkXi\Xj%
G8C89I8J:C8M<
<mXclXZ`e#[`mlc^XZ`e#]XZlckX[[\Z`\eZ`Xj#D„o`Zf%
@EKIF;L::@äE
CX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X mX [\c }dY`kf [\ cX `em\jk`^XZ`e X cf hl\ _X [X[f \e ccXdXij\ cX
gfglcXi`qXZ`ef[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%<e\jk\Xdgc`fiXe^fj`^l\_XY`\e[f[`jZlj`e\ekfiefXcX
\mXclXZ`e%
GXiX\mXclXiXcX`em\jk`^XZ`eXkiXm„j[\cXglYc`ZXZ`e[\XikˆZlcfjfc`YifjpcX^\e\iXZ`e[\fkifj
gif[lZkfj#j\_Xegifgl\jkfj`jk\dXjeXZ`feXc\j\`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jhl\#Zfekf[fpZiˆk`ZXj#_Xecf^iX[f
Zfej\ejf \eki\ dlZ_Xj Zfdle`[X[\j p j\ lk`c`qXe Zfdf ]fidXj [\ d\[`Z`e [\ \j\ k`gf [\ kiXYXaf
XZX[„d`Zf%J`e\dYXi^f#\ecfhl\i\jg\ZkXXcXgfglcXi`qXZ`ef[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X_Xpkf[XmˆX
leXXdgc`XmXi`\[X[[\glekfj[\m`jkXjfYi\cX`dgfikXeZ`X[\cXXZk`m`[X[#cfjgifYc\dXjhl\\e]i\ekX#
cX]fidX\ehl\j\[\jXiifccX#cX\ÔZXZ`X[\cfj[`jk`ekfjgif^iXdXj#cXgif]\j`feXc`qXZ`e[\hl`\e\j
j\ [\[`ZXe X \ccX p gfi jlgl\jkf# cfj i\jlckX[fj hl\ cf^iX% Gfi \ccf j\ _X i\kXi[X[f p Zfdgc`ZX[f jl
\mXclXZ`e%
<e [`jk`ekfj }dY`kfj# kXekf cfZXc\j Zfdf i\^`feXc\j f `ek\ieXZ`feXc\j# cX \mXclXZ`e [\c kiXYXaf [\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e cXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j _X XmXeqX[f# \e cX d\[`[X \e hl\ cfj gifp\Zkfj _Xe
Zi\Z`[f p dlZ_fj [\ cfj gif]\j`feXc\j _XZ\e leX ZXii\iX Zfdf Zfdle`ZX[fi\j% KXc \j \c ZXjf [\ cX
\mXclXZ`e[\cX[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\ecX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX
[\D„o`Zf%
C8<M8CL8:@äE;<C8:FDLE@:8:@äE;<C8:@<E:@8
<EDyO@:F
(*)
<cj`^e`ÔZX[ffi`^`eXc[\ck„id`ef\mXclXij\i\Ô\i\XkXjXi#aljk`gi\Z`Xi#mXcfiXifXki`Yl`iZ`\ikfmXcfiX
leXZfjX%8jˆkfdX[f[`i\ZkXd\ek\[\c[`ZZ`feXi`f#\cj`^e`ÔZX[f[\cXgXcXYiXefgXi\Z\i\gi\j\ekXi
[`ÔZlckX[%G\ifcfhl\c\m`\e\XcXZXY\qXXdlZ_fjXZX[„d`Zfj\eD„o`Zf#\jhl\ZX[Xm\qhl\j\
XZ\iZXleg\i`f[f[\\mXclXZ`e#cfhl\c\j\jg\iX\jleX\jg\Z`\[\ZXcmXi`fYlifZi}k`Zf[\cc\eX[f
[\gXg\c\jp\e^ifjXd`\ekf[\`e]fid\j[\kiXYXaff[\cZliiˆZlcf#gifZ\jfZlpfi\jlckX[fÔeXcgl\[\
cc\mXi#\edlZ_fjZXjfj#XcXXj`^eXZ`e[\ledX^ifgi\jlgl\jkffXleXi\dle\iXZ`eX[`Z`feXcZfecX
hl\efe\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\j\\jk}Zfe]fid\%Gl\[\[\Z`ij\#[\jgl„j[\d}j[\leX[„ZX[X[\\mXclXZ`e
[\c kiXYXaf XZX[„d`Zf \e D„o`Zf# hl\ „jk\ _X j`[f dfc[\X[f p _XjkX Èi\[`i`^`[fÉ# kXekf \e j\ek`[fj
gfj`k`mfjZfdfe\^Xk`mfjZfdfi\jlckX[f[\cXjel\mXj]fidXj[\mXcfiXZ`ekXekf[\cX[fZ\eZ`XpcX
`em\jk`^XZ`e#Zfdf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX%
<e\c)'')\c:fej\afEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXpcX8jfZ`XZ`eD\o`ZXeX[\Dlj\fjp:\ekifj[\
:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\D„o`Zfcc\mXifeXZXYfle\jkl[`fhl\#\ejlgi`d\iX\kXgX#cc\^XZfeZclj`fe\j
`dgfikXek\jjfYi\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cX[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZXJ<G$:feXZpk#8DD::pK#)'') #
gXiX[\XccˆgXjXiXleXgifgl\jkX[\legcXeeXZ`feXc[\[`mlc^XZ`e%<c]fidXkfljX[f\e\jk\\jkl[`f#
gi\k\e[\cc\^XiXZfeZclj`fe\jjfYi\\cÈ^iX[f[\Xgi\Z`XZ`e#ZfeZ`\eZ`X#`e]fidXZ`epZfefZ`d`\ekfj
jfYi\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk„Ze`ZX\eki\cXgfYcXZ`e\e^\e\iXcÉ%Kf[XmˆXefj\cf^iXZfeZi\kXi\cgcXeeXZ`feXc
Xchl\j\_XZ\i\]\i\eZ`X#p\c[fZld\ekfZ`kX[fd}jhl\gifgfe\iZi`k\i`fj[\\mXclXZ`ej\Z\ekiX\e
le[`X^ejk`Zf[\ckiXYXaf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX%;\ZlXchl`\idXe\iX#Zfejk`klp\le`dgfikXek\
XmXeZ\\ecX[`jZlj`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj[\\mXclXZ`e#hl\j\i}`dgfikXek\i\kfdXi%
C8=8:LCK8;;<:@<E:@8JPC8<M8CL8:@äE
CX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf]l\]le[X[X\e(0*/p\jlef
[\ cfj Z\ekifj [\ ]fidXZ`e [\ Z`\ekˆÔZfj d}j `dgfikXek\ [\c gXˆj# X[\d}j [\ hl\ [\jXiifccX dlp
[`m\ijfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%8ccˆj\`dgXik\ecXjc`Z\eZ`XkliXj\eXZklXiˆX#Y`fcf^ˆX#Z`\eZ`Xj[\cX
ZfdglkXZ`e#Z`\eZ`XjXdY`\ekXc\j#[\jXiifccfjljk\ekXYc\[\qfeXjdXi`eXj#]ˆj`ZXpdXk\d}k`ZXj%<ejlj
XlcXjpcXYfiXkfi`fjj\]fidXegif]\jfi\j#`em\jk`^X[fi\jp#XkiXm„j[\cfjXŒfj#[\dXe\iXj\Zle[Xi`X#
kXdY`„e[`mlc^X[fi\j[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
8lehl\[\ekif[\cX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`XjcXkXi\X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXcXcc\mXeXZXYf[\#dXe\iX
\jgfi}[`ZXcfjgif]\jfi\jXkiXm„j[\c[`ZkX[f[\Zfe]\i\eZ`XjpcXglYc`ZXZ`e[\XikˆZlcfj#kXdY`„e_Xp
^ilgfj\jg\Z`Xc`qX[fjpXZX[„d`Zfj[\k`\dgfZfdgc\kf[\[`ZX[fjX\ccX%
CXjcXYfi\j[\[`mlc^XZ`ek`\e\ed}j[\*'XŒfj[\i\Xc`qXij\\ecX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj#pZfej`jk\e\e
Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj#\ogfj`Z`fe\j#]\i`Xj#afieX[XjZlckliXc\j#gifdfZ`e[\i\gfikXa\j#\eki\m`jkXj#\cXYfiXZ`e
[\gif^iXdXj[\iX[`fpk\c\m`j`e#glYc`ZXZ`e[\XikˆZlcfj#XjˆZfdfcXgif[lZZ`e[\Xl[`fm`jlXc\jp
ZfcXYfiXZ`e\ekXcc\i\j#j\d`eXi`fjpZlijfjgXiXg’Yc`ZfjXdgc`fj%Le\j]l\iqf`dgfikXek\#jfjk\e`[f
gfid}j[\),XŒfj\jcXglYc`ZXZ`e`e`ek\iildg`[X[\Ciencias#i\m`jkX[\ZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX%
<e\cXŒf)'')j\Zi\#\ecX=XZlckX[#cXJ\Zi\kXiˆX[\:fdle`ZXZ`ep;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`XZfdf
gXik\ [\ cX \jkilZkliX `ek\ieX# gXiX Zffi[`eXi kf[Xj cXj XZk`m`[X[\j p glYc`ZXZ`fe\j% 8ZklXcd\ek\#
cX J\Zi\kXiˆX \[`kX leX ^XZ\kX p fi^Xe`qX Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj# d\jXj i\[fe[Xj# i\le`fe\j# \ogfj`Z`fe\j#
gif^iXdXj[\k\c\m`j`epafieX[Xj[\ZfcXYfiXZ`eZfefkiXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj#le`m\ij`kXi`Xjp
^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j%GXik\[\cXj\eZfd`\e[Xj[\\jkXJ\Zi\kXiˆX\jd\afiXicX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j
[\[`mlc^XZ`ep[\cXjg\ijfeXj`emfclZiX[Xj\e\ccXj%CXJ\Zi\kXiˆX\ekfeZ\j#j\_X[X[fXcXkXi\X[\
XljZlckXiXjljd`\dYifj\eYljZX[\el\mXjgifgl\jkXj[\\mXclXZ`e%
;\j^iXZ`X[Xd\ek\\eXc^leXj}i\Xj`ek\ieXj[\cX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj#X’e\jgfj`Yc\g\iZ`Y`ileZ`\ikf
i\Z_XqfXZfej`[\iXicXZfdle`ZXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXZfdflekiXYXafXZX[„d`Zfpd\efjgi\Z`Xi#Xlehl\ef
j\_X^X\ogcˆZ`kXd\ek\#Xhl`\e\jj\[\[`ZXeX\ccf[\k`\dgfZfdgc\kf%GifYXYc\d\ek\gfi\jkXiXqe#
_Xej`[fgfZfjcfj\jkl[`Xek\jhl\[\Z`[\e_XZ\i\cj\im`Z`fjfZ`Xc#lekiXYXaf[\k\j`j\e\jkfjZXdgfj
fd\efjX’eXYljZXilegfj^iX[f\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#Xlehl\j\_XXmXeqX[fi\cXk`mXd\ek\
\ecXgif]\j`feXc`qXZ`e[\cfjXZX[„d`Zfj[\[`ZX[fjX\jkXjcXYfi\j%
G\ifhl`q}cfgi`d\ifhl\_XYiˆXhl\i\m`jXi\jcfhl\j\g`[\Xcfj[`mlc^X[fi\j#gXiXcl\^f\mXclXi
[\ dXe\iX i\Xc`jkX jl kiXYXaf% 8jˆ# Xc^lefj ^ilgfj Zfdf \c [\ ;`]lj`e# _Xe gifgl\jkf leX j\i`\ [\
c`e\Xd`\ekfjjfYi\cfjhl\[\Y\iˆXYXjXij\cX[`mlc^XZ`ehl\_XZ\cX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj%
GXiX\jk\^ilgf#cX[`mlc^XZ`e1
( ;\Y\iˆXg\id`k`iXcg’Yc`Zfk\e\ileXm`j`e`ek\^iX[X[\Zdfj\i\cXZ`feXcXZ`\eZ`XZfecfjgifYc\dXj
eXkliXc\jpjfZ`Xc\j%<jkXm`j`e[\Y\i}jli^`i[\cfj[`m\ijfjglekfj[\m`jkX[\cfjgif]\j`feXc\j\e
kf[XjcXjiXdXj[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf%
) ;\Y\iˆXgifm\\iXcg’Yc`Zf^\e\iXc[\`e]fidXZ`ejlÔZ`\ek\gXiXi\Xc`qXileXe}c`j`j[\leXj`klXZ`e#
efidXijlZi`k\i`f#fg`eXipXjˆXZfikXicX[`jkXeZ`XZfecfj\og\ikfj%
* ;\Y\iˆX gi\j\ekXi leX [\jZi`gZ`e [\c [\jXiifccf Z`\ekˆÔZf p k\Zefc^`Zf [\ekif [\ le Zfek\okf
jfZ`Xc%<jkX[\jZi`gZ`egl\[\`eZcl`i\c`dgXZkf[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXZlckliX[\cfj[`]\i\ek\j^ilgfj
hl\Zfe]fidXe\cgXˆj%
(**
+ ;\Y\iˆX gi\j\ekXi le Xe}c`j`j Ziˆk`Zf XZ\iZX [\ cXj `dgc`ZXZ`fe\j „k`ZXj# gfcˆk`ZXj p jfZ`Xc\j [\ cXj
el\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj%
, ;\Y\iˆXZfeki`Yl`iZfe\c\d\ekfjZfeZ\gklXc\jY}j`Zfj\ecX\[lZXZ`e[\cfjam\e\j#Zfdf\j\c
ZXjf[\cXjk\fiˆXj\mfclk`mXj#fi`^\e[\cXm`[X#Zfjdfcf^ˆX#\kZ%
- ;\Y\iˆXi\]fiqXicX`dX^\e[\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjZfdfXZkfi\jjfZ`Xc\jp[\cfjZfdle`ZX[fi\j [\ cX
Z`\eZ`XZfdf\c\d\ekfj`dgfikXek\j\ecXm`[XZlckliXc[\cgXˆj%
8gXik`i[\\jkXZXiXZk\i`qXZ`e^\e\iXc#pj`\dgi\gXik`\e[f[\cfjfYa\k`mfjgXik`ZlcXi\j[\ZX[Xk`gf
[\XZk`m`[X[#gf[iˆXe\d`k`ij\Zi`k\i`fjd}jZcXifjXcX_fiX[\\mXclXicXZfek`el`[X[[\cfjgifp\Zkfj#
jlji\jlckX[fjpXcXjg\ijfeXj%
Ef \j ]}Z`c d\[`i cX \]`ZXZ`X [\c kiXYXaf [\ [`mlc^XZ`e# pX hl\ cfj `dgXZkfj [\ \ccf jcf gl\[\e
\jk`dXij\#pgfi\ccfcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXd`jdX\ecX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xjk`\e\#Xg\jXi[\jld\afiX#
dlZ_fjXjg\ZkfjjlYa\k`mfj%G\ifXc`^lXchl\fkifjj`jk\dXj#cfj_XjkXX_fiXljX[fjk`\e\ehl\m\iZfe
e’d\ifpZXc`[X[\`dgXZkfd\[`[f\e]fidX`e[`i\ZkX %
CXXj`^eXZ`eZXk\^fiˆXj[\cg\ijfeXc\jk}#Xc`^lXchl\\ecX`em\jk`^XZ`epcX[fZ\eZ`X#\edXefj[\cXj
Zfd`j`fe\j[`ZkXd`eX[fiXj%CfjXgfpfjgi\jlgl\jkXc\jgXjXegfiZfd`k„jad hoc%8jˆhl\j\_X_\Z_f
le \j]l\iqf gfihl\ leX \mXclXZ`e X[\ZlX[X k\e^X Zi`k\i`fj ^\e\iXc\j# p Zl\ek\ Zfe cX XgfikXZ`e
[\ cfj [`mlc^X[fi\j gXiX YljZXi \cXYfiXi leX kXYcX [\kXccX[X [\ XZk`m`[X[\j p cXj ]fidXj [\ [Xic\j
ÈglekXa\jÉ%
<e ZlXekf X XZk`m`[X[\j p glYc`ZXZ`fe\j j\ d`[\e e’d\if# \a\dgcXi\j# c\Zkfi\j p ZfdgiX[fi\j [\
glYc`ZXZ`fe\j#XjˆZfdfcXjg}^`eXjgif[lZ`[Xjp\ck`iXa\2cfjZfd\ekXi`fj[\fp\ek\j[\gif^iXdXjf
Z}gjlcXj[\iX[`f2\ce’d\if[\k\c\m`[\ek\j#cfjXj`jk\ek\jXZfe]\i\eZ`Xjp\ogfj`Z`fe\j2\ce’d\if
[\d\[`fjhl\ZlYi`\ifeleXefk`Z`Xp\c\jgXZ`fhl\c\[\[`ZXife%
:fei\jg\ZkfXcXZXc`[X[#j\gl\[\_XZ\ii\]\i\eZ`XXcX`ek\^iXZ`e[\Zfd`k„jfi^Xe`qX[fi\j#XcXj
`ejk`klZ`fe\jhl\gXkifZ`eXepi\jgXc[Xe#XcfjgifZ\jfj[\i\m`j`e`dglcjX[fjgfiZfd`k„j\[`kfi`Xc\j#
XcX[`m\ij`[X[[\Xlkfi\jfZfe]\i\eZ`jkXjpXcXg\ik\e\eZ`X[\cXji\m`jkXjXˆe[`Z\j%
P\eZlXekfXc`dgXZkf#hl`q}cX’e`ZXdXe\iXhl\j\_XljX[fgXiX\mXclXi\jXkiXm„j[\\eZl\jkXj%
8Zfek`elXZ`e[Xi„leXYi\m\[\jZi`gZ`e[\Zdfj\\mXc’XeXZklXcd\ek\cXj[`jk`ekXjXZk`m`[X[\j%
:fe]\i\eZ`Xjp\ogfj`Z`fe\j
GXiXd\[`icXZXc`[X[p\ÔZXZ`X[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\jpZfe]\i\eZ`XjcfjgXi}d\kifjlk`c`qX[fj_Xej`[f
\cZfek\f[\ce’d\if[\Xj`jk\ek\jp\eXc^lefjZXjfjcfjZfd\ekXi`fji\^`jkiX[fjXcXjXc`[X\eXc^’e
ZlX[\iefgi\gXiX[fgXiX\ccf#XjˆZfdfi\j\ŒXj\ecX^XZ\kX`ek\ieX%FkiXdXe\iX[\d\[`icXXZ\gkXZ`e
[\cXjZfe]\i\eZ`Xj#\jhl\„jkXjj\kiXYXa\egXiXgif[lZ`iXikˆZlcfjhl\j\`eZclp\e\ecX^XZ\kXcfZXcf
\ecXi\m`jkX[\cX=XZlckX[%GXiXcXjZfd`j`fe\j\mXclX[fiXj#cXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\\jkXjXZk`m`[X[\jk`\e\
leg\jfgXik`ZlcXi%
D\[`fjdXj`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
(*+
<eZlXekfXcX[`]lj`e[\chl\_XZ\ipcfjgifp\Zkfj[\cg\ijfeXc[\cX=XZlckX[#j\_Xcf^iX[f[Xic\j
mfqpgi\j\eZ`X\ecXgi\ejX[\dXe\iXd}jfd\efjZfek`elX%<cXZZ\jfXcfjd\[`fj\ji\cXk`mXd\ek\
c`d`kX[f#j`e\dYXi^f\jkX\jleXcXYfihl\cc\mXXZXYflef[\cfj^ilgfj[\[`mlc^X[fi\j#pj\dXek`\e\
g\idXe\ek\d\ek\#Xlehl\j\[\g\e[\[\c`ek\i„j[\cfjg\i`[`Zfj%8jˆ#Xc^lefjXZX[„d`Zfj`eZclp\e\e
jl`e]fid\\jk\k`\dgf`em\ik`[f#fkifjgi\Ô\i\efd`k`icf%
CX =XZlckX[ gXik`Z`g Zffi[`eX[Xd\ek\ Zfe fkiXj [\g\e[\eZ`Xj le`m\ij`kXi`Xj \e cX gcXe\XZ`e p
gif[lZZ`e [\ le gif^iXdX [\ iX[`f [liXek\ ki\j XŒfj# \e \c hl\ cfj XZX[„d`Zfj [\ cX [`mlc^XZ`e
jl^\iˆXe k\dXj# `em`kX[fj# Z}gjlcXj p gi\^lekXj gXiX cfj \eki\m`jkX[fj% Cfj i\jlckX[fj ]l\ife dlp
gfj`k`mfj\ek„id`efj[\cfjZfd\ekXi`fji\Z`Y`[fj\em`mfp[\cXji\j\ŒXjXgXi\Z`[Xj\ed\[`fj[\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e%G\if\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\\mXclXZ`e#d}jXcc}[\i\^`jkiXij\\ce’d\if[\gif^iXdXjef
_lYffkiXjdXe\iXj[\i\gfikXijlZXc`[X[%
<eZlXekfXk\c\m`j`e#\eki\ale`fpalc`f[\)''.j\_`Z`\ife#gfigi`d\iXm\q#leXj\i`\[\gif^iXdXj
hl\cc\mXifegfikˆklcfÈ9XafcXjfdYiX[\Gifd\k\f#Zfem\ijXZ`fe\jjfYi\Z`\eZ`XÉ#\ehl\cXgifgl\jkX#
\c^l`epcXZfe[lZZ`ej\_`Z`\ifegfigXik\[\cX=XZlckX[%J\kiXkX[\Zfem\ijXZ`fe\j#[\leX_fiX#Zfe
`em\jk`^X[fi\jpgif]\jfi\jjfYi\[`m\ijfjk\dXj[\Z`\eZ`X#gi\j\ekX[fjj\dXeXcd\ek\\ek\c\m`j`e
XY`\ikX%J\ZXcZlcXhl\Xci\[\[fi[\(''d`cg\ijfeXjm\ˆXe\cgif^iXdXj\dXeXcd\ek\#Xlehl\cX’e`ZX
d\[`Z`e[`i\ZkX[\Xl[`\eZ`Xj\gl[fi\^`jkiXigficXjccXdX[Xjk\c\]e`ZXjpcXjfc`Z`kl[[\i\^Xcfjhl\
j\f]i\Z`\ife%
<e\cZXjf[\cXj\eki\m`jkXj[\iX[`fpk\c\m`j`e#\j[`]ˆZ`cd\[`i\c`dgXZkf#\oZ\gkfZlXe[fj\i\Z`Y\e
ccXdX[Xjk\c\]e`ZXjfj\^\e\iXe#[\jgl„j#ZfejlckXj[`i\ZkXjXcfj\eki\m`jkX[fj%
GlYc`ZXZ`fe\j
8ikˆZlcfj% 8]fikleX[Xd\ek\# \e cX ’ck`dX [„ZX[X j\ _X [X[f le ^`if `dgfikXek\ X cX m`j`e [\ cfj
XZX[„d`ZfjjfYi\cX\cXYfiXZ`e[\XikˆZlcfj[\[`mlc^XZ`e%>iXZ`XjX\jkfpXcXdf[`ÔZXZ`e[\cfj
j`jk\dXj[\\mXclXZ`e`ek\iefjp\ok\iefjhl\_Xe[X[fledXpfig\jfX\jk\kiXYXaf#cfjXZX[„d`Zfj
_Xe`[fZfem\eZ`„e[fj\[\hl\cfjXikˆZlcfj\ei\m`jkXj[\[`mlc^XZ`ejfedlp`dgfikXek\j%
C`Yifj%J\_Xe\jZi`kfgfZfjc`Yifj[\[`mlc^XZ`e\ecX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj#pXhl\dlZ_fjgif]\jfi\j
k`\e\eZ\ekiX[fjl`ek\i„j\ecfjk\okfj[\XgfpfXZlijfjZlii`ZlcXi\j%8’eXjˆk\e\dfj[fj\a\dgcfj[\
\oZ\c\ek\jc`Yifj[\[`mlc^XZ`e#$lef[\\ccfjZfe]fidXkf[\efm\cX$#hl\_Xej`[fdlp\o`kfjfjpjlj
k`iXa\jj\_XeX^fkX[f\emXi`XjfZXj`fe\j%
EfkXjgXiXg\i`[`Zfjp\eki\m`jkXj%?XpXZklXcd\ek\leXi\j\ŒX#\cXYfiX[XgficX[`i\ZZ`e[\cX
=XZlckX[#\ecXhl\j\alekXecXjefkXjpefk`Z`Xj[\cfj[`Xi`fjpg\i`[`Zfj[fe[\j\_Xd\eZ`feX[fX
cX=XZlckX[#\ei\cXZ`eZfe\ckiXYXaf[\`em\jk`^XZ`ep[fZ\eZ`Xhl\_XZ\ecfjgif]\jfi\j%<jg\iXdfj
hl\\jkXcXYfii\]l\iZ\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\XZX[„d`Zfj\e`ek\iXZZ`eZfecfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#
g\ifX[\d}j_Xphl\`ej`jk`iXek\cXjZfd`j`fe\j[`ZkXd`eX[fiXj\ekfdXi\eZl\ekX\jk\\j]l\iqf#hl\
Xlehl\gXi\Z\g\hl\Œf#^\e\iXcd\ek\i\hl`\i\Yl\eX[`jgfj`Z`e\`em\ij`e[\k`\dgf%
I\m`jkXj%;liXek\XŒfj_X_XY`[fgifgl\jkXj[\[`jk`ekfjj\Zkfi\jgXiXhl\cXji\m`jkXjXZX[„d`ZXj\e
^\e\iXc\eD„o`Zf#`eZcl`[XjcXj[\[`mlc^XZ`e#k\e^XeleXd\afimXcfiXZ`e\eZX[XZ\ekif[\kiXYXafp
Xe`m\ceXZ`feXc%<e\jkXkXi\X#cfj\[`kfi\jpcXjZfdle`[X[\j[\XZX[„d`Zfjhl\]fidXeXcXji\m`jkXj#
kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\_Xej`[fkfdX[fjZfdfjla\kfjgXj`mfj\ecX\cXYfiXZ`e[\gifgl\jkXjpgfcˆk`ZXj%
PXlehl\cf]le[Xd\ekXc\j\ci\jgXc[f[\jljZfdle`[X[\j#[\cfjXlkfi\jp[\cfjc\Zkfi\j#ledXpfi
i\ZfefZ`d`\ekfgficfjfi^Xe`jdfjcfZXc\jle`m\ij`kXi`fj#XjˆZfdfcfjeXZ`feXc\j[\\mXclXZ`e[\Z`\eZ`X
g\id`k`iˆXXcXji\m`jkXjk\e\ilee’d\ifdXpfi[\Xlkfi\jpd\afi\jZfe[`Z`fe\j[\ÔeXeZ`Xd`\ekf%<e
cX=XZlckX[#„jk\_Xj`[f\cZXjf[\cXi\m`jkXCiencias%Cfjd`\dYifj[\c\hl`gf\[`kfi`Xc_XZ\ejlgifg`X
\mXclXZ`e[`i\ZkXgfim\ekXj#jljZi`gZ`fe\jpjfc`Z`kl[[\i\gif[lZZ`e[\k\okfj\efkifjd\[`fj%LeX
d\[`[X[`i\ZkX\c`dgXZkf[\cXi\m`jkX\jcXi\Xc`qX[Xgfi[fj[\cXjdlpXdgc`XjYXj\j[\[Xkfj\ehl\
\jk}`eZcl`[X#hl\jfeCXk`e[\opI\[XcpZ#hl\ZlYi\ekf[XcXi\^`ecXk`efXd\i`ZXeX#\c:Xi`Y\#
(*,
<jgXŒXpGfikl^Xc%8dYfjˆe[`Z\jdXe\aXe\jkX[ˆjk`ZXj[\cXZfejlckXXcfjXikˆZlcfj#hl\i\gi\j\ekXeleX
\mXclXZ`edlp[\kXccX[X%
Cfj\[`kfi\j[\Ciencias_Xegifgl\jkfleXj\i`\[\ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj^\e\iXc\j#hl\gl\[\e\ok\e[\ij\X
fkiXji\m`jkXj[\[`mlc^XZ`e\e\cgXˆjphl\j\iˆXegXik\[\jl\mXclXZ`eZfdfgifp\Zkf1
X Le Zfd`k„ \[`kfi`Xc ]fidX[f gfi Z`\ekˆÔZfj [\ [`m\ijXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j p Zfe i\ZfefZ`[f gi\jk`^`f#
g\ifjfYi\kf[fgi\fZlgX[fjgfi\ckiXYXaf[\[`mlc^XZ`efdlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi`f%
Y GifZ\jfj [\ XiY`kiXa\ hl\ gXikXe [\ jlj fYa\k`mfj gXik`ZlcXi\j# p Zi`k\i`f Xdgc`f gXiX [Xi XZZ\jf
X \jkl[`Xek\j [\ gfj^iX[f# `em\jk`^X[fi\j# gif]\jfi\j f \jZi`kfi\j Zfe k\okfj [\ dlp [`jk`ekX
ˆe[fc\# g\if j`\dgi\ Zfe c`e\Xd`\ekfj [\ j\i`\[X[# i\m`j`e [\ c`k\iXkliX p Zfeki`YlZ`e Xc d\afi
\ek\e[`d`\ekf[\lek\dX%
Z JfYi\cXfi`^`eXc`[X[[\cfjk\okfj#p[\ekif[\jlg\iÔc#leXi\m`jkX[\[`mlc^XZ`efdlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi`X
k\e[iˆXhl\YljZXi`eZcl`ileXckfgfiZ\ekXa\[\k\okfjfi`^`eXc\j%
[ Gi`fi`[X[gXiXgifdfm\ip[XiXZfefZ\i\ckiXYXafi\Xc`qX[fgfiZ`\ekˆÔZfjd\o`ZXefj#j`e [\aXi#
gfijlgl\jkf#[\glYc`ZXiXikˆZlcfj[\fkifjgXˆj\j%Gfi\a\dgcf#gifp\ZkXi\ckiXYXaf[\jkXZX[f[\
cX \jZl\cX [\ Xjkiefdfj d\o`ZXefj# cX [\ cfj \kefY`cf^fj f cfj Yfk}e`Zfj# jcf gfi d\eZ`feXi
Xc^lefjk\dXj%
\ GXik`Z`gXZ`e[\Xlkfi\j[\dlp[`m\ijfj}dY`kfj\`ejk`klZ`fe\j%
] LeX Xdgc`X [`jki`YlZ`e hl\ ^XiXek`Z\# [\ekif [\ cf gfj`Yc\# \c cc\^Xi X cX dXpfi ZXek`[X[ [\
c\Zkfi\j#YljZXe[f\jkXig\idXe\ek\d\ek\gi\j\ek\jXkiXm„j[\c`Yi\iˆXj#Z\ekifj[\[`jki`YlZ`e
pjljZi`gZ`fe\j%
^ >XiXek`qXiZXc`[X[\e[`j\Œf\`cljkiXZ`egXiX_XZ\iZi\Z\i\cg’Yc`Zf[\cXi\m`jkX%
_ PÔeXcd\ek\#cXZfek`el`[X[[\cXglYc`ZXZ`eZfeleXg\i`f[`Z`[X[dXiZX[X%
8\jkfjZi`k\i`fj#gf[iˆXjldXij\\c[\cfkfi^Xd`\ekf[\gi\d`fjgfialiX[fj\ok\iefjXcX`ejk`klZ`e%
G\ijfeXc
8cg\ijfeXcXZX[„d`Zf[\cX=XZlckX[j\c\\mXc’XZX[XXŒf#XkiXm„j[\le`e]fid\hl\#\e^\e\iXc#Zfej`jk\
\elec`jkX[f[\XZk`m`[X[\j%8[\d}j#_XpleGif^iXdX[\Gi`dXjXc;\j\dg\Œf[\cG\ijfeXc8ZX[„d`Zf[\
:Xii\iX#hl\\jk}fi`\ekX[fX]fikXc\Z\icXjkXi\XjjljkXek`mXj[\cXLE8D1cX[fZ\eZ`X#cX`em\jk`^XZ`epcX
[`]lj`e#gXiXi\ZfefZ\iXcfjXZX[„d`ZfjpXj`^eXic\jleZfdgc\d\ekfjXcXi`Xc%Cfj`e]fid\jgXiXXj`^eXi
\jkXjgi`dXjjfei\m`jX[fjgfi:fd`j`fe\j;`ZkXd`eX[fiXj%J`e\dYXi^f#ef\jk}kfkXcd\ek\ZcXifZdfj\
Xgc`ZXegXi}d\kifj^\e\iXc\jpdlZ_Xjm\Z\jhl\[X\edXefj[\ZX[XZfd`j`ecXZXk\^fiˆXhl\j\Xj`^eX
XcXZX[„d`Zf%8lehl\cX\mXclXZ`eeld„i`ZX\jcXd}jXZfjkldYiX[Xef_XpleXXYjfclkXkiXejgXi\eZ`X\e
jlgifZ\jXd`\ekf#Xlehl\ZXY\[\jkXZXihl\ZX[XXŒfj\[Xed\afi\jZXk\^fiˆXjXcfj[`mlc^X[fi\j%
Cfjj`jk\dXj[\\mXclXZ`e[\XZX[„d`Zfjhl\gXiZ`Xcd\ek\_XZ\e[`mlc^XZ`e#XjˆZfdf[\hl`\e\jj\
[\[`ZXe[\k`\dgfZfdgc\kfX[`Z_fkiXYXafjfe[`jgXi\j#pgfi\ccf_Xpkf[XmˆXgif]\jfi\jhl\g`\ejXe
hl\gXik`Z`gXi\ecXYfi\j[\[`mlc^XZ`ek`\e\lecl^Xij\Zle[Xi`f\ejljkXi\Xj#p\jd\afiefi\gfikXicXj
gXiXefj\i\jk`^dXk`qX[fj%
(*-
?Xphl\i\jXckXihl\cXdXpfiˆX[\cfjXZX[„d`Zfj[\[`ZX[fj[\k`\dgfZfdgc\kfXcX[`mlc^XZ`ej\_X
\j]fiqX[fgfiXZklXc`qXij\XkiXm„j[\Zlijfj#k\id`eXigfj^iX[fjpi\ÔeXijlkiXYXafXkiXm„j[\cX[`jZlj`ep
cX`em\jk`^XZ`e#gi\j\ekXe[f\jkXj[`jZlj`fe\j\e]fifjeXZ`feXc\j\`ek\ieXZ`feXc\j#p\jfc\j_Xg\id`k`[f
^XeXiledXpfii\jg\kf[\jljZfdgXŒ\ifjgif]\jfi\j\jg\Z`Xc`qX[fj\e[fZ\eZ`X\`em\jk`^XZ`e%
:FEJ@;<I8:@FE<J=@E8C<J
MXcfiXiX[\ZlX[Xd\ek\\ckiXYXaf[\[`mlc^XZ`e\ecX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj#j\ml\cm\leXkXi\X]le[Xd\ekXc
gXiXd\afiXi\`eefmXiZfek`elXd\ek\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j#X[\d}j[\cX]fidXZ`e[\gif]\j`feXc\j%GXiXhl\
cXjg\ijfeXjg\iZ`YXehl\cX\mXclXZ`emX\eZXd`ef[\j\id}jaljkXpcfjgifZ\[`d`\ekfjgXiXcc\mXicX
XZXYfjfekiXejgXi\ek\j#j\[\Y\i}YljZXihl\j\Xi\Xc`qX[XgfiXZX[„d`ZfjZfe`ek\i„j\e\jk\ZXdgf
pZfeleXjc`[XgXik`Z`gXZ`e\egifZ\jfj[\\mXclXZ`egfigXi\j#kfdXe[f\eZl\ekX\cglekf[\m`jkX
[\cfjgifg`fj[`mlc^X[fi\j%
J\ gf[iˆX cc\^Xi Xjˆ X le j`jk\dX d}j \hl`c`YiX[f [fe[\ cX mfq [\ cfj [`mlc^X[fi\j k\e^X le dXpfi
g\jf#cfhl\gl\[\[XigXjfXleXgifgl\jkX[\ÈkXYlcX[fiÉ#hl\i\^`jki\[\dXe\iXgleklXckf[XjcXj
XZk`m`[X[\j%
<je\Z\jXi`fXZfkXileglekf`dgfikXek\gXiXÔeXc`qXi1Zfe]i\Zl\eZ`Xj\Xi^ld\ekXhl\j\i\hl`\i\e
d}j i\Zlijfj dXk\i`Xc\j p _ldXefj gXiX cc\mXi X ZXYf kXi\Xj [\ [`mlc^XZ`e2 \jkf \j m}c`[f# j`e
\dYXi^f#kXcZfdfjlZ\[\\efkifjZXdgfj[\kiXYXafXZX[„d`Zf#k\e\id}jefj`^e`ÔZX_XZ\icfd\afi%
@e[l[XYc\d\ek\j`\dgi\j\i}Yl\efZfekXiZfedXpfigi\jlgl\jkfpg\ijfeXc#g\ifX[d`e`jkiXi\jkfj
i\Zlijfj[\dXe\iX\ÔZ`\ek\[\Y\i}\dg\qXiXk\e\ilegXg\cgi`dfi[`Xc#pXccˆcX\mXclXZ`eal\^Xle
gXg\cdlp`dgfikXek\%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
8cmXiX[fI%\kXc%)''( 1La evaluación de la investigación en ciencias sociales,D„o`Zf;=#J\i`\MXi`X#El\mX
ygfZX#@ejk`klkf[\>\f^iX]ˆX#LE8D#* #gg%0$+(%
;\ cX G\ŒX# A%8% )'', 1 CX g\iZ\gZ`e g’Yc`ZX [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e D„o`Zf# Ciencias, ./# XYi`c$ale`f # gg%
*($*-%
CfiˆX# <% )''( 1 LeX \mXclXZ`e [\c j`jk\dX [\ \mXclXZ`e [\ cXj i\m`jkXj XZX[„d`ZXj d\o`ZXeXj# <e1
CfiˆX#<%Zfdg`cX[fi 1Viejos y nuevos dilemas de las revistas académicas mexicanas#Le`m\ij`[X[8lkefdX
[\c<jkX[f[\D„o`Zf#gg%*,$,(%
DX^XŒX# G% )'') 1 La evaluación de la revistas de divulgación# \e1 Kfe[X# A%# 8%D% J}eZ_\q p E% :_}m\q
Zffi[`eX[fi\j 1Antología de la divulgación de la ciencia en México#LE8D#gg%)*/$)++%
DX^XŒXG%p:%:Xii`ccf)'') 1CX\mXclXZ`e#leZl\ccf[\Yfk\ccX\ecX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#Ciencia
ergo sum, I\m`jkX:`\ekˆÔZXDlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi`X[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[8lkefdX[\c<jkX[f[\D„o`Zf#dXiqf$
ale`f#0#( #gg%('.$(((%
J<G$:feXZpk#8DD::pK)'') 1Evaluación de la Divulgación Científica y Tecnológica en México para elaborar
una propuesta de un Plan Nacional para su Desarrollo (Primera fase)# \cXYfiX[f gfi 8eXcˆk`ZX :fejlckfi\j
8jfZ`X[fj J:% ;`jgfe`Yc\ \e1 _kkg1&&nnn%jfd\[`Zpk%fi^%do1/'/'&Gcfe\&le$Z\ekif$i\Zkfi$[\c$
ZfefZ`d`\ekf&8eXc`j`j;`mlc^XZ`fe%[fZ
G}^`eXj\c\Zkie`ZXjl^\i`[XjgXiXZfejlckX
_kkg1&&nnn%ZfeXZpk%do
_kkg1&&i\[XcpZ%lX\d\o%do
_kkg1&&nnn%cXk`e[\o%leXd%do&
(*.
G8KI@:@8D8>8z8IL<;8
(*/
9`cf^XpDX\jkiX\e:`\eZ`Xj%;\[`ZX[XXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\j[\(0/+%
J\Zi\kXiˆX[\:fdle`ZXZ`ep;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X%
;`i\ZkfiX[\cXi\m`jkX:`\eZ`Xj
=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf
'+,('D„o`Zf#;=D„o`Zf%
K\c„]fef,) ,-*(.,(+
gdi(7]Z`\eZ`Xj%leXd%do
^XZ\kX7]Z`\eZ`Xj%leXd%do
Las nuevas tecnologías y la
comunicación de la ciencia:
su evaluación
Alc`XKX^•\ŒXpIfY\ikfLi`Y\
I<JLD<E
CXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjpcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\jlek\dXhl\gl\[\\e]fZXij\[\j[\ki\j[`]\i\ek\jglekfj[\m`jkX%
<cgi`d\if#\cd}jfYm`f#\jZdfel\jkiXjXZk`m`[X[\jefidXc\jj\m\eX]\ZkX[Xjgfi\cljf[\el\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj%CX\efid\
]XZ`c`[X[[\ljXigifZ\jX[fi\j[\gXcXYiXj\ecl^Xi[\d}hl`eXj[\\jZi`Y`i#XglekX[fi\jc}j\i\ecl^Xi[\cfj`eZfdf[ˆj`dfj
[\dX[\iX#ZXŒfe\jgXiXdfjkiXi`d}^\e\j\ecl^Xi[\XZ\kXkfj%<jkXc`jkXgf[iˆXj\i\efid\#g\ife`e^lef[\\jkfj\a\dgcfj
ZXdY`Xi\Xcd\ek\cX]fidXkiX[`Z`feXc[\Zfdle`ZXicXZ`\eZ`X%
<cj\^le[fglekf[\m`jkXj\i\Ô\i\XcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj#ZfdfgXik\[\cXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXhl\kf[X
jfZ`\[X[e\Z\j`kX%8jˆ#j`efXgi\e[\dfjhl„\jleGf[ZXjk#hl\efjg\id`k\ZfdgXik`iXiZ_`mfj[\Xl[`ffm`[\fm`[\fZXjk #
fefefji\jlckXe]Xd`c`Xi\jZfeZ\gkfjZfdfcXY`fk\Zefcf^ˆX#cXZcfeXZ`e#cfjkiXej^„e`Zfj#cXeXefk\Zefcf^ˆX#\jkXdfj]l\iX
[\cX[`jZlj`ejfZ`Xc[\jljXgc`ZXZ`fe\j%
<c k\iZ\i \e]fhl\# ZlpX \mXclXZ`e gi\j\ekXi\dfj Xhlˆ# j\ i\Ô\i\ X gifgl\jkXj el\mXj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X#
Zfej\Zl\eZ`X[`i\ZkX[\cXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\[\`e]fid}k`ZXpk\c\Zfdle`ZXZ`fe\j#phl\efgf[iˆXe\o`jk`i
j`e\ccXj%;\j[\cl\^f#cXgi`eZ`gXc`eefmXZ`e#hl\\j[\_\Z_fleel\mfd\[`f[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#\j@ek\ie\kp
[Xi\dfjmXi`fj\a\dgcfj[\jlXgc`ZXZ`e\`dgXZkf\ecXZfdgi\ej`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
El\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj#\jgXZ`fm`iklXc#`ek\ie\k#i\[[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf#K@:#n\Y#n\YYcf^#n`b`#]fif#ijj#gf[ZXjk
@EKIF;L::@äE
(+'
CXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjj`e[l[X_XeZXdY`X[fel\jkiXjm`[Xj%CXZfdle`ZXZ`e\ecXjjfZ`\[X[\j[\cj`^cf
OO@#Xle\ecl^Xi\jdlpc\aXefjpX`jcX[fj#[\g\e[\[\ZfdglkX[fiXj#Xek\eXjpi\[\j%>iXZ`XjXcZfii\f
\c\Zkie`Zf#\jZi`Y`iZXikXj\egXg\cj\_Xml\ckfZX[Xm\qd\efjljlXc%<e\cZXdgf[\cX\ej\ŒXeqX_Xp
le^iXe`dgXZkf1gfi\a\dgcfdlZ_Xj\jZl\cXj\eD„o`Zfk`\e\eZfdglkX[fiXjpgXhl\k\j\[lZXk`mfj[\
dlck`d\[`X%<jk\gXjf\[lZXk`mf\j]le[Xd\ekXcgXiXhl\cXjfZ`\[X[\jk„k\Zefc^`ZXd\ek\Xc]XY\k`qX[X
pgl\[Xk\e\iXZZ\jfXcljf[\cXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj[\`e]fidXZ`epZfdle`ZXZ`e%?fp\e[ˆX#XlecXj
Zfe]\i\eZ`Xjd}jdf[\jkXjj\XZfdgXŒXe[\leXgi\j\ekXZ`e\eleXZfdglkX[fiXp\[`kXik\okfj[\
Yl\eXjg\Zkfj\gl\[\_XZ\iZfe]XZ`c`[X[%J\gf[iˆXe[XidlZ_fjd}j\a\dgcfj#j`e\dYXi^fXhlˆjcf
efji\]\i`i\dfjXc`dgXZkf[\cX`e]fid}k`ZXp[\`ek\ie\kgXiX`eefmXicXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
Gfi\a\dgcf#\cgi`d\idlj\f[\Z`\eZ`Xjhl\klmfleXg}^`eX\ecXi\[\e>iXe9i\kXŒX]l\\cDlj\f
[\?`jkfi`XEXkliXc[\Cfe[i\j%?fpjlj`k`fn\Yi\Z`Y\*.'''''m`j`kXek\j\ecˆe\XXcXŒf#d`\ekiXj
\cgifg`fdlj\fi\Z`Y\*''''''[\g\ijfeXjE\nj#<:J@K<#)''- %yjkX\jleX\jkX[ˆjk`ZXljlXcgXiX
dlZ_fjdlj\fj1d}jm`j`kXek\j\e\c\jgXZ`fm`iklXchl\\e\ci\Xc%<elegi`eZ`g`f#cXi\[pjljg}^`eXj
\iXegXiXcfjdlj\fjZfdfleX\ok\ej`e[\jlj]fcc\kfj%G\if\jfpXef\jXjˆ#cXjg}^`eXj_XeX[hl`i`[f
leXg\ijfeXc`[X[gifg`X%<ci\kf\jefm\iX\jkfj[fjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#\cm`iklXcp\c]ˆj`Zf#
Zfdf \j]l\iqfj [`]\i\ek\j# j`ef `ek\^iXicfj \e le jfcf gifp\Zkf hl\ \ok`\e[X cX m`j`kX d}j Xcc} [\c
k`\dgfi\Xc[\ekif[\cdlj\f%8ZklXcd\ek\\e\cdle[f[\cfjdlj\fj\jk}ek\e`\e[fle^iXe`dgXZkf
cXj\o_`Y`Z`fe\j[\i\Xc`[X[m`iklXcpcXj`d}^\e\jki`[`d\ej`feXc\j;`d\ej`fej#8JK:#)''. #g\ifef
[`jZlk`i\dfjXhlˆcX\mXclXZ`e[\\jkfjXjg\Zkfj[\cXk\Zefcf^ˆX[`^`kXc\ecX\og\i`\eZ`X[\cm`j`kXek\
[\ekif[\cdlj\f%J`e[l[X[\ekif[\cfjdlj\fjcXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj[\cX`e]fidXZ`eefjcfXgifo`dXe
Xcm`j`kXek\XcZfefZ`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZfpXjljXgc`ZXZ`fe\jk\Zefc^`ZXj#j`efhl\gfe\eXcXjel\mXj
k\Zefcf^ˆXj\edXefj[\lej\Zkfi[\cXgfYcXZ`ehl\gf[iˆX\jkXi\oZcl`[f[\\ccXj>feq}c\q#)''. %
MXc\cXg\eX_XZ\icXi\Õ\o`ehl\ZlXe[fj\kiXejd`k\`e]fidXZ`egficXi\[j\ljXXc^’ejf]knXi\hl\
]l\[\jXiifccX[fgXiX\jk\gifZ\jf%<c[\jXiifccfp\cljfhl\cXjfZ`\[X[c\[\X\jk\Xik\]XZkfZi\X[f
\ecXi\[[\Y\iˆX[\`ej\ikXij\\eledXiZfk\i`Zfhl\XeXc`Z\\cZfeZ\gkf[\k\Zefcf^ˆX#[\cXgifg`X
i\[p[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`eXkiXm„j[\\ccX%<cZfek\e`[fj\gl\[\\ei`hl\Z\iZfe\jkl[`fj[\j\d}ek`ZX
pgfi\cZfeZ\gkf[\Èi\[[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfÉ%<jkfj\jkl[`fj\jk}eXg\eXj\dg\qXe[fXi\Xc`qXij\pgfZf
jXY\dfj[\ZdfZXdY`XecXjg\ijfeXjpcXjjfZ`\[X[\jXc`ek\iXZZ`feXiZfecXk\Zefcf^ˆX%KXdY`„e
j\iˆX[\j\XYc\d\afiXicXZlckliXk\Zefc^`ZX[\cfjljlXi`fj[\cXi\[p[\cXjZfdglkX[fiXj#gXiXk\e\i
Z`l[X[Xefjd}jZfejZ`\ek\j[\cXj`dgc`ZXZ`fe\j[\cXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj%
<eD„o`Zf#\jjcfXd\[`X[fj[\cX[„ZX[X[\cfjXŒfjefm\ekXhl\Zi\Z`\efid\d\ek\\c@ek\ie\k
p \c [\jXiifccf dlck`d\[`X# X[\d}j m`ef XZfdgXŒX[f [\ le XYXiXkXd`\ekf i\cXk`mf \e cX k\Zefcf^ˆX
`e]fid}k`ZX% Gfi jlgl\jkf hl\ j\ gi\m\ˆX hl\ cX `eZfigfiXZ`e [\ \jkXj el\mXj k\Zefcf^ˆXj ZXdY`Xi}
cX\[lZXZ`epcXZfdle`ZXZ`e\ekf[fjcfje`m\c\j%<jkXdfjpXXjlÔZ`\ek\[`jkXeZ`XgXiXi\Õ\o`feXi
jfYi\ jl `dgXZkf% J`e \dYXi^f# Xlehl\ pX _X _XY`[f [`X^ejk`Zfj \e \c ZXdgf \[lZXk`mf Ki\m`Œf#
)''- #efj\Zl\ekXZfekiXYXafj\hl`mXc\ek\j\e\c}i\X[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%<e\cd\eZ`feX[f
\jkl[`f \[lZXk`mf j\ XeXc`qX Zdf cXj K@: k\Zefcf^ˆXj [\ `e]fidXZ`e p Zfdle`ZXZ`e gifg`Z`Xe
el\mXjgi}Zk`ZXjp]fidXj[\Zfe[lZ`igifZ\jfj[\\ej\ŒXeqXpXgi\e[`qXa\%Jl`dgXZkfj\Xgi\Z`X\e\c
Zi\Z`\ek\e’d\if[\j`k`fj[\@ek\ie\kp]fifjm`iklXc\j[fe[\j\[`jZlk\e\jkfjk\dXj%;\j[\cl\^fhl\
cfd`jdfjlZ\[\\eel\jkifZXdgf[\`ek\i„j2_XpleX\efid\gif[lZZ`e[\^\e\iXZ`e[\Zfek\e`[fj#
jf]knXi\#dlck`d\[`Xpgifgl\jkXjd\kf[fc^`ZXj%J`Y`\e\dg`\qXX[\jXiifccXij\#cX`em\jk`^XZ`eK@:$
\[lZXZ`e\jleZXdgf\d\i^\ek\pdlp[`m\ij`ÔZX[fpXhl\j\\e]fZX[\j[\jfgfik\j#df[\cfj[\ljf#
Ôe\j#df[\cfjg\[X^^`ZfjpX[\d}j\jk}jla\kfXe\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\ZˆÔZXjpgfcˆk`ZXj\[lZXk`mXj%<jdlp
[\j\XYc\hl\\jkfj\jkl[`fjj\\ok`\e[XeXK@:$Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XZfdfgXik\[\cX[`]lj`e[\
cXZlckliXXkiXm„j[\cXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj#Zfe„e]Xj`j\ecX`ek\iXZk`m`[X[pcXXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXp
k\Zefc^`ZX[\cXjfZ`\[X[%Gfi\a\dgcf#j\iˆX`dgfikXek\i\Xc`qXileXZcXj`ÔZXZ`epi\m`j`e[\cfjgfikXc\j
hl\\o`jk\ei\cXZ`feX[fjZfecXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%<o`jk\e#gfi\a\dgcf#gfikXc\jhl\jfem`j`kXj
m`iklXc\jXdlj\fj#gfikXc\j[\Zfik\\[lZXk`mfp[\\eki\k\e`d`\ekfpXc^lefje\kXd\ek\[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X%I\jXckX\eki\\ccfj\cgfikXcnnn%jZ`[\m%e\k#XgfpX[fgficXji\m`jkXjJZ`\eZ\pEXkli\%
J@K@FJN<9;<C8;@I<::@äE><E<I8C;<
;@MLC>8:@äE;<C8:@<E:@8;>;: <E@EK<IE<K
Gf[iˆXdfj XÔidXi hl\ gi}Zk`ZXd\ek\ kf[fj cfj dlj\fj [\ Z`\eZ`Xj [\c dle[f p cfj gifp\Zkfj [\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X Zfe le e`m\c [\ `dgXZkf jfZ`Xc k`\e\e g}^`eXj [\ `ek\ie\k% CX ;`i\ZZ`e
>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf;>;: ef\jcX
\oZ\gZ`e%
El\jkiXjg}^`eXj[\dlj\fjg\id`k\em`j`kXjm`iklXc\jX\jkfj\jgXZ`fjp\e\ccXjj\gl\[\\eZfekiXi
kf[XcX`e]fidXZ`e[\cfj\hl`gfjpcXjZ„[lcXjdlj\f^i}ÔZXj%8[\d}j#_Xpal\^fjpXZk`m`[X[\jhl\
Zfdgc\kXecXm`j`kXpjfeleXXck\ieXk`mXgXiXj\^l`igif]le[`qXe[f\edlZ_fjk\dXj%K\e\dfjkXdY`„e
g}^`eXj i\cXZ`feX[Xj Zfe fkifj d\[`fj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p Zfe Zlijfj% Kf[Xj el\jkiXj
g}^`eXj\jk}eZfe\ZkX[Xj\eki\jˆ#X[\d}j[\\jkXile`[XjXcXg}^`eXgi`eZ`gXc[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc
8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf%<ec`jkXdfjleZfdg\e[`f[\c`^Xj`dgfikXek\jhl\kiXkXek\dXjXÔe\j%;\\jX
dXe\iXj\cf^iX`i\jkXYc\Z`\e[fXc^fj\d\aXek\XcXccXdX[XÈi\[[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfÉ#hl\g\id`k\hl\
j\Zfe\Zk\ed}hl`eXjpXZk`m`[X[\j_ldXeXj[\ekif[\legifZ\jfZf^efjZ`k`mfel\mfhl\d\i\Z\j\i
XeXc`qX[f%<jleXgcXkX]fidXel\mX[\`ek\iXZZ`e_ldXeX%;\jkXZXdfjXZfek`elXZ`eXc^lefjfkifj
Xjg\Zkfj`ek\i\jXek\j%
› IX[`fpK\c\m`j`eLe`m\ijld%CX;>;:`eZlij`feX\ekf[fjcfjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cX
Z`\eZ`X% K`\e\ gif^iXdXj p Z}gjlcXj [\ iX[`f# Xjˆ Zfdf le gif^iXdX [\ k\c\m`j`e Zfe KM LE8D%
J`e\dYXi^f#glYc`ZXjljgif[lZkfj\e]fidX[`^`kXcgXiXgf[\iXjˆXcZXeqXilee’d\ifdXpfi[\
ljlXi`fj%GXiX\jk\Ôe#j\lk`c`qXcXk\Zefcf^ˆX8l[`fXe[M`[\fJki\Xd`e^kiXejd`j`e[\Xl[`fp
m`[\fYXaf[\dXe[X hl\k`\e\cXm\ekXaX[\Xc`^\iXicX[\jZXi^Xp\a\ZlZ`e[\Xl[`fpm`[\f\ecX
n\Y#pXhl\g\id`k\\jZlZ_Xipm`jlXc`qXicfjXiZ_`mfjd`\ekiXjj\\jk}e[\jZXi^Xe[f%_kkg1&&nnn%
[^[Z%leXd%do&Z`\eZ`X\ec`e\X&
› N\Y%Cfjj`k`fjn\Y[\cX;>;:dXe\aXe[`m\ijfjc\e^lXa\j[\gif^iXdXZ`egXiXn\Y#Zfdfjfe?KDC
?pg\iK\okDXiblgCXe^lX^\#c\e^lXa\[\dXiZXZ`e[`j\ŒX[fgXiX\jkilZkliXik\okfjpgi\j\ekXicfj
\e]fidX[\_`g\ik\okf #G?GÈG?G?pg\ik\okGi\$gifZ\jjfiÉc\e^lXa\[\g}^`eXjn\Y[`e}d`ZXjhl\
g\id`k\ cX Zfe\o`e X [`]\i\ek\j k`gfj [\ j\im`[fi\j [\ YXj\j [\ [Xkfj # ODC \Ok\ej`Yc\ DXiblg
CXe^lX^\Èc\e^lXa\[\dXiZXj\ok\ej`Yc\É#\jled\kXc\e^lXa\\ok\ej`Yc\[\\k`hl\kXj[\jXiifccX[f
gfi\cNfic[N`[\N\Y:fejfik`ldÈN*:É #A8M8c\e^lXa\[\gif^iXdXZ`efi`\ekX[fXfYa\kfj
[\jXiifccX[fgfiJleD`Zifjpjk\dj %
› _kkg1&&nnn%[^[Z%leXd%doGifd\[`fd\ejlXc[\m`j`kXj(/./ #j`k`fn\Y[\cX;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\
;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X%
(+(
› _kkg1&&nnn%le`m\ijld%leXd%doGifd\[`fd\ejlXc[\m`j`kXj)(-(+ #j`k`fn\Y[\cDlj\fLe`m\ijld%
G}^`eX^XeX[fiX8D@G:@)''-\ecXZXk\^fiˆX[\È8ik\#:lckliXp<[lZXZ`eÉ%CfjI\ZfefZ`d`\ekfj
8D@G:@jfele[`jk`ek`mfhl\fkfi^X\jkX8jfZ`XZ`eD\o`ZXeX[\@ek\ie\kXcXj\dgi\jXjhl\jfeleX
i\]\i\eZ`XgXiXcXZXc`[X[[\cfjgif[lZkfjpj\im`Z`fj\e@ek\ie\k[\cXj\dgi\jXjd\o`ZXeXj%
› _kkg1&&nnn%clq%leXd%doGifd\[`fd\ejlXc[\m`j`kXj+/*( #j`k`fn\Y[\cDlj\f[\cXClq%
› :`\eZ`fiXdX% <e \jk\ j`k`f _kkg1&&nnn%Z`\eZ`fiXdX%leXd%do j\ gi\k\e[\ [\c`e\Xi leX `dX^\e
ZcXiX p Zf_\i\ek\ [\ cf hl\ X_fiX jXY\dfj XZ\iZX [\c Le`m\ijf% <c gifp\Zkf \j cc\mX[f X ZXYf
gfile^ilgfle`m\ij`kXi`f`ek\i\jX[f\ecXZfdgi\ej`e#Xe}c`j`jp[`jZlj`e[\cfjXmXeZ\j[\cX
`em\jk`^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX#pYljZXcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\fkiXjg\ijfeXj`ek\i\jX[Xj\e\ccf%<jgfi\jkf
hl\efj\gi\k\e[\hl\\cZfek\e`[f[\cj`k`fj\X\o_Xljk`mff\eZ`Zcfg„[`Zf%Hl\Zfeki`YlpXeX„c
[`jk`ekfjXlkfi\j[Xgi\Z`jXd\ek\cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\gi\j\ekXilegXefiXdX\em`mf[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
Z`\ekˆÔZf\e\chl\j\gcXek\XekXdY`„ecXj[`jk`ekXjk\fiˆXjjfYi\le]\ed\ef#cXj[l[Xjhl\j\
k`\e\e p cXj Zl\jk`fe\j hl\ X’e j\ `^efiXe% <jkX gi\j\ekXZ`e \j leX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ Zfeki`Yl`i [\
leXdXe\iXd}jXlk„ek`ZXXcXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX#gl\j_XZ\\m`[\ek\hl\cXZ`\eZ`X\jle\[`ÔZ`f\e
g\idXe\ek\ZfejkilZZ`e%:`\eZ`fiXdXdXek`\e\legifd\[`f[\(()*0m`j`kXjd\ejlXc\j%
LeX i\m`jkX [`^`kXc \j dlZ_f d}j hl\ leX i\m`jkX Zfem\eZ`feXc hl\ j\ jlY\ X cX i\[% <e ZXdY`f# leX
m\i[X[\iXi\m`jkX[`^`kXc[\Y\j\i`ek\iXZk`mXgXiX\cc\ZkfipljXicXjk„Ze`ZXj[\dlck`d\[`XgXiXcf^iXicf%
<c`dgXZkf[\cXji\m`jkXj`dgi\jXjgl\[\m\ij\\ei`hl\Z`[fZfeleXm\ij`e\c\Zkie`ZXf[`^`kXc#Zlpf
k\okfZfdgc\kffZXj`Zfdgc\kfj\gl\[\ZfejlckXi[`i\ZkXd\ek\\ecˆe\X#Zfe`e[\g\e[\eZ`X[\hl\j\
glYc`hl\\egXg\c%G\id`k\X[\d}jleXZfejlckX_`jki`ZX[\jljj\ZZ`fe\jpk\dXjgi`eZ`gXc\j#XjˆZfdf
]leZ`fe\j\okiXjfj\ZZ`fe\j\jg\Z`Xc\jhl\jfcXd\ek\jfe]XZk`Yc\j\ejlm\ij`e\c\Zkie`ZX# Zfdf
j\iˆX\cZXjf[\cfjGf[ZXjkj%GXiX\a\dgc`ÔZXi\jk\ZXjf#gf[\dfji\]\i`iefjXcXi\m`jkX¶:dfm\j6#
hl\i\Z`Y\legifd\[`f[\/'--m`j`kXjd\ejlXc\j_kkg1&&nnn%Zfdfm\j%leXd%do%
:X[Xm\qd}jj\lk`c`qXcXi\[gXiXZlijfj[\[`]\i\ek\k`gf%:fdf\a\dgcf#[\dfj\c[\le[`gcfdX[f
hl\ i\Xc`qX le ^ilgf [\ dX\jkifj# [\ ]fidX `ek\iXZk`mX# \e \c hl\ Xgi\e[\e Zdf ljXi le dlj\f [\
Z`\eZ`XjZfdfXgfpfXjljZlijfj\jZfcXi\j%_kkg1&&nnn%[^[Z%leXd%do&ZXj`kXi\^`jkiXlegifd\[`f
[\-+0m`j`kXjd\ejlXc\j %
LeX]fidX[\\mXclXidlp[`i\ZkX\j\ce’d\if[\m`j`kXek\jXleXg}^`eX%<ecXj`^l`\ek\kXYcXj\i\’e\
\jX`e]fidXZ`e%Ef\jleX\mXclXZ`e[\c`dgXZkf[\cfjZfek\e`[fj#g\ifjˆ[\cXi\jgl\jkX[\cg’Yc`Zf%
Fkifd\ZXe`jdf[\\mXclXZ`e\ok\ief\ji\Z`Y`iXc^’egi\d`f[\ekif[\cd\[`f%<e\cZXjf[\cXg}^`eX
[\Le`m\ijld#i\Z`Y`\ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cX8jfZ`XZ`eD\o`ZXeX[\@ek\ie\k\ecXZXk\^fiˆX[\8ik\#
:lckliXp<[lZXZ`e\efZklYi\[\)''-%
KXYcX(%Gifd\[`fd\ejlXcpe’d\if[\m`j`kXjXZldlcX[f\eg}^`eXj[\cX;>;:
(+)
PÁGINA
NÚMERO DE VISITAS ACUMULADO
PROMEDIO MENSUAL
DGDC (www.dgdc.unam.mx)
/0.()
(/.+
Universum (www.universum.unam.mx)
('.''0'
))'0(
Museo de la Luz (www.luz.unam.mx)
)*(.00
+0/)
Casita de las Ciencias (www.dgdc.unam.mx/casita/)
(+.+(
-.'
Biblioteca (http://biblioteca.universum.unam.mx)
**)/.
(,*)
Página interna
-'+/
()0
CFEL<MF;<CFEL<MF
@ek\ie\k
@ek\ie\kG`jZ`k\cc`#)'', \jled„kf[f[\`ek\iZfe\o`e[\jZ\ekiXc`qX[X[\i\[\j[\ZfdglkX[fiXjhl\
^XiXek`qXhl\i\[\j]ˆj`ZXj_\k\if^„e\Xj]leZ`fe\eZfdfleXi\[c^`ZX’e`ZX#[\XcZXeZ\dle[`Xc%Jlj
fiˆ^\e\jj\i\dfekXeX(0-0#ZlXe[fcX8^\eZ`X[\Gifp\ZkfjgXiX@em\jk`^XZ`e8mXeqX[X8[mXeZ\[
I\j\XiZ_ Gifa\Zkj 8^\eZp \e `e^c„j  8IG8 [\c ;\gXikXd\ekf [\ ;\]\ejX [\ cfj <jkX[fj Le`[fj#
\jkXYc\Z`cXgi`d\iXZfe\o`e[\ZfdglkX[fiXj#ZfefZ`[XZfdf8IG8E<K#\eki\ki\jle`m\ij`[X[\j\e
:Xc`]fie`XpleX\eLkX_#<<%LL%
8cZfekiXi`f[\cfhl\j\g`\ejXZfd’ed\ek\#@ek\ie\kef\jj`ee`df[\Nfic[N`[\N\YNNN#f
ÈcXN\YÉ %CXN\Y\jlej`jk\dX[\`e]fidXZ`edlZ_fd}ji\Z`\ek\#[\jXiifccX[f`e`Z`Xcd\ek\gfiK`d
9\ie\ij$C\\\e(0/0#ZlXe[f\iX`em\jk`^X[fi\e\cCXYfiXkfi`f<lifg\f[\=ˆj`ZX[\GXikˆZlcXj:<IE [\>`e\YiX%
8c^lefj[\cfjj\im`Z`fj[`jgfe`Yc\j\e@ek\ie\k#XgXik\[\cXN\Ypjlm\ij`e\mfclZ`feX[XN\Y)%'#jfe
\cXZZ\jfi\dfkfXfkiXjd}hl`eXjJJ?pk\ce\k #cXkiXej]\i\eZ`X[\XiZ_`mfj=KG #\cZfii\f\c\Zkie`Zf
JDKGpGFG #cfjYfc\k`e\j\c\Zkie`Zfje\njf^ilgfj[\efk`Z`Xj #cXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\j\ecˆe\X@I:p
Z_Xkj #cXd\ejXa\iˆX`ejkXek}e\X#cXZfdgXik`Z`e[\XiZ_`mfjG)GÈG\\i$kf$g\\i#gfi\a\dgcf19`kKfii\ekÉ#
;\jZXi^X;`i\ZkXÈgfi\a\dgcf1IXg`[j_Xi\É #k\c\]feˆXG)GÈgfi\a\dgcf1Jbpg\É #kiXejd`j`e[\Xl[`f
pm`[\fjki\Xd`e^ #cXiX[`fXcXZXikXGf[ZXjk pm`[\fXcXZXikXG)GKMÈg\\i$kf$g\\iKMk\Z_efcf^pÉ#
gfi\a\dgcf1D`if#Affjk#M`[\fZXjk %
N\Ycf^
Len\Ycf^fYcf^\jlej`k`fn\Yg\i`[`ZXd\ek\XZklXc`qX[fhl\i\Zfg`cXZifefc^`ZXd\ek\k\okfj
f XikˆZlcfj [\ lef f mXi`fj Xlkfi\j% ?XY`klXcd\ek\# \e ZX[X XikˆZlcf# cfj c\Zkfi\j gl\[\e \jZi`Y`i
jljZfd\ekXi`fjp\cXlkfi[Xic\ji\jgl\jkX#[\]fidXhl\\jgfj`Yc\\jkXYc\Z\ile[`}cf^f%<cljff
k\d}k`ZX[\ZX[Xn\Ycf^\jgXik`ZlcXi#cfj_Xp[\k`gfg\ijfeXc#g\i`f[ˆjk`Zf#\dgi\jXi`XcfZfigfiXk`mf#
k\Zefc^`Zf#\[lZXk`mf#\kZ%
<o`jk\emXi`X[Xj_\iiXd`\ekXj[\dXek\e`d`\ekf[\Ycf^jhl\g\id`k\e#dlZ_Xj[\\ccXj^iXkl`kXd\ek\
p j`e e\Z\j`[X[ [\ \c\mX[fj ZfefZ`d`\ekfj k„Ze`Zfj# X[d`e`jkiXi kf[f \c n\Ycf^# Zffi[`eXi# YfiiXi f
i\\jZi`Y`icfjXikˆZlcfj#df[\iXicfjZfd\ekXi`fj[\cfjc\Zkfi\j#\kZ%#[\leX]fidXYXjkXek\j\eZ`ccX%
CXj _\iiXd`\ekXj [\ dXek\e`d`\ekf [\ n\Ycf^j j\ ZcXj`ÔZXe gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\# \e [fj k`gfj1 Xhl\ccXj
hl\f]i\Z\eleXjfclZ`eZfdgc\kX[\XcfaXd`\ekf#^iXkl`kXZfdf=i\\n\Yj#9cf^^\ipC`m\AflieXc #p
Xhl\ccXjjfclZ`fe\jZfej`jk\ek\j\ejf]knXi\hl\Xcj\i`ejkXcX[f\elej`k`fn\Y#g\id`k\eZi\Xi#\[`kXi
pX[d`e`jkiXileYcf^[`i\ZkXd\ek\\e\cj\im`[fihl\XcfaX\cj`k`fZfdf\j\cZXjf[\Nfi[Gi\jjf[\
DfmXYc\Kpg\ %
CXj _\iiXd`\ekXj hl\ gifgfiZ`feXe XcfaXd`\ekf ^iXkl`kf Xj`^eXe Xc ljlXi`f leX [`i\ZZ`e n\Y gfi
\a\dgcf#\e\cZXjf[\9cf^^\i#cX[`i\ZZ`eXj`^eX[Xk\id`eX\eÈYcf^jgfk%ZfdÉ #pgifm\\eleX`ek\i]Xq#
XkiXm„j[\cXZlXcgl\[\XŒX[`ip\[`kXiZfek\e`[f%J`e\dYXi^f#cX]leZ`feXc`[X[[\leYcf^Zi\X[f
ZfeleX[\\jkXj_\iiXd`\ekXjj\c`d`kXXcfhl\gl\[Xf]i\Z\i\cgifm\\[fi[\cj\im`Z`f#f_fjk`e^%Le
jf]knXi\hl\^\jk`fe\\cZfek\e`[f#\ekXekf#i\hl`\i\e\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\[\lej\im`[figifg`fgXiXj\i
`ejkXcX[f#[\cdf[f\ehl\j\_XZ\\elej`k`fn\YkiX[`Z`feXc%Jl^iXem\ekXaX\jhl\g\id`k\Zfekifc
kfkXcjfYi\cX]leZ`feXc`[X[hl\f]i\Z\i}\cYcf^#g\id`k`\e[fXjˆX[XgkXicfkfkXcd\ek\XcXje\Z\j`[X[\j
[\cj`k`f#\`eZcljfZfdY`eXicfZfefkifjk`gfj[\Zfek\e`[f%
(+*
<c[\jXiifccf[\@ek\ie\kp[\cfjccXdX[fjn\Ycf^j_XZ\hl\cXjel\mXj^\e\iXZ`fe\jj\Xc\a\e[\cfjd„kf[fj
kiX[`Z`feXc\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e% <jkXdfj \ekiXe[f \e cX ÈZ`Y\iZlckliXÉ% CX i\[ Zfejk`klp\ le el\mf dXiZf
d\[`}k`Zf\e\chl\j\^\e\iXpj\kiXejd`k\cXZlckliXXcXjel\mXj^\e\iXZ`fe\j%Cfjd\[`fjkiX[`Z`feXc\j
_XeZfd\eqX[fXZfdgi\e[\ihl\\cel\mf\jZ\eXi`f[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZXpXefcfjk`\e\Zfdf
XZkfi\jgi`eZ`gXc\j\e\oZclj`mX1cXi\[_XjfYi\gXjX[fXdgc`Xd\ek\\em\cfZ`[X[p\]\Zk`m`[X[Xcfjm`\afj
d\[`fj%<c^l`e_XZXdY`X[fgXiXj`\dgi\%Cfhl\c\kfZXXcfjd\[`fjkiX[`Z`feXc\j\j\jkXYc\Z\ij`jk\dXj
[\ÔckiX[f]i\ek\Xc\oZ\jf[\`e]fidXZ`e#gl\jj\_XZ\ZX[Xm\qd}j[`]ˆZ`c\eZfekiXiZfek\e`[fj[\ZXc`[X[%
LeYcf^\jleXg}^`eX\ecXi\[[fe[\j\_XZ\e\ekiX[Xj\e\jk`cfg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfp\efi[\eZifefc^`Zf%
K`\e\e\c\jk`cf[\le[`Xi`fg\ijfeXc\ecˆe\X%CXdXpfiˆXjfek\okfj#Xlehl\kXdY`„ecfj_XpZfe`d}^\e\jp
m`[\fjfXl[`f%CXgifgX^XZ`e[\cfjYcf^jmXiˆX\e[`]\i\ek\jgXik\j[\cdle[fgfihl\[\g\e[\[\cXZZ\jf
XcX\c\Zki`Z`[X[pXcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#g\if\e\c]lklifj\mfcm\i}kfkXcd\ek\^\e\iXc%Ef_XYi}e`e^’ej`jk\dX
[\\ej\ŒXeqXpXgi\e[`qXa\hl\]leZ`fe\XcdXi^\e[\cXk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cX`e]fidXZ`e%
@ek\ie\k \jk} ZXdY`Xe[f cXj Zfe[`Z`fe\j gXiX cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\c ZfefZ`d`\ekf Z`\ekˆÔZf% 8 kiXm„j
[\cfjj`k`fj[\@ek\ie\k#cfjYfc\k`e\j[\efk`Z`Xj\ecˆe\X#cfj[`Xi`fj\ecˆe\Xpcfj]fifj[\[`jZlj`e
\c dle[f [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \jk} \og\i`d\ekXe[f el\mXj gfj`Y`c`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXij\ Zfe \c g’Yc`Zf p
Yi`e[Xel\mXjdXe\iXj[\XgfpXicXZffg\iXZ`e\eki\cfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j#]fd\ekXe[fcXji\[\j[\cX
`em\jk`^XZ`eXkiXm„j[\cXj]ifek\iXj^\f^i}ÔZXj%<c@ek\ie\kj\lk`c`qXZX[Xm\qd}j[\ekif[\cdle[f
[\cXZ`\eZ`X#Zfek\dgcXe[fel\mXj]fidXj[\\jkl[`f%
Cfjfkifjd\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xk`\e\ehl\Xc`Xij\Zfe@ek\ie\k%CXjZ}gjlcXj[\iX[`f[\Y\e
mfcm\ij\gf[ZXjkpcfjm`[\fj#[`^`kXc`qXij\%¶:dfgl\[\ecfjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`XXgifm\Z_Xi
`ek\ie\k6 CX i\[ [\Y\ j\i dlZ_f d}j hl\ gXiX gifgX^Xe[X# [\Y\ [\ j\i le cl^Xi hl\ `eZi\d\ek\ cX
\og\i`\eZ`X`ek\iXZk`mX%
D\kXkX^j
CXjd\kXkX^jjfe\k`hl\kXj?KDChl\j\`eZfigfiXe\e\c\eZXY\qX[f[\leXg}^`eXn\Yphl\i\jlckXe
`em`j`Yc\jgXiXlem`j`kXek\efidXc#g\if[\^iXelk`c`[X[gXiXeXm\^X[fi\jlfkifjgif^iXdXjhl\gl\[Xe
mXc\ij\[\\jkX`e]fidXZ`e%Jlgifgj`kf\j\c[\`eZcl`i`e]fidXZ`ed\kX[Xkfj [\i\]\i\eZ`XjfYi\cX
g}^`eX1Xlkfi#kˆklcf#]\Z_X#gXcXYiXjZcXm\#[\jZi`gZ`e#\kZ%
<jkX`e]fidXZ`egf[iˆXj\ilk`c`qX[XgficfjifYfkj[\Y’jhl\[XgXiX`eZcl`icX\ecXjYXj\j[\[Xkfj[\
jljYljZX[fi\jpdfjkiXicX\e\ci\jld\e[\Y’jhl\[Xjfk\e\icX\eZl\ekX[liXek\cXjd`jdXj%
<jkXj\k`hl\kXjkXdY`„ej\ljXegXiX\jg\Z`ÔZXiZ`\ikX`e]fidXZ`ek„Ze`ZX[\cXZlXcgl\[\emXc\ij\
cfj eXm\^X[fi\j gXiX dfjkiXi cX g}^`eX# Zfdf \c ^ilgf [\ ZXiXZk\i\j ljX[f# k`\dgf [\ \og`iXZ`e
[\cZfek\e`[f#gfj`Y`c`[X[[\[\aXicXg}^`eX\eZXZ_\fZXc`ÔZXi\cZfek\e`[f[\cj`k`fÈ;`mlc^XZ`e
:`\ekˆÔZXÉ#ÈI\m`jkXÉ#È:`\eZ`XÉ%%% %
:fii\f\c\Zkie`Zf
(++
<cZfii\f\c\Zkie`ZfkXdY`„eZfefZ`[fZfd’ed\ek\gfijl[\efd`eXZ`e\e`e^c„j#È\$dX`cÉ \jlef
[\cfjj\im`Z`fjd}jgfglcXi\j[\@ek\ie\k#pgf[\dfj[\Ôe`icfZfdflej\im`Z`f[\i\[hl\g\id`k\
XcfjljlXi`fj\em`Xipi\Z`Y`id\ejXa\ji}g`[Xd\ek\d\[`Xek\j`jk\dXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e\c\Zkie`Zfj%
Gfid\[`f[\d\ejXa\j[\Zfii\f\c\Zkie`Zfj\gl\[\\em`Xi#efjfcXd\ek\k\okf#j`efkf[fk`gf[\
[fZld\ekfj% <c Zfii\f \c\Zkie`Zf j\ \dgc\X dXpfid\ek\ gXiX cfj d`jdfj gifgj`kfj hl\ \c Zfii\f
gfjkXc#\oZ\gkfhl\efj\gl\[\lk`c`qXigXiX\em`XifYa\kfj]ˆj`Zfj#jl\ÔZ`\eZ`X#Zfem\e`\eZ`XpYXaf
Zfjkf\jk}ecf^iXe[fhl\\cZfii\f\c\Zkie`Zf[\jgcXZ\XcZfii\fefidXcgXiXdlZ_fjljfj_XY`klXc\j%
C`jkXj[\Zfii\f
CXjc`jkXj[\Zfii\f\c\Zkie`Zfjfeleljf\jg\Z`Xc[\cZfii\f\c\Zkie`Zfhl\g\id`k\cX[`jki`YlZ`e
dXj`mX[\`e]fidXZ`e\eki\d’ck`gc\jljlXi`fj[\@ek\ie\k[\]fidXj`dlck}e\X%<eleXc`jkX[\Zfii\fj\
\emˆXleZfii\fXcX[`i\ZZ`e[\cXc`jkX\a\dgcf1afieX[Xj7le`m\ijld%leXd%do pc\cc\^XdXj`mXd\ek\
Xkf[XjcXjg\ijfeXj`ejZi`kXj\e[`Z_Xc`jkX%;\g\e[`\e[f[\Zdf\jk„ZfeÔ^liX[XcXc`jkX[\Zfii\f#
ZlXchl`\iljlXi`fgf[i}fefk\e\icXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\\em`XiZfii\fjXcXd`jdX%DlZ_Xjfi^Xe`qXZ`fe\j
lk`c`qXeZX[Xm\qd}j\jkX_\iiXd`\ekXgXiXdXek\e\i`e]fidX[XjXcXjg\ijfeXj#gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\Zfe
efk`Z`Xj \ `e]fidXZ`e [\ `ek\i„j% GXiX ef ZX\i \e gi}Zk`ZXj [\ spam Zfii\f YXjliX f d\ejXa\j ef
jfc`Z`kX[fj #cfjZfii\fjj\\emˆXegi\m`X`ejZi`gZ`e[\c[\jk`eXkXi`f#[}e[fc\cXfgfikle`[X[[\ZXeZ\cXi
cXd`jdXZlXe[f^ljk\%
N`b`
N`b`[\c_XnX`Xefn`b`n`b`#½i}g`[f¾ \jlej`k`fn\YZfcXYfiXk`mfhl\gl\[\j\i\[`kX[fgfimXi`fj
ljlXi`fj%CfjljlXi`fj[\leXn`b`gl\[\eXjˆZi\Xi#df[`ÔZXi#YfiiXi\cZfek\e`[f[\leXg}^`eXn\Y#
[\]fidX`ek\iXZk`mX#]}Z`cpi}g`[X2[`Z_Xj]XZ`c`[X[\j_XZ\e[\cXn`b`leX_\iiXd`\ekX\]\Zk`mXgXiXcX
\jZi`kliXZfcXYfiXk`mX%
N`b`\jlejf]knXi\hl\g\id`k\XcfjljlXi`fjZi\Xip\[`kXi^iXkl`kXd\ek\\cZfek\e`[f[\leXg}^`eX
[\ cX i\[% N`b` gl\[\ k\e\i _`g\imˆeZlcfj p i\]\i\eZ`Xj ZilqX[Xj% <jkX \[`Z`e c`Yi\ g\id`k\ hl\ cfj
ljlXi`fjZi\\ep\[`k\ej`ek\e\iZfefZ`d`\ekfjk„Ze`Zfjpgifdl\m\\cljf[\dfZi}k`Zf[\cXi\[%
N`b`g\[`X
N`b`g\[`X\jleX\eZ`Zcfg\[`Xc`Yi\gcli`c`e^•\YXjX[X\ecXk\Zefcf^ˆXn`b`%<cZfek\e`[f[\N`b`g\[`X
j\\jZi`Y\[\]fidXZfcXYfiXk`mXgfimfclekXi`fj#g\id`k`\e[fhl\cX^iXedXpfiˆX[\cfjXikˆZlcfjj\Xe
df[`ÔZX[fjgfiZlXchl`\ig\ijfeXZfeXZZ\jfd\[`Xek\leeXm\^X[fin\Y%
<j`dgfikXek\gXiXledlj\f\jkXigi\j\ek\\ecXN`b`g\[`X1
_kkg1&&\j%n`b`g\[`X%fi^&n`b`&Le`m\ijld
GXiXgf[\iglYc`ZXi\eN`b`g\[`X#j\[\Y\ekfdXi\eZl\ekXcfjj`^l`\ek\jgXjfj%
(%:fdgifYXZ`e%<ekiXi\e\cj`k`f[\N`b`g\[`X\e\jgXŒfc_kkg1&&\j%n`b`g\[`X%fi^ #gfjk\i`fid\ek\
j\ [\Y\ k\Zc\Xi \c k„id`ef hl\ hl\i\dfj Zi\Xi gXiX ZfdgifYXi hl\# \]\Zk`mXd\ek\# ef _X j`[f
glYc`ZX[fXek\i`fid\ek\gfifkifljlXi`f%J`pX_Xj`[fglYc`ZX[fg\ifj\[\j\XXŒX[`iXc^f#jcfj\
k\e[i}hl\j\c\ZZ`feXicXg\jkXŒXÈ<[`kXiÉhl\XgXi\Z\i}\ecXgXik\jlg\i`fi[\cXÔZ_X[\cXikˆZlcf%
J`ef\j]XZk`Yc\#\jhl\j\kiXkX[\leXikˆZlcfhl\ef\jgfj`Yc\df[`ÔZXigfi\jkXiYcfhl\X[f%
)%<[`Z`e%J`ef_Xj`[fglYc`ZX[f#j\[\Y\j\c\ZZ`feXi\c\ecXZ\hl\XgXi\Z\ZfecXgXcXYiXf]iXj\hl\
j\YljZXek\i`fid\ek\pZfe\jkfXZZ\[\i\dfjXcXm\ekXeX[\\[`Z`e#[fe[\j\[\Y\\jZi`Y`i\ck\okf
[\cXikˆZlcfgXiXhl\gl\[Xc\\ij\gfjk\i`fid\ek\%<jkXm\ekXeXefjf]i\Z\kf[XjcXj_\iiXd`\ekXj
e\Z\jXi`XjgXiX\jZi`Y`icf#f]i\Z`\e[fZXj`cXjd`jdXjm\ekXaXjhl\legifZ\jX[fi[\k\okfj\ecˆe\X
hl\g\id`k\`ekif[lZ`ic\kiXj\ee\^i`kX#Zlij`mXpjlYiXpX[f\`eZcljf#Zi\Xi_`g\imˆeZlcfj%
*%GlYc`ZXZ`e%<[`kXi\cXikˆZlcfZfeZXcdXpXk\eZ`e#gifZliXe[fhl\\jk„ZcXifpfi[\eX[f%J\[\Y\
gifZliXikiXYXaXiZfeg}iiX]fjpefZfek\okfZfii`[fgXiXf]i\Z\ileXc\ZkliXd}jZdf[X%8ek\j[\
glYc`ZXicf#j\[\Y\j\c\ZZ`feXi\cYfkeÈDfjkiXigi\m`jlXc`qXZ`eÉgXiX[\k\ZkXigfj`Yc\j\iifi\j%LeX
m\qZfdgifYX[fhl\kf[f\jk}Zfii\Zkf#\j]XZk`Yc\pi\Zfd\e[XYc\X^i\^Xilei\jld\e%J\^l`[Xd\ek\#
j\[\Y\j\c\ZZ`feXi\cYfkeÈ>iXYXicXg}^`eXÉ%Lefjd`elkfjd}jkXi[\XgXi\Z\i}\eN`b`g\[`X%
(+,
=fifj
Cfj]fifj\e@ek\ie\kkXdY`„eZfefZ`[fjZfdf]fifj[\d\ejXa\j#[\fg`e`ef]fifj[\[`jZlj`e jfe
leXXgc`ZXZ`en\Yhl\Yi`e[Xjfgfik\X[`jZlj`fe\jlfg`e`fe\j\ecˆe\X%8[`]\i\eZ`X[\cfjn`b`j#ef
j\gl\[\edf[`ÔZXicfjXgfik\j[\fkifjd`\dYifjXd\efjhl\j\k\e^XeZ`\ikfjgi`m`c\^`fj\jg\Z`Xc\j
Zfdfdf[\iX[fifX[d`e`jkiX[fi%GfifkifcX[f#ZfdgXiX[fjZfecfjn\Ycf^j#j\[`]\i\eZ`Xegfihl\cfj
]fifjg\id`k\eleX^iXeZXek`[X[[\ljlXi`fjpcXj[`jZlj`fe\jj\\eZl\ekiXeXe`[X[Xj#Xc^fj`d`cXiXcf
hl\j\iˆXecfjZfd\ekXi`fj\ecfjn\Ycf^j%Le\a\dgcf[\\ccf\j\c]fif[\<mXclXZ`e\e:fdle`ZXZ`e
[\cX:`\eZ`XglYc`ZX[f\elef[\cfjj\im`[fi\j[\[Xkfj[\cX;>;:#hl\j\d\eZ`feXXZfek`elXZ`e%
=fifj1
_kkg1&&ZXeZ\i%le`m\ijld%leXd%do&]fifj&[^[Z&
Gfi\jk\d\[`f#cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j[\c]fifgl\[\e\ogi\jXijljZfd\ekXi`fj\eYXj\Xck\dX[\hl\kiXkX
\c]fif#hl\\e\jk\ZXjf\egXik`ZlcXij\iˆXÈ:i`k\i`fj[\<mXclXZ`e\ecX:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`XÉ%
IJJpGf[ZXjk
<cIJJ\jle]fidXkfYXjX[f\eODChl\g\id`k\\eZfekiXiXhl\ccX`e]fidXZ`ehl\d\afij\X[XgkXX
cfhl\\cljlXi`f[\j\X#g\ifkXdY`„ef]i\Z\icX[\]fidXi}g`[XpXZklXc`qX[X%
<cODC\jlec\e^lXa\[\dXiZX[f\ok\ej`Yc\\jki`Zkf[\^iXelk`c`[X[\e\c`ek\iZXdY`f[\[Xkfj#pX
hl\ g\id`k\ [\jZi`Y`icfj j`e dfjkiXicfj Xc ljlXi`f# g\if j`\e[f X jl m\q c\^`Yc\j X kiXm„j [\ [`m\ijXj
Xgc`ZXZ`fe\jeXm\^X[fi\j#YXj\j[\[Xkfj#\kZ%
CfjXiZ_`mfjIJJjfeleel\mfd„kf[fgXiXfYk\e\ipf]i\Z\i`e]fidXZ`e^iXZ`XjXhl\Zfek`\e\e
d\kX[Xkfj jfYi\ cXj ]l\ek\j [\ `e]fidXZ`e% <jk\ ]fidXkf \j [\ ^iXe lk`c`[X[ gXiX j`k`fj N\Y hl\
XZklXc`Z\ejljZfek\e`[fjZfe]i\Zl\eZ`X#pXhl\g\id`k\ZfdgXik`icX`e]fidXZ`epm\icX\efkifj
j`k`fj[\]fidX`ed\[`XkX%8\jk\`ek\iZXdY`f[\`e]fidXZ`ej\c\[\efd`eXÈj`e[`ZXZ`eÉ%<c]fidXkf
IJJj`im\gXiX]XZ`c`kXi\cXZZ\jfXcX`e]fidXZ`eN\Yhl\j\XZklXc`qXZfei\^lcXi`[X[#cf^iXe[fhl\
\cljlXi`fi\Zlg\i\Xcdfd\ekfcXjefm\[X[\jgif[lZ`[Xj\ecX`e]fidXZ`e[\jl`ek\i„j%
<c dXe\af [\ IJJ d}j gfglcXi \j cX j`e[`ZXZ`e [\ efk`Z`Xj# pX hl\ g\id`k\ Xc ljlXi`f jljZi`Y`ij\ p
fYk\e\icX`e]fidXZ`eY}j`ZXXZklXc`qX[XZfekXe[fZfeleXc`^XXcX]l\ek\[\cX`e]fidXZ`e#[fe[\
\eZfekiXi}\c[\kXcc\[\cXd`jdX%Le\a\dgcf[\\ccf\j\cdXe\af[\efk`Z`XjglYc`ZX[Xj\e\cJ`k`f[\
@ek\ie\k[\cX;>;:#hl\j\d\eZ`feXXZfek`elXZ`e%
J`e[`ZXZ`eN\YIJJ 1
›]\\[1&&nnn%[^[Z%leXd%do&Ycf^V[^[Z&`e]f%odcGfi\jk\d\[`f#\cm`j`kXek\j\gl\[\jljZi`Y`iXle
i\jld\e[\efk`Z`XjZ`\ekˆÔZXj#[fe[\gl\[\j\c\ZZ`feXicXefk`Z`X[\jl`ek\i„j%
› _kkg1&&nnn%[^[Z%leXd%do&Ycf^V[^[Z&C\Zkfi& @ek„igi\k\ [\c XiZ_`mf ODC hl\ le`ÔZX Efk`Z`Xj
:`\ekˆÔZXjpGf[ZXjk[\cX;>;:%<c`ek„igi\k\j\\eZl\ekiXgif^iXdX[f\eG_gp\okiX\cX`e]fidXZ`e
[\cfjXiZ_`mfjODChl\Zfek`\e\ecX`e]fidXZ`e%
Gf[ZXjk1
(+-
<ck„id`efgf[ZXjkjli^\[\cXjgXcXYiXj`Gf[[`jgfj`k`mfgfik}k`c[\i\gif[lZZ`e[\d\[`fj pYifX[ZXjk
[`jki`YlZ`e[\Xl[`fp&fj\ŒXc\j[\m`[\f %Legf[ZXjk\jleXiZ_`mf[`^`kXcfcXi\cXZ`e[\mXi`fjXiZ_`mfj
[`^`kXc\j#cfjZlXc\jj\[`jki`Ylp\egfi@ek\ie\klk`c`qXe[fj`e[`ZXZ`en\YIJJ gXiXhl\j\Xei\gif[lZ`[fj
gfii\gif[lZkfi\j[\d\[`fjgfik}k`c\jpZfdglkX[fiXjg\ijfeXc\j%Le\a\dgcf[\\ccf\j\cdXe\af[\
Z}gjlcXj[\iX[`fglYc`ZX[Xj\e\cJ`k`f[\@ek\ie\k[\cX;>;:#hl\j\d\eZ`feXXZfek`elXZ`e%
›_kkg1&&nnn%[^[Z%leXd%do&gf[ZXjk&Gfi\jk\d\[`f#cfjm`j`kXek\jj\gl\[\ejljZi`Y`igXiX\jZlZ_Xi
cXjZ}gjlcXj[\cgif^iXdX[\iX[`fÈGfigliXZli`fj`[X[É%
›_kkg1&&nnn%Zfdfm\j%leXd%do&gf[ZXjk&Gfi\jk\d\[`f#cfjm`j`kXek\jj\gl\[\ejljZi`Y`igXiX\jZlZ_Xi
cXjZ}gjlcXj[\[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXi\cXZ`feX[XjZfecXjglYc`ZXZ`fe\j[\cXi\m`jkXȶ:dfm\j6É%
<M8CL8:@äE
CXi\[gifm\\[\led\[`f\oZ\c\ek\gXiX_XZ\i\mXclXZ`fe\jp\eZl\jkXj[\fg`e`e%Gfi\a\dgcf#cX
;>;:Xgifm\Z_Xjljg}^`eXjgXiX\mXclXijljdlj\fjXkiXm„j[\lejf]knXi\FG@E8%;\_\Z_f#j\ljX
ZX[Xm\qd}jgXiX_XZ\i\mXclXZ`fe\j[\d\iZX[f%G\if¶Zdf\mXclXiXcXgifg`Xi\[6
8jg\Zkfj`dgfikXek\jgXiX\mXclXicXZXc`[X[[\cXj]l\ek\j[\`ek\ie\kjfejl]XZ`c`[X[[\XZZ\jfp
jllY`ZXZ`e%<ecfj[fZld\ekfj#gfi\a\dgcf#cXj]\Z_Xj[\XZklXc`qXZ`e#jlmXc`[\q#jli\c\mXeZ`Xp
Zfek\e`[f#XjˆZfdfcXjZi\[\eZ`Xc\j[\jljXlkfi\j%KXdY`„e\j`dgfikXek\cX\jkilZkliXp\c[`j\Œf
[\cXg}^`eX#[\Y\j\i]}Z`ceXm\^Xigfi\ccX%CXZXc`[X[[\cfj\ecXZ\jXg}^`eXjXÔe\jpcfjXjg\Zkfj
\jk„k`ZfjjfekXdY`„e]le[Xd\ekXc\j%
:fdfleXg}^`eX\ecXi\[Zfdg`k\Xe`m\cdle[`Xc#ef_Xpd\kf[fcf^ˆXji\^`feXc\jfeXZ`feXc\j#\j
led\[`f`ek\ieXZ`feXc%Gfi\jf#cXi\[k`\e\jljgifg`fjd\ZXe`jdfj#Zfdf\jk\\mXclX[fi[\^ff^c\
_kkg1&&nnn%giZ_\Zb\i%`e]f&%<cd`jdfk`\e\cXjj`^l`\ek\j`ejkilZZ`fe\jpZcXj`ÔZXXcXjg}^`eXj[\ekif
[\leiXe^f`ek\ieXZ`feXc1
› GX^\IXeb:_\Zb\i`jX]i\\kffckfZ_\Zb>ff^c\ gX^\iXeb`e^f]Xepn\Yj`k\gX^\j\Xj`cpXe[kf
[`jgcXppflij`k\ËjGX^\IXeb mXcl\fepflin\YgX^\j
› GX^\IXeb:_\Zb\i:_\ZbGX^\IXeb@ejkXekcpC`ebkfGI:_\Zb\i:fekXZkLj8[[kf=Xmfi`k\j
› @efi[\ikf`ejkXekcp:_\ZbGX^\IXebmXcl\f]Xepn\Yj`k\gX^\j$Zc`Zb_\i\
› 8[[GX^\IXeb:_\Zb\ikfpflin\Yj`k\$=I<<
› 9pX[[`e^fliGX^\IXeb:_\Zb\ikffckfpflij`k\pflZXeZ_\Zbk_\iXebZ_\ZbGI f]Xccpflin\Y
j`k\gX^\ji`^_kfepflin\Yj`k\%
› >ff^c\ j\XiZ_ \e^`e\ Xe[ GX^\IXeb Xc^fi`k_d Xi\ k_\ kiX[\dXibj f] >ff^c\ @eZ%C\Xie dfi\
XYflk>ff^c\ GX^\IXeb Xc^fi`k_dfe>ff^c\%Zfdn\Yj`k\GX^\IXeb @e]fidXk`feXe[GX^\IXeb K\Z_efcf^p%
› Kflj\fliGX^\IXeb:_\Zb`e^kffcpflaljke\\[kfX[[XjdXccg`\Z\f]?KDCZf[\kfk_fj\gX^\j
n_\i\pflnXekkfZ_\Zbk_\gX^\iXebXe[fli]i\\kffcGX^\IXeb:_\Zb\in`ccj_fnk_\jdXcc`Zfe
k_Xk[`jgcXpjk_\Zlii\ek>ff^c\%ZfdGX^\IXebf]k_fj\n\YgX^\j%
Fkif\mXclX[fi\j8c\oX#_kkg1&&nnn%Xc\oX%Zfd%8c\oX#`ek\iZ\gkXm`j`kXj\ekf[f\cdle[fp\jkXYc\Z\
XgXik`i[\X_ˆleiXeb`e^[\gfglcXi`[X[%<cmXcfigifgfiZ`feX[f#gfj`Z`e\e\c}dY`kfdle[`Xc#gl\[\
lk`c`qXij\\e\jkl[`fjZfdgXiXk`mfji\^`feXc`qXe[f\cXe}c`j`j#`[\ek`ÔZXe[fcfjj\j^fj^\f^i}ÔZfj%
:fdfpXd\eZ`feXdfj#Xc^lefj]XZkfi\j`dgfikXek\jgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\c`dgXZkf[\cX`e]fidXZ`e
hl\ glYc`ZXdfj \e @ek\ie\k# \j \c i\^`jkif [\ cXj m`j`kXj hl\ gi\j\ekXe el\jkifj j`k`fj# X[\d}j [\ cX
i\k\eZ`e[\cm`j`kXek\k`\dgfhl\[liXZX[Xm`j`kX p\cfi`^\e[\el\jkifjm`j`kXek\jeXZ`feXc`[X[ %
GXiX\jk\Ôe\o`jk\ed’ck`gc\j_\iiXd`\ekXj#Xc^leXj[\\ccXj^iXkl`kXjpj\eZ`ccXj[\ZfeÔ^liXiZfdf
>ff^c\ 8eXcpk`Zj _kkg1&&nnn%^ff^c\%Zfd&XeXcpk`Zj& p fkiXj hl\ i\hl`\i\e [\ fkiXj Xgc`ZXZ`fe\j
ZfdfG_gKiX]ÔZX_kkg1&&jf]k%qfe\f%e\k&g_gKiX]ÔZ8&`e[\o%g_g6c4\j %
(+.
:FE:CLJ@FE<J
M`m`dfj\ecX\iX[\cX`e]fid}k`ZXpmXdfj_XZ`XleXjfZ`\[X[[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf%J`e\dYXi^f#cf^iXi
leXi\^`e[\jXiifccX[Xp\hl`kXk`mXYXjX[X\e\cZfefZ`d`\ekfi\hl`\i\le^iXe\j]l\iqfk\Zefc^`Zf#
[\ gcXe\XZ`e p [\ e`m\c\j `ek\ieXZ`feXc\j [\ ZXc`[X[% ?Xp hl\ m`m`i Zfe cXj el\mXj k\Zefcf^ˆXj p
Xgifm\Z_XicXjXcd}o`df%<cljf[\cXi\[\jleel\mfd\[`f[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#g\ifcXj
Èm`\aXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjÉ#cXiX[`fpcXk\c\m`j`ej`^l\ej`\e[fd\[`fjdXj`mfjgfi\oZ\c\eZ`Xhl\\jk}ej`\e[f
i\Zfem\ik`[XjXcc\e^lXa\[`^`kXc#efXYXe[feX[Xj%?Xphl\kiXkXi[\\ek\e[\icXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjp
fg`eXi jfYi\ \ccXj# gl\j \j le k\dX `dgfikXek\ gXiX \c }i\X [\ Z`\eZ`X p jfZ`\[X[% =XckX `em\jk`^XZ`e
\e\c}i\X[\K@:$Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%Efj\Zl\ekXe`j`hl`\iXZfele[`X^ejk`ZfXdgc`f[\cX
j`klXZ`epef_XpZi`k\i`fjZcXifj\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\cfjj`k`fj[\`ek\ie\k#Xlehl\\o`jk\epXXc^lefj
`ek\ekfj^cfYXc`qX[fi\jgXiX\mXclXicXjg}^`eXj%?Xphl\k\e\iZcXifhl\el\jkiXjg}^`eXjj\i}e\mXclX[Xj
gfi i\^cXj `ek\ieXZ`feXc\j% <j `dgfikXek\ `eZcl`i el\jkifj gif[lZkfj \e cX n`b`g\[`X j` hl\i\dfj hl\
cfj ZfefqZX \c dle[f% Fkif k\dX `dgfikXek\ [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e \j \mXclXi Zdf cX Zfem\ijXZ`e \eki\
`e[`m`[lfjp^ilgfjhl\j\[XX_fiX\eleXÈi\[[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfÉXkiXm„j[\cXjel\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjmXX
ZXdY`Xiel\jkiXjjfZ`\[X[\j%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
;`d\ej`fej8JK:#Efm\dY\i$;\Z\dY\i)''. @dd\ij\[`eJZ`\eZ\1c\Xie`e^`ekf[XpËj[`^`kXc\em`ifed\ekj#
LJ8#9`dfek_cpE\njAflieXcf]k_\8jjfZ`Xk`fef]JZ`\eZ\Xe[K\Z_efcf^p:\ek\ij%
E\njc\kk\i#`jjl\-/)''- 1<ogcf`k`e^k_\n\Y#<:J@K<<lifg\XeE\knfibf]JZ`\eZ\:\ek\ijXe[Dlj\ldj %
>feq}c\q#D%)''. 1K\Zefcf^ˆXj[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e\`e]fidXZ`e\ecfjdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#Dlj\fcf^ˆX[\
cX:`\eZ`X#\[`kfi\jCl`jX=\ieXe[XI`Zf#:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q#Alc`XKX^•\ŒXpAlXeKfe[X)''. D„o`Zf#;`i\ZZ`e
>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#LE8D%
G`jZ`k\cc`#8%)'', 1@ek\ie\k#cX`dgi\ekX[\cj`^cfOO@#9XiZ\cfeX#<jgXŒX#<[`kfi`Xc>\[`jX%
Ki\m`Œf#<%)''- 1Ljf[\cXjK\Zefcf^ˆXj[\cX`e]fidXZ`epZfdle`ZXZ`e\eD„o`Zf#D„o`Zf;%=%#D„o`Zf#
:fc\ZZ`eK\Ze„pG\[X^f^ˆX#K\okfjYi\m\j[\`em\jk`^XZ`epZfdle`ZXZ`e\[lZXk`mX%
J`k`fj[\@ek\ie\k
8cfaXd`\ekf
› =i\\n\Yj1_kkg1&&d\dY\ij%]i\\n\Yj%Zfd&J`k`f[\@ek\ie\k[\XcfaXd`\ekf^iXkl`kf %
› >\fZ`k`\j1_kkg1&&nnn%^\fZ`k`\j%Zfd&J`k`f[\@ek\ie\k[\XcfaXd`\ekf^iXkl`kf %
› =i\\j\im\ij_kkg1&&nnn%]i\\j\im\ij%Zfd&J`k`f[\@ek\ie\k[\XcfaXd`\ekf^iXkl`kf %
9cf^j
› 9cf^^\i1_kkgj1&&nnn%Ycf^^\i%Zfd&J\im`Z`fgXiXZi\XipglYc`ZXileYcf^[\dXe\iXj\eZ`ccX %
› C`m\AflieXc1_kkg1&&nnn%c`m\aflieXc%Zfd&Dfkfi[\n\Ycf^[\]}Z`cdXe\af %
› Nfi[Gi\jj1_kkg1&&\j%nfi[gi\jj%Zfd&J`jk\dX[\^\jk`e[\Zfek\e`[fj^iXkl`kf#\e]fZX[fXcXZi\XZ`e[\
Ycf^j%;\jXiifccX[f\eG?GpDpJHC %
› DfmXYc\Kpg\1_kkg1&&nnn%dfmXYc\kpg\%fi^&?\iiXd`\ekXn\Y[\jk`eX[XXcXZi\XZ`epglYc`ZXZ`e[\
n\Ycf^j#ZfdgXk`Yc\ZfeDpJHC#Gfjk^i\JHCp9\ib\c\p;9 %
(+/
=fifj
› G_g99_kkg1&&nnn%g_gYY%Zfd&J`jk\dX^iXkl`kf[\]fifj[\[`jZlj`e%;\jXiifccX[f\eG?GpDpJHC %
› Dp99_kkg1&&nnn%dpYYfXi[%e\k&J`jk\dX^iXkl`kf[\]fifj[\[`jZlj`e%;\jXiifccX[f\eG?GpDpJHC %
› =fifj_`jgXe`jkX_kkg1&&]fifj%_`jgXm`jkX%Zfd&J`k`fn\Y[e[\j\gl\[\Zi\Xile]fif[\]fidX^iXkl`kX %
› =fifj%E<K_kkg1&&nnn%]fifj%e\k&J`k`fn\Y[e[\j\gl\[\Zi\Xile]fif[\]fidX^iXkl`kX %
Gf[ZXjkIJJ
› N`c[Mf`Z\Gf[ZXjkJkl[`f(%'_kkg1&&nnn%n`c[mf`Z\%Zfd&Gif^iXdX^iXkl`kfhl\g\id`k\^iXYXipglYc`ZXi
gf[ZXjk[\gif[lZZ`egifg`X %
› MF;ZXjk\i1_kkg1&&nnn%knfZXef\j%Zfd&mf[ZXjk\i&Gif^iXdX^iXkl`kfgXiXZi\Xigf[ZXjkpYcfhl\j[\
efk`Z`XjIJJ\eDXZFJO %
› Gf[ZXjk ]i\\nXi\ _kkg1&&nnn%jf]kgcXkq%Zfd&]i\\nXi\&gf[ZXjk& Gif^iXdXj ^iXkl`kfj gXiX Zi\Xi p c\\i
gf[ZXjk\eN`e[fnj %
› `Kle\j1_kkg1&&nnn%Xggc\%Zfd&\j&`kle\j&I\gif[lZkfi[\d\[`fjpc\Zkfi[\gf[ZXjk^iXkl`kf#DXZFJO
pN`e[fnj %
› OZXjkY)*1_kkg1&&^\koZXjk%Zfd&:c`\ek\^iXkl`kfgXiXc\\igf[ZXjkpYcfhl\j[\efk`Z`XjIJJ %
N`b`g\[`X
› N`b`g\[`X_kkg1&&\j%n`b`g\[`X%fi^J`k`f[\@ek\ie\k[\N`b`g\[`X\e\jgXŒfc %
<jkX[ˆjk`ZXj
› >ff^c\8eXcpk`Zj_kkg1&&nnn%^ff^c\%Zfd&XeXcpk`Zj&Gif^iXdX^iXkl`kfgXiX\cdXe\af[\\jkX[ˆjk`ZXj[\
leffmXi`fjJ`k`fj[\@ek\ie\k#efk`\e\i\hl\i`d`\ekfj\okiX %
› G_g KiX]ÔZX _kkg1&&jf]k%qfe\f%e\k&g_gKiX]ÔZ8&`e[\o%g_g6c4\j Gif^iXdX ^iXkl`kf gXiX \c dXe\af [\
\jkX[ˆjk`ZXj[\leffmXi`fjJ`k`fj[\@ek\ie\k#i\hl`\i\[\g_gpdpjhc %
ALC@8K8>|<z8
Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf
;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
:fpfXZ}e#'+,('#D„o`Zf;=#D„o`Zf
IF9<IKFLI@9<
;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf
:fpfXZ}e#'+,('#D„o`Zf;=#D„o`Zf
(+0
SECCIÓN 4
<M8CL8:@äE;<C8J8:K@M@;8;<J
:@<EKà=@:8J@E=8EK@C<JPALM<E@C<J
El estado de la evaluación de las
actividades científicas infantiles y
juveniles. Una panorámica regional
De`ZXCfqXef
I<JLD<E
<cXikˆZlcfgi\j\ekXXc^lefj[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\le\jkl[`fgXefi}d`ZfjfYi\gfcˆk`ZXj#gif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj\e
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#i\Xc`qX[f\e[`\qgXˆj\j[\@Y\ifXd„i`ZX%J\i\Xc`qXleX[\jZi`gZ`e[\cfj
Xjg\ZkfjZfeZ\gklXc\jpd\kf[fc^`Zfj[\c\jkl[`f\e^\e\iXcp[\cfji\jlckX[fj\jg\ZˆÔZfji\]\i\ek\jXck\dX[\cXj
8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\jpAlm\e`c\jÆ8:@A$1leX[\jZi`gZ`e[\cfjgi`eZ`gXc\jgif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\
\o`jk\e\ecXi\^`epcXj`klXZ`e[\gi\j\eZ`X&Xlj\eZ`X[\gifZ\jfj[\\mXclXZ`e[\[`Z_Xj\og\i`\eZ`Xj%=`eXcd\ek\#
j\ZfeZclp\ZfeleX[`jZlj`e[\cfji\jlckX[fj#\ecXhl\j\\e]Xk`qX\eXc^leXj[\cXjgi\^lekXjhl\j\XYi\ei\jg\ZkfX
cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXj8:@Ap#[\dXe\iXd}j^\e\iXc#XcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
G8C89I8J:C8M<1
:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\j
pAlm\e`c\j#8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
;liXek\\c)''*p\c)''+#j\cc\mXZXYf\ele\jkl[`fi\^`feXcpZfdgXiXk`mf[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e@Y\ifXd„i`ZXCfqXef#)'', %<c\jkl[`f#\cgi`d\if[\jlk`gfgXiXcXi\^`e#k\eˆX
ZfdffYa\k`mfYi`e[XilegXefiXdX^\e\iXc[\c\jkX[f[\cX[`jZlj`eZfeZ\gklXcp[\cXjgi`eZ`gXc\j
gfcˆk`ZXj#gif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj\e\c}i\X[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXgXiX
[`\qgXˆj\j19fc`m`X#:fcfdY`X#:_`c\#:lYX#<ZlX[fi#<jgXŒX#GXeXd}#G\i’pM\e\ql\cX%
KfdXe[f Zfdf glekf [\ gXik`[X Xc^lefj [\ cfj i\jlckX[fj [\ \jk\ \jkl[`f# \c gi\j\ek\ XikˆZlcf
gi\j\ekX leX m`j`e gXefi}d`ZX [\ cXj 8Zk`m`[X[\j :`\ekˆ]`ZXj @e]Xek`c\j p Alm\e`c\j Æ8:@A$ \e cX
i\^`e#pcXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\\mXclXZ`e[\\jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j%
GXiXjl\ogfj`Z`e#\cXikˆZlcfj\fi^Xe`qX\eki\jgXik\j%<ecXgi`d\iX#j\gi\j\ekXleX[\jZi`gZ`e
^\e\iXc [\ cfj Xjg\Zkfj d\kf[fc^`Zfj [\c \jkl[`f# \e cX j\^le[X j\ dl\jkiXe cfj i\jlckX[fj
fYk\e`[fjZfei\cXZ`eXck\dX\jg\Zˆ]`Zf[\cXj8:@Ap\ecXk\iZ\iX#j\i\Xc`qXleX[`jZlj`ejfYi\
\jkfji\jlckX[fj#\e]fZX[XXZl}c\jjfecXjgi\^lekXj^\e\iXc\jhl\„jkfjefjXYi\ei\jg\ZkfXcX
\mXclXZ`e[\\jk\k`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\jp#[\dXe\iXd}j^\e\iXc#XcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e8d„i`ZXCXk`eX%
LE8G8EFIÝD@:8;<C8:FDLE@:8:@äE;<C8:@<E:@8
<ECFJG8àJ<J;<C:89
Gfijfc`Z`kl[[\cfjd`e`jk\i`fj[\\[lZXZ`e[\cfjgXˆj\jd`\dYifj[\c:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf($:89$#
\cÝi\X[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\\jkX\ek`[X[\dgi\e[`\e)'')cXgi\gXiXZ`e[\leGcXe8ZZ`e
:fealekX\e:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\cfjGXˆj\j[\c:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf)''*Æ)'('#:89#)''+ %CX
`e`Z`Xk`mXj\[`i`^ˆXXgcXek\XileX_faX[\ilkXgXiXcfjgXˆj\j[\cXi\^`ehl\g\id`k`\iX]fikXc\Z\icXj
gfcˆk`ZXjpgif^iXdXj[\Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXXkiXm„j[\c\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf[\gif^iXdXjpgifp\Zkfj
[\ kiXYXaf Zfealekf% Lef [\ cfj gif^iXdXj [\c GcXe \j \c Gif^iXdX GfglcXi`qXZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X p cX
K\Zefcf^ˆX% <eki\ jlj fYa\k`mfj j\ \eZl\ekiX1 È8gfpXi gifZ\jfj [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e# j`jk\dXk`qXZ`e p
\mXclXZ`e[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#k\e[`\ek\jX`[\ek`ÔZXicXj
d\afi\jgi}Zk`ZXj#p[\Ôe`i`e[`ZX[fi\j[\\mXclXZ`egXiX\jkfjgif^iXdXjÉ:89#)''+1*, %
<e \jk\ Zfek\okf# \eki\ \c )'') p \c )''+ j\ i\Xc`q le \jkl[`f gXefi}d`Zf [`i`^`[f X j`jk\dXk`qXi p
XeXc`qXicXjgfcˆk`ZXjpcXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecfjgXˆj\j[\c
:89% J\ gi\k\e[ˆX hl\ \c kiXYXaf j`im`\iX [\ YXj\ X cX e\Z\jXi`X gif]le[`qXZ`e [\ ZX[X ZXjf \e cfj
i\jg\Zk`mfjgXˆj\j#g\ifhl\kXdY`„ej\Zfem`ik`\iX\eleX_\iiXd`\ekXhl\Xpl[XiXXcXi\Õ\o`e[\
cXjgfj`Y`c`[X[\jpi\kfjhl\\e]i\ekXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXi\^`e%@ek\ekXYX#`^lXcd\ek\#
XgfikXiXce\Z\jXi`fgifZ\jf[\`ek\iZfe\o`e\eki\\og\i`\eZ`Xj#XcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\g\ejXigifp\Zkfj
Zfdle\j# [\ ^\e\iXi Xgi\e[`qXa\j ZfdgXik`[fj p Yi`e[Xi leX `e]fidXZ`e ’k`c gXiX \c [`j\Œf [\ leX
gfcˆk`ZXi\^`feXcjfYi\\ck\dX%
<e \c k\dX \jg\ZˆÔZf [\ cXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e# \c \jkl[`f) [\Ôe` \eki\ jlj fYa\k`mfj \c
`[\ek`ÔZXi\e]fhl\j#\jkiXk\^`Xj#d\kf[fcf^ˆXjpgifZ\jfj[\^\jk`e[\jXiifccX[fj\ecXi\^`e\e\c
k\dX[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%
CXd\kf[fcf^ˆXj\^l`[XgXiX\c\jkl[`f]l\ledesk reviewj\\cXYfiZfeYXj\\e`e]fidXZ`e[\]}Z`c
(,+
( <c:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf\jlefi^Xe`jdfdlck`cXk\iXc[`i`^`[fXcX`ek\^iXZ`e\[lZXk`mX#Z`\ekˆÔZX#k\Zefc^`ZXpZlckliXc[\cfjgXˆj\jd`\dYifj%<e
\cdfd\ekf\ehl\j\i\Xc`qX\c\jkl[`f#cfjgXˆj\jd`\dYifjjfe9fc`m`X#:fcfdY`X#:_`c\#:lYX#<ZlX[fi#<jgXŒX#GXeXd}#GXiX^lXp#G\i’pM\e\ql\cX%
Gfjk\i`fid\ek\j\`ek\^iXiˆXD„o`Zf%
) 8[\d}j[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\jg\ZˆÔZXj\eZfdle`ZXZ`eÆ\e[fe[\j\`ejZi`Y\ecXj8:@A$\c\jkl[`f[fZld\ek\ek`[X[\j#gif^iXdXjeXZ`feXc\jp
i\^`feXc\jpi\[\j\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%KXdY`„e`[\ek`ÔZcXjgi`eZ`gXc\jgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXjgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
\ecfjgXˆj\j%
XZZ\jf# \e Zfikf k`\dgf p j`e m`j`kXj X cfj gXˆj\j % GXiX \c k\dX [\ \og\i`\eZ`Xj \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e# \c
\jkl[`fZfej`[\ikf[XjXhl\ccXjhl\\a\ZlkXecfjfYa\k`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX
XkiXm„j[\cXjj`^l`\ek\j\jkiXk\^`Xj1
X dlj\fjpZ\ekifj`ek\iXZk`mfj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX2
Y aXi[`e\jYfk}e`Zfj2
Z XZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j2
[ d\[`fj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`edXj`mX2
\ el\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj%
CXi\Zfc\ZZ`e[\cX`e]fidXZ`ej\i\Xc`qXgXik`i[\leX=`Z_X[\Gif^iXdXj#<og\i`\eZ`XjpI\[\j#hl\
X[\d}j[\cfj[Xkfj[\`[\ek`ÔZXZ`e[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X#`e[X^XYXjfYi\jljfYa\k`mfj#\jkiXk\^`Xjp#\e\c
ZXjf[\hl\cfj_lY`\iX#gifZ\jfj[\\mXclXZ`em\i=`Z_X\ecXj`^l`\ek\g}^`eX %
CX i\Zfc\ZZ`e [\ `e]fidXZ`e j\ i\Xc`q X kiXm„j [\c }i\X [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX [\c :89* X gXik`i
[\]l\ek\j[fZld\ekXc\j[\]}Z`cXZZ\jfg}^`eXjn\Y[\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jf\og\i`\eZ`Xj#d\dfi`Xj#
i\m`jkXj#i\^`jkif\ecXI\[ÆGfg[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj %LeXm\q[`c`^\eZ`X[XjcXjÔZ_Xj#j\i\d`k`\ifeX
cXjg\ijfeXj\`ejk`klZ`fe\j\eZXi^X[Xj[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`XjgXiXjli\m`j`e%J\[fZld\ekXife\ek`[X[\j#
gif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xjm`^\ek\jXc)''*%
8:@A <E C8 I<>@äE P JL <M8CL8:@äE1 LE <JKL;@F
G8EFIÝD@:F
<c\jkl[`f`[\ek`ÔZZfdfYXj\gXiX\c\jkl[`f,)\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XgXiXcfj
gXˆj\j%;\ekif[\\jk\le`m\ijf#\c^ilgf[\cXj8:@A\j#[\jgl„j[\c[\dlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`X#\c
j\^le[fd}jeld\ifjf#Zfii\jgfe[`\e[f((\og\i`\eZ`Xj+X\jkXZXk\^fiˆX%
<e cX i\^`e# cXj 8:@A j\ ZXiXZk\i`qXe gfi j\i XZk`m`[X[\j hl\ `ek\ekXe ]fd\ekXi \c `ek\i„j [\ e`Œfj p
am\e\j_XZ`XcXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXXkiXm„j[\ki\j\jkiXk\^`Xj\jg\ZˆÔZXj1( ]XZ`c`kXi\c\eZl\ekif
\eki\ e`Œfj p am\e\j Zfe `ek\i\j\j Zfdle\j \e k\dXj Z`\ekˆÔZfj p k\Zefc^`Zfj# ) gifdfm\i \c
\eZl\ekif\eki\e`Œfjpam\e\jZfe`ek\i\j\j_XZ`XcXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXpcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj[\cgXˆj#p
* gifdfm\icX\cXYfiXZ`e[\gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\`e[X^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX%
J\`eZclp\eZfdf8:@AcXjj`^l`\ek\jXZk`m`[X[\j1
=\i`Xj#]\jk`mXc\jpj\dXeXj[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#
› :fe]\i\eZ`XjjfYi\Z`\eZ`X#
› :feZlijfjpfc`dg`X[Xj\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX#
› :clY\j[\Z`\eZ`X#
› Gif^iXdXjgXiX\c]fd\ekf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e\ee`Œfjpam\e\j%
=\i`Xj#]\jk`mXc\jpj\dXeXj[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX
<ecfjgXˆj\j[\c:89j\i\Xc`qXe\e\c}dY`kfeXZ`feXcZlXkif]\i`Xj,1cXFeria Expociencia -Expotecnología#
fi^Xe`qX[X [\j[\ (0/0 gfi cX 8jfZ`XZ`e :fcfdY`XeX gXiX \c 8mXeZ\ [\ cX :`\eZ`X p cX K\Zefcf^ˆX
Æ8%:%8%:%$2cXFeria Nacional del Ingenio Juvenilgifdfm`[X[\j[\(00,gficXJ\Zi\kXiˆXEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`X
pK\Zefcf^ˆXÆJ<E8:PK$p\cD`e`jk\i`f[\<[lZXZ`eGXeXd}2cXFeria Nacional Escolar de Ciencia y
* CXY’jhl\[X]l\i\Xc`qX[Xgfi8eXDXiˆXEXmXjpQlcdXPXe\k_Jl}i\q%<ecX]Xj\`e`Z`XcZfekZfecXZfcXYfiXZ`e[\Clq:fejkXeqX?\ie}e[\q%
+ <j`dgfikXek\j\ŒXcXihl\j`Y`\e((\og\i`\eZ`Xjj\`[\ek`ÔZXifeZfdf8:@A#[\ekif[\\og\i`\eZ`XjZfdfcfjdlj\fj#aXi[`e\jYfk}e`Zfj#\jZfd’e\e$
ZfekiXi\c[\jXiifccf[\8:@A[\ekif[\jlkiXYXaf#XjˆXc^lefjdlj\fjgl\[\eZfekXiZfegif^iXdXjZfejfc`[X[fj[\ZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`Xf[\Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj
jfYi\Z`\eZ`X[`i`^`[XjXe`Œfj#e`ŒXjpam\e\j%
, <e:lYXj\cc\mXeXZXYfcXj]\i`Xj<ogf$gifm`eZ`Xcp<ogfeXZ`feXc%J`e\dYXi^fefj\i\]\i\eZ`Xe\e\c\jkl[`fgfihl\efj\Zl\ekXZfecX`e]fidXZ`e
Y}j`ZXhl\efjg\id`kXZXiXZk\i`qXicXj%
(,,
=@:?8
FICHA DE EXPERIENCIAS
No.
EfdYi\1
GXˆj[\fi`^\e1
<ek`[X[i\jgfejXYc\1
;`i\ZZ`e1
K\c„]fef1
G}^`eXn\Y1
=Xo1
=\Z_X`e`Z`XZ`e1
=\Z_X[\k\id`eXZ`e
I„gc`ZXj\efkifjgXˆj\j%
Ámbito de apropiación:
EXZ`feXc
I\^`feXcÆ<jkX[lXcÆGifm`eZ`Xc
CfZXcmXi`Xj\jZl\cXjf`ejk`klZ`fe\j
@ejk`klZ`feXc
8lcX
Fkifj1VVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Estrategia de apropiación de ciencia y tecnología:
:fe]\i\eZ`X
:lijf
:`iZlcf[\`ek\i„jÆZclY[\Z`\eZ`X
JfZ`\[X[
KXcc\i
<oZlij`e
Dlj\fÆZ\ekif[\Z`\eZ`X
Qffc^`Zf
AXi[ˆe9fk}e`Zf
=\jk`mXcÆ]\i`XÆfc`dg`X[X
;ˆXÆj\dXeX[\Z`\eZ`X
K\XkifÆ<ogi\j`eXikˆjk`ZX
Df[\c`qXZ`e[\XgXiXkfj
C`Yif`dgi\jfÆm`iklXc
I\m`jkX`dgi\jXfm`iklXc
GX^`eXn\YÆgfikXcn\Y
Jf]knXi\
Gif^iXdX[\k\c\m`j`e
M`[\f
Gif^iXdX[\iX[`f
Al\^fdXelXcÆm`iklXc
B`k\[lZXk`mf
<hl`gf[\cXYfiXkfi`f
FkiX1
Grupo destinatario:
<jkl[`Xek\j[\Zfc\^`f
<jkl[`Xek\jle`m\ij`kXi`fj
;fZ\ek\j[\Zfc\^`f
;fZ\ek\jle`m\ij`kXi`fj
:fY\ikliX1
9i\m\[\jZi`gZ`e1
<mXclXZ`e1
:fjkfXgifo`dX[f1
FYj\imXZ`fe\j1
(,-
@em\jk`^X[fi\j
GlYc`Zf^\e\iXc
I\gi\j\ekXek\j[\FE:PK
TecnologíaÆ=<E:PK$fi^Xe`qX[Xgfi\c:fej\afEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXÆ:FE:PK<:$[\cG\i’
p\cFestival Juvenil de la Cienciafi^Xe`qX[f[\j[\(0-/gficXJfZ`\[X[M\e\qfcXeXgXiX\c8mXeZ\[\cX
:`\eZ`XÆ8jfM8:$%8\oZ\gZ`e[\Expociencia – Expotecnologíahl\j\i\Xc`qXZX[X[fjXŒfj#cXjfkiXj
]\i`XjjfeXelXc\j%
CXj]\i`Xjp]\jk`mXc\j`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#j`Y`\e[`i`^\ejlj\j]l\iqfjX
ZfeZ\ekiXi^ilgfj[\e`Œfjpam\e\j#[X[XjleXkliXc\qXj\XYi\eXkf[fk`gf[\g’Yc`Zf%@eZcljf\e
\cZXjf[\cXFeria Expociencia – Expotecnología\e:fcfdY`X#j\fi^Xe`qX[\kXcdXe\iXhl\j\Zfem`\ikX
\e m`ki`eX gXiX cX gifdfZ`e [\ j\im`Z`fj# gif^iXdXj p XZk`m`[X[\j \e \c ZXdgf \[lZXk`mf p gXiX cX
gifdfZ`e[\e\^fZ`fjp[\cX`dX^\eZfigfiXk`mX[\`ejk`klZ`fe\ji\cXZ`feX[XjZfe\ck\dX%<jkX]\i`X#
hl\\jcXd}j^iXe[\[\cXi\^`e#i\Z`Y\Xgifo`dX[Xd\ek\(/''''m`j`kXek\j[\kf[f\cgXˆj%C\j`^l\
\cFestival Juvenil de la Ciencia#hl\ZfemfZX\ejlfi^Xe`qXZ`ekXekfcfZXcZfdfeXZ`feXc\eki\*-'''p
+''''am\e\j%
Cfj fYa\k`mfj [\ cXj ]\i`Xj [`Ô\i\e c`^\iXd\ek\ [\ le gXˆj X fkif% <e \c ZXjf [\ Feria Expociencia
– Expotecnología [\ :fcfdY`X p cX Feria Nacional del Ingenio Juvenil [\ GXeXd} cfj fYa\k`mfj jfe
]le[Xd\ekXcd\ek\ki\j1
› Gifdfm\i \c [\jXiifccf k\Zefc^`Zf# cX `em\jk`^XZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZX Xgc`ZX[X X gifYc\dXj i\^`feXc\j p
eXZ`feXc\j%
› ;XiXZfefZ\icfjkiXYXafj[\jXiifccX[fjgficfjgXik`Z`gXek\j#gif[lZkf[\jlZXgXZ`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZX#
k\Zefc^`ZX#ZlckliXc#`em\jk`^Xk`mXp\dgi\jXi`Xc%
› Gifdfm\i le `ek\iZXdY`f [\ \og\i`\eZ`Xj \eki\ cfj \ogfj`kfi\j p \eki\ \jkfj p \c g’Yc`Zf \e
^\e\iXc%
<ecXFeria Nacional Escolar de Ciencia y Tecnología[\cG\i’p\cFestival Juvenil de la Ciencia [\M\e\ql\cX#
\eZfekiXdfjfYa\k`mfj[`i`^`[fj_XZ`XÔe\jd}j[\k`gf\[lZXk`mf#\ekXekfj\g`\ejXXcXZfdle`[X[
\[lZXk`mXZfdfjlg’Yc`Zf]le[Xd\ekXc%GXiX\cZXjf[\cXFeria Nacional Escolar de Ciencia y Tecnología
\eZfekiXdfj\eki\jljfYa\k`mfj1ÈDfk`mXicXZXgXZ`[X[Zi\Xk`mX[\cXcldefpjlmfZXZ`egficXZ`\eZ`X
p k\Zefcf^ˆXÉ# È8Zi\Z\ekXi \e cfj \[lZXe[fj p [fZ\ek\j \c e`m\c [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj p Zfdgi\ej`e [\
cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆXÉ f È:feki`Yl`i X cX ]fidXZ`e `ek\^iXc [\c \[lZXe[f p Xc d\afiXd`\ekf [\
cX\ej\ŒXeqXY}j`ZX\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXÉ%<cFestival Juvenil de la Ciencia`eZclp\\eki\jljfYa\k`mfj1
È<jk`dlcXicXXZk`kl[i\Õ\o`mXpZiˆk`ZXZfdfgifZ\jf]fidXk`mfÉ#È;\jXiifccXi\ecfjgXik`Z`gXek\jleX
[`jgfj`Z`e ]XmfiXYc\ gXiX cX ]fidXZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZXÉ p ÈM`eZlcXi X cfj [fZ\ek\j [\ \[lZXZ`e Y}j`ZX p
d\[`XZfecXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXÉ%
CX\jkiXk\^`X]le[Xd\ekXc[\jXiifccX[X\ecXj]\i`Xj\jcX\ogfj`Z`e[\gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\e
Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX [\jXiifccX[fj gfi cfj \hl`gfj [\ e`Œfj p am\e\j% >\e\iXcd\ek\ d\j\j Xek\j [\c
\m\ekfj\i\Xc`qXcXZfemfZXkfi`XgXiXcXgi\j\ekXZ`e[\cfjgifp\Zkfjpj\j\c\ZZ`feXecfjkiXYXafjgXiX
cX\ogfj`Z`e%<ekf[fjcfjZXjfjcX]\i`X[\Ôe\ZXk\^fiˆXj#}i\Xjk\d}k`ZXj#X[\d}j[\cfjgifZ\[`d`\ekfj
gXik`ZlcXi\jgXiXcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e%CXZXk\^fiˆXj\[\Ôe\cfj^ilgfj[\\[X[1e`Œfjg\hl\Œfj#am\e\j[\
\[lZXZ`eY}j`ZXpd\[`Xp#\eXc^lefjZXjfj#am\e\jle`m\ij`kXi`fj%I\jg\ZkfXcXk\d}k`ZX#^\e\iXcd\ek\
j\ g`[\ hl\ cfj gifp\Zkfj j\Xe \e cXj }i\Xj [\ Z`\eZ`Xj eXkliXc\j p k\Zefcf^ˆX `eZcl`[f [\jXiifccf
\dgi\jXi`Xc %Jcf\e\cZXjf[\cXFeria Nacional Escolar de Ciencia y Tecnología[\cG\i’j\[\Ôe\[\dXe\iX
\ogc`Z`kXcXjZ`\eZ`XjjfZ`Xc\jZfdfleX[\cXjk\d}k`ZXjgXiXcX]\i`X%<ekf[fjcfjZXjfj#cfjZfd`k„j
fi^Xe`qX[fi\j[\cXj]\i`Xj[\Ôe\ecfjgifZ\[`d`\ekfjpi\hl`j`kfjgXiXcXXZ\gkXZ`e[\cfjgifp\Zkfj%
<ecXFeria Expociencia – Expotecnología:fcfdY`X \e\c)''(j\gi\j\ekXife.,/gifp\Zkfjhl\m`eZlcXife
\ejl\a\ZlZ`e+,''am\e\j%GfijlgXik\cXFeria Nacional del Ingenio JuvenilGXeXd} i\gfik\e
(,.
\c d`jdf XŒf +'' gifp\Zkfj ef j\ \jg\Z`ÔZX \c e’d\if [\ am\e\j p e`Œfj m`eZlcX[fj # d`\ekiXj \c
Festival Juvenil de la Ciencia[\M\e\ql\cXZl\ekXZX[XXŒfZfe\eki\()'''p(,'''gifp\Zkfj[\kf[f
\cgXˆj#\ecfjhl\gXik`Z`gXe\eki\*-'''p+''''am\e\j(%CX`dgfikXek\[`]\i\eZ`X\ee’d\if[\
gifp\Zkfjpam\e\jm`eZlcX[fj\eki\\jkX’ck`dX\og\i`\eZ`XpcXjgi\Z\[\ek\j#gf[\dfj\eZfekiXicX\e
cX`ek\i\jXek\[`e}d`ZXX[\cXekX[Xgficfjfi^Xe`qX[fi\j[\cFestival Juvenil de la Ciencia\eM\e\ql\cX%
8[\d}j[\cXljlXcZfemfZXkfi`Xpj\c\ZZ`e[\cfjgifp\Zkfj#\c]\jk`mXcfg\iXleXj\i`\[\d\ZXe`jdfj
hl\g\id`k\ehl\Xe`m\ceXZ`feXcj\Zl\ek\ZfeXZfdgXŒXd`\ekfpXj\jfiˆXXcfj\hl`gfj%<c]\jk`mXc
efjcf\j\c\m\ekfeXZ`feXcXchl\mXecXjd\afi\jgifgl\jkXjhl\jfegi\d`X[Xj%@eZclp\kXdY`„eleX
j\i`\[\]\jk`mXc\jcfZXc\jpi\^`feXc\j%8jˆ#cfj[Xkfji\Õ\aXecXgXik`Z`gXZ`ecfZXc#i\^`feXcpeXZ`feXc
\eleXj\i`\[\g\hl\Œfj]\jk`mXc\ji\Xc`qX[fj[\dXe\iXgi\m`XXcFestival Juvenil%
8[\d}j[\cXj\ogfj`Z`fe\jp[\cfj\m\ekfjgifg`fj[\cX]\i`XZlckliXc\jpi\Zi\Xk`mXj #[liXek\cXj]\i`Xj
j\[\jXiifccXefkifk`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\jXZX[„d`ZXjZfdfjfeZfe]\i\eZ`Xj#Zlijfj#kXcc\i\j#\eZl\ekifj
ZfeZ`\ekˆÔZfj#\kZ%
<c’ck`dfglekfX[`jZlk`ijfYi\cfj]\jk`mXc\jp]\i`Xj[\cXZ`\eZ`X\jcX\mXclXZ`e[\jlji\jlckX[fj%GXiX
\cZXjf[\cXFeria Nacional Escolar de Ciencia y Tecnología[\cG\i’efj\i\gfikXe[Xkfj%CXFeria Expociencia
– Expotecnología:fcfdY`X Zl\ekXZfe[Xkfj[\\mXclXZ`e`ek\ieX\ecfjhl\j\gi`m`c\^`X`e]fidXZ`e
jfYi\gifZ\[\eZ`X[\cfjgifp\Zkfj#}i\Xjk\d}k`ZXj[\dXpfigXik`Z`gXZ`epZXk\^fiˆX`e]Xek`c#alm\e`c
fle`m\ij`kXi`X hl\i\Z`Y\dXpfie’d\if[\kiXYXafj%CXFeria Nacional del Ingenio JuvenilGXeXd} k`\e\
Zfdf`e[`ZX[fi[\\mXclXZ`e\ce’d\if[\gifp\Zkfjgi\j\ekX[fj\eZX[X]\i`X%<cFestival Juvenil de
la Ciencia\eM\e\ql\cX_Xi\Xc`qX[f\mXclXZ`fe\j\ok\ieXj[\cX\og\i`\eZ`Xhl\i\gfikXecXjj`^l`\ek\j
ZfeZclj`fe\j1
› <cFestival Juvenil de la CienciagifdfZ`feXcX:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆX%
› K`\e\^iXeZi\[`Y`c`[X[%
› <jleXmˆXef]fidXc[\Xgi\e[`qXa\[\cXjZ`\eZ`Xj%
› K`\e\Yl\eXji\cXZ`fe\jZfefi^Xe`jdfj[`j\ŒX[fi\jp\a\Zlkfi\j[\cXgfcˆk`ZX[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%
› E\Z\j`kXdXpfipg\idXe\ek\ÔeXeZ`Xd`\ekfgXiX\ccf^ifZXYXc[\jljfYa\k`mfj%
8g\jXi[\c`ek\i„jgfigXik\[\cXj\ek`[X[\ji\jgfejXYc\j[\\mXclXi\c`dgXZkf[\\jkX\og\i`\eZ`X#
hl\[Xej`e\dYXi^f^iXe[\jgi\^lekXjjfYi\jl\]\Zk`m`[X[i\Xc\e\ck\dX[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%¶Hl„k`gf[\gifp\Zkfjj\gi\j\ekXe6¶jfegifp\Zkfj`eefmX[fi\j6¶hl„jlZ\[\
Zfecfjam\e\jhl\gXik`Z`gXepZfejljgifp\Zkfj6¶jfei\Xcd\ek\cXj]\i`Xjp]\jk`mXc\j\jkiXk\^`Xj
\]\Zk`mXj \e \c `ek\i„j [\ ÈGifdfm\i \c [\jXiifccf k\Zefc^`Zf# cX `em\jk`^XZ`e Z`\ekˆÔZX Xgc`ZX[X X
gifYc\dXji\^`feXc\jpeXZ`feXc\jÉ6<jgifYXYc\hl\cXi\jgl\jkXj\Xgfj`k`mX%J`e\dYXi^f\j\m`[\ek\
cXe\Z\j`[X[[\[\jXiifccXid\ZXe`jdfj[\\mXclXZ`eX[\ZlX[fjgXiXd\[`ii\Xcd\ek\jl`dgXZkf%
GXiXÔeXc`qXi\cglekfi\]\i\ek\X=\i`Xj#]\jk`mXc\jpj\dXeXj[\cXZ`\eZ`X#j\`eZcl`i}cX[\jZi`gZ`e[\
cXSemana Nacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología#[\:_`c\#cX’e`ZX\og\i`\eZ`Xi\]\i\eZ`X[X[\leXj\dXeX
[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXi\^`e#fi^Xe`qX[XgficX:fd`j`eEXZ`feXc[\@em\jk`^XZ`e:`\ekˆÔZXpK\Zefc^`ZX
Æ:FE@:PK$phl\]fidXgXik\[\cZfealekf[\gifp\Zkfj`eZcl`[fj[\ekif[\cgif^iXdX[\[`mlc^XZ`e
pmXcfiXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XExplora#X[\cXekX[fgficX:FE@:PK%
CXSemana Nacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología\jle\m\ekf[\ZfY\ikliXeXZ`feXc%:X[XXŒf#cXj\dXeX
j\Z\c\YiX\ekfiefXlek\dXZ\ekiXcXgXik`i[\cZlXcj\`dgc\d\ekXemXi`Xj`e`Z`Xk`mXjZfdfZfeZlijfj
[\^i}ÔZX\`em\ekfj#]\i`XjpkXcc\i\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpj\[\jXiifccXeXZk`m`[X[\jZfdf11000 Científicos - 1000
Aulas, Puntos Focales, Libros de actividades, Conversando sobre Ciencia y Forma, Explorando en exposiciones%
(,/
( EfZfekXdfjZfe[XkfjjfYi\e’d\if[\gifp\ZkfjgXiXcXFeria Nacional Escolar de Ciencia y Tecnología[\cG\i’%
CXjXZk`m`[X[\jk`\e\egfifYa\k`mfgifdfm\i\c\eZl\ekif\eki\cXZfdle`[X[\[lZXk`mXpcXZfdle`[X[
XZX[„d`ZX#efjcf\e\c\jgXZ`f\jZfcXicfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjm`j`kXecXjXlcXj #j`efkXdY`„e\ecfj\jgXZ`fj[\
`em\jk`^XZ`ele`m\ij`[X[\jpZ\ekifj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e g\id`k`\e[fX[\d}j\cZfekXZkf[\cfjam\e\j
ZfecXk\Zefcf^ˆX[\glekXlk`c`qX[X\ecfjgifZ\jfj`em\jk`^Xk`mfj%@^lXcd\ek\[liXek\cXj\dXeXcXj
`ejk`klZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXji\Xc`qXe]\jk`mXc\j[\Z`\eZ`X\ecXhl\cfj\jkl[`Xek\jgi\j\ekXejljgifp\Zkfj%
CXd\ekXYc\d\ek\efj\Zl\ekXZfe`e]fidXZ`ejfYi\ZfY\ikliXp\mXclXZ`e[\\jkX\og\i`\eZ`X%MXc\
cXg\eX[\jkXZXij`e\dYXi^f#cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\\jk\k`gf[\`e`Z`Xk`mXj[\^\e\iXiZXeXc\j[`i\Zkfj[\
i\cXZ`e\eki\cXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXpcfje`Œfjpam\e\j%Le\c\d\ekf`dgfikXek\\jhl\cX\og\i`\eZ`X
\jfi^Xe`qX[Xgfi\cfi^Xe`jdfeXZ`feXc[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cgXˆj#cfhl\]XZ`c`kX\jkfjgifZ\jfj
[\`ek\iXZZ`e%
:fe]\i\eZ`XjjfYi\Z`\eZ`X
<ecfjgXˆj\j[\c:89Xc^leXj[\cXj8ZX[\d`Xj[\:`\eZ`Xjp[\cXj8jfZ`XZ`fe\jgXiX\c8mXeZ\[\cX
:`\eZ`X#`eZclp\ecXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\Zfe]\i\eZ`Xjg’Yc`ZXjZfdfleX[\cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj]le[Xd\ekXc\j[\
jlkiXYXaf\ecX[`]lj`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXXcXgfYcXZ`e%
CX8jfZ`XZ`e:fcfdY`XeXgXiX\c8mXeZ\[\cX:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆX8:8:fi^Xe`qXlegif^iXdXXelXc
[\Zfe]\i\eZ`XjjXYXk`eXj[\efd`eX[fEncuentro con el futuro%8hlˆcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj[\[`m\ijXj[`jZ`gc`eXj
f]i\Z\e\eleXl[`kfi`fZfe]\i\eZ`XjXcXZfdle`[X[\[lZXk`mX%Cfjgif^iXdXj[\cXjZfe]\i\eZ`Xjjfe
i\gXik`[fj X cXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j \[lZXk`mXj [\ dXe\iX hl\ cfj dX\jkifj gl\[Xe jl^\i`i X cfj am\e\j p
e`ŒfjcXXj`jk\eZ`XXcXjZfe]\i\eZ`Xj%@^lXcd\ek\#cX8jfZ`XZ`eGXeXd\ŒXgXiX\c8mXeZ\[\cX:`\eZ`X
Æ8G8E8:$X[\cXekXlegif^iXdX[\Conferencias Científicas%
GfijlgXik\cXI\Xc8ZX[\d`X[\:`\eZ`Xj<oXZkXj#=ˆj`ZXjpEXkliXc\j[\<jgXŒX#X[\cXekX\cPrograma
de promoción de la cultura científica y tecnológicahl\Zfej`jk\\eleZfealekf[\Zfe]\i\eZ`XjjfYi\k\dXj
Z`\ekˆÔZfjhl\j\`dgXik\e\e[`]\i\ek\jj`k`fj[\cgXˆj%CX8ZX[\d`X:fcfdY`XeX[\:`\eZ`Xj<oXZkXj#
=ˆj`ZXjpEXkliXc\j#cX8ZX[\d`X:_`c\eX[\:`\eZ`XjpcX8ZX[\d`X[\:`\eZ`Xj=ˆj`ZXj#DXk\d}k`ZXjp
EXkliXc\j[\M\e\ql\cX#`eZclp\e\eki\jljXZk`m`[X[\jcXjZfe]\i\eZ`Xj%
CXjZfe]\i\eZ`Xjjfelk`c`qX[XjkXdY`„egfiXc^lefjZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`XZfdfgXik\[\jlf]\ikX\[lZXk`mX%
GXiXe`e^lef[\cfjZXjfjj\i\gfikXe[XkfjjfYi\\mXclXZ`e[\cfji\jlckX[fj%
:feZlijfjpfc`dg`X[Xj
Cfj ZfeZlijfj p fc`dg`X[Xj [\ Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX ef jfe [\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e d}j
[`]le[`[Xj \e cfj gXˆj\j [\ cX i\^`e% ;\ cXj ,) \og\i`\eZ`Xj jcf ki\j Zfii\jgfe[\e X ZfeZlijfj p
fc`dg`X[Xjp[\\jkfjjcflefj\i\Ô\i\XcXk\d}k`ZX\jg\ZˆÔZX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%<jkX]XckX\e
\ci\gfik\[\\og\i`\eZ`Xjefhl`\i\[\Z`ihl\efj\cc\m\eXZXYf\jk\k`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\j\ecXi\^`e%
Cfhl\efjj\ŒXcX\j\ck`gf[\\jkXklkfhl\ZfedXpfi]i\Zl\eZ`Xj\c\jXj`^eX%<jgifYXYc\hl\cXj
fc`dg`X[XjpZfeZlijfjj\XeXjld`[fjd}jZfdfXZk`m`[X[\jhl\k`\e\ehl\m\iZfecX\[lZXZ`e]fidXc
hl\ZfegifZ\jfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
;\_\Z_fXjˆgXi\Z\`e[`ZXicf\cZXi}Zk\i[\[fj[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj`eZcl`[Xj\e\c\jkl[`f[\ekif[\
\jkXZXk\^fiˆX1\cConcurso de cuentos infantiles a través de las telecomunicacionesfi^Xe`qX[fgfi\c:\ekif
EXZ`feXcgXiX\cD\afiXd`\ekf[\cX<ej\ŒXeqX[\cX:`\eZ`XÆ:<E8D<:$pcXjOlimpíadas de lectura y
escritura[\cX=le[XZ`k\=XcZe#XdYXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\M\e\ql\cX%
<cConcurso de cuentos infantiles a través de las telecomunicacionesk`\e\ZfdffYa\k`mf#X[\d}j[\gifdfm\i
(,0
cX\jZi`kliX\eki\cfje`Œfj#`eZ\ek`mXi\eki\cfjgXik`Z`gXek\j\cljf[\cXk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cX`e]fidXZ`e
pcXZfdle`ZXZ`e%8)'')\cZfeZlijf\ejljj`\k\m\ij`fe\j_XYˆXcf^iX[fcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\d}j[\
)/'''e`Œfj[\\[lZXZ`eY}j`ZXleXd\[`X[\+'''e`ŒfjZX[XXŒf %Jl`eZclj`eZfdf\og\i`\eZ`X
[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ei\jgfe[\\ekfeZ\jd}jXcfYa\k`mf[\gifdfm\i\cljf[\el\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj#hl\Xle
`ek\i„j\ogi\jfgfiZfdle`ZXiZfek\e`[fjZ`\ekˆÔZfj%
CXj\^le[X\og\i`\eZ`X#Olimpíadas de lectura y escritura#gi\d`XXcfje`Œfjpam\e\jgfijljZfdg\k\eZ`Xj
\e\c}i\X[\c\ZkliXp\jZi`kliX%CXjfc`dg`X[Xjk`\e\egfifYa\k`mfÈZfeki`Yl`iXcd\afiXd`\ekf[\cX
ZXc`[X[[\cX<[lZXZ`e9}j`ZX\e\c<jkX[f[\=XcZeÉ#Y}j`ZXd\ek\\ec\ZkliXp\jZi`kliX%CX\og\i`\eZ`X
k`\e\[fj\c\d\ekfjhl\ccXdXecXXk\eZ`e1gfilecX[f\j\a\ZlkX[XgficX=le[XZ`k\[\c<jkX[f[\
=XcZe%K\e\dfjlefi^Xe`jdf\jkX[lXc[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\a\ZlkXe[flegifp\Zkfm`eZlcX[f[\
dXe\iX [`i\ZkX X cX \[lZXZ`e ]fidXc p hl\ X[\d}j ef j\ i\cXZ`feX [`i\ZkXd\ek\ Zfe \c k\dX [\ cX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%<jkfefjcc\mXXgi\^lekXiefje\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\gficX[\Ôe`Z`e[\cfjgif^iXdXj
[\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e# gfi jlj fYa\k`mfj# gfi jl i\cXZ`e Zfe cX `ejk`klZ`e \[lZXk`mX% @^lXcd\ek\ XYi\
`ek\iif^Xek\j XZ\iZX [\c gXg\c hl\ Zldgc\e p gl\[\e Zldgc`i \e \c k\ii\ef [\ cX \[lZXZ`e ]fidXc
cXjfi^Xe`qXZ`fe\jeXZ`feXc\jf\jkX[lXc\j\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%<cj\^le[f\c\d\ekfhl\ccXdXcX
Xk\eZ`e\jcX^iXeZXgXZ`[X[[\ZfY\ikliX[\cgif^iXdX1ZlXe[f`e`Z`X\e(00,\cgif^iXdXcc\^XX.,
\jZl\cXj#+),[fZ\ek\jp)+'/Xcldefj%<e)''(\cgif^iXdXcc\^XX+/(\jZl\cXj#),*,[fZ\ek\jpZXj`,'
'''Xcldefj%<jkX\og\i`\eZ`X_Xj`[fgi\d`X[X\emXi`XjfZXj`fe\j%<e(00/i\Z`Y\\cGi\d`fDle`Z`gXc
[\<[lZXZ`efkfi^X[fgfi\c:feZ\af[\cDle`Z`g`f[\D„i`[X=XcZe #\e(000XgXi\Z\`eZcl`[XZfdf
leX[\cXjZ`\e\og\i`\eZ`Xj\o`kfjXj[\^\jk`eg’Yc`ZX[\M\e\ql\cXp\e)'''i\Z`Y\\cGi\d`f>feqXcf
9\eX`dG`ekfgfiÈ_XY\iZldgc`[fZfe\oZ\c\eZ`XcfjZi`k\i`fj[\ZXc`[X[#fi`^`eXc`[X[#`dgXZkfjfZ`Xc
pm`XY`c`[X[É%
;\cXjki\j\og\i`\eZ`Xj`eZcl`[Xj[\ekif[\\jkXZcXj`ÔZXZ`e\o`jk\leXZlpfjfYa\k`mfjp\jkiXk\^`Xj
[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ejfed}jZcXifjhl\cfjgi\Z\[\ek\j1\cConcurso científico técnico juvenil organizado por
las Brigadas Técnicas Juveniles#ledfm`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZfÆk„Ze`Zf[\cXLe`e[\Am\e\j:fdle`jkXjhl\
\j#Xjlm\q#cXfi^Xe`qXZ`ealm\e`c[\cGXik`[f:fdle`jkX[\:lYX%<cZfeZlijfk`\e\ZfdffYa\k`mf
Èi\ZfefZ\i\ckiXYXaf[\cfjam\e\jhl\j\[\jkXhl\e\ecXZi\XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZfk„Ze`ZX#dXek\e\iXZk`mX
cXZi\XZ`e[\cfjYi`^X[`jkXjpam\e\j\ecXYXj\#X[\d}j[\^\e\iXijfclZ`fe\jXcYXeZf[\gifYc\dXj
[\cfj[`]\i\ek\jfi^Xe`jdfj[\c\jkX[fpcXjfZ`\[X[É%Cfjam\e\jZfeZlijXeXe`m\cgifm`eZ`Xcpcfj
^XeX[fi\jgXjXeXcZfeZlijfeXZ`feXc%
:clY\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX
(-'
CfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`Xjfe\jgXZ`fjfi^Xe`qX[fjXchl\Zfem\i^\eg\ijfeXjZfele`ek\i„jZfd’e\ele
ZXdgf[\cXZ`\eZ`XfcXk\Zefcf^ˆX%Jfe^\e\iXcd\ek\g\ijfeXjef\og\ikXjhl\[\Y`[fXjl`ek\i„j\e
lek\dX\jg\ZˆÔZf#lk`c`qXe\cZclYZfdfle\jgXZ`fgXiX\cXgi\e[`qXa\pcX`em\jk`^XZ`e%CXfi^Xe`qXZ`e
XkiXm„j[\leZclYc\jg\id`k\k\e\iXZZ\jfX`ejk`klZ`fe\jZ`\ekˆÔZXjf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X
hl\gl\[\eXgfpXi[\[`m\ijXdXe\iXjljXZk`m`[X[\jXgfpfcf^ˆjk`Zf#XZX[„d`Zf#\kZ% %;\Y`[fXc„o`kf
hl\_Xek\e`[fcfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`XZfdf\jkiXk\^`X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#dlZ_Xj[\cXj\ek`[X[\jhl\
[\jXiifccXe\og\i`\eZ`Xj\e\jkX}i\X#_Xe`eZcl`[f[\ekif[\jlj\jkiXk\^`XjcXZi\XZ`e[\ZclY\j[\
Z`\eZ`XZffi[`eX[fjpfi^Xe`qX[fjgfi\ccXjd`jdXj%
<e cfj gXˆj\j [\c :89 \eZfekiXdfj Xc^leXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X hl\ k`\e\e
Zfdf\jkiXk\^`XcfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`X\eXc^leX[\cXj[fjdf[Xc`[X[\j1( XgfpXe[fcf^ˆjk`ZXp&f
XZX[„d`ZXd\ek\XZclY\jZfejk`kl`[fjgfi`ek\i„jgifg`f[\cXgfYcXZ`e\e\jkXd\[`[XXg\jXi[\hl\
cXj\ek`[X[\jgl\[\egifdfm\ipXj\jfiXicXZi\XZ`e[\cfjZclY\j#\jkfjefe\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\[\g\e[\e
[\cXj\ek`[X[\j f) Zi\Xe[fcfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`XpZffi[`eXe[fcXjXZk`m`[X[\jhl\j\[\jXiifccXeX
jl`ek\i`fi%
;\ekif[\cgi`d\i^ilgf#\j[\Z`i\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\Xgfpfcf^ˆjk`Zfp&fXZX[„d`ZfXcfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`X#
j\\eZl\ekiXcXX[\cXekX[XgficX8jfZ`XZ`e:fcfdY`XeXgXiX\c8mXeZ\[\cX:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆX
$8%:%8%:%$%;\ekif[\cPrograma de Actividades Científicas JuvenilescX8%:%8%:%X[\cXekXcXXZk`m`[X[:clY\j
[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXhl\k`\e\ZfdffYa\k`mf1ÈGifdfm\i\cZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cXjZ`\eZ`Xj#\cXe}c`j`j[\
d„kf[fjZ`\ekˆÔZfjp\c[\jXiifccf[\XZk`m`[X[\jk\e[`\ek\jXZffg\iXiXZk`mXd\ek\ZfecXZfdle`[X[
\ecXjfclZ`e[\gifYc\dXjpcXgifgl\jkX[\jfclZ`fe\ji\cXZ`feX[fjZfecXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXÉ%CX
XZk`m`[X[[\cX8%:%8%:%j\[`i`^\XYi`e[Xi\cXgfpfXZX[„d`Zfpcf^ˆjk`Zfe\Z\jXi`fgXiXcX]fidXZ`ep
jfjk\e`d`\ekf[\\jkfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`X%<e\cXgfpfXZX[„d`Zf#cX8%:%8%:%_X[`j\ŒX[fle`ejkilZk`mf
jfYi\ZdfZfejk`kl`ileZclY[\Z`\eZ`Xp[\jXiifccXXc^leXjXZk`m`[X[\j[`i`^`[XjX]XZ`c`kXihl\cfj
ZclY\j gl\[Xe j\i Xj\jfiX[fj gfi klkfi\j Z`\ekˆÔZfj j\im`Z`fj Zfdf \c Zfii\f [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# cX j\i`\
Encuentros con el FuturopcfjkXcc\i\j[\]fidXZ`e %<e\cXjg\Zkfcf^ˆjk`Zf#cX8%:%8%:%gl\[\]XZ`c`kXi\c
ZfekXZkfgXiXÔeXeZ`XZ`ep\cXgfpf[\cXjgifgl\jkXj[\`em\jk`^XZ`epgifdl\m\cX`ejZi`gZ`e[\c
ZclY\eleXYXj\[\[XkfjeXZ`feXc%
<e\jkXd`jdXg\ijg\Zk`mX#[\Xgfpfcf^ˆjk`Zfp&fXZX[„d`ZfXcfjZclY\j#\eZfekiXdfjXc^leXj[\cXj
XZZ`fe\j[\jXiifccX[Xjgfi\cPrograma Destellos[\GXeXd}#\cPrograma Ondas [\:fcfdY`Xp\cPrograma
Brigadas Técnicas Juveniles[\:lYX%<cPrograma Destellos\eGXeXd}#gif[lZ\dXk\i`Xc\jpYi`e[Xjl^\i\eZ`Xj
[\XZk`m`[X[\jgXiXcXfi^Xe`qXZ`epdXek\e`d`\ekf[\cfjZclY\j%<cPrograma Ondas\e:fcfdY`Xj\
ÔeXeZ`XpXj\jfiXgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`egi\j\ekX[fjgficfjZclY\j%<cPrograma Brigadas Técnicas
Juveniles#Zi\XZfe[`Z`fe\jcf^ˆjk`ZXjgXiXcXgl\jkX\edXiZ_X[\cXjYi`^X[Xjpj\Yi`e[XXj\jfiˆXgXiX\c
[\jXiifccf[\cfjgifp\Zkfj%<ekf[fjcfjZXjfjcfjgif^iXdXj[\jXiifccXeXZk`m`[X[\jZfe^i\jfjf]\i`Xj [\\eZl\ekif\eki\cfjZclY\j%@^lXcd\ek\cXj]\i`Xjp]\jk`mXc\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cfjgXˆj\j[\c
:89gifdl\m\ecX\ogfj`Z`e[\cfji\jlckX[fj[\cfjgifp\Zkfji\Xc`qX[fjgficfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`X%
<ej\^le[f^ilgf[\\og\i`\eZ`Xj\jk}Zfejk`kl`[fgfiXhl\ccXj\e[fe[\jfecXj\ek`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
cXjhl\Xjld\e#ZfdfgXik\[\jlcXYfi#cXZfe]fidXZ`epZffi[`eXZ`e[\ZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`X%Lef[\cfj
\a\dgcfj\jcX\og\i`\eZ`XJuventudes Científicas[\:_`c\#fi^Xe`qX[Xgfi\cDlj\f[\?`jkfi`XEXkliXcphl\
]leZ`feXe[\j[\(0-.%<jkX\og\i`\eZ`XYljZXÈ\eZXlqXimfZXZ`fe\j\`ek\i\j\j[\cfjam\e\jÉ%CXjJuventudes
Científicasjfe\ek\e[`[XjZfdfleÈcXYfiXkfi`f[\c}i\X[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cdlj\fÉ%CfjZclY\j\jk}eZfejk`kl`[fj
gfie`Œfjpam\e\j\eki\cfj((pcfj)*XŒfjhl\jfeXj\jfiX[fjgfi\og\ikfj\ecfjk\dX[\`em\jk`^XZ`e
hl\XYfi[\\cZclY%CXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\cZclY`eZclp\ejXc`[XjXk\ii\ef#ZlijfjpkXcc\i\j#ZfejlckXY`Yc`f^i}ÔZX
\cdlj\f_X_XY`c`kX[fleXY`Yc`fk\ZXalm\e`cgXiX\jk\ZXjf #gXik`Z`gXZ`e\e\m\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjeXZ`feXc\j
\`ek\ieXZ`feXc\j]\i`Xj#\eZl\ekifj#j\d`eXi`fj#Zfe^i\jfj %CfjZclY\j\jk}efi^Xe`qX[fj#Xc)''*#Xci\[\[fi
[\cfjj`^l`\ek\jk\dXj1_`[ifY`fcf^ˆX#gXc\fekfcf^ˆX#d`e\iXcf^ˆX#d\[`fXdY`\ek\pXekifgfcf^ˆXjfZ`Xc%
FkiX[\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jhl\_XXjld`[fcXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\ZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`X\j\cZ\ekif[\Z`\eZ`Xj
Maloka\e:fcfdY`X%;\j[\(000Maloka_XZfejk`kl`[fcfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`XZfdfÈ\jgXZ`fj\ecfjhl\
cfje`Œfjk`\e\ecXfgfikle`[X[[\\og\i`d\ekXiÉ%8ZklXcd\ek\jlfi^Xe`qXZ`e`eZclp\ki\je`m\c\j1
› E`m\c[\\ogcfiX[fi\j[\cXZ`\eZ`X1[fe[\cfje`Œfjpam\e\jj\XZ\iZXeXcXZ`\eZ`XZfdgi\e[`\e[f
p\og\i`d\ekXe[fcfjZfeZ\gkfj[\ZXdY`fpZfek`el`[X[#\jZXcX#df[\cfpj`jk\dX#j`^l`\e[fcfj
c`e\Xd`\ekfj [\c gifp\Zkf )'-( gXiX \c d\afiXd`\ekf [\ cX \ej\ŒXeqX [\ cXj :`\eZ`X Xgc`ZX[f \e
<jkX[fjLe`[fj%
(-(
› E`m\c[\:clY\jK\d}k`Zfj1\e\chl\cfj\jkl[`Xek\jkiXYXaXe\ek\dXj[\jl`ek\i„jYXafcXfi`\ekXZ`e
[\leklkfi\jg\Z`Xc`qX[f%
› E`m\c[\KiXYXafgfiGifp\Zkfj1\e\jk\e`m\chl\\j\cd}jXmXeqX[f cfj\jkl[`Xek\ji\Xc`qXele
gifp\Zkf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\e\ck\dXhl\d}jc\j^ljkX%
GXiXe`e^lef[\cfj[fj^ilgfjj\gfj\\`e]fidXZ`ejfYi\\mXclXZ`fe\j[\c`dgXZkf[\cX\jkiXk\^`X
[\cfjZclY\j\ecXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%J\iˆX`ek\i\jXek\gf[\iZfefZ\id}j[\Z\iZXZl}c\j\c
i\jlckX[f[\ZX[XleX[\\jkXj\jkiXk\^`Xj\jg\ZˆÔZXj[\kiXYXafZfecfjZclY\j%GXiX\cZXjf[\cfjZclY\j
hl\j\fi^Xe`qXe[\dXe\iX\jgfek}e\XmXc\cXg\eXZfefZ\ihl„cfjdfk`mXXZfe]fidXij\#Zl}c\j\c
k`gf[\i\cXZ`e\eki\cfjd`\dYifj#Zl}c\jjfecXj}i\Xj[\`ek\i„jphl„k`gf[\gifp\Zkfj[\jXiifccXe%
@^lXcd\ek\ \j `dgfikXek\ ZfefZ\i \c k`gf [\ \mfclZ`e hl\ k`\e\e \jkfj ZclY\j1 hl„ jlZ\[\ Zfe jlj
d`\dYifjphl„jlZ\[\Zfecfjgifp\Zkfjhl\j\X[\cXekXe#X[\d}j[\XeXc`qXi\c\]\Zkfhl\k`\e\\e\c
ZclYpjldXek\e`d`\ekfpZfe]fidXZ`e\cXgfpfcf^ˆjk`ZfpXZX[„d`ZfYi`e[X[fgficXj\ek`[X[\j%GXiX
\cZXjf[\cfjZclY\jhl\jfeZfe]fidX[fjpZffi[`eX[fjgficXj\ek`[X[\j[\[`ZX[XjXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#mXc\cXg\eXX[\d}jZfefZ\iZdfj\i\cXZ`feX\jkX\jkiXk\^`XZfecXjfkiXj
X[\cXekX[XjgficX\ek`[X[%
=`eXcd\ek\%;\j[\(00)\jk}\e]leZ`feXd`\ekfcXRed Internacional de EcoclubesI@< #hl\[\j[\X^fjkf[\
)''*k`\e\jlj\[\\e8i^\ek`eX%CXi\[\jk}Zfe]fidX[XgficXjFi^Xe`qXZ`fe\jEXZ`feXc\j[\<ZfZclY\j
hl\jfei\ZfefZ`[Xjgfi\c:fej\af;`i\Zk`mf[\I@<pk`\e\gfifYa\kfXgfpXicXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\cfj
ZclY\j [\ jlj gXˆj\j d`\dYifj% <eki\ cXj XZk`m`[X[\j hl\ [\jXiifccXe j\ \eZl\ekiXe1 \c Gif^iXdX [\
`ek\iZXdY`fj# cXj <jZl\cXj `ek\ieXZ`feXc\j i\le`fe\j \e cXj hl\ [liXek\ j`\k\ [ˆXj am\e\j [\ kf[fj
cfjgXˆj\jj\i\’e\eX\mXclXi\c`dgXZkf[\jljXZk`m`[X[\j #cXj:fdle`ZXZ`fe\jYfc\kˆe\c\Zkie`Zf p cXj XZk`m`[X[\j [\ ZXgXZ`kXZ`e% 8 )''* \o`jk\e *.( <ZfZclY\j fi^Xe`qX[fj \e cfj hl\ gXik`Z`gXe
Xgifo`dX[Xd\ek\.%'''e`Œfjpam\e\j%;\\jkfj*.(<ZfZclY\j(,0]leZ`feXe\egXˆj\j[\c:fem\e`f
8e[i„j9\ccf19fc`m`X(*\ZfZclY\j #:_`c\/' #<ZlX[fi- #<jgXŒX) #GXeXd})/ #GXiX^lXp(+ pG\i’
(- % Cfj fkifj )() j\ i\gXik\e \eki\ cfj fkifj gXˆj\j d`\dYifj [\ cX I@<1 8i^\ek`eX# 9iXj`c# I\g’Yc`ZX
;fd`e`ZXeX#:fjkXI`ZX#?fe[liXj#E`ZXiX^lXpLil^lXp%
<og\i`\eZ`Xj\e`em\jk`^XZ`egXiXe`Œfjpam\e\j
(-)
<eXc^lefjgXˆj\j[\c:89j\_Xe[\jXiifccX[fXc^leXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\j\[`i`^\e[\dXe\iX\jg\ZˆÔZXX
gifdfm\i\c[\jXiifccf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`egfigXik\[\cXgfYcXZ`e`e]Xek`cpalm\e`c%8g\jXi[\hl\\c
kiXYXaf\ecfjZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`Xgl\[\`eZcl`iZfe]i\Zl\eZ`X\c[\jXiifccf[\gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e
gfigXik\[\e`Œfjpam\e\j#\jkXef\je\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\jlcXYfi]le[Xd\ekXc%Cfhl\X^clk`eXXcZclY
\j\c`ek\i„jgfilek\dX%8ci\[\[fi[\„jk\j\gl\[\e[\jXiifccXidlZ_XjXZk`m`[X[\j[\[`m\ijfk`gf
`eZcl`[XjcXj`em\jk`^Xk`mXj %GfijlgXik\#\cfYa\k`mf]le[Xd\ekXc[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e
\jYi`e[XicXjZfe[`Z`fe\jhl\]XZ`c`k\e\c\eZl\ekif[\cfje`Œfjpam\e\jZfecX`em\jk`^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX
pZfejljd„kf[fj%CXZfeZ\gZ`ehl\\jk}[\ki}j\jcX[\XZ\iZXiXcXZ`\eZ`XpXcXk\Zefcf^ˆX_XZ`\e[f
Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX% <j gfi \jkf hl\ XeXc`qXi\dfj jl ZXjf [\ dXe\iX j\gXiX[X X fkiXj XZk`m`[X[\j
Z`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j%
8[`]\i\eZ`X[\cfhl\jlZ\[\Zfe\jk\k`gf[\\og\i`\eZ`Xj\efkifjgXˆj\j#\e[fe[\cXm`eZlcXZ`e[\
ef\og\ikfjXgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\jXkiXm„j[\i\Zf^\i`e]fidXZ`ehl\j\i}\eki\^X[X
gXiXjlXe}c`j`jXcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjgfi\a\dgcfcfjgif^iXdXj[\dfe`kfi\fXdY`\ekXc #\ecXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj
hl\XeXc`qXi\dfj\cgifp\Zkf\j\a\ZlkX[fgficfje`Œfjpcfjam\e\jp\eXc^lefj[\cfjZXjfj#jlj
dX\jkifj pj\YljZXhl\cfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjXj\jfi\epXZfdgXŒ\ejl[\jXiifccf%
;\ekif[\\jkXcˆe\X#\e\c:89gf[\dfjlY`ZXiki\j\og\i`\eZ`Xj1\cPrograma Ondas[\:FC:@<E:@8J#
:fcfdY`X#\cPrograma Valoraciencia#X[\cXekX[fgficXLe`m\ij`[X[:Xkc`ZX[\cEfik\\e:_`c\p\cFestival
Juvenil de la Ciencia\eM\e\ql\cX%
KXekf\cPrograma OndasZfdf\cFestival Juvenil de la Cienciajfe\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\}dY`kfeXZ`feXc#cfhl\
`dgc`ZXle`dgfikXek\\jkilZkliXfi^Xe`qXk`mX[\jZ\ekiXc`qX[Xhl\g\id`kXcX\a\ZlZ`e[\cgifp\Zkf%
<eXdYfjZXjfjj\Yi`e[XXj\jfiˆXXcfj^ilgfjgXiX\c[`j\Œfp\a\ZlZ`e[\cgifp\Zkf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e#
Zlpfk\dXpd\kf[fcf^ˆX\j[\]`e`[fgfi\cd`jdf^ilgf#pj\\jkXYc\Z\egifZ\[`d`\ekfjgXiX\c
\eZl\ekif\e]\i`Xjf\m\ekfj[\cfj^ilgfjgXik`Z`gXek\j%<e\cZXjf[\cPrograma OndascXXj\jfiˆX
Xcfjgifp\Zkfj\jYi`e[X[Xgfile`m\ij`[X[\jp\cgif^iXdX]`eXeZ`XZfei\Zlijfj\Zfed`ZfjXcfj
\hl`gfj% 8c )''* \c gif^iXdX _X ]`eXeZ`X[f Xgifo`dX[Xd\ek\ .'' gifp\Zkfj# _X m`eZlcX[f (+ '''
e`Œfj#e`ŒXjpam\e\jp_Xm`eZlcX[f,''`ejk`klZ`fe\j[\\[lZXZ`eY}j`ZXpd\[`X%GfijlgXik\\c
Festival Juvenil de la CienciaXelXcd\ek\m`eZlcX\eki\*-'''p+''''am\e\jpXgfpX\eki\()'''p
(,'''gifp\Zkfj%
<cPrograma Valoraciencia#X[\cXekX[fgficX=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj[\cDXi[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[:Xkc`ZX[\
:_`c\#kiXYXaX\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\jfYi\cXXik`ZlcXZ`e\eki\gif]\jfi\jpZ`\ekˆÔZfjZfe\cÔe[\È]fd\ekXi\c
`ek\i„j[\cfj\jkl[`Xek\jgficXjZ`\eZ`Xj\`eZi\d\ekXicXmXcfiXZ`e[\cXdY`\ek\É%<cgif^iXdXZl\ekX
ZfeleXj\i`\[\gifp\Zkfj\eki\cfjhl\j\`eZclp\e1
› <[lZXZ`eXdY`\ekXcpd\[`fdXi`ef1hl\`eZclp\Z_XicXj#XZk`m`[X[\j[\cXYfiXkfi`fpjXc`[Xj[\
ZXdgf%;`i`^`[fX[fZ\ek\j%
› <jkX[f[\Zfej\imXZ`e[\cXjgcXpXj1jl„e]Xj`j\j\c\jkl[`f\ek\ii\ef[\c\jkX[f[\cXjgcXpXj%
Le\c\d\ekfhl\\jgfk\eZ`Xcd\ek\`dgfikXek\[\\jkfjgifp\Zkfj\jcXZXgXZ`[X[hl\k`\e\e[\Xik`ZlcXi
cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXpcXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZX#Xc\jkl[`f[\gifYc\d}k`ZXjcfZXc\j[\k\ZkX[Xjp
[\Ôe`[XjgficXjZfdle`[X[\j%Jfegif^iXdXjhl\XYXe[feXe\cdf[\cf[\[„ÔZ`khl\kiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\
gfj\\e cXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX i\^`e# gXiX YljZXi df[\cfj [\ gXik`Z`gXZ`e hl\
]fd\ek\eleXi\Õ\o`ejfYi\cXje\Z\j`[X[\jcfZXc\jpcXZXgXZ`[X[[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX[\
`ek\im\e`i\e\ccXj%
<e\cZXjf[\cPrograma Valoraciencia#Xc`^lXchl\jlZ\[\ZfecXdXpfiˆX[\\og\i`\eZ`Xjefj\Zl\ekXe
Zfei\jlckX[fj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj`dgc\d\ekX[Xj\e\cgif^iXdX%
GXiX\cPrograma Ondas#\e)''+j\i\Xc`qleXe}c`j`j[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X#\e\cdXiZf[\le\jkl[`fi\Xc`qX[f
gfi`e`Z`Xk`mX[\:fcZ`\eZ`XjpXgfpX[fgficXLE<J:F#hl\k\eˆXgfifYa\k`mfÈI\Zf^\i#j`jk\dXk`qXi#
XeXc`qXip[`mlc^XicXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\]fd\ekf[\cXZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXjgfYcXZ`fe\j`e]Xek`c\jp
alm\e`c\j[\jXiifccX[Xjgfi[`]\i\ek\j`ejk`klZ`fe\jp^ilgfj[\cgXˆjÉ:XjkXŒ\[Xp=iXeZf#)''+1(* %
D\kf[fc^`ZXd\ek\\c\jkl[`fZfej`[\iki\je`m\c\j1( E`m\c[\Xe}c`j`j[fZld\ekXc[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj#
gcXe\j gif^iXdXj p gifp\Zkfj X e`m\c eXZ`feXc p [\gXikXd\ekXc2 ) E`m\c [\ `dgc\d\ekXZ`e [\ cXj
gfcˆk`ZXj[\]fd\ekf[\cXZlckliX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX2* E`m\c[\i\jlckX[fjfYk\e`[fj\ee`Œfj#
e`ŒXjpam\e\j%GXiX\cgi`d\ie`m\cj\i\m`jXifecfj[fZld\ekfj[\]fidlcXZ`e[\gfcˆk`ZX[\Z`\eZ`X
pk\Zefcf^ˆXeXZ`feXc#[\gXikXd\ekXc#[`jki`kXcp&fdle`Z`gXc%GXiX\cj\^le[fe`m\cj\`[\ek`ÔZXifep
i\^`jkiXife,0\og\i`\eZ`Xj`dglcjX[Xjgfi[`jk`ekXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j1\c^fY`\iefeXZ`feXc#[\gXikXd\ekXc#
`ejk`klZ`fe\jef]fidXc\j\`ejk`klZ`fe\j[\\[lZXZ`e]fidXc%=`eXcd\ek\#gXiXcfji\jlckX[fj#j\i\Xc`q
leXj\c\ZZ`e[\j`\k\\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\cXjZlXc\jj\i\Xc`qXife\jkl[`fj[\ZXjf%;\ekif[\\jkXjj`\k\
\og\i`\eZ`Xjj\j\c\ZZ`fe\cPrograma Ondas%
(-*
<c \jkl[`f [\ ZXjf j\ŒXcX Zfdf i\jlckX[fj i\gfikX[fj gfi cX Zffi[`eXZ`e [\ [`Z_f gif^iXdX# cfj
j`^l`\ek\j:XjkXŒ\[Xp=iXeZf#)''+1.. 1
› ?X [\dfjkiX[f leX ^iXe ZXgXZ`[X[ gXiX ZfemfZXi \c kiXYXaf Zfealekf [\ [`]\i\ek\j \ek`[X[\j#
kXekf g’Yc`ZXj Zfdf gi`mX[Xj# \e \c [\jXiifccf [\ cX gifgl\jkX% <jkf j\ i\Õ\aX \e \c e’d\if [\
Xc`XeqXj\jkXYc\Z`[Xjp\e\cXgfik\ÔeXeZ`\ifhl\_`Z`\ifekXekf\ek`[X[\j[\fi[\eeXZ`feXcZfdf
[\gXikXd\ekXc%
› Cfj fYa\k`mfj `dglcjX[fj gfi Ondas hl\[XiXe \jkXYc\Z`[fj \e \c GcXe EXZ`feXc [\ ;\jXiifccf [\c
>fY`\iefEXZ`feXcp\ecfjGcXe\j;\gXikXd\ekXc\j#cfZlXci\Õ\aXcX`dgfikXeZ`Xhl\\jk}e[Xe[f
cfj^fY`\iefjeXZ`feXc\jpcfZXc\jXck\dX[\cX:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆXgXiX\cd\afiXd`\ekf[\cX
\[lZXZ`epgXiX\cgif^i\jf[\cXji\^`fe\j%
› ;\j[\\cglekf[\m`jkXg\[X^^`Zfj\_Xcf^iX[f\ecfje`Œfjpam\e\j\c[\jXiifccf[\c\jgˆi`kl
Z`\ekˆÔZf p k\Zefc^`Zf# \c [\jXiifccf [\ _XY`c`[X[\j fYj\imXZ`e# gcXek\Xd`\ekf [\ _`gk\j`j#
[\[lZZ`e#ZfejkilZZ`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf#\okiXgfcXZ`e[\„jk\XcXjfclZ`e[\gifYc\d}k`ZXj[\c
\ekfief#ZXgXZ`[X[[\Xi^ld\ekXZ`e#mXcfiXZ`e[\ckiXYXaf\e\hl`gf#\kZ% %
› GfijlgXik\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXj_Xem`jkf\e\jkX\jkiXk\^`X[\XgfpfXcX`em\jk`^XZ`ecX
gfj`Y`c`[X[[\_XZ\ig\ik`e\ek\pfkfi^Xij\ek`[fXcX\[lZXZ`ehl\i\Z`Y\ecfje`Œfjpcfjam\e\j
p#cXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\f]i\Z\iXccfjdX\jkifjleX]fidXZ`e\e\c]fd\ekf[\_XY`c`[X[\j`em\jk`^Xk`mXj#
k\dX\e\cZlXccX]fidXZ`ekXekf`e`Z`XcZfdfg\idXe\ek\[\dX\jkifj\jYXjkXek\gi\ZXi`X%
=`eXcd\ek\#mXc\cXg\eXj\ŒXcXihl\\c\jkl[`fXiifai\jlckX[fj`ek\i\jXek\jZfei\cXZ`eXck\dX[\cX
\mXclXZ`e[\cXj8:@A\e:fcfdY`X%Lef[\\ccfj\j\cj\ŒXcXd`\ekf[\cXgi\ZXi`\[X[\ecfjgifZ\jfj
[\\mXclXZ`e#j\^l`d`\ekf#j`jk\dXk`qXZ`epdfe`kfi\f\ecX`dgc\d\ekXZ`e[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXjg’Yc`ZXj
i\cXZ`feX[XjZfe\ck\dX2fkifXjg\Zkf\jcXXlj\eZ`X[\\mXclXZ`fe\j[\`dgXZkfhl\`dg`[XejXY\i
ZfeZ\ik\qXZlXc\j\c\]\Zkfi\Xchl\gif[lZ\ecXj[`m\ijXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\ecfje`Œfjpam\e\jp\e\c
j`jk\dX\[lZXk`mf:XjkXŒ\[Xp=iXeZf#)''+1++ %
C8<M8CL8:@äE;<C8J8:@A<E8DyI@:8C8K@E81
8GI<E;@Q8A<J#GIF9C<D8JPI<KFJ
(-+
<c\jkl[`fgXefi}d`ZfjfYi\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecfjgXˆj\j[\c:89#ZfejkXkcX`dgfikXeZ`X
pdX[li\qhl\_X`[fX[hl`i`\e[f\ck\dX\ecXi\^`e1
› 8 gXik`i [\ cX [„ZX[X [\ cfj efm\ekX cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX \ekiX \e cXj
X^\e[Xjgfcˆk`ZXj[\cfjgXˆj\j#pZX[Xm\qj\cXi\ZfefZ\d}jZfdfle\c\d\ekf]le[Xd\ekXcgXiX\c
[\jXiifccf\Zfed`ZfpjfZ`Xc%<e^\e\iXc#cXjgfcˆk`ZXj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cfjgXˆj\j[\c:89#
`eZclp\e\eki\jljfYa\k`mfj\cXgfpfXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp#\eXc^lefjZXjfj#j\Zl\ekX
Zfegif^iXdXjeXZ`feXc\j[`i`^`[fjXZfejfc`[XileXf]\ikXgif^iXd}k`ZX\e\ck\dX%
› GfifkifcX[f#\ecfjgXˆj\j\o`jk\eleXj\i`\[\`ejk`klZ`fe\jhl\\e]fZXegXik\[\jlj\j]l\iqfjXc
[\jXiifccf[\XZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1efjcfjfe`dgc\d\ekX[Xjgfi\ek`[X[\j
^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j#j`efhl\kXdY`„egfile`m\ij`[X[\jp\ek`[X[\jef^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j[\[`ZX[XjX
cXgifdfZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXXjfZ`XZ`fe\jgXiX\cXmXeZ\[\cXZ`\eZ`X#XZX[\d`Xj#\kZ% %
CXdlck`gc`Z`[X[[\X^\ek\jhl\_XZ\ejlpfjfYa\k`mfj[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#_Xg\id`k`[f
]fikXc\Z\icXXZk`m`[X[\ecXi\^`epZfejk`klp\ele\efid\ZXg`kXcgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\leXgfcˆk`ZX
`ek\^iX[X\e\ck\dX\ecfjgXˆj\j%
› =`eXcd\ek\#\ecXi\^`eefjcfj\Zl\ekXZfeleXmXi`\[X[[\\og\i`\eZ`Xj[`i`^`[XjX]fd\ekXi\c
[\jXiifccf[\leXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX\ecXgfYcXZ`e#j`efhl\Xc^leXj[\\ccXjk`\e\e
le \e]fhl\ `eefmX[fi hl\ jl^`\i\e cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ _XZ\i ]i\ek\ [\j[\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e p [\
dXe\iX efm\[fjX# X cXj Zfdgc\aXj i\cXZ`fe\j \eki\ Z`\eZ`X# k\Zefcf^ˆX p jfZ`\[X[ \e \c Zfek\okf
cXk`efXd\i`ZXef%
J`e\dYXi^f#Xg\jXi[\cfXc\ekX[fi\jhl\gl\[\ei\jlckXi\jkfji\jlckX[fj`e`Z`Xc\j#\c\jkl[`fkXdY`„e
gfe\ \e \m`[\eZ`X lef [\ cfj gifYc\dXj d}j ^iXe[\j [\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e cX i\^`e1
XZklXcd\ek\\jdlpgfZfcfhl\jXY\dfjXZ\iZX[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjd`jdXj1Zdfj\\jkilZkliXe#Zdf
`ek\igi\kXe cXj gfcˆk`ZXj g’Yc`ZXj \e \c k\dX# Zl}c\j jfe cfj gifYc\dXj d}j ]i\Zl\ek\j# Zdf j\ _Xe
XZfdf[X[fXcXjZfe[`Z`fe\j\jg\ZˆÔZXj[\cfjZfek\okfj\ecfjhl\j\[\jXiifccXe#Zdf\jhl\k`\e\e
„o`kf#p\ehl„\jhl\k`\e\e„o`kf%
Lef[\cfji\jlckX[fj`dgfikXek\jhl\gi\j\ekX\c\jkl[`fi\jg\ZkfXcXj8:@Aphl\\j\ok\ej`Yc\X
cXj[\d}j\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXi\^`e#\jhl\cXdXpfigXik\[\\jkXjef
Zl\ekXeZfegifZ\jfjj`jk\d}k`Zfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`ep\mXclXZ`ehl\kiXjZ`\e[XeXcfj`e[`ZX[fi\j[\
^\jk`e[\cfjgif^iXdXj%
8c `e[X^Xi jfYi\ cXj \mXclXZ`fe\j hl\ XZklXcd\ek\ j\ i\Xc`qXe X cXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj# ^\e\iXcd\ek\ j\
fYk`\e\ei\jlckX[fjZfdfcXZfY\ikliX#[\jk`eXkXi`fj#fXjg\Zkfji\cXZ`feX[fjZfecX[`e}d`ZXd`jdX
[\cX\og\i`\eZ`X%8jˆ#gXiXcXj]\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXXgXi\Z\eZfdf`e[`ZX[fi\j[\\mXclXZ`e
\c e’d\if [\ gifp\Zkfj gi\j\ekX[fj \e ZX[X ]\i`X# \c e’d\if [\ e`Œfj p am\e\j gXik`Z`gXek\j# cX
`e]fidXZ`e jfYi\ cX gifZ\[\eZ`X X e`m\c i\^`feXc [\ cfj gifp\Zkfj# cXj }i\Xj k\d}k`ZXj p ZXk\^fiˆXj
\e cXj hl\ j\ gXik`Z`gX# \c e’d\if [\ m`j`kXek\j% <e \c ZXjf [\ cXj Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj Z`\ekˆÔZXj XgXi\Z\e
`e[`ZX[fi\jZfdf\ce’d\if[\Zfe]\i\eZ`XjgfiXŒf#\ce’d\if[\Xj`jk\ek\j#\ce’d\if[\Z`\ekˆÔZfj
m`eZlcX[fj#\kZ%Fkifk`gf[\`e[`ZX[fi\jgl\[\eXglekXiX[XiZl\ekX[\i\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fjfe’d\if
[\ `ejk`klZ`fe\j hl\ cf^iX m`eZlcXi lef l fkif gif^iXdX% P j` Y`\e \jkfj `e[`ZX[fi\j XiifaXe lefj
i\jlckX[fj hl\ Xc`\ekXe cX Zfek`el`[X[ [\ cfj gif^iXdXj p \og\i`\eZ`Xj Ècc\^Xdfj X kXekfj d`c\j [\
e`ŒfjÉ# Ècc\^Xdfj X kXekXji\^`fe\j[\cgXˆjÉ#Èklm`dfjkXekfjd`c\j[\m`j`kXek\jÉ#È\eki\^XdfjkXekfj
d`ccfe\j[\g\jfjgXiX¿É #i\jlckXe`ejlÔZ`\ek\jXcdfd\ekf[\[XiZl\ekX[\cXZXc`[X[pcXZXgXZ`[X[
i\Xc[\XgfikXiXcZldgc`d`\ekf[\cfjfYa\k`mfjhl\j\gifgfe\e%
:fekf[f#j\\dg`\qXeXm`jcldYiXiXc^lefj`ek\ekfjd}jfd\efjj`jk\d}k`Zfj[\\mXclXicXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj
p[\gcXek\Xi\jkiXk\^`Xj[`]\i\ek\jXcXj`dgc\eld\iXZ`e[\`e[`ZX[fi\j[\^\jk`e%<a\dgcfj[\\ccfjfe
cX`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e\ecfjgXˆj\j[\c:89CfqXef#)'', #cXcc\mX[XXZXYfgfi:fcZ`\eZ`Xj
pLE<J:FgXiXcXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\e:fcfdY`X:XjkXŒ\[Xp=iXeZf#)''+ pXc^leXj[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\
j\`eZclp\e[\ekif[\\jkXglYc`ZXZ`em\i#gfi\a\dgcf#cfjXikˆZlcfj[\Ýe^\cXI`m\iXpJXe[iX;XqX %
8_fiX#¶Zdf\ek\e[\i\jkX\oZ\gZ`feXc`[X[\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj6
J\gf[iˆXej\ŒXcXiZlXkifXjg\Zkfjhl\[`ÔZlckXecX\o`jk\eZ`X[\leXZlckliX[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXj
\og\i`\eZ`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXi\^`e1\cgi`d\if[\\ccfj#\cdf[\cf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`X`e_\i\ek\XcXgi}Zk`ZX2\cj\^le[f#cX]leZ`ehl\Zldgc\\ck`gf[\\mXclXZ`ehl\j\
[\jXiifccXXZklXcd\ek\2\ck\iZ\if#cfji\Zlijfj_ldXefjp\Zfed`Zfjhl\`dgc`ZX\mXclXi2pZlXikf#cX
[`ÔZlckX[[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j%
<cdf[\cf[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X`e_\i\ek\XcXgi}Zk`ZX
LeX[\cXjj`klXZ`fe\jhl\ZXiXZk\i`qXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXi\^`e#\jhl\cXdXpfigXik\
[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjpgif^iXdXjhl\j\[\jXiifccXej\`ejZi`Y\e\ecfhl\j\_X[\efd`eX[fledf[\cf
[\[„ÔZ`k[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X;liXek#(000 #CfqXef#)'', %<jkf\j#le\e]fhl\\e\chl\
(-,
j\ZfeZ`Y\hl\\cg’Yc`ZfZXi\Z\[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjphl\\j]leZ`e[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`ejlgc`i
\jkXjZXi\eZ`Xj#gXiXcfZlXc[\jXiifccXleXcˆe\X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cfjZfek\e`[fjhl\mX[\lej`k`f
[\ dXpfi ZfeZ\ekiXZ`e [\c ZfefZ`d`\ekf Z`\ekˆÔZfj# dlj\fj# le`m\ij`[X[\j # _XZ`X j`k`fj [\ d\efi
ZfeZ\ekiXZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfg’Yc`Zf\e^\e\iXc %
;\ekif[\\jk\df[\cf#cXj[`jZlj`fe\jjfYi\gXiXhl„j\Zfdle`ZX\cZfefZ`d`\ekfhl\[XejfjcXpX[Xj
\ecXd\[`[Xhl\j\Xjld\hl\kiXejd`k`iZfefZ`d`\ekfÆZfefZ`d`\ekfjfYi\ZlXchl`\iZfjX$\j\ejˆ
d`jdflefYa\k`mfYl\efpefe\Z\j`kXleXdXpfialjk`ÔZXZ`e%8ci\jg\Zkf#AXZfY`pJZ_`\c\(00/1(( j\ŒXcXe1ÈcX[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\jleXgi}Zk`ZXjfYi\cXZlXcefj\g`\ejX1\ccXgXi\Z\YXjkXij\gfijˆ
jfcX#jfYi\cX’e`ZXaljk`ÔZXZ`e[\jlgif[lZZ`eÉ%8jˆcXjZfjXj#cXe\Z\j`[X[[\\mXclXileX\og\i`\eZ`X
flegif^iXdX#efk`\e\dlZ_fj\ek`[f%<cjcf_\Z_f[\[\jXiifccXiXZk`m`[X[\jhl\g\id`kXe[`]le[`i
\cZfefZ`d`\ekfZ`\ekˆÔZfXg’Yc`Zfjc\^fj#\j\ejˆd`jdfXc^fhl\aljk`ÔZXjl\o`jk\eZ`Xpe\Z\j`[X[
[\Zfek`elXZ`e%
GfifkiXgXik\#dlZ_Xj[\cXj[\Ôe`Z`fe\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X[X[Xj[\ekif[\\jk\df[\cf[\
[„ÔZ`k#j\ŒXcXeleXcˆe\XkXaXek\\eki\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcX\[lZXZ`e\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX%
8cXjld`ihl\\cfYa\k`mf[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e\jkiXejd`k`i[\dXe\iX[`m\ik`[XZfefZ`d`\ekfjXg’Yc`Zfj
mfclekXi`fj#efZfe\c}e`df[\Xgi\e[\i\jk\\jlefYa\k`mf[\cX\jZl\cX j`ef[\[`m\ik`i#\ck\dX[\
j`j\kiXejd`k\ZfefZ`d`\ekfpj`\cg’Yc`Zfcfi\Z`Y\#pXef\jlegifYc\dXhl\j\Xi\jgfejXY`c`[X[[\
cfjgif^iXdXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e1\jlegifYc\dX[\cX\jZl\cX%
CX]leZ`ehl\Zldgc\cX\mXclXZ`ehl\j\i\Xc`qXXZklXcd\ek\
GfifkifcX[f#\ck`gf[\\mXclXZ`ehl\XZklXcd\ek\j\[\jXiifccXp\e\chl\j\gi`m`c\^`Xe`e[`ZX[fi\j
[\ ^\jk`e [\ cfj gif^iXdXj# Zldgc\ leX ]leZ`e `dgfikXek\ gXiX cXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j1 ^\e\iXcd\ek\#
\jkfji\jlckX[fj[\ZfY\ikliX[\cfjgif^iXdXjj\Zfem`\ik\e\eleXYl\eX_\iiXd`\ekXgXiXjfc`Z`kXi
gi\jlgl\jkfjfgXiXdfjkiXicfji\jlckX[fj[\cX\a\ZlZ`e[\cfjgif^iXdXjX\ek`[X[\jÔeXeZ`X[fiXj
hl\#^\e\iXcd\ek\#efg`[\ed}jXcc}%
Cfji\Zlijfj_ldXefjp\Zfed`Zfjhl\`dgc`ZXe\mXclXi
Fkif[\cfjXjg\Zkfjhl\`dg`[\cX]fidXZ`e[\leXZlckliX[\cX\mXclXZ`e\jhl\i\Xc`qXi\mXclXZ`fe\j
[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj`dgc`ZXeleXj\i`\[\i\Zlijfj_ldXefjp\Zfed`ZfjZfecfjhl\efZl\ekXecXj
`ejk`klZ`fe\j [\jXiifccX[fiXj [\ cXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj% CX \mXclXZ`e \j leX XZk`m`[X[ cXi^X# hl\ `dgc`ZX
i\Zlijfjefjcf\Zfed`Zfjj`efkXdY`„e_ldXefjphl\i\hl`\i\[\leXmfclekX[gfcˆk`ZX`dgfikXek\
gXiXj\icc\mX[XXZXYf%8jˆ#j`cX\mXclXZ`eef\jg\iZ`Y`[fZfdfXc^f`dgfikXek\pe\Z\jXi`f#\ekfeZ\j
\jXc^fhl\gl\[\j\i#p[\_\Z_fcf\j#[\aX[X[\cX[f%
CX[`ÔZlckX[[\cX\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j
(--
=`eXcd\ek\# Xjld`\e[f hl\ j\ _XpXe jlg\iX[f cfj Xek\i`fi\j \jZfccfj1 hl\ j\ gcXek\X le df[\cf
[\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e hl\ `dgc`hl\ leX i\Õ\o`e d}j Xdgc`X jfYi\ cfj fYa\k`mfj# cX aljk`ÔZXZ`e [\ cX
Zfdle`ZXZ`e p jlj cXj \jkiXk\^`Xj2 hl\ j\ g\iZ`Y\ cX `ejlÔZ`\eZ`X [\ cfj `e[`ZX[fi\j [\ ^\jk`e gXiX
[Xi Zl\ekX [\ cXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj2 hl\ j\ [\Z`[\ `em\ik`i i\Zlijfj _ldXefj p \Zfed`Zfj gXiX \mXclXi¿
j`e\dYXi^f#j`^l\ecfjgifYc\dXj1¶Zdf\mXclXi6¶[\j[\hl„g\ijg\Zk`mX6¶XgXik`i[\hl„df[\cfj6
CX]XckX[\gifZ\jfj[\\mXclXZ`e[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j_X^\e\iX[fleXj`klXZ`eYXjkXek\gi\ZXi`X\e\c
[\jXiifccf[\gifgl\jkXjd\kf[fc^`ZXjgXiXcX\mXclXZ`e[\cXj\og\i`\eZ`Xj\eZfdle`ZXZ`e%
=i\ek\X\jk\gXefiXdX#leX[\cXjkXi\Xj]le[Xd\ekXc\jhl\\e]i\ekXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X
p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX \e cfj gXˆj\j [\ 8d„i`ZX CXk`eX \j i\ZfefZ\ij\ \e jl gifg`X gi}Zk`ZX% <j e\Z\jXi`f
[\jXiifccXigifZ\jfjj`jk\d}k`Zfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`ep\mXclXZ`e[\cfjgif^iXdXjp\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\efj
g\id`kXe\ek\e[\icXj]fidXjgXik`ZlcXi\jZfdfj\_X[\jXiifccX[fcXXZk`m`[X[\ecXi\^`e#pZfeYXj\
\e\jk\ZfefZ`d`\ekf#Zfeki`Yl`iXc[\jXiifccf[\gifgl\jkXjhl\j\XeZX[Xm\qd}jXZfi[\jXel\jkiXj
e\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\ZˆÔZXj%
<jkfj gifZ\jfj# j`e \dYXi^f# ef gl\[\e [Xij\ Xc dXi^\e [\ [`jZlj`fe\j ZfeZ\gklXc\j d}j Xdgc`Xj1
gXiX\mXclXicXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#\j`dgfikXek\[\Ôe`ihl„\ek\e[\dfjgfi
Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# Zl}c\j jfe jlj fYa\k`mfj# Zl}c \j jl g’Yc`Zf# Zl}c\j jfe jlj \jkiXk\^`Xj#
hl„ df[\cf [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e j\ Xjld\% I\Õ\o`fe\j hl\ ef gl\[\e [Xij\ Xc dXi^\e [\ i\ZfefZ\i
leXj Zfe[`Z`fe\j \jg\ZˆÔZXj [\ cX i\cXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# cX k\Zefcf^ˆX p cX jfZ`\[X[ \e \c Zfek\okf
cXk`efXd\i`ZXef%
=`eXcd\ek\# \j e\Z\jXi`f ]fikXc\Z\i \c [\jXiifccf [\ `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j hl\ g\id`kXe ZfdgXiXZ`fe\j
eXZ`feXc\jpi\^`feXc\j%CXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\k\e\iXe}c`j`jZfdgXiXk`mfj]XZ`c`kXcXZXgXZ`[X[[\Xgi\e[`qXa\
Zfd’e \eki\ cfj gXˆj\j# \c ]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf [\ cXj \og\i`\eZ`Xj p# ef d\efj `dgfikXek\# Yi`e[X leX
`e]fidXZ`emXc`fjXgXiXZfdgi\e[\iZfeZ\gklXcd\ek\\c[\jXiifccf[\cXXZk`m`[X[\ecXi\^`e%<e\jk\
gifZ\jf\jdlp`dgfikXek\\cgXg\chl\gl\[\eZldgc`ifi^Xe`jdfj`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jZfdf\c:fem\e`f
8e[i„j9\ccf#LE<J:F#I@:PK#:PK<;#kXekfXgfpXe[fÔeXeZ`\iXd\ek\cfjgifp\ZkfjZfdf]XZ`c`kXe[f
\ckiXYXafZfealekfpZfcXYfiXk`mf[\cfj^ilgfj[\`em\jk`^X[fi\j%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
:XjkXŒ\[X#<%pC%=iXeZf)''+ 1Generación C y T. Análisis de experiencias para el fomento de la cultura de la
ciencia y la tecnología en niños, niñas y jóvenes de Colombia#9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#LE<J:F%
:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf)''+ 1Políticas, estrategias y consensos de acción en ciencia y tecnología de los países
del Convenio Andrés Bello 2003 – 2010#Kfdf@#9f^fk}#:89%
;liXek# A% (000 1 GXik`Z`gXkfip K\Z_efcf^p 8jj\jjd\ek Xe[ KiX\ ;\dfZiXk`Z Df[\cf ] k_\ GlYc`Z
Le[\ijkXe[`e^f]JZ`\eZ\#Science and Public Policy,OOM@#, #gg%*(*$*(0%
AXZfY`#;%p9%JZ_`\c\fi^Xe`qX[fi\j (00/ 1Vulgariser la Science-Le Proces de l’Ignorance,J\pjj\c#<[`k`fe
:_XdgjMXccfe%
CfqXef#D%)'', 1Programas y experiencias en popularización de la ciencia y la tecnología. Panorámica desde
los países del Convenio Andrés Bello,9f^fk}#:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf%
(-.
DäE@:8CFQ8EF
(-/
cfqXef%dfe`ZX7^dX`c%Zfd
Gj`Zcf^X[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[[\cMXcc\#:fcfdY`X#DX\jkiX\e=`cfjf]ˆX[\cX:`\eZ`X[\cX Le`m\ij`[X[
EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`ZfpZXe[`[XkXX[fZkfiX\e=`cfjf]ˆX[\cX:`\eZ`X\ecXd`jdXle`m\ij`[X[%
JlkiXYXaf[\`em\jk`^XZ`ej\Z\ekiX\ecXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\e\cZfek\okfcXk`efXd\i`ZXef%
GXik`ZlcXid\ek\#j\\e]fZX\ecXi\Õ\o`ejfYi\cfjdf[\cfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp\e\cgXg\c
hl\ j\ \jg\iXiˆX gXiX cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\j[\ leX g\ijg\Zk`mX [\ [\jXiifccf jfZ`Xc [\dfZi}k`Zf p [\
ZfejkilZZ`e[\Z`l[X[XeˆX%
8ZklXcd\ek\\jXj\jfiX[\c}i\X[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX[\c:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf#[fZ\ek\[\c}i\X
[\:`\eZ`X#K\Zefcf^ˆXpJfZ`\[X[[\cX=XZlckX[[\Hlˆd`ZX[\cXLE8D\`em\jk`^X[fiX[\cGifp\Zkf
JfZ`\[X[[\c:fefZ`d`\ekfp;`m\ij`[X[:lckliXc#D„o`ZfJ`^cfOO@[\cX:ffi[`eXZ`e[\?ldXe`[X[\j
[\cXLE8D%<jXlkfiX[\c`YifjpXikˆZlcfji\cXZ`feX[fjZfe\ck\dX[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`epcX\ej\ŒXeqX
[\cXjZ`\eZ`Xj%
Evaluación de las estrategias
de comunicación pública
de la ciencia en Colombia.
El caso de los programas de
educación no formal
Ýe^\cXI`m\iXM%
I<JLD<E
CX gi\j\ekXZ`e hl\ j`^l\ j\ \cXYfi X gXik`i [\c \jkl[`f [\jXiifccX[f gfi \c FYj\imXkfi`f :fcfdY`Xef [\ :`\eZ`X p
K\Zefcf^ˆX[liXek\)''-#k`klcX[fÈ<mXclXZ`e[\cJ`jk\dXEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`X#K\Zefcf^ˆX\@eefmXZ`eÆJE:K@$#(00'$)''+
pcX\mXclXZ`e\o$gfjk[\cfji\jlckX[fj\`dgXZkf[\cGif^iXdX9@;$@@@(00,$)''* É%
<jk\\jkl[`fj\gcXek\#\eki\fkiXj#\mXclXicXjXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cX:pK\e\cJE:K@\egXik`ZlcXicXj
XgfpX[Xjgfi:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%<jkX`ejk`klZ`ek`\e\ZfdfÔe’ck`dfcf^iXicXXgifg`XZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cX:pK%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#
i\Xc`qXjljXZZ`fe\jXkiXm„j[\cX;`m`j`e[\:`\eZ`X#:fdle`ZXZ`ep:lckliXÆ;:::$[fe[\leX[\jljcˆe\Xj_Xj`[f\c
[\jXiifccf[\gif^iXdXj[\8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\jpAlm\e`c\jÆ8:@A$[\\[lZXZ`eef]fidXci\cXZ`feX[XjZfe
cX\[lZXZ`eY}j`ZXpd\[`X%<ekXcj\ek`[f#j\XeXc`qXecXjXZZ`fe\j\dgi\e[`[Xj[\j[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX
^\e\iXcpgXik`ZlcXi[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e%J\[\jZi`Y\ecfjgif^iXdXj[\8:@A#XeXc`qXe[fpi\jXckXe[fjlji\jlckX[fjpXZZ`fe\j
\ek„id`efj[\Zfek`el`[X[p„o`kf[\cX\jkiXk\^`X%Gfi’ck`df#j\f]i\Z\ecXjZfeZclj`fe\j[\cXe}c`j`j%
G8C89I8J:C8M<
8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\jpAlm\e`c\j#gfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX#Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
C8GFCàK@:8JG8I8C8:FDLE@:8:@äE;<C8
:@<E:@8PC8K<:EFCF>à8P<C8GFPF8C8J8:@A
JfemXi`fjcfjXi^ld\ekfj\j^i`d`[fjX]Xmfi[\cXe\Z\j`[X[[\leXdXpfiZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX
[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#\c[`j\Œf[\gfcˆk`ZXj\jg\ZˆÔZXjpjlXik`ZlcXZ`e\ecXjgfcˆk`ZXj
^\e\iXc\j[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cXjeXZ`fe\j2j\\eZl\ekiXekf[fk`gf[\Xi^ld\ekfjgXjXe[fgfi
iXqfe\j\Zfed`ZXj#d`c`kXi\j#`[\fc^`ZXj#„k`ZXj#\eki\fkiXj%<e(0/,\ci\gfik\[\cXIfpXcJfZ`\kp
[\Cfe[i\jXeleZ`XYXhl\cXZfdgi\ej`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`XÈ\jle\c\d\ekf]le[Xd\ekXc\ecX
gifdfZ`e[\cXgifjg\i`[X[eXZ`feXc#\e\cXld\ekf[\cXZXc`[X[\ecXkfdX[\[\Z`j`fe\jg’Yc`ZXj
pgi`mX[Xjp\e\c\ei`hl\Z`d`\ekf[\cXm`[X[\cfj`e[`m`[lfjÉ%PX\e\cXŒf[\(0/.cXFi^Xe`qXZ`e
gXiXcX:ffg\iXZ`ep\c;\jXiifccf<Zfed`ZfÆF:;<$`ejkXYXXjlj\jkX[fjd`\dYifjX`eZcl`iZfdf
gXik\[\jljgfcˆk`ZXjZ`\ekˆÔZfk\Zefc^`ZXjXcXXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZfk\Zefc^`ZXXkiXm„j[\cX
\[lZXZ`epfkifjd\[`fjF:pK#)''- %
;\XZl\i[fXcfjZfek\okfj`dg\iXek\j\eZX[XgXˆjfi\^`e#cfjXi^ld\ekfjhl\j\\j^i`d\eX]Xmfi[\
`eZcl`icXZfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZ`\eZ`X[\ekif[\cXjgfcˆk`ZXj^\e\iXc\jmXiˆXe#\eXc^lefjZXjfjcXj
Zfej`[\iXZ`fe\jZˆm`ZXjpZlckliXc\j_Xegi\mXc\Z`[f#\efkifjgi\[fd`eXecfjgifgj`kfj\Zfed`Zfj\
`e[ljki`Xc\j@Yˆ[% %
<ecXkiXp\Zkfi`X[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZXj\i\ZfefZ\e_\Z_fj`dgfikXek\jpj\^’e>XiXp
(00/ #j\gl\[\[\Z`ihl\_Xk\e`[fki\jg\i`f[fj#\cgi`d\ifXek\j[\(0-/#\cj\^le[f\eki\(0-/p(00'
p\ck\iZ\if[\j[\(00'_XjkX_fp%
;\ekif[\\jkXgfcˆk`ZXj\i\ZfefZ\efYa\k`mfjpd\kXjgifgl\jkfj\e\ck\dX[\cXgfglcXi`qXZ`e[\
cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXXlehl\#jcf_XjkX\cÔeXc[\g\iˆf[fj\kiXqgfigi`d\iXm\qleXgifgl\jkX
fÔZ`Xc[\gfcˆk`ZX[\Xgifg`XZ`ejfZ`Xc[\cXZ`\eZ`X#cXk\Zefcf^ˆXpcX`eefmXZ`e#hl\j\gcXek\XZfdf
fYa\k`mf1È:femfZXipdfm`c`qXiXcfjX^\ek\j[\cX:`\eZ`X#cXK\Zefcf^ˆXpcX@eefmXZ`e#`eZclp\e[fcX
jfZ`\[X[ZfcfdY`XeX\e^\e\iXc#gXiXhl\gXik`Z`g\eXZk`mXd\ek\\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\8gifg`XZ`eJfZ`Xc
[\cX:`\eZ`X#cXK\Zefcf^ˆXpcX@eefmXZ`eZfdfleX\jkiXk\^`X[\]lklifÉ:E:pK$:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#)'', %
J`e \dYXi^f# \jkX gfcˆk`ZX k`\e\ Xek\Z\[\ek\j `dgfikXek\j Zfdf cX c\p )0 [\ (00' p jl [\Zi\kf
i\^cXd\ekXi`f ,/,# \c [fZld\ekf [\ cX D`j`e [\ :`\eZ`X# <[lZXZ`e p ;\jXiifccf [\c XŒf (00,# cfj
[fZld\ekfj :feg\j $:fej\af EXZ`feXc [\ Gfcˆk`ZX <Zfed`ZX p JfZ`Xc$# cfj gif^iXdXj [\ [\jXiifccf
Z`\ekˆÔZfpk\Zefc^`Zf\kXgXj9@;@@p9@;@@@pcXjm\ij`fe\jgi\c`d`eXi\j[\gfcˆk`ZX[\gfglcXi`qXZ`e
p[`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:pK%
8lehl\[\cXe}c`j`j\e\cg\iˆf[f(00'$)'',#j\fYj\im\cXXlj\eZ`X[\leX]fidlcXZ`e\ogcˆZ`kXjfYi\
gfcˆk`ZX[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xefhl`\i\[\Z`ihl\ef_XpX\o`jk`[fleXj\i`\[\`ek\eZ`fe\jp
\eleZ`XZ`fe\jpÈXZZ`fe\jZffi[`eX[XjÉhl\[\leXpfkiX]fidXj\_XeZfem\ik`[f\egfcˆk`ZX%<jXjˆ
Zfdf cX \mXclXZ`e j\ _X jljk\ekX[f \e cX `[\X [\ \mXclXZ`e [\ gfcˆk`ZX Zfdf gifZ\jf gfcˆk`ZX \e
XZZ`e [fe[\\c„e]Xj`j\jkXgl\jkfefjcf\e\oXd`eXicfjfYa\k`mfjgifgl\jkfj]i\ek\Xcfji\jlckX[fj
fYk\e`[fjj`ef\c\oXd\e[\`ek\iXZZ`e\eki\XZkfi\j%
(.'
;\cfj[fZld\ekfjXeXc`qX[fjj\[\jgi\e[\e[`m\ijfjgifgj`kfjgXiXcXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xp
j\_Xe[\jgc\^X[f[`]\i\ek\jXZZ`fe\jgXiXjlZldgc`d`\ekf#\egXik`ZlcXicXj8:@Ajfegi\fZlgXZ`e
g\idXe\ek\ p j\ \ogc`Z`kXe [`]\i\ek\j d\ZXe`jdfj gXiX jl Xk\eZ`e# \j Xjˆ Zfdf j\ \jkXYc\Z` \eki\
fkiXj# cX gifdfZ`e [\ XZk`m`[X[\j Z`\ekˆÔZXj p alm\e`c\j# ]fd\ekXi \m\ekfj alm\e`c\j jfYi\ Z`\eZ`X p
k\Zefcf^ˆX# d\afiXi cfj j`jk\dXj [\ \[lZXZ`e [\ cXj Z`\eZ`Xj Y}j`ZXj# gifdfm\i gif^iXdXj [\ 8:@A#
[`j\ŒXi dXk\i`Xc\j \jg\Z`Xc`qX[fj gXiX \c d\afiXd`\ekf [\ cX \ej\ŒXeqX [\ cXj Z`\eZ`Xj p ]fikXc\Z\i
cXj ZXgXZ`[X[\j i\^`feXc\j d\[`Xek\ cX \jkilZkliXZ`e [\ gifp\Zkfj hl\ dfm`c`Z\e XZkfi\j cfZXc\j
gXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\c\jgˆi`klZ`\ekˆÔZf\ecfje`Œfj%Kf[Xj\jkXj`ek\eZ`feXc`[X[\j[\gfcˆk`ZXj\_Xe
dXk\i`Xc`qX[fpZfeZi\kX[f\e[`]\i\ek\j\jkiXk\^`Xjpgif^iXdXj%
>i}ÔZXEf%(%KiXp\Zkfi`X[\cXgfcˆk`ZXZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX\e:fcfdY`XeX
@ejk`klkf
[\:`\eZ`Xj
(0-.
Gfcˆk`ZXEXZ`feXc
[\:pK
(0//$(00)
Gi`d\ifj:fc\^`fj
pLe`m\ij`[X[\j#
\og\[`Z`e
Yfk}e`ZX#g\i`dXj
fi^Xe`qXZ`fe\j
Gi`d\iXj
efk`Z`Xj\e
[`Xi`fj
GcXeEXZ`feXc[\
;\jXiifccf
<cJXckfJfZ`Xc
(00+$(00/
=fifEXc%:pK
8Œf:`\eZ`X
D`j`e:pK
GcXe[\:pK
gXiXleX
\ZfefdˆXjfZ`Xc
(0/.$(00'
9@;@@
(00'$(00+
9@;@
Gfcˆk`ZXEXZ`feXc
[\:pK
(00+$(00/
:feg\j).*0
;\Zi\kf
,/,
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj
1970
1984
1985
1986
1987
G\i`f[f@
Xek\j(0-/
G\i`f[f@@
(0-/$(00'
@e`Z`Xe8:A\e
(0-,1]\i`Xj
[\Z`\eZ`X#
ZXdg\d\ekfj
Z`\ekˆÔZfj#
fc`dg`X[Xj[\
Z`\eZ`X
Gif^iXdX[\8Zk`m`[X[\j
:`\ekˆÔZXj@e]Xek`c\jp
Alm\e`c\jÈ:lZcˆ$:lZcˆÉ
(0/0$(00.
8gXik`i[\(00,
j\Zfejfc`[XZfdf
legif^iXdXZfe
gi\jlgl\jkfgifg`f
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
?XZ`XleX
gfcˆk`ZX
[`e}d`ZX[\
Xgifg`XZ`e
jfZ`Xc[\:pK
;fZld\ekf
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj
Gfcˆk`ZX[\[`mlc^XZ`e
pgfglcXi`qXZ`e[\cX
:pK%M\ij`eGi\c`d`eXi
1995
1996
1997
Gfcˆk`ZX[\8gifg`XZ`e
JfZ`Xc[\cX:`\eZ`X#cX
K\Zefcf^ˆXpcX@eefmXZ`e
;fZld\ekf1:fcZ`\eZ`Xj$
:E:pK$
Gfcˆk`ZXEXZ`feXc
[\:pK
)'''$)'')
:feg\j*'/'
Gi`d\iXj
efk`Z`Xj\e
[`Xi`fj
C\p)0
8%:%8%:
1968
D`j`e:`\eZ`X#
<[lZXZ`ep
;\jXiifccf
Kfdf+%8gifg`XZ`e
JfZ`Xc[\:pK
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
G\i`f[f@@@
(00'$?fp
Gif^iXdXgXiX\c\jkˆdlcfp
[\jXiifccf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e
\ecX\jZl\cXY}j`ZX
:fem\e`f:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\
(00/$)'''
Gif^iXdXFe[Xj
)''($?fp
<e :fcfdY`X cXj 8:@A j\ `e`Z`Xe \e (0-,# Zfe \c gXkifZ`e`f [\ cXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j Zfdf \c E@K ?XimXi[
:clY[\:fcfdY`X#<c9XeZf[\cXI\g’Yc`ZXpcX=le[XZ`e=fi[%KXdY`„egfi\jXd`jdX„gfZXj\Zi\
cX=le[XZ`egXiX\c=fd\ekf<[lZXk`mf#Zfe\cgifgj`kf[\dfk`mXiX\jkl[`Xek\j[\YXZ_`cc\iXkfX
`em\jk`^XipX[\jXiifccXikiXYXafjZi\Xk`mfj[\ZXi}Zk\iZ`\ekˆÔZfGfjX[X#(00, %J\i\ZfefZ\eX[\d}j#
cXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[XjgficX@ejk`klkf[\:`\eZ`Xj#Zi\X[f\e(0-.#ZlpffYa\k`mf]l\cX[`mlc^XZ`e
p\cd\afiXd`\ekf[\cXjZ`\eZ`X\e:fcfdY`X%:fdfi\jlckX[f[\jlcXYfi\cD`e`jk\i`f[\<[lZXZ`e
EXZ`feXc ÆD<E$ X[fgk \e jlj gif^iXdXj cX dXpfiˆX [\ k\okfj gif[lZ`[fj gXiX j\i cc\mX[fj X cXj
XlcXjple_\Z_fkiXjZ\e[\ekXchl\j\[\jgi\e[`[\\jk\gifZ\jf]l\cXZfeZ\ekiXZ`e[\le^ilgf
[\ g\ijfeXc`[X[\j \e kfief X cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ Zi\Xi le fi^Xe`jdf i\Zkfi [\c [\jXiifccf Z`\ekˆÔZf p
k\Zefc^`Zf\e\cgXˆj:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#(00/ %
;liXek\(0-.j\[\jg\ik\e\cj\ZkfiXZX[„d`Zfle`ek\i„j\jg\Z`Xcgfi\c[\jXiifccf[\cX\ej\ŒXeqX
[\Z`\eZ`Xj#[\Y`[fXcXXYle[Xek\`e]fidXZ`ehl\i\Z`Y`\cgXˆjÆ\e]fcc\kfj#kiXejgXi\eZ`Xj#g\cˆZlcXj#
i\m`jkXjp[fZld\ekfj$jfYi\cfj’ck`dfjX[\cXekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjpd\kf[fcf^ˆXj[\\ej\ŒXeqX
(.(
\`em\jk`^XZ`e\eZ`\eZ`XjGfjX[X#(00, %Gfjk\i`fid\ek\j\\dgi\e[`\ifeXZZ`fe\jgXiXcXi\Xc`qXZ`e
[\]\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`X#ZXdgXd\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjpfc`dg`X[Xj[\Z`\eZ`Xjgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\eZfc\^`fjp
\jZl\cXj%
;\j[\ (0/0# cX 8jfZ`XZ`e :fcfdY`XeX gXiX \c 8mXeZ\ [\ cX :`\eZ`X $8%:%8%:%$ fi^Xe`qX cX =\i`X [\ cX
:`\eZ`XpcXK\Zefcf^ˆX#<ogfZ`\eZ`X#hl\j`im\ZfdfdXiZfgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\cX=\i`X[\cX:i\Xk`m`[X[
Alm\e`c(%
@ejk`klZ`fe\j i\ZfefZ`[Xj \e cXj hl\ j\ [\jXiifccXe 8:@A jfe \c Dlj\f [\ cfj E`Œfj# \c Dlj\f [\ cX
:`\eZ`X\cAl\^fp\cI\$:i\f#DXcfbX#8%:%8%:%pmXi`Xjle`m\ij`[X[\jg’Yc`ZXjpgi`mX[Xj[\cgXˆj%
J`e\dYXi^f#ZfdfpXj\d\eZ`fe#\jk\\jkl[`fj\Z\ekiX\oZclj`mXd\ek\\ecXj8:@Ai\cXZ`feX[XjZfe
cX \[lZXZ`e Y}j`ZX p d\[`X gfi j\i leX [\ cXj \jkiXk\^`Xj Zfe dXpfi Zfek`el`[X[ p i\ZfefZ`d`\ekf
eXZ`feXc\`ek\ieXZ`feXc%<jkXjXZk`m`[X[\jj\ZfeZi\kXife\ecfjgif^iXdXj:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ#:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\p
Fe[Xj%
<e \jk\ j\ek`[f# [\c Xe}c`j`j [\ cfj [fZld\ekfj ^\e\iXc\j [\ gfcˆk`ZX Z`\ekˆÔZX p k\Zefc^`ZX p cfj
i\cXZ`feX[fjZfecXZfdle`ZXZ`e#j\\eZfekihl\cfjgif^iXdXj[\8:@Ajfed\eZ`feX[fjZfeefdYi\j
\jg\ZˆÔZfjX[`]\i\eZ`X[\fkiXj\jkiXk\^`Xjhl\j\d\eZ`feXeXe`m\c^\e\iXc#gfi\a\dgcf#[`mlc^XZ`e
\ed\[`fjdXj`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e%
CFJGIF>I8D8J;<8:K@M@;8;<J:@<EKà=@:8J
I<C8:@FE8;8J:FEC8<;L:8:@äE9ÝJ@:8PD<;@8
CXj8:@Aj\ZXiXZk\i`qXegfiYljZXi\c]fd\ekf[\c`ek\i„j[\e`Œfjpam\e\jgficXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX#X
kiXm„j[\\jkiXk\^`Xj\jg\ZˆÔZXj1` `dglcjXe[fcX\cXYfiXZ`e[\gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\`e[X^XZ`e
Z`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX2`` ]fd\ekXe[f\c\eZl\ekif[\e`Œfjpam\e\jZfe`ek\i\j\jZfdle\j\ek\dXj
Z`\ekˆÔZfjpk\Zefc^`Zfj#p``` gifdfm`\e[f\e\c\eZl\ekif\eki\e`Œfjpam\e\j`ek\i\jX[fj\ecX
Z`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆXpcfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj[\cgXˆjCfqXef#)'', %
Gif^iXdX:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ(0/0$(00.
CXfÔZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\cGif^iXdX:lZcˆ$:lZcˆj\[X\e(0/0#[liXek\\c8ŒfEXZ`feXc[\cX:`\eZ`X%:fcZ`\eZ`Xj
X[fgkX\jk\gif^iXdX\cZlXc[\j[\jlj`e`Z`fjZfekZfe\cXgfpf[\cD<EpcXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc[\
:fcfdY`X%<jk\gif^iXdX[\]fidXZ`e\ecXZ`\eZ`X[\j[\jlZfeZ\gZ`ed\kf[fc^`ZXj\gcXek\Zfdf
gi`eZ`g`fj1` al^XiZfecXZ`\eZ`X#`` cXj8:@AZfdfleXZk`m`[X[efXZX[„d`ZX#ZfecX`[\X[\\eZfekiXi
fkifj\jgXZ`fj\ecfjhl\cfje`Œfjgl\[XekiXYXaXigXiXhl\efj\i\[la\iX\cZfeZ\gkf[\Z`\eZ`XXcXj
XZk`m`[X[\jgifgl\jkXjgficfjgif^iXdXjXZX[„d`Zfj#``` cXZ`\eZ`XZfdfgXik\[\cXZfk`[`Xe`[X[#cfj
gifYc\dXjkiXkX[fj[\YˆXej\icfjhl\`ek\i\j\eXce`Œf#hl\jXk`j]X^Xejlj\og\ZkXk`mXjpc\jg\id`kX
\c[\jXiifccf[\jlj_XY`c`[X[\j#`m efj\kiXkXYX[\\ej\ŒXi#j`ef[\]Xmfi\Z\ileXXZk`kl[Z`\ekˆÔZXX
kiXm„j[\\c\d\ekfjefm\[fjfjp[`m\ik`[fjhl\[\jg`\ik\e\c`ek\i„j#cX`dX^`eXZ`epZi\Xk`m`[X[#m XZ\iZXij\XcXeXkliXc\qX#ZfeleXXZk`kl[i\jg\klfjXpZfejZ`\ek\_XZ`X\cd\[`f[\XdY`\ek\#m` Z`\eZ`X
pXik\ZfdfgXi\aX#hl\k\e^XZfdfi\jlckX[fcfjdXk\i`Xc\jefm\[fjfjpccXdXk`mfjp#m`` \og\i`\eZ`Xj
[`i\ZkXjpg\ijfeXc\jgfid\[`f[\cXfYj\imXZ`e#cX\og\i`d\ekXZ`ecX`em\jk`^XZ`epcXZi\XZ`e%
CXj \jkiXk\^`Xj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X [\ :lZcˆ$:lZcˆ j\ ZfeZ\ekiXife \e d\ejXa\j `dgi\jfj#
[`i`^`[fj X cX Xl[`\eZ`X cfZXc`qX[X \e Zfc\^`fj p \jZl\cXj# hl\ kXdY`„e ]l\ife kiX[lZ`[fj X 9iX`c\ p
(.)
( <e\eki\m`jkXi\Xc`qX[X\e\cdXiZf[\cX<mXclXZ`e%X:Xid\e?\c\eX:XimXaXc#[`i\ZkfiX[\cX8%:%8%:%#j\c\`e[X^gfi\e„e]Xj`jhl\k`\e\cX=\i`X[\
cX:i\Xk`m`[X[Alm\e`c\eg’Yc`Zfjpk\dXji\cXZ`feX[fjZfe\[lZXZ`e#jli\jgl\jkX\e]Xk`q\ehl\\jkX_Xk\e`[fkXekf„o`kfhl\_XfgXZX[fcfjfkifj
fYa\k`mfj[\cX=\i`Xp\e\jk\j\ek`[fj\_Xg\ejX[f`eZcljf\eZfem\ik`ij\\eleX]\i`XXgXik\%
dXZifk`gf%J`e\dYXi^f#\e\c[\jXiifccf[\cgif^iXdXkXdY`„ej\\cXYfiXifedXk\i`Xc\jZfed\ejXa\j
Xl[`fm`jlXc\j gXiX k\c\m`j`e p cX iX[`f# j\ ]fidXife dX\jkifj p dX\jkiXj \e cX d\kf[fcf^ˆX [\c
al\^fgifgl\jkXgfi:lZcˆpj\gif[la\ifedXk\i`Xc\j[`i`^`[fjX\ccfjZfe\cfYa\k`mf[\XgfpXicfj
gcXek\Xd`\ekfj\g`jk\dfc^`Zfj#g\[X^^`ZfjpZfdle`ZXk`mfj[\cgif^iXdX%
CfjdXk\i`Xc\j`dgi\jfjZi\X[fj]l\ife1` dXelXc18mfcXi:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ#`` \cg\i`[`ZfdliXc1:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ#
``` \c ZlX[\ie`ccf [\ Xgfpf p Xdgc`XZ`e [\ cfj k\dXj [\c g\i`[`Zf dliXc% J\ [`jki`Ylp\ife X kf[fj
cfj\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekfj[\gi`dXi`X[\cgXˆj#XkiXm„j[\cX9`Yc`fk\ZX9}j`ZX[\cGcXe[\Le`m\ijXc`qXZ`e
[\gi`dXi`X#[\cD<E%GXiX\cgi`d\ij\d\jki\[\(00.cfjdXk\i`Xc\jj\[`jki`YlˆXeX+*'''\jZl\cXj
iliXc\jpliYXeXj[\cgXˆj%;\ekif[\cfjgi`eZ`gXc\ji\jlckX[fj[\cgif^iXdX\jk}ecfjd\ejXa\j`dgi\jfj
gif[lZ`[fj%
KXYcXEf%(%DXk\i`Xc\jgif[lZ`[fj%:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ%
Número
Tipo de material
Tema
Año
Manual de actividades científicas
El taller
1990
1
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
El Cielo y las estrellas
1990
2
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
El agua
1991
3
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
El lenguaje
1991
4
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La imagen
(00)
5
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La máquina
(00)
6
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La historia
(00*
7
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La evolución
(00*
8
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
El espacio
(00+
9
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
El cuerpo
(00+
10
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
El tiempo
(00,
11
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La música
(00,
12
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
Luz y color
1995
13
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La energía
1996
14
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
Los numeros
1996
15
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
Los artrópodos
1996
16
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La ciudad
1996
17
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
Deportes
(00.
18
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
Viajes y mapas
(00.
19
Periódico mural y Cuadernillo
La tierra
(00.
GXiX cX gif[lZZ`e [\ cfj dXk\i`Xc\j p cX i\Xc`qXZ`e [\c Gif^iXdX j\ Zi\ le ^ilgf [\ kiXYXaf
`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi`f\`ek\i`ejk`klZ`feXchl\Xj\jfipXZfdgXŒZX[Xlef[\cfjdXk\i`Xc\jgif[lZ`[fjp
cfjkXcc\i\j[\]fidXZ`e[\[fZ\ek\j%
Gfi’ck`df#\cgif^iXdXgXiX\cg\iˆf[f(00'$(00.\a\Zlk(.,/d`ccfe\j[\g\jfj)[\cfjZlXc\jZ\iZX[\c
)*]l\ifeXgfik\j[\cD<E%<jk\’ck`dfXgfpY}j`ZXd\ek\cXXZk`m`[X[\[`kfi`XcgXiXcXgif[lZZ`e[\c
g\i`[`ZfdliXcp\cZlX[\ie`ccf[\Xgfpfpcf_`qf`e`ek\iildg`[Xd\ek\\e\cg\iˆf[f(00'$(00,%
) Le[cXi\jkX[fle`[\ej\\hl`mXc\#Xgifo`dX[Xd\ek\X)'''g\jfjZfcfdY`Xefj%E%<% %
(.*
:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\fZklYi\(00/$[`Z`\dYi\)'''
<cÈGif^iXdXgXiX\c\jkˆdlcfp[\jXiifccf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e\ecX\jZl\cXY}j`ZXÉ:fem\e`f:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\
lk`c`qcXd\kf[fcf^ˆXgifgl\jkXgfi:lZcˆ$:lZcˆpcXm`eZlcZfecfj_XccXq^fjp\jkiXk\^`Xj[\cgifp\Zkf
Gc„pX[\(% :fdf fYa\k`mf ^\e\iXc j\ gcXek\# gifgfiZ`feXi p \jk`dlcXi cX `em\jk`^XZ`e# cX Z`\eZ`X p cX
k\Zefcf^ˆX#Zfdf]fidXj[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf\ecX\jZl\cXY}j`ZX#d\[`Xek\cXlk`c`qXZ`e[\d\kf[fcf^ˆXj
c’[`ZXj#gXiXcf^iXiZXdY`fj\ecXZXc`[X[[\cX\[lZXZ`ep\e\c[\jXiifccf[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf^ilgXcp
g\ijfeXc%
GXiX \c cf^if [\ [`Z_f fYa\k`mf j\ gcXek\Xife1 ` Zi\Xi p ]fikXc\Z\i leX \jkilZkliX i\^`feXc hl\ [`\iX
jfc`[\qfi^Xe`qXk`mX#XZX[„d`ZXpÔeXeZ`\iXXgifZ\jfj^iX[lXc\j[\`e`Z`XZ`e[\cXXZk`m`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZX
[\j[\cX\jZl\cXY}j`ZX#ZfecXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\e`Œfj#e`ŒXj#am\e\j#dX\jkifj#le`m\ij`[X[\j#j\Zkfi
gi`mX[f# FE> f g\ijfeXj [`jgl\jkXj X gfe\i jl ZfefZ`d`\ekf Xc j\im`Z`f [\ cX \[lZXZ`e Y}j`ZX# `` fgk`d`qXi\cljfpZ`iZlcXZ`e[\cdXk\i`Xcg\[X^^`Zf\o`jk\ek\1Zfc\ZZ`e[\(0ZlX[\ie`ccfjpg\i`[`Zfj
dliXc\j#``` ÔeXeZ`Xi[\jZ\ekiXc`qX[Xd\ek\cfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\ecfjZlXc\jgXik`Z`g\ee`Œfj#
e`ŒXj#dX\jkifjpdX\jkiXjlk`c`qXe[fcX\jkilZkliXfi^Xe`qXk`mX[\Gc„pX[\#`m gif[lZ`idXk\i`Xc\j[\
XgfpfgXiXcX]fidXZ`e[\dX\jkifj\e\c[\jXiifccf[\gifp\Zkfj`e`Z`Xc\j[\`em\jk`^XZ`e#m _XZ\i
j\^l`d`\ekf p j`jk\dXk`qXZ`e [\ cX \og\i`\eZ`X Zfe[lZ\ek\ X g\i]\ZZ`feXi cfj d\ZXe`jdfj gXiX leX
]l\ik\`e]iX\jkilZkliX[\gifdfZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e:fcfdY`X[\j[\cX\jZl\cXY}j`ZX#p
m` [`]le[`icfji\jlckX[fj[\cgif^iXdX%
<e\c[\jXiifccf[\cgif^iXdX\ekfkXcj\gi\j\ekXife-.)gifp\Zkfj[\cfjZlXc\j#]l\ifej\c\ZZ`feX[fj
*.,pÔeXeZ`X[fj**+%:\iZX[\c++[\cfjgifp\Zkfjj\i\Xc`qXife\e\c}i\X[\Z`\eZ`XjjfZ`Xc\j#j\^l`[f
gfi\c*.[\cfjgifp\Zkfji\Xc`qX[fj\eZ`\eZ`XjeXkliXc\j%<ekfkXcgXik`Z`gXife0/.,e`Œfjp((/'-
e`ŒXj#gXiXlekfkXc[\)(,0(e`Œfjpe`ŒXjgXik`Z`gXek\j%M\i>i}ÔZX)p*\ecXj`^l`\ek\g}^`eX %
<cgif^iXdX\e\cg\iˆf[f\a\Zlk+.)d`ccfe\j#[\cfjZlXc\j\c+0]l\ifeXgfikX[fjgfi\c
gif^iXdX#\c*-gficXj`ejk`klZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXjk`\dgf#`ejkXcXZ`fe\j#fkifj p(,[\fkiXj]l\ek\j
`ejk`klZ`fe\j^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j#\dgi\jXj#le`m\ij`[X[\j %
Gif^iXdXFe[Xj)''($XZklXcd\ek\
<cGif^iXdXFe[Xjj\jljk\ekX\ecX`[\X[\hl\cfje`Œfjpcfjam\e\jjfeg\ijfeXjZfeleXZXgXZ`[X[
`em\jk`^Xk`mXgfk\eZ`Xcphl\cX\jZl\cXpcfjZclY\j[\am\e\jpe`Œfjjfe\jgXZ`fj\e[fe[\j\gl\[\e
[\jXiifccXigifZ\jfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`ehl\gl\[\ej\i’k`c\j#kXekfgXiXcfjhl\i\Xc`qXecX`em\jk`^XZ`e#
ZfdfcX\jZl\cX#cXZfdle`[X[p\cgXˆj:fcZ`\eZ`Xj$=<J#)''( %
Fe[Xj_XkiXYXaX[f\e[fjgifgj`kfj]le[Xd\ekXc\j1` Zfehl`jkXi\c`ek\i„jpcXgXj`e[\cfje`Œfj#
cXj e`ŒXj p cfj am\e\j _XZ`X cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX# \jk`dlcXe[f cX i\Xc`qXZ`e [\ gifp\Zkfj [\
`em\jk`^XZ`ejl^\i`[fjp[\jXiifccX[fjgfi\ccfjpjljdX\jkifjp`` Zfejk`kl`ij\ \e leX `ejkXeZ`X
d\[`Xek\ cX ZlXc j\X gfj`Yc\ jldXi# Xik`ZlcXi# j`jk\dXk`qXi p Zffi[`eXi cfj [`jk`ekfj \j]l\iqfj hl\ j\
_XZ\e\cgXˆjgXiXXgfpXi\ckiXYXafZ`\ekˆÔZf`e]Xek`cpalm\e`c%
GXiX\ccf^if[\jljgifgj`kfj_XgcXek\X[f1` :feki`Yl`iXc[`j\Œfp[\jXiifccf[\gfcˆk`ZXjp\jkiXk\^`Xj
[\\[lZXZ`e\`em\jk`^XZ`e\ecX]fidXZ`e`e`Z`Xc#pjl`eZclj`e\ecfjgcXe\j[\[\jXiifccf2`` dfm`c`qXi
XZkfi\j^lY\ieXd\ekXc\jpef^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j2``` ]fikXc\Z\icXZXgXZ`[X[[\cXji\^`fe\j[\cgXˆjgXiX
(.+
( <cgifp\ZkfGc„pX[\(00. klmfZfdffYa\k`mf_XZ\ileXZfdgXŒXd`\ekfXcXj.'''\jZl\cXjliYXeXj[\cgXˆj#fi`\ekX[fX\jk`dlcXicXZfem`m\eZ`X#
\cZfefZ`d`\ekfpcX^\jk`e\ecX\jZl\cXY}j`ZXgi`dXi`Xp[liXek\(00/#kiXYXaZfe[fj\jkiXk\^`Xj1` CXZfem\ijXZ`e#hl\XgXik`i[\leXZfdgX$
ŒXd`\ekfXcXj\jZl\cXj#gfigXik\[\`ejk`klZ`fe\j\ok\ieXj\\ccXj#\jk`dlcX\c[`}cf^f\eki\Xcldefj#dX\jkifjpZfdle`[X[p`` cX`em\jk`^XZ`e#hl\
gifdl\m\cX\ogcfiXZ`ep[\jXiifccf[\cXjgi\^lekXj[\cfje`Œfj#jl[`jZlj`e#j`jk\dXk`qXZ`epZfe]ifekXZ`eZfecXi\Xc`[X[%
>i}ÔZfEf%)Gifp\Zkfj%:lZcˆGc„pX[\
250
199
200
150
140
112
100
79
120
119
105
75
70
50
102
70
60
60
36
0
Atlántica
Central
Presentados
Seleccionados
Cafetera
Llanos Orientales
34
Occidental
Financiados
=l\ek\1@e]fid\ÔeXc$:fem\e`f:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\)''(
>i}ÔZXEf%*E`Œfjpe`ŒXjgXik`Z`gXek\j
12000
10000
9545
7875
8000
6000
4000
2000
694
0
925
506
Atlántica
Niños
Central
516
Cafetera
370
540
Llanos Orientales
340
280
Occidental
Niñas
=l\ek\1@e]fid\ÔeXc$:fem\e`f:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\)''(
]fd\ekXicX:K"@#d\[`Xek\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\cfj[`jk`ekfjj\Zkfi\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[gXiXhl\Xgfp\eZfe
i\Zlijfj[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf#k„Ze`ZfjpÔeXeZ`\ifj#cfjgifZ\jfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\ecXgfYcXZ`e`e]Xek`c
p alm\e`c2 `m [\jXiifccXi \c \jgˆi`kl Z`\ekˆÔZf X kiXm„j [\ cX i\Xc`qXZ`e [\ gifp\Zkfj [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e
[`j\ŒX[fjgfie`Œfj#e`ŒXjpam\e\j#\eZfdgXŒˆX[\jljdX\jkifj2m [\jXiifccXip\a\ZlkXigifp\Zkfj[\
]fidXZ`e[\dX\jkifjgXiXhl\]fid\ee`Œfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j#d`\ekiXjj\]fidXeXjˆd`jdfj\e\cXik\
[\`em\jk`^Xi2m` [`j\ŒXi\`dgc\d\ekXi\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`epm`iklXc`qXZ`e#[`i`^`[XjX`dglcjXi
\c [\jXiifccf [\ cX :K"@ [\j[\ cX \[lZXZ`e Y}j`ZX p d\[`X2 m` kiXej]\i`i \c df[\cf g\[X^^`Zf [\c
Gif^iXdXFe[Xj#jljdXk\i`Xc\jpZfefZ`d`\ekfjXfkifjgXˆj\j2[`j\ŒXi#gif[lZ`ip[`jki`Yl`idXk\i`Xc\j
g\[X^^`Zfj#]ˆj`Zfjpm`iklXc\j#hl\Xgfp\ecX]fidXZ`e`e`Z`Xc\e:K"@%
(.,
8[\d}j#Fe[Xj_Xi\ZfefZ`[fhl\cX\jZl\cXef\jcX’e`ZXi\jgfejXYc\[\]fd\ekXileXZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX
pk\Zefc^`ZX#gfikXekfXcX]\Z_X_XjljZi`kfZfem\e`fj[\Zffg\iXZ`eZfecXj*)^fY\ieXZ`fe\jp
;`jki`kf:Xg`kXc2()XcZXc[ˆXj#[fjj\Zi\kXiˆXj[\gXikXd\ekXc\jpki\jdle`Z`gXc\j[\\[lZXZ`e#ZlXkif
\dgi\jXj gi`mX[Xj# ki\j FE># ). le`m\ij`[X[\j# ZlXkif ZfigfiXZ`fe\j p [fj ZXaXj [\ Zfdg\ejXZ`e#
hl`\e\jXgfpXe\cgif^iXdXZfe\j]l\iqfjk„Ze`Zfj#_ldXefj#X[d`e`jkiXk`mfjpÔeXeZ`\ifj%
Fe[Xjk`\e\XcZXeZ\eXZ`feXc#leXfi^Xe`qXZ`ei\^`feXcp\eXc^lefjZXjfj#dle`Z`gXc#XZklXcd\ek\j\
\a\ZlkX\e*0)dle`Z`g`fj[\)0[\gXikXd\ekfj#p\e\c[`jki`kfZXg`kXc%CXfi^Xe`qXZ`eeXZ`feXc\jkX
[X[XgfileZfd`k„[\[`i\ZZ`e#leZfd`k„eXZ`feXc#leZfd`k„k„Ze`ZfeXZ`feXc#leZfd`k„XZX[„d`Zf#
le \hl`gf k„Ze`Zf eXZ`feXc p cX =le[XZ`e =<J hl`„e X[d`e`jkiX cfj i\Zlijfj _XZ\ j\^l`d`\ekf X cX
\a\ZlZ`eÔeXeZ`\iX[\gXikXd\ekXc#Xj\jfiXaliˆ[`ZXd\ek\Xcfj[\gXikXd\ekfjp^\jk`feXcXÔidX[\
Zfem\e`fj%GfifkiXgXik\#cXfi^Xe`qXZ`ei\^`feXc\jkX[X[XgfiZfd`k„j[\gXikXd\ekXc\j%Kf[X\jkX
fi^Xe`qXZ`e[\cgif^iXdX\jkXZfdgc\d\ekX[Xgfi*-,-\hl`gfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%
CX\jkiXk\^`Xg\[X^^`ZX[\cGif^iXdXFe[Xj\jcX`em\jk`^XZ`e#gfikXekfcfjgifp\Zkfjhl\j\ÔeXeZ`Xe
gl\[\e j\i [\ [fj k`gfj1 XY`\ikfj p gi\\jkilZkliX[fj% Cfj XY`\ikfj jfe gifp\Zkfj jl^\i`[fj gfi cfj
e`Œfj#cXje`ŒXjpcfjam\e\j\eZfdgXŒˆX[\dX\jkifj2jli^\e[\gi\^lekXj\`ek\i\j\j%Cfjgifp\Zkfj
gi\\jkilZkliX[fjjfegifgl\jkXj`em\jk`^Xk`mXj[\fi[\eeXZ`feXchl\j\\a\ZlkXe[\dXe\iXj`dlck}e\X
\e[`]\i\ek\j[\gXikXd\ekfj\`ejk`klZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXj[\cgXˆj%
Cfjk\dXjpcXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\cfjgifp\Zkfjgi\\jkilZkliX[fjjli^\e[\cXZldlcX[f[\
ZfefZ`d`\ekfj^\e\iX[fjgficfjgifp\ZkfjXY`\ikfj#kXdY`„e[\cXjgifYc\d}k`ZXjZfdle\ji\Zlii\ek\j
\e[`]\i\ek\jcl^Xi\j[\:fcfdY`XpjfYi\cXjZlXc\jcXgfYcXZ`e`e]Xek`cpalm\e`cgl\[\e`eZ`[`i#Xjˆ
Zfdf[\cfj_XccXq^fjp\og\i`\eZ`Xj`em\jk`^Xk`mXjgi\m`Xj\e\jkXdf[Xc`[X[#cfjZlXc\jj\Xik`ZlcXe
ZfecXjcˆe\Xj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\jkiXk„^`ZXj[\cXgfcˆk`ZX[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX[\cgXˆj:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#
)''- %Cfjgifp\Zkfjgi\\jkilZkliX[fjj\`ejZi`Y\e\eleX[\[fjcˆe\Xj[\`em\jk`^XZ`eeXZ`feXchl\_X
[\Ôe`[f\cGif^iXdX1Fe[Xj8dY`\ekXcpFe[Xj[\9`\e\jkXi@e]Xek`cpAlm\e`c:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#)''- %
Cfj gifp\Zkfj XY`\ikfj p gi\\jkilZkliX[fj jfe XgfpX[fj d\[`Xek\# ÔeXeZ`XZ`e# Xj\jfiˆX \ok\ieX
k\d}k`ZXpd\kf[fc^`ZX#Zfe]fidXZ`e[\i\[\j[\Xgfpf#kXcc\i\jp\m\ekfj[\]fidXZ`e#\cXYfiXZ`e
p[`jki`YlZ`e[\dXk\i`Xc\jp\jgXZ`fj[\[`mlc^XZ`epjfZ`Xc`qXZ`eXe`m\ci\^`feXcpeXZ`feXc%
<e\cg\iˆf[f)''($)''-\cgif^iXdXFe[Xj_XXgfpX[fcXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\,0,,gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%
?XjkX)'',cfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`eXY`\ikfj]l\ifegi\j\ekX[fjp\a\ZlkX[fjgfi*/-,/e`Œfj
p e`ŒXj# , (+( dX\jkifj [\ \[lZXZ`e Y}j`ZX p d\[`X p ) /)0 Xj\jfi\j \ok\iefj p \e cfj gifp\Zkfj
gi\\jkilZkliX[fjgXik`Z`gXife\ekfkXc(-00''e`ŒXj#e`Œfjpam\e\j[\)''`ejk`klZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXj
[\)'[\[\gXikXd\ekfj[\:fcfdY`X%GXiX)''-pXj\Zl\ekXZfecXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\).[\gXikXd\ekfj#
hl\gi\j\ekX\c0'\eZfY\ikliXeXZ`feXc%
<cgif^iXdXgXiXjl[\jXiifccf_XjkX)'',ÔidXYXZfem\e`fj[\Zffg\iXZ`eZfe*)^fY\ieXZ`fe\jp
\c;`jki`kf:Xg`kXc2()XcZXc[ˆXj#[fjj\Zi\kXi`Xj[\gXikXd\ekXc\j#ki\jdle`Z`gXc\j[\\[lZXZ`e#ZlXkif
\dgi\jXjgi`mX[Xj#ki\jFE>#).le`m\ij`[X[\j#ZlXkifZfigfiXZ`fe\jp[fjZXaXj[\Zfdg\ejXZ`e#hl\
XgfpXe\cgif^iXdXZfe\j]l\iqfjk„Ze`Zfj#_ldXefj#X[d`e`jkiXk`mfjpÔeXeZ`\ifj%
?XjkX)'',#gXiX\c]leZ`feXd`\ekf[\Fe[Xj#:fcZ`\eZ`XjZfcfZleZXg`kXcj\d`ccX\ecfj[\gXikXd\ekfj
[\Z\iZX[\),.)d`ccfe\jpZfdfZfekiXgXik`[X#cXj\ek`[X[\j#hl\jljZi`Y\eZfem\e`fj#_XeXgfikX[f
+*')d`ccfe\j%M\i>i}ÔZX+\ecXj`^l`\ek\g}^`eX %
(.-
>i}ÔZXEf%+%Gifp\Zkfj=`eXeZ`X[fj%Fe[Xj
600
500
400
300
200
César
Hula
Meta
Caqueta
Arauca
Guania
Valle del Cauca
San Ándres
Choco
Atlántico
Sucre
Quindio
Risaralda
Putumayo
Bolívar
Casanare
Caldas
Tolima
Bógota
Santander
Cordoba
Norte de Santander
Nariño
Antioquia
Cundinamarca
Guajira
0
Boyaca
100
=l\ek\1:fcZ`\eZ`XjÆ:}cZlcfj1F:pK
LE8<JKI8K<>@8:FEKàEL8P<O@KFJ8
Cfjki\jgif^iXdXjXeXc`qX[fj_Xek\e`[fZfdffYa\k`mfZfd’e]fd\ekXicXZfejkilZZ`e[\leXZlckliX
Z`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX\ecXgfYcXZ`e`e]Xek`cpalm\e`c#j`e\dYXi^f#jlj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e
_XemXi`X[fpj\_Xe\ei`hl\Z`[f\eZX[X\kXgX%<jXjˆ#Zfdf\cgif^iXdX:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ#Zfek\dgcleX
\jkiXk\^`X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eYXjX[X\edXk\i`Xc\j`dgi\jfj#Zfek\dXj[\jXiifccX[fjgfi\og\ikfjpgXiX
j\iZfdgc\d\ekXi`fj[\cfjZfek\e`[fjZlii`ZlcXi\jZfegifgl\jkXj[\al\^fj#\og\i`d\ekfj#_`jkfi`Xj#
ZfejkilZZ`e[\fYa\kfj#c\ZkliXjpgf\dXj%8g\jXi[\efZfeZ\Y`ij\Zfdf8:@Ahl\j\`ek\^iXiXeXcXj
cXYfi\jXZX[„d`ZXjp]l\iXeXjld`[Xjgficfjgif]\jfi\j#cXjk\d}k`ZXjhl\XYfi[XYXe\edlZ_fjZXjfj
j`im`\ifegXiXcX\ej\ŒXeqX[\dXk\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`Xj%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#\cgif^iXdXm`fcXe\Z\j`[X[[\
[`m\ij`ÔZXijljcˆe\Xj[\XZZ`epg\ejXi\eZXeXc\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[`i`^`[fjXdX\jkifj#gficfZlXc\c
gif^iXdX[\jXiifccfdXk\i`Xc\j`dgi\jfj[`i`^`[fjXdX\jkifj#kXc\jZfdfc`YifjpgXjXdXefj%;\fkiX
gXik\#gcXek\pcc\mXZXYfXc^leXjXZZ`fe\jd\[`Xek\d\ejXa\jXl[`fm`jlXc\j#Zfe\cÔe[\[`]le[`i\c
gif^iXdXpgXiXj\ej`Y`c`qXiXcg’Yc`ZfX[lckfXek\cXjXZk`m`[X[\jgifgl\jkXj%
:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ# `e`Z`Xcd\ek\ \jklmf Zffi[`eX[f [\j[\ cX ;::: [\ :fcZ`\eZ`Xj# g\if \e (00, \c gif^iXdX
\ekiXleX\kXgX[\Zfejfc`[XZ`e#\mXclXZ`e#Xg\ikliXi\^`feXcp\dg`\qXXkiXYXaXi\eel\mfj]i\ek\j
[\gif[lZZ`e[\dXk\i`Xc\jZfe\cgifgj`kf[\Xdgc`XicXZfY\ikliX#\j\ekfeZ\jZlXe[fj\Zfem`\ik\
\eleXgif^iXdX[\:fcZ`\eZ`XjZfeXlkfefdˆXpgi\jlgl\jkfgifg`f%
CX j\^le[X \kXgX# \jk} [X[X gfi \c Gif^iXdX gXiX \c \jkˆdlcf p [\jXiifccf [\ cX `em\jk`^XZ`e \e cX
\jZl\cXY}j`ZX#:fem\e`f:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\#hl\j\gifgljfX[\d}j[\[`jki`Yl`icfjdXk\i`Xc\j[\jXiifccX[fj
\e\cgif^iXdX:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ#ÔeXeZ`Xi[\jZ\ekiXc`qX[Xd\ek\cfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\ecfjZlXc\j
gXik`Z`gXiXe e`Œfj# e`ŒXj# dX\jkifj p dX\jkiXj% <e \jk\ j\ek`[f# j\ [`\ife cXj Zfe[`Z`fe\j e\Z\jXi`Xj
`e`Z`XilegifZ\jf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\j[\cX\jZl\cX#Zfek\dXjgifgl\jkfjgficfje`Œfj#`ejg`iX[fj\e
jlj`ek\i\j\jp^l`X[fjgfijljdX\jkifj%CX\jkiXk\^`XZfej`[\iX[X]l\`emfclZiXipZfehl`jkXi\c
(..
`ek\i„jpcXgXj`e[\cfje`Œfj#e`ŒXj#am\e\jpdX\jkifjgfi\cZfefZ`d`\ekfpcf^iXijlXgc`ZXZ`e\e
gifYc\dXj`[\ek`ÔZX[fjgfi\ccfj%
<jk\ gif^iXdX# XmXeq \e cX j\ej`Y`c`qXZ`e jfZ`Xc d\[`Xek\ ZfemfZXkfi`Xj# kXcc\i\j p [`]lj`e [\c
gif^iXdX \e d\[`fj dXj`mfj X e`m\c eXZ`feXc# [\ \jkX dXe\iX cf^i dfm`c`qXi Xc j\Zkfi XZX[„d`Zf#
Zfd`j`fe\ji\^`feXc\j[\:pK#gX[i\j[\]Xd`c`X#\dgi\jXjpFE>%<jk\gifZ\jfZfejfc`[cX\jkilZkliX
[\c gif^iXdX# hl\ j\ fi^Xe`q d\[`Xek\ le Zfd`k„ eXZ`feXc Zffi[`eX[fi# \ek`[X[\j Zffi[`eX[fiX p
\a\ZlkfiXji\^`feXc\j#pZfd`k„jk„Ze`Zfji\^`feXc\j%
Cfji\jlckX[fj#cf^ifjpXgi\e[`qXa\X[hl`i`[fj\e\c[\jXiifccf\ecXj[fj\kXgXjXek\i`fi\j[XegXjfXc
gif^iXdXFe[Xjhl\XZklXcd\ek\j\[\jXiifccX%<jk\gif^iXdXZfek`e’XZfecXgifgl\jkX[\[\jXiifccXi
\c\jgˆi`klZ`\ekˆÔZfXkiXm„j[\cXi\Xc`qXZ`e[\gifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[`j\ŒX[fjgfie`Œfj#e`ŒXj
pam\e\j#\eZfdgXŒˆX[\dX\jkifj2cXdfm`c`qXZ`e[\XZkfi\j^lY\ieXd\ekXc\jpef^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j
p\c]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf[\cXZXgXZ`[X[\ecXji\^`fe\jgXiX]fd\ekXicX:K"@d\[`Xek\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e
[\[`m\ijfjXZkfi\jhl\Xgfp\e\cgif^iXdXZfei\Zlijfj[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf#k„Ze`ZfjpÔeXeZ`\ifj%J`e
\dYXi^f#Fe[Xj#X[\d}j[\gfk\eZ`Xc`qXicfjXek\i`fi\j#pXefjcf[\jXiifccXdXk\i`Xc\jgXiXdX\jkifj#
j`efhl\[\jXiifccXp\a\ZlkXgifp\Zkfj[\]fidXZ`eZfe\ccfj#YljZXkiXej]\i`i\cdf[\cfg\[X^^`Zf#jlj
dXk\i`Xc\jpZfefZ`d`\ekfj2_X[`j\ŒX[f\`dgc\d\ekX[f\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`epm`iklXc`qXZ`e#
_X [`j\ŒX[f# gif[lZ`[f p [`jki`Yl`[f dXk\i`Xc\j g\[X^^`Zfj# ]ˆj`Zfj p m`iklXc\j gXiX \c Xgfpf [\ cX
]fidXZ`e`e`Z`Xc\e:K"@%
;\cX\mXclXZ`ei\Z`\ek\_\Z_XXcgif^iXdX\e)'',#j\[\jkXZXeZfdf]fikXc\qXj[\cgif^iXdXFe[Xj
cX g\iZ\gZ`e [\ ZXdY`f \e cX ZfeZ\gZ`e [\ Z`\eZ`X p [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e# \c `ek\i„j gfi cX XZk`m`[X[
Z`\ekˆÔZX#cX`eZfigfiXZ`e[\cGif^iXdX\e\cfi[\e[\gXikXd\ekXcpjljfZ`Xc`qXZ`e%Cfjki\jgi`d\ifj
Zfii\jgfe[`\ifeXcXjd\kXjhl\\cgif^iXdXj\_XkiXqX[fp\c’ck`dfi\gi\j\ekXleX[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\j
hl\d\afi\ji\jlckX[fjc\_X[X[fXcGif^iXdX%CXjfZ`Xc`qXZ`e[\cfjgifp\Zkfjj\Zfej`[\iXZfdfcX
dXpfi[\jlj]fikXc\qXj#\ecXd\[`[X\ehl\dfk`mXXcfj\jkl[`Xek\j#`eZ\ek`mXcfjgifZ\jfj`em\jk`^Xk`mfj
\ecXji\^`fe\jpj\Zfem`\ik\\eleglekf[\i\]\i\eZ`XgXiXcX]fidXZ`epcXdfk`mXZ`e[\c\jZfcXi
]i\ek\XcGif^iXdX:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#)''- %
<ei\jld\e#\jkX\jkiXk\^`X[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XÆ8Zk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj`e]Xek`c\jpalm\e`c\j
[\\[lZXZ`eef]fidXci\cXZ`feX[XjZfecX\[lZXZ`e]fidXc$#gi\j\ekXi\jlckX[fj\o`kfjfj2\ecXjki\j
\kXgXjj\gifZli\cZlYi`d`\ekfeXZ`feXc[\\jZl\cXj#p]l\XjˆZfdf\ecXgi`d\iX\kXgX:lZcˆ$:lZcˆ gXiX (00. j\ [`jki`Ylp \c dXk\i`Xc X +* ''' \jZl\cXj iliXc\j p liYXeXj [\c gXˆj# \e cX j\^le[X \kXgX
:lZcˆ$Gc„pX[\ j\m`eZlcXifeXcgif^iXdX**+\jZl\cXjiliXc\jpliYXeXj[\[`]\i\ek\j[\gXikXd\ekfj
pgXiX\ecX\kXgXXZklXcFe[Xj \cgif^iXdXm`eZlcfX)''+[\(+//`ejk`klZ`fe\j\[lZXk`mXj[\)0
[\gXikXd\ekfj%
<eZlXekfXgifp\ZkfjÔeXeZ`X[fj#\ecXj[fj’ck`dXj\kXgXj#j\_XeXgfpX[fZ\iZX[\-)/0gifp\Zkfj[\
`em\jk`^XZ`e#[\cfjZlXc\j\c0,fZlii`\ife\e\cdXiZf[\cgif^iXdXFe[Xj%Cfje`ŒXj#e`Œfjpam\e\j
gXik`Z`gXek\j_Xej`[f\ekfkXc)*'(+0#[\cfjZlXc\j\c0(\e[\jXiifccf[\Fe[Xj%
<eZlXekfXcfji\Zlijfj`em\ik`[fj#\ecXgi`d\iX\kXgXj\\a\ZlkXife(.,/d`ccfe\j#\ecXj\^le[X
\kXgX#+.)d`ccfe\jp\e\jkX’ck`dX_XjkX)'',j\_Xe\a\ZlkX[f-/.+d`ccfe\j%
(./
Gfi’ck`df#\cgif^iXdXFe[XjX[\d}j[\cfjg’Yc`ZfjfYa\k`mfe`Œfj#e`ŒXjpam\e\j #_Xm`eZlcX[f
XZkfi\jZfdf^fY\ieXZ`fe\jp\c[`jki`kfZXg`kXc#XcZXc[ˆXj#j\Zi\kXi`Xj[\gXikXd\ekXc\jpdle`Z`gXc\j[\
\[lZXZ`e#\dgi\jXjgi`mX[Xj#FE>#le`m\ij`[X[\j#ZfigfiXZ`fe\jpZXaXj[\Zfdg\ejXZ`e%
:FE:CLJ@FE<J
<c „o`kf [\ cX \jkiXk\^`X j\ Xki`Ylp\ X mXi`fj Xjg\Zkfj# \eki\ \ccfj# cX Zf_\i\eZ`X \eki\ cfj fYa\k`mfj
gifgl\jkfj\ecXgfcˆk`ZXpjli\Xc`qXZ`e#jldX[fXcXZfek`el`[X[hl\_XdXek\e`[f%J\\m`[\eZ`X\jkX
\jkiXk\^`XZfdfZfejkXek\gi\fZlgXZ`e[\cXZfdle`[X[Z`\ekˆÔZXpj\g\iZ`Y\hl\[\Xc^leXdXe\iX
\o`jk\p_X\o`jk`[f`dgcˆZ`kXd\ek\Zfej\ejf\ecX`dgfikXeZ`X[\XgfpXig\[X^^`ZXpÔeXeZ`\iXd\ek\
\cg’Yc`Zf`e]Xek`cpalm\e`cZfdfXgl\jkX[\]lklif%8[`Z`feXcd\ek\#\ek„id`efjÔeXeZ`\ifj#X[\d}j
_XZfekX[fZfei\Zlijfj[\:fcZ`\eZ`Xjp_Xcf^iX[fXgXcXeZXifkifj`dgfikXek\ji\Zlijfjhl\c\_Xe
Xj\^liX[fjlZfek`el`[X[pZfejfc`[XZ`e%
FkifXjg\Zkf`dgfikXek\\jhl\cX\jkiXk\^`X_XXgifm\Z_X[fcX`e]iX\jkilZkliXp\ci\Zlijf_ldXef
gi\j\ek\\eZfc\^`fjp\jZl\cXj#cfhl\c\_Xg\id`k`[fcc\^Xi`eZcljfXcXji\^`fe\jd}jXgXikX[Xj[\c
gXˆj%<e\jk\j\ek`[f_XXcZXeqX[fZfY\ikliXeXZ`feXc%
<ek„id`efj[\Zffi[`eXZ`e#_XXik`ZlcX[f#i\cXZ`feX[fpdfm`c`qX[f[`m\ijfjXZkfi\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[#
ZfekXe[f Zfe \c Zfdgifd`jf gfcˆk`Zf# ÔeXeZ`\if \ `ejk`klZ`feXc gfi gXik\ [\ „jkfj% 8[`Z`feXcd\ek\#
\cgif^iXdXj\_X\jkilZkliX[fpfi^Xe`qX[fZfdfi\jlckX[f[\cXXZk`mXp[\Z`j`mXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\
[`m\ijfjj\Zkfi\j[\cXjfZ`\[X[#gfi\a\dgcf#cfj^fY`\iefjcfZXc\j%
<eZlXekfXgXik`Z`gXZ`ep[\dfZiXZ`X#ZfdfpXj\d\eZ`fe#cX\jkiXk\^`X_Xcc\^X[fXe`Œfj#e`ŒXjp
am\e\j[\[`m\ijXji\^`fe\j[\cgXˆj#g\ifX[\d}j#j\fYj\imXhl\„jkXj\_X[\jXiifccX[fg\ejX[f\e
\ccfjp_XYljZXe[f]fidXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`ehl\i\jgfe[XeXjlj`ek\i\j\jpcfjm`eZlc\[\leXdXe\iX
XZk`mX\e\c[\jXiifccf[\cgifZ\jf%<jkfcf[\dl\jkiXecfji\jlckX[fj[\cfjgifp\ZkfjX[\cXekX[fjgfi
cfje`Œfj#e`ŒXjpam\e\j#gXik`ZlcXid\ek\[\cGif^iXdXFe[Xj#\e[fe[\cXjk\d}k`ZXj[\cfjgifp\Zkfj
[\`em\jk`^XZ`ej\_Xe[\jXiifccX[fXci\[\[fi[\cXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\cXZfdle`[X[[fe[\\ccfjm`m\e%
;\fkiXgXik\#\jkX\jkiXk\^`XkXdY`„e_Xcf^iX[fXik`ZlcXij\pi\cXZ`feXij\ZfefkiXj\i`\j[\\jkiXk\^`Xj
\ed\[`fjdXj`mfj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e#glYc`ZXZ`fe\j#ZXgXZ`kXZ`e#glYc`ZXZ`fe\j#kXcc\i\j#]\i`Xjp\m\ekfj#
cfhl\k`\e\hl\m\iZfecXXckXi\Zfi[XZ`ehl\k`\e\ecfjgif^iXdXj\eXc}dY`kfi\^`feXc%
<c Xgi\e[`qXa\ ^XeX[f _XjkX \c dfd\ekf# j\ gl\[\ Xki`Yl`i X[\d}j X cfj gifZ\jfj [\ ZfejkXek\
Xlkfii\Õ\o`ehl\j\_XgcXek\X[fcX\jkiXk\^`X\eZX[X\kXgX#\e\jk\j\ek`[fj\i\ZfefZ\e\mXclXZ`fe\j
[\i\jlckX[fj#cf^ifj\`dgXZkf%
Gfi ’ck`df# \j `dgfikXek\ i\jXckXi hl\ cX \jkiXk\^`X [\j[\ cX gfcˆk`ZX Z`\ekˆÔZX p k\Zefc^`ZX j\ _X
\ek\e[`[fX[\d}j[\j[\cXg\ijg\Zk`mX[\]fidXZ`e[\i\Zlijfj_ldXefjZfdf\cgi`d\i\jcXYe[\leX
ZX[\eXgfYcXZ`feXcgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\e\cgXˆj%<jXjˆZfdf:fcZ`\eZ`Xj#
(.0
j`^l\\jkXZX[\eX#Zfe\cgif^iXdX[\]fidXZ`e[\j\d`cc\ifj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[`i`^`[fX\jkl[`Xek\j
[\gi\^iX[f2\cgif^iXdX[\]fidXZ`e[\am\e\j`em\jk`^X[fi\j\`eefmX[fi\j#hl\Zfej`jk\\eleX
Y\ZXgXjXekˆXgXiXm`eZlcXij\X^ilgfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`ei\ZfefZ`[fj2\cgif^iXdX[\Y\ZXj$Zi„[`kfgXiX
\jkl[`fj[\dX\jkiˆXp[fZkfiX[f\e\cgXˆjf\e\c\ok\i`fi2kf[f\jkfj\Zfdgc\d\ekXZfeZlijfj#
gXjXek`Xj[\`em\jk`^XZ`epdfm`c`[X[`ek\ieXZ`feXc%
<jkfj’ck`dfjgif^iXdXji\jgfe[\eXcXgi\fZlgXZ`eZfejkXek\[\cXgfcˆk`ZXgficX\jZXj\q[\i\Zlijfj
_ldXefj gXiX cX Z`\eZ`X p cX k\Zefcf^ˆX# j`e \dYXi^f# ef _Xe j`[f g\ejX[fj Zfdf leX \jkiXk\^`X [\
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#\j[\Z`i#efj\_Xg\ejX[f\e\cg’Yc`Zfhl\j\hl`\i\Xk\e[\i#\ejlj`ek\i\j\j
pcXj]fidXj[\Zfdle`ZXicXZ`\eZ`XgXiX_XZ\icX`ek\i\jXek\pgXik`Z`gXk`mX%<e\jk\j\ek`[f#j\iˆXdlp
`ek\i\jXek\kiXej]\i`iX\jkfjgif^iXdXjkf[XjcXjgfk\eZ`Xc`[X[\jXcZXeqX[Xj_XjkX\cdfd\ekfgfi\c
gif^iXdXFe[Xj\ek„id`efj[\\jkiXk\^`Xj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\Z`\eZ`X%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
:fej\afEXZ`feXc[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX)'', 1 Política de Apropiación Social de la Ciencia, la Tecnología
y la Innovación,9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj(00/ 1Colciencias 30 años: Memorias de un compromiso, 9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xjp:fem\e`f8e[i„j
9\ccf%
;`dXk„# :% )''- 1 La Ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en las culturas infantiles y juveniles de Colombia.
Evaluación de impacto del Programa Ondas,9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj
:fcZ`\eZ`Xj$=<J)''( 1Guía de Presentación para los Proyectos del Programa Ondas#9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
CfqXef#D%)'', 1Programas y Experiencias en Popularización de la Ciencia y la Tecnología. Panorámica desde
los países del Convenio Andrés Bello#9f^fk}#:fem\e`f8e[i„j9\ccf%
FYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX)''- 1Evaluación del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia,
Tecnología e Innovación -SNCTI de Colombia. Informe final, 9f^fk}# efm`\dYi\ [\ )''-# FYj\imXkfi`f
:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX%
GfjX[X#<%2\kXc%(00, 1Apropiación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología#D`j`e:`\eZ`X#<[lZXZ`ep;\jXiifccf#
:fc\ZZ`e[fZld\ekfj[\cXd`j`e#Kfdf+#9f^fk}#:fcZ`\eZ`Xj%
ÝE><C88%I@M<I8M%
(/'
Xi`m\iX7fZpk%fi^%Zf
@em\jk`^X[fiX
FYj\imXkfi`f:fcfdY`Xef[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXÆF:pK$
_kkg1&&nnn%fZpk%fi^%Zf
:iX(,Ef%*.$,09f^fk};%:%#:fcfdY`X#JliXd„i`ZX%
Impacto social de los proyectos de ciencia
y tecnología presentados en ferias de
ciencia y tecnología juvenil. Aportes de
los proyectos en su comunidad de origen
DXiˆX:i`jk`eXÝcmXi\q
I<JLD<E
;\j[\ _XZ\ d}j [\ ZlXkif [„ZX[Xj j\ m`\e\e [\jXiifccXe[f \e 8i^\ek`eX [`jk`ekfj k`gfj [\ 8Zk`m`[X[\j :`\ekˆÔZXj p
K\Zefc^`ZXjAlm\e`c\jÆ8:KA$p[\[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\edXiZX[Xj\ecX\[lZXZ`eef]fidXc#Zfdf]\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#
ZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`Xj#fc`dg`X[XjZ`\ekˆÔZXj#Zfe^i\jfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjalm\e`c\j#ZXdgXd\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfj#dlj\fj`ek\iXZk`mfj[\
Z`\eZ`X# glYc`ZXZ`fe\j# hl\ ]Xmfi\Z`\ife cX [`]lj`e [\ leX ZlckliX Z`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`ZX# [\j[\ cfj \jgXZ`fj [fe[\ j\
`dgc\d\ekXife%<jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j`e[`i\ZkXd\ek\XgfikXifeXcXXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX[\jlZfdle`[X[g\if
j`eleXj`jk\dXk`qXZ`eZfealekXXe`m\c[\Gfcˆk`ZX[\<jkX[f%
<cgi\j\ek\kiXYXaf\jleX`em\jk`^XZ`e[\jZi`gk`mXjfYi\cXXgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXj
gfYcXZ`fe\j[\ki\jZfdle`[X[\j[\cjli[\cXgifm`eZ`X[\JXekX=\#9ljk`eqX#:XŒX[X[\>d\qpGlaXkf#\e\cg\iˆf[f
(0.)$)'',2XgXik`i[\\jkl[`fj[\ZXjfj[\gifp\Zkfjhl\klm`\ifejlfi`^\e\eleXgifYc\d}k`ZXcfZXcp]l\ifegi\j\ekX[fj
\e[`jk`ekXj`ejkXeZ`Xj[\=\i`Xj[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXAlm\e`c%
J\gi\k\e[\[\jZlYi`ij`cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jj`im`\ifeXcfj_XY`kXek\jgXiXcXZfdgi\ej`e[\\jkfj]\ed\efjpcX]fidXZ`e
p cX i\Õ\o`e [\ le df[f [\ g\ejXi p XZklXi gXik`Z`gXek\% <eZfekiXi ZfeZclj`fe\j XZ\iZX [\ hl„ df[f j`im`\ife \jkXj
`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jgXiXi\jfcm\ij`klXZ`fe\jel\mXj\eZX[XleX[\\jkXjZfdle`[X[\jp\]\ZklXii\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\jXZ\iZX[\cXj
d\kf[fcf^ˆXj\dgc\X[Xj\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\[`]lj`epXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX\ecfjj`jk\dXj\[lZXk`mfj%
G8C89I8J:C8M<
8c]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX#Xgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf#]\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXalm\e`c%
@EKIF;L::@äE
(/)
Cfj\jkl[`fjjfZ`Xc\j[\:`\eZ`XK\Zefcf^ˆXpJfZ`\[X[\eX[\cXek\:KJ Zfejk`klp\e_fplem`^fifjf
ZXdgf[\kiXYXaf[fe[\j\kiXkX[\\ek\e[\i\c]\ed\efZ`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`ZfZfe\cZfek\okfjfZ`Xc#
kXekf\ei\cXZ`eZfejljZfe[`Z`feXek\jjfZ`Xc\jZfdf\ecXji\gi\j\ekXZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\j[\cfjXZkfi\j
`emfclZiX[fj\ecfjd`jdfj%
<cgi\j\ek\kiXYXafi\jgfe[\XcgXiX[`^dX`ek\igi\kXk`mf#gXik`\e[f[\le\ek\\dgˆi`Zfhl\j\\ogc`ZXi}
[\j[\ cX ki`Xe^lcXZ`e [\ `e]fidXZ`e hl\ Xgfik\e# cX \eki\m`jkX j\d`$\jkilZkliX[X p cXj _`jkfi`Xj [\
m`[X#Zfe\cÔe[\fYk\e\i[Xkfj[\jZi`gk`mfjhl\Xgfik\Xc\jkl[`fcXXgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXjgfYcXZ`fe\j[\cjli[\JXekX=\cl\^f[\_XY\igXik`Z`gX[f\e=\i`Xj[\
:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXZfegifp\Zkfjhl\Xk\e[ˆXeXcXjgifYc\d}k`ZXjcfZXc\j%CXjk„Ze`ZXjlk`c`qX[Xjjfe
[\jZi`gk`mXjpj\kiXYXaXZfe[`d\ej`fe\jZlXc`kXk`mXj%
CXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\`em\jk`^XZ`ej\XYi\\e[fj[`i\ZZ`fe\j#gfilecX[fX[fgkXle[`j\ŒfY`Yc`f^i}ÔZf
gXiXcXi\m`j`e[\cfj[fZld\ekfj#i\jlckX[fj[\\eZl\jkXj#Xe}c`j`jhlˆd`Zfj#Zfem\e`fj#fi[\eXeqXj#
[`j\Œfj[\fYiXj#Xek\Z\[\ek\jg\i`f[ˆjk`Zfj#]l\ek\j]fkf^i}ÔZXj#\kZ%#hl\i\jgXc[XecXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j
[\ ZX[X lef [\ cfj gifp\Zkfj `emfclZiX[fj# p gfi fkif j\ XgfpX \e le [`j\Œf [\ ZXdgf# d\[`Xek\
k„Ze`ZXj[\\eki\m`jkX#\_`jkfi`Xj[\m`[XgXiXgf[\ikiXYXaXicXjZl\jk`fe\j[\cZfek\okfhl\fg\iXe
[`i\ZkXd\ek\jfYi\cXZfejkilZZ`e[\j`^e`ÔZX[fjhl\_XZ\X\jkXi\Xc`[X[j`e^lcXifYa\kf[\\jkl[`f%
Le gi`d\i XgXikX[f gi\j\ekX \c \jkl[`f [\c ZXjf e² (# [\ cfj gifp\Zkfj [\ `em\jk`^XZ`e [\ 9ljk`eqX
(0-0$(0./ hl\ ]l\iX i\Xc`qX[f gfi cfj Xcldefj [\ cX <jZl\cX [\ <ej\ŒXeqX D\[`X e² )*, 9Xikfcfd„
D`ki\%CXgifYc\d}k`ZX[\\jkXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jjli^`gficXZfekXd`eXZ`e[\cXjX^lXjjlYk\ii}e\Xj
[\cXcfZXc`[X[%<ckiXYXafi\Xc`qX[fgficfjXcldefj`dglcj\cj\im`Z`f[\X^lXgfkXYc\#cXi\[ZcfXZXc
pgfjk\i`fid\ek\cXi\[[\^Xj%
Fkifdl\jkiX\c\jkl[`f[\cZXjfe²)#jfYi\cfjgifp\Zkfj[\jXiifccX[fjgfi\c:clY[\:`\eZ`Xj[\
cX<jZl\cX[\<ej\ŒXeqXD\[`Xe²)((#;i%=„c`oGX^Xe`#[\:XŒX[X[\>d\q\e\cg\iˆf[f(00'$)''(%
CXj `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j j\ `e`Z`Xife Zfdf le gifp\Zkf [\ j\im`Z`f [\ ZfeZ`\ek`qXZ`e XdY`\ekXc`jkX#
gifp\Zk}e[fj\cl\^f\eleX`em\jk`^XZ`eZlpXgifYc\d}k`ZX]l\cXZfekXd`eXZ`e[\cXiifpfÈ:XŒX[X
[\>d\qÉ[\[`Z_XZ`l[X[hl\Xek`Z`gXiXcXZXk}jkif]\liYXef$jfZ`XcpXdY`\ekXcgifmfZX[XgficX
`ele[XZ`e[\efm`\dYi\[\)'''%
Cl\^fj\_XZ\gi\j\ek\\c\jkl[`f[\cZXjfe²*#i\cXk`mfXcfjgifp\Zkfj[\`em\jk`^XZ`e[\jXiifccX[fjgfi
Xcldefj[\c:clY[\:`\eZ`XjÈAlc`fDX`qk\^l`É[liXek\\cg\iˆf[f)'''$)'',\ecX<jZl\cXGXiifhl`Xce²
(*+,ÈEl\jkiXJ\ŒfiX[\c:Xid\eÉ#[\GlaXkf%<jkXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jklm`\ifejlfi`^\e\e\ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf
[\ cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ gifm\\i [\ `e]fidXZ`e d\k\fifc^`ZX X cfj gif[lZkfi\j X^ifg\ZlXi`fj [\ cX
cfZXc`[X[cfhl\^\e\icX`ejkXcXZ`e[\leXZXY`eXd\k\fifc^`ZX\e[`Z_f\jkXYc\Z`d`\ekf\[lZXk`mf%
CXZfek`el`[X[[\\jk\gifp\ZkfXcX]\Z_Xgfj`Y`c`k\c[\jXiifccf[\fkiXjcˆe\Xj[\`em\jk`^XZ`eX
gXik`i[\cXd`jdXgifYc\d}k`ZXcfZXc%
GXiXZ\iiXi\jk\Xe}c`j`jj\gi\j\ekXecXjgi`eZ`gXc\j\m`[\eZ`XjjfYi\cXXgifg`XZ`e[\cfjZfefZ`d`\ekfj
gfigXik\[\cfj_XY`kXek\j[\[`Z_XjZfdle`[X[\j%8ccˆj\ZfdgXiXefg`e`fe\j[\cfjXlkfi\j[\cfj
gifp\Zkfjp[\cfj\eki\m`jkX[fj#pj\\d`k\eZfej`[\iXZ`fe\j^\e\iXc\jpi\Õ\o`fe\jjfYi\cX`e]fidXZ`e
fYk\e`[X%
8cÔeXc`qXi\ckiXYXafj\i\kfdXecXjgi\d`jXj\_`gk\j`jgi\j\ekX[Xj\e\cdXiZfk\i`ZfgXiX\mXclXi
\e hl„ d\[`[X i\jlckXife ]ilZkˆ]\iXj Xc XeXc`qXi cfj ki\j ZXjfj [\ \jkl[`f% <e fkiXj gXcXYiXj# j\ kiXkX
[\ mXcfiXi cX Xgifg`XZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj \e Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX \e [`Z_Xj Zfdle`[X[\j# XiifaXi
el\mXclqjfYi\cX\mfclZ`e[\\jfjXgi\e[`qXa\jgXiXi\jfcm\ifkiXjj`klXZ`fe\j#jlji\g\iZlj`fe\jp
i\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\j Zfe le glekf [\ m`jkX gifjg\Zk`mf [\j[\ \c \e]fhl\ :KJ gXiX \eZXiXi XZZ`fe\j [\
gfcˆk`ZXgXiXcXXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX[\cfjZ`l[X[Xefj%
@DG8:KFJF:@8C;<CFJGIFP<:KFJ;<:@<E:@8P
K<:EFCF>à8GI<J<EK8;FJ<E=<I@8J;<:@<E:@8P
K<:EFCF>à8
<cgi\j\ek\kiXYXaf\jleX`em\jk`^XZ`e[\jZi`gk`mXjfYi\cXXgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\eZ`\eZ`Xp
k\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXjgfYcXZ`fe\j[\ki\jZfdle`[X[\j[\cjli[\cXgifm`eZ`X[\JXekX=\#9ljk`eqX#:XŒX[X
[\ >d\q p GlaXkf# \e \c g\iˆf[f (0-0$)'',2 X gXik`i [\ \jkl[`fj [\c j\^l`d`\ekf [\ gifp\Zkfj hl\
klm`\ifejlfi`^\e\eleXgifYc\d}k`ZXcfZXcp]l\ifegi\j\ekX[fj\e[`jk`ekXj`ejkXeZ`Xj[\=\i`Xj[\
:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆXAlm\e`c\e8i^\ek`eX%
J\ gi\k\e[\ [\jZlYi`i j` cXj `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j j`im`\ife X cfj _XY`kXek\j gXiX cX Zfdgi\ej`e [\ \jkfj
]\ed\efjpcX]fidXZ`epcXi\Õ\o`e[\ledf[f[\g\ejXipXZklXigXik`Z`gXek\%<eZfekiXid`iX[Xj
XZ\iZX[\hl„df[fj`im`\jkXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jgXiXi\jfcm\ij`klXZ`fe\jel\mXj\eZX[XleX[\\jkXj
Zfdle`[X[\jp\]\ZklXii\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\jXZ\iZX[\cXjd\kf[fcf^ˆXj\dgc\X[Xj\ecfjgifZ\jfj[\
[`]lj`epXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX\ecfjj`jk\dXj\[lZXk`mfj%
:fdf _`gk\j`j j\ jfjk`\e\ hl\ \jkXj `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j i\Xc`qX[Xj \e cXj Zfdle`[X[\j \[lZXk`mXj
gfj`Y`c`kXife cX Xgifg`XZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj \e Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX gfi gXik\ [\ cXj Zfdle`[X[\j
[fe[\j\[\jXiifccXifepZfeki`Ylp\ifeXcX\ok\ej`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjgXiXXZi\Z\ekXi\c\a\iZ`Z`f[\
cXZ`l[X[XeˆX%
;\\jk\jlgl\jkfjli^\e\ekfeZ\j`ek\iif^Xek\jgi\\c`d`eXi\j^lˆXjXgcXek\Xij\[liXek\\c[\jXiifccf
[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`egXiXZfefZ\i¶Zdfj\dXe`]\jkcXXgifg`XZ`ejfZ`Xc[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\eZ`\eZ`X
pk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecXjZfdle`[X[\jj\c\ZZ`feX[Xj6#¶hl„\]\ZkfklmfcX[\k\ZZ`e[\gifYc\dXj\e\jXj
Zfdle`[X[\j6p¶hl„`dgc`ZXZ`fe\jklmf\e\cXZi\Z\ekXd`\ekf[\c\a\iZ`Z`f[\cXZ`l[X[XeˆX[\cfj
_XY`kXek\j6
<c`e`Z`f[\cfj\jkl[`fj[\:KJ_XZ\ZlXkif[„ZX[Xjpjljel\mXjZfii`\ek\j[\`em\jk`^XZ`e\dgˆi`ZX#
p\c`eZi\d\ekf[\cXj\ej`Y`c`[X[jfZ`Xc\`ejk`klZ`feXc_Xgi`fi`qX[fcXi\^lcXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cZXdY`f
Z`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`Zf%<ecXj’ck`dXj[„ZX[Xj_Xj`[fefkXYc\\cdf[f[\\ek\e[\ipi\^lcXi\j\ZXdY`f
Z`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`Zf2\jkf[Xfi`^\eXc`ek\i„jgfi\jkl[`Xip\ej\ŒXicX[`d\ej`ejfZ`Xc[\cXZ`\eZ`X
pk\Zefcf^ˆX%
CX\[lZXZ`eef]l\Xa\eXXcXjZfii`\ek\j[\XZk`m`jdfjfZ`Xcp[\`em\jk`^XZ`eXZX[„d`ZX#hl\i\ZcXdXYXe
leXel\mX]fidX[\\ek\e[\icXZ`\eZ`X$k\Zefcf^ˆXpleel\mfZfekiXkfZfecXjfZ`\[X[%:XY\i\Zfi[Xi
hl\cfj[fjfYa\k`mfjZcXm\j[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`eXZX[„d`ZXp[\cXgfcˆk`ZXg’Yc`ZX[\`ejg`iXZ`e:KJ#jfe#
gfilecX[fcXZfek\oklXc`qXZ`e[\jd`k`ÔZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX pgfifkif#cXgifdfZ`e
[\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`eg’Yc`ZX\eZfekiX[\cfj\jk`cfjk\ZefZi}k`Zfj[\fi[\eXd`\ekf`ejk`klZ`feXc%
<e\jk\j\ek`[fleX]fidX[\\ek\e[\icX\[lZXZ`e:KJ\jcXXgc`ZXZ`e[\cf\ogc`Z`kX[fXek\i`fid\ek\Xc
}dY`kf\[lZXk`mf#`ekif[lZ`\e[fZXdY`fj\ecfjZfek\e`[fj[\cX\ej\ŒXeqX[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX
pZXdY`fjd\kf[fc^`ZfjpXZk`kl[`eXc\jgfigXik\[\cfj^ilgfjjfZ`Xc\j`emfclZiX[fj\e\cgifZ\jf[\
\ej\ŒXeqXXgi\e[`qXa\%
(/*
<jkfjZXdY`fj`ek\ekXeXZ\iZXicXj[fjZ„c\Yi\jZlckliXj#gcXek\X[XjgfiJefn(0-+ #cX_ldXeˆjk`ZXpcX
Z`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`ZX#gXiXjXk`j]XZ\i[\dXe[Xj`[\fc^`ZXj[\cXjfZ`\[X[#j\gXiX[XjkiX[`Z`feXcd\ek\
gfileXY`jdf[\`eZfdgi\ej`ep[\jgi\Z`f1Xc]XY\k`qXe[f\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXXZ`l[X[Xefjhl\
j\Xe ZXgXZ\j [\ kfdXi [\Z`j`fe\j `e]fidX[Xj# p gfi fkiX# gifdfm`\e[f \c g\ejXd`\ekf Ziˆk`Zf p cX
`e[\g\e[\eZ`X`ek\c\ZklXc\ecfj\og\ikfjXcj\im`Z`f[\cXjfZ`\[X[%
8i^\ek`eXef\jklmfXc\aX[X[\\jkXjel\mXjZfii`\ek\j#[\j[\_XZ\d}j[\ZlXkif[„ZX[Xjj\m`\e\e
[\jXiifccXe[f\eel\jkifgXˆj[`jk`ekfk`gf[\XZk`m`[X[\jZ`\ekˆÔZXjpk\Zefc^`ZXjalm\e`c\j8:KA p[\
[`mlc^XZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX\edXiZX[Xj\ecX\[lZXZ`eef]fidXc#Zfdf]\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`Xj#ZclY\j[\Z`\eZ`Xj#
fc`dg`X[Xj Z`\ekˆÔZXj# Zfe^i\jfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj alm\e`c\j# ZXdgXd\ekfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj# dlj\fj `ek\iXZk`mfj
[\ Z`\eZ`X# glYc`ZXZ`fe\j# hl\ ]Xmfi\Z`\ife cX [`]lj`e [\ leX ZlckliX Z`\ekˆÔZf$k\Zefc^`ZX# [\j[\
cfj\jgXZ`fj[fe[\j\`dgc\d\ekXife%<jkXjXZk`m`[X[\j`e[`i\ZkXd\ek\XgfikXifeXcXXc]XY\k`qXZ`e
Z`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZX[\jlZfdle`[X[g\ifj`eleXj`jk\dXk`qXZ`eZfealekXXe`m\c[\Gfcˆk`ZX[\
<jkX[f%
<e\jk\kiXYXafgXik`dfj[\cX_`gk\j`jcXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\ji\Xc`qX[Xj\ecXjZfdle`[X[\j\[lZXk`mXj
gfj`Y`c`kXife cX Xgifg`XZ`e [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj \e Z`\eZ`X p k\Zefcf^ˆX gfi gXik\ [\ cXj Zfdle`[X[\j
[fe[\j\[\jXiifccXifepZfeki`Ylp\ifeXcX\ok\ej`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjgXiXXZi\Z\ekXi\c\a\iZ`Z`f[\
cXZ`l[X[XeˆX%
CXgfYcXZ`ehl\j\\jkl[`XZfii\jgfe[\X_XY`kXek\j[\cXjcfZXc`[X[\j[\9ljk`eqX#:XŒX[X[\>d\q
p GlaXkf% <e ZX[X leX [\ \jkXj \c k`\dgf j\ [\c`d`kX gfi \c g\i`f[f \e [fe[\ j\ [\jXiifccXife cXj
`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j#hl\Zfd`\eqXe\e9ljk`eqX\e(0-0ÔeXc`qXe[f\e\c)'',\eGlaXkf%J\cc\mXeXZXYf
\eki\m`jkXjZfecfjXcldefjXlkfi\j[\ZX[Xlef[\cfjgifp\Zkfj#Xjl\ekfief]Xd`c`Xi#pXm\Z`efj[\
cXjcfZXc`[X[\jfYj\imX[Xj%
;\ ZX[X lef [\ cfj ZXjfj# j\ gf[i} Xii`YXi X [\jZi`Y`i j`klXZ`fe\j jfYi\ cXj kXi\Xj i\Xc`qX[Xj p jlj
i\g\iZlj`fe\j \e \jXj gfYcXZ`fe\j% KXdY`„e j\ \]\ZklXi}e i\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\j jfYi\ ]lklifj Zlijfj [\
XZZ`e\edXk\i`X[\[`]lj`epZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf[\j[\\c\e]fhl\#Z`\eZ`X#k\Zefcf^ˆXp
jfZ`\[X[\ecX\[lZXZ`e]fidXc#ef]fidXc\`e]fidXc%
<ecXj\eki\m`jkXj\_`jkfi`Xj[\m`[Xj\`ek\ekXZXgkXi#XgXik`i[\cXjgifg`XjgXcXYiXj[\c`ek\iif^X[f#
cXjZi\\eZ`Xj#`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\jp\og\i`\eZ`XjZfk`[`XeXj#cXXgifg`XZ`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfj[\Z`\eZ`Xp
k\Zefcf^ˆX%
<cgifgj`kf[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e\jXgfikXi\c\d\ekfjXc\jkl[`fpXe}c`j`j[\c`e\Xd`\ekfje\Z\jXi`fj
gXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\gfcˆk`ZXj[\Xc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZXZfdfgfcˆk`ZXj[\\jkX[fZfe\c
fYa\kf[\`eZi\d\ekXi\cg\ejXd`\ekfZiˆk`Zfpi\Õ\o`mf[\cfjZ`l[X[Xefj%
(/+
<cgi\j\ek\kiXYXaf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e]fidXgXik\[\c<jkX[f[\J`klXZ`e[\Xgifg`XZ`e[\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
\eZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆX#ZlpfkiXYXaf[\ZXdgf]l\i\Xc`qX[f\e\cg\iˆf[f(0.)$)'',\eki\jZfdle`[X[\j
[\c jli [\ cX gifm`eZ`X [\ JXekX =\% ;X[f \c ZXi}Zk\i [\ `dgc\d\ekXZ`e [\ XZk`m`[X[\j Z`\ekˆÔZXj p
k\Zefc^`ZXjalm\e`c\j[\jXiifccX[Xj\eel\jkiXgXˆj#cX_\k\if^\e\`[X[[\cfjdf[fj[\`ej\iZ`epcX
Zi`jkXc`qXZ`e`ejk`klZ`feXcgifdfm`[XXc`ek\i`fi[\ZX[Xgifm`eZ`X#\ckiXYXaf[\`em\jk`^XZ`ei\m`jk\le
ZXi}Zk\i[\jZi`gk`mf[\cfjki\jZXjfj[\gifp\Zkfjhl\klm`\ifejlfi`^\e\eleXgifYc\d}k`ZXcfZXcp
]l\ifegi\j\ekX[fj\e[`jk`ekXj`ejkXeZ`Xj\e=\i`Xj[\:`\eZ`XjpK\Zefcf^ˆXAlm\e`c\e8i^\ek`eX#Zfdf
jfe9ljk`eqX#:XŒX[X[\>d\qpGlaXkf%J\j\c\ZZ`feki\jcfZXc`[X[\j[\cXgifm`eZ`X[\JXekX=\Zfdf
ZXjfjhl\gi\j\ekXYXe\eZfd’elegifp\Zkf]\i`XcZlpffi`^\ej\kfdX[\j[\leXgifYc\d}k`ZXcfZXc%
:Xj`j`\dgi\#cXi\Zf^`[X[\[Xkfjj\Èal\^X\eZXjXÉ[\Xc^l`\e%<ecXdXpfiˆX[\cfjZXjfj#jlgfe\Xc
d\efjleXg\hl\ŒX`emXj`e[\cXm`[Xgi`mX[X%Gfi\ccf#gXiX[XiXZfefZ\icXeXkliXc\qX[\c\jkl[`f[\
ZXjfj#\cgXkifZ`eX[fi#cXXZk`m`[X[hl\j\gi\k\e[ˆXcc\mXiXZXYf#cfjk\dXjgi`eZ`gXc\j#\ck`\dgfhl\
j\mXXe\Z\j`kXipcXZXi^Xhl\mXXjlgfe\igXiXcXj[`m\ijXjgXik\j#j\\jkXYc\Z`\ifeZfdfZi`k\i`fj[\
j\c\ZZ`e[\cfj`e]fidXek\jcfjj`^l`\ek\j1X XcldefjXlkfi\j[\cfjgifp\ZkfjpXjl\ekfief]Xd`c`Xi2
Y `ejk`klZ`fe\jg’Yc`ZXjfgi`mX[Xj[\cXjZfdle`[X[\jj\c\ZZ`feX[Xj%J\Xgfi\a\dgcf1ZclY\jjfZ`Xc\j
f[\gfik`mfj#Dle`Z`gXc`[X[#:fdleX#:ffg\iXk`mXj#FE>#\jZl\cXj#:\ekifjM\Z`eXc\j#<dgi\jXj%
<c [`j\Œf [\ \jk\ \jkl[`f i\hl`i` leX fi^Xe`qXZ`e ZfeZ\gklXc# `[\Xj hl\ \ogi\j\e cX Zfdgi\ej`e
hl\j\e\Z\j`kXYX#gl\ek\jZfeZ\gklXc\jhl\XiiXehl\e[\cfhl\pXj\ZfefZ\#\jkilZkliXjZf^e`k`mXj
hl\^lˆ\ecXi\Zf^`[X[\[Xkfjp\jhl\dXjgXiXgi\j\ekXicXj`ek\igi\kXZ`fe\j[\fkiXjg\ijfeXj%CXj
_`gk\j`jpcXj[\ZcXiXZ`fe\j[\fYa\k`mfj[\c`d`kXe\c\e]fhl\pi\[lZ\e\e^iXed\[`[X\c`ek\i„jgfi
cXj`klXZ`epcXZ`iZlejkXeZ`X%D`gifgl\jkX\jlk`c`qXik\dXjZfdf\jkilZkliXZfeZ\gklXcpcXjgi\^lekXj
k\d}k`ZXjZfdfgi\^lekXjY}j`ZXj[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e2gXiXfYc`^XicXXk\eZ`eXcXZfdgc\a`[X[pXcX
Zfek\oklXc`[X[%
Cfjk\dXjefjfej`dgc\jpZcXifj#j`efhl\k`\e\eleX`eki`eZX[Xi\cXZ`eZfeZfek\okfjgfcˆk`Zfj#jfZ`Xc\j#
_`jki`Zfj p jfYi\ kf[f g\ijfeXc\j% Kf[fj \jkfj j`^e`ÔZX[fj jfe `dgfikXek\j \e \c \jkl[`f [\ ZXjfj#
cXjXZk`kl[\jZfeÕ`Zk`mXj#cXZfdgc\aX_`jkfi`X[\cXjgi\fZlgXZ`fe\j_ldXeXj%Cfjk\dXjefjXpl[XeX
kiXjgXjXi\cdfd\ekfgi\j\ek\#Xm\icXjZfjXj[\j[\leXg\ijg\Zk`mX_`jki`ZX#Xi\ZfefZ\icfjgifYc\dXj
`dgcˆZ`kfj\ecX`ek\iXZZ`e_ldXeX%CXjgi\^lekXjk\d}k`ZXjfcXjXÔidXZ`fe\jk\d}k`ZXjZfejk`klp\eleX
mXc`fjX\jkilZkliXZfeZ\gklXcgXiXcXfi^Xe`qXZ`e[\c\jkl[`f[\ZXjfj%
GXiX\ci\c\mXd`\ekf[\cX`e]fidXZ`ej\lk`c`qXife\eki\m`jkXjj\d`\jkilZkliX[XjZfei\jgl\jkXjXY`\ikXjp
Z\iiX[Xj#hl\j\Xgc`ZXife\eZX[XleX[\cXjcfZXc`[X[\jj\c\ZZ`feX[XjXcfjj`^l`\ek\jXZkfi\j1X Xcldefj
Xlkfi\j2Y [fZ\ek\jXj\jfi\j2Z m\Z`efj[\cXZfdle`[X[2[ fkifj`ek\^iXek\j[\cXZfdle`[X[%
CXjgi\^lekXj[\cX\eki\m`jkXXpl[XifeX\jkilZkliXicXi\m`j`e[\[fZld\ekfjpefidXk`mX%
<eZX[XcfZXc`[X[X[\d}j#j\i\Zf^`\m`[\eZ`X[fZld\ekXcjfYi\cfji\jgXc[fj[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j[\
ZX[Xlef[\cfjgifp\ZkfjcfZXc\j`emfclZiX[fj%
Kf[Xj \jkXj ]l\ek\j [fZld\ekXc\j X[hl`i`\ife \c ZXi}Zk\i [\ `e[`ZXk`mfj [\ cX [\[`ZXZ`e [\c Xcldef
`em\jk`^X[fi% CX ]fidX [\ i\cXZ`feXicXj p XeXc`qXicXj [\g\e[` [\ cXj gi\^lekXj [\ cXj \eki\m`jkXj% J\
\]\Zkl[\\j\df[fpXhl\cXjgi\^lekXjjfe\jg\Z`Xcd\ek\`dgfikXek\j\ecfj\jkl[`fj[\ZXjfjgfihl\
\cZXjfp\cZfek\okfjfe`eÔe`kXd\ek\Zfdgc\afjpcfj]\ed\efjÕlp\epj\\jZXgXe%
J\gi`m`c\^`\e\jk\\jkl[`f\cXe}c`j`j[\cfj[Xkfj[\j[\le\e]fhl\gif^i\j`mf#[fe[\leX[\jZi`gZ`e
^\e\iXc \jk} Zfdf \jkilZkliX jlYfi[`eX[X X cX \jkilZkliX k\d}k`ZX% <jkf \j \e Xk\eZ`e X hl\ Zfe \c
Xe}c`j`jj\kiXkX[\Zfdgi\e[\icX\og\i`\eZ`X_ldXeX#cXY’jhl\[X[\cXZfdgi\ej`e%
8e}c`j`j\`ek\igi\kXZ`eZfej`jk\e\e[Xij\ek`[fXkf[f\jkf%Gfi\ccfj\lk`c`qXZfdfg\ijg\Zk`mX[\
Xe}c`j`jcXm`[XZfk`[`XeX[\cXjcfZXc`[X[\j%
<c \jkl[`f ZlXc`kXk`mf Xgifm\Z_X cXj ]fidXj _XY`klXc\j [\ `ek\igi\kXi cXj ZfjXj# gfi \ccf# gXiX XeXc`qXi
cfjlZ\[`[fXgXik`i[\c`dgXZkf[\\jkfjki\jgifp\Zkfjgi\j\ekX[fj\e=\i`Xj[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX
Alm\e`c\j#\jgi\Z`jfd`iXicfjdf[fj\ehl\cfjjla\kfj`ek\igi\kXepXZk’Xe\cgifp\Zkf\e\c[ˆXX[ˆX[\
\jXjZfdle`[X[\j%
J\lk`c`qXife[fj\jkiXk\^`XjgXiXXcZXeqXicfjj`^e`ÔZX[fj[\cfjZXjfj1cX`ek\igi\kXZ`e[`i\ZkX[\cfj
\a\dgcfj`e[`m`[lXc\jp\cXe}c`j`j[\kf[fjcfji\cXkfjZfdf’e`ZfZfealekf%
(/,
CXj \eki\m`jkXj# hl\ ]l\ife kf[Xj j\d`\jkilZkliX[Xj# ]l\ife \e jlj Zfek\e`[fj i\fi^Xe`qX[fj gfi
ZXk\^fiˆXj%Cl\^fj\XeXc`qZlXc`kXk`mXd\ek\ZX[XZXk\^fiˆX#gfi\a\dgcfjfYi\cXgXik`Z`gXZ`e\ecX
\cXYfiXZ`e[\cgifp\Zkf[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%
<jkX\jcXg\ijg\Zk`mXhl\XkiXm`\jX\cgi\j\ek\`e]fid\%Cfhl\j\gi\k\e[\\jcXZfdgi\ej`e[\cfj
gifp\Zkfj\o`jk\ek\jÆXkiXm„j[\cXjj`^e`ÔZXZ`fe\jhl\cfjXZkfi\jXki`Ylp\eXc`dgXZkf$#d}jhl\\c
i\cXkfXZ\iZX[\Zdf[\Y`\iXefi^Xe`qXij\cfjd`jdfj%
CXki`Xe^lcXZ`ed\kf[fc^`ZX[\cX`e]fidXZ`ej\g\ej[\j[\\c[`j\Œfd`jdf[\cfj`ejkild\ekfjpX
hl\g\id`kˆXZilqXicfj[XkfjZlXc`kXk`mfj%8jˆj\ZilqXife`e[`ZX[fi\j[\jgi\e[`[fj[\j[\cX\eki\m`jkX
pcX^lˆXgXiX\cXe}c`j`j[\]l\ek\j[fZld\ekXc\j[\cX`e]fidXZ`e#^\e\iXe[f[`m\ijXjdXki`Z\j[\
ZXk\^fiˆXj[\Xe}c`j`jhl\g\id`k`\ife`[\ek`ÔZXiZcXiXd\ek\cfj\a\j[\Xe}c`j`jjfYi\cfjhl\j\kiXYXaXiˆX
\e\c`e]fid\ÔeXc[\cgif^iXdX[\`em\jk`^XZ`e%<cZi`k\i`fgi`eZ`gXc]l\cXfgfikle`[X[[\Xgi\e[\i%
EfidXcd\ek\Ècfd\afiÉj`^e`ÔZXXhl\ccfhl\d\afiefjXpl[\XZfdgi\e[\i\cZXjf#j\XZXiXZk\iˆjk`Zf
fef%
8EÝC@J@J;<CFJ;8KFJ;<C8J<EKI<M@JK8J;<CFJ
KI<J:8JFJ%8C>LE8J<M@;<E:@8J
Cfj _XY`kXek\j p \c ZfefZ`d`\ekf [\c gifYc\dX [\ jl Zfdle`[X[1 cX dXpfiˆX [\ cXj
gfYcXZ`fe\j i\cXZ`feX[Xj Zfe cXj `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j [\jXiifccX[Xj [\j[\ cX Zfdle`[X[ \[lZXk`mX k`\e\
ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\cfjgifYc\dXjhl\dfk`mXifecXjd`jdXj%
Cfj XZkfi\j \ `ejk`klZ`fe\j Zfdf m\_ˆZlcf [\ cX [`]lj`e [\ cX `em\jk`^XZ`e1
gi}Zk`ZXd\ek\cXkfkXc`[X[[\cfj\eki\m`jkX[fjmXcfiXXcXj]\i`Xj[\Z`\eZ`XjgficX[`]lj`ehl\„jkXjc\
[`\ifegXiXgifgX^XicfjXcZXeZ\j[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e%
CXj _\iiXd`\ekXj lk`c`qX[Xj gXiX cX `em\jk`^XZ`e1 gXiX ZX[X leX [\ cXj `em\jk`^XZ`fe\j j\
[\jXiifccXife[`]\i\ek\j_\iiXd`\ekXj[\fYj\imXZ`e#d\[`Z`efj\im`Z`f#ZfdfcXcfZXc`qXZ`e[\gfqfj
e\^ifj#\cXe}c`j`j[\cX^lX#cfjgl\jkfj[\fYj\imXZ`e#cfjZ\ejfj#cXj\eZl\jkXj#cX`ejkXcXZ`e[\cXZXY`eX
d\k\fifc^`ZXhl\j`im`\ifeefjcfgXiX`e[X^Xi\ck\dXj`efgXiX`ejkXcXicf\ecXfg`e`eg’Yc`ZX%
Cfj ZfefZ`d`\ekfj Xgi\e[`[fj1 \c g’Yc`Zf gl\[\ ]le[Xd\ekXi jlj fg`e`fe\j p al`Z`fj [\ mXcfi
mXc`„e[fj\[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfX[hl`i`[f[\cfjgifYc\dXj%
<o`jk\leXXjfZ`XZ`ej`jk\d}k`ZX\ei\cXZ`eZfeXc^lefjZfefZ`d`\ekfjXgi\e[`[fj[\cfjgifYc\dXj[\
jlZfdle`[X[%
Gi}Zk`ZXd\ek\cXkfkXc`[X[[\cfj\eki\m`jkX[fj[`fj\ŒXc\j[\cdXe\af[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjZ`\ekˆÔZfjp
k\Zefc^`Zfji\]\i`[fjXcfjZXjfj[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j\jkl[`X[Xj%
CXXgc`ZXZ`e[\cfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjXcXjfclZ`e[\el\mfjgifYc\dXjpcfjY\e\ÔZ`fj
XcXZfdle`[X[1[\cfj\eki\m`jkX[fj#\c.'[\\ccfjmXcfiXeZfdfXckXcX`eZ`[\eZ`Xhl\klm`\ife
cfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjX[hl`i`[fjgXiX\e]i\ekXiel\mfjgifYc\dXj[\cXZfdle`[X[Zfdfj\im`Z`fjY}j`Zfj
p[\jX^•\jZcfXZXc\j%
CXdXpfigXik\[\cfj\eki\m`jkX[fjg`\ejX\ehl\cXZfeki`YlZ`ed}jj`^e`ÔZXk`mX[\cXj`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j
XcXZfdle`[X[\jk}[X[X\e\cdXpfiXgfik\ZlckliXc%
(/-
KXdY`„e leX ^iXe dXpfiˆX Zfej`[\iX hl\ \c Zfekifc [\ cX ^\jk`e [\ cXj `ejk`klZ`fe\j dle`Z`gXc\j p
gifm`eZ`Xc\j\jfkif`e[`ZX[fi]XmfiXYc\XcY\e\ÔZ`fXgfikX[fXcXZfdle`[X[%
FkiXg\iZ\gZ`ehl\XgXi\Z\\e\cZXjf[\:XŒX[X[\>d\q\j\cZfdgifd`jf[\cXgfYcXZ`e2kXdY`„e
ZfYiX`dgfikXeZ`X\cZfekifc[\cd\[`fXdY`\ek\p[\cXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jdle`Z`gXc\jfgifm`eZ`Xc\jhl\
cfi\^lcXe#j\^’ej\m`jlXc`qXXkiXm„j[\cXj\eki\m`jkXj\e\cZXjfGlaXkf%
CX gifgX^XZ`e [\ cfj ZfefZ`d`\ekfj Xgi\e[`[fj p cX gifdfZ`e [\ cXj `em\jk`$
^XZ`fe\j[\j[\cXZfdle`[X[\[lZXk`mX1kf[fjcfj\eki\m`jkX[fjfg`eXehl\[\j[\jlcl^Xi[\
Z`l[X[Xef#m\Z`ef#kiXYXaX[fifgif]\j`feXcZfdle`ZXifejljZfefZ`d`\ekfjXfkiXjg\ijfeXj%
<ekf[fjcfjZXjfjcXjfg`e`fe\j[\cfj\eki\m`jkX[fjjfedlp]XmfiXYc\jXcj\ŒXcXi\cgXg\cj`^e`ÔZXk`mf
hl\i\gi\j\ekXcX`ejk`klZ`e\[lZXk`mX[\ekif[\\jkXjgfYcXZ`fe\j%
<cZfejldf[\cX`e]fidXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX1cXdXpfiˆX[\cX^\ek\\eki\m`jkX[X[\[fj[\cXj
gfYcXZ`fe\j `emfclZiX[Xj dXe`Ô\jkX jl _}Y`kf [\ c\\i `e]fid\j jfYi\ [\jZlYi`d`\ekfj Z`\ekˆÔZfj \e
cfjg\i`[`Zfj%<ecXi\jkXek\Zfdle`[X[\c,'[\cfj`ek\iif^X[fji\jgfe[\hl\Zfei\^lcXi`[X[_XZ\
Zfejldf[\\jXjefk`Z`Xj%
LeXd`efiˆX[\jkXZX\c`ek\i„jgficXc\ZkliX[\efk`Z`Xji\cXZ`feX[XjZfecXZ`\eZ`X#cXZlckliX#cXgfcˆk`ZX
pcX\ZfefdˆX%
CXgXik`Z`gXZ`eg’Yc`ZX[\cXZfdle`[X[1 kf[XcXgfYcXZ`e\eki\m`jkX[XXjld\leXXZk`kl[
gfj`k`mX gXiX gXik`Z`gXi \e le [\YXk\ hl\ gifdl\mX c\p\j gXiX cX [\]\ejX [\c d\[`f XdY`\ek\ [\ jl
cfZXc`[X[%
CXj _\iiXd`\ekXj lk`c`qX[Xj gXiX cX `em\jk`^XZ`e1 cX \eZl\jkX Zfdf XZk`m`[X[ g\i`[`ZX
k`\e\cX]leZ`eefjfcXd\ek\[\`e[X^Xi\ck\dXj`ef[\`ejkXcXicf\ecXfg`e`eg’Yc`ZXZfeki`Ylp\e[f
[\\jk\df[fXleXXgifg`XZ`eZX[Xm\qdXpfi[\cfjgifYc\dXjm`eZlcX[fjXZfefZ`d`\ekfj[\Z`\eZ`X
pk\Zefcf^ˆXgfigXik\[\cXjfZ`\[X[%<ecfjZXjfjhl\jfefYa\kf[\\jkl[`f#X[hl`\i\`dgfikXeZ`X
\jkX_\iiXd`\ekX#Zfdf\ecX\eZl\jkXjfZ`f\Zfed`ZXi\Xc`qX[X\e9ljk`eqX#Zlpfji\jlckX[fj]l\ife
`eZfigfiX[fj gfi \c J\im`Z`f Gifm`eZ`Xc [\ 8^lX GfkXYc\ IliXc gXiX cX \cXYfiXZ`e [\c [`j\Œf [\ cX
fYiX [\ cX i\[ [fd`Z`c`Xi`X [\ X^lX gfkXYc\% KXdY`„e cXj \eZl\jkXj dl\jkiXc\j i\Xc`qX[Xj \e :XŒX[X
[\ >d\q X cfj m\Z`efj Xc Xiifpf# qfeXj jli# Z\ekif p efik\ [\ cX Z`l[X[ g\id`k`\ife ZfefZ\i cfj
ZXdY`fj[\Zfe[lZkX\ecXgfYcXZ`epcfjZXdY`fj[\fg`e`e[\cfjm\Z`efj%;liXek\\ckiXejZlijf[\
cX`em\jk`^XZ`e]l\ife`ejkild\ekfj’k`c\jgXiXcXg\jhl`jX#g\if]le[Xd\ekXcd\ek\mXc`fjXjgXiX\c
Xe}c`j`j[\cgf[\ikiXejd`jfi[\\jfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjXcXgfYcXZ`e\eZl\jkX[X%
CfjZ\ejfji\Xc`qX[fj\e9ljk`eqXgXiX[\k\id`eXicXlY`ZXZ`e[\cfjgfqfje\^ifj#\cXYXjk\Z`d`\ekf
[\cX^lXpgXiXZfefZ\icXfg`e`e[\cXgfYcXZ`egXiXcX`ejkXcXZ`e[\cXi\[[fd`Z`c`Xi`X[\X^lX
gfkXYc\# f]i\Z`\ife i\jlckX[fj ef jfcf ’k`c\j X cX g\jhl`jX# j`ef hl\ Xpl[Xife X [`mlc^Xi \e kf[X cX
gfYcXZ`ek\dXjm`eZlcX[fjXZ`\eZ`Xpk\Zefcf^ˆXi\cXZ`feX[fjZfe\cgifYc\dX[\cX`em\jk`^XZ`e%
:FE:CLJ@äE
CXjki\j`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jgi\j\ekX[XjpXc^leXj[\cXj\m`[\eZ`Xj_XeZfeki`Yl`[fXi\Õ\o`feXijfYi\
gfj`Yc\jXgfik\j[\c`e\Xd`\ekfj\jkiXk„^`ZfjgXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\gfcˆk`ZXj[\Xc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZX
pk\Zefc^`ZX[\cfjZ`l[X[Xefj%J\jXY\hl\cXXc]XY\k`qXZ`eZ`\ekˆÔZXpk\Zefc^`ZXZldgc\legXg\c
j`^e`ÔZXk`mf\ecXZfejkilZZ`e[\cXZ`l[X[XeˆX%CXc`Y\ikX[`dgc`ZXgf[\i\c\^`ipkXdY`„ejXY\i_XZ\icf%
GXiXi\Xcd\ek\\c\^`i#effgkXi#\je\Z\jXi`fZfefZ\i%<cglekf[\gXik`[X[\ZlXchl`\iXe}c`j`j[\cXj
gfcˆk`ZXj\[lZXk`mXjpZ`\ekˆÔZXj\ecXXZklXc`[X[Zfej`jk\\ei\ZfefZ\ihl\j\_Xgif[lZ`[fleZXdY`f
dlpj`^e`ÔZXk`mf\e\ccl^Xihl\fZlgXecX`e]fidXZ`ep\cZfefZ`d`\ekf\ecXjfZ`\[X[%<jk\
(/.
ZfefZ`d`\ekfcc\mX`dgcˆZ`kf[fjel\mXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj#cXm\cfZ`[X[ZfecXj\hl\gif[lZ\p\c\efid\
mfcld\e[\`e]fidXZ`e%
<e\jk\el\mfZfek\okf#efjgXi\Z\e\Z\jXi`fgfjklcXihl\cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\]fidXZ`ep[\[`mlc^XZ`e
Z`\ekˆÔZX[\Y\ej\i[\Ôe`[Xj\e\cdXiZf[\cXj\jkiXk\^`Xj[\]fidXZ`e[\cZ`l[X[Xef%<jkfj`^e`ÔZX
hl\pXefj\kiXkXjcf[\Zfdgi\e[\icXjYXj\jZ`\ekˆÔZXjpk„Ze`ZXj[\[\k\id`eX[fjgifZ\jfjm`kXc\j
j`ef[\Zfdgi\e[\ikXdY`„ecX[`d\ej`egfcˆk`ZX[\cfjgifZ\jfjp[\cXj[\Z`j`fe\jZ`\ekˆÔZXj%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
:fd`j`e[\8c]XY\k`qXZ`e:`\ekˆÔZXpK\Zefc^`ZX(000 1Propuesta para el Encuentro La ciudad invita
a pensar. Encuentro Pluralista sobre Sociedad, Ciencia y Tecnología.>fY`\ief[\cX:`l[X[[\9l\efj8`i\j#
Le`m\ij`[X[[\9l\efj8`i\j#)p*[\alc`f[\(000%GlYc`ZX[X\eLa ciudad invita a pensar#9l\efj8`i\j#
<l[\YX%
:fd`j`e[\:fdle`ZXZ`eJfZ`Xc[\cX:`\eZ`XpG\i`f[`jdf(000 1Propuesta para el Encuentro La
ciudad invita a pensar. Encuentro Pluralista sobre Sociedad, Ciencia y Tecnología. >fY`\ief [\ cX :`l[X[ [\
9l\efj 8`i\j# Le`m\ij`[X[ [\ 9l\efj 8`i\j# ) p * [\ alc`f (000% GlYc`ZX[X \e La ciudad invita a pensar#
9l\efj8`i\j#<l[\YX%
=fli\q#>%(00+ 1Alfabetización científica y tecnológica: Acerca de las finalidades de la enseñanza de la ciencia#
9l\efj8`i\j#:fc`_l\%
Cg\q:\i\qf#A%8%(00/ 1:`\eZ`X#k\Zefcf^ˆXpjfZ`\[X[1\c\jkX[f[\cXZl\jk`e\e<lifgXp<jkX[fj
Le`[fj#Revista Iberoamericana de Educación(/ #gg%+($-/%;`jgfe`Yc\fec`e\\e_kkg1&&nnn%i`\f\`%fi^&
f\`m`ik&i`\(/X')%_kd#m`j`kX[f\c'0&'/&)''I`\kk`#J%)''* 1Programa Ciencia, Educación y Desarrollo Social, Maestría en Política y Gestión de la Ciencia y la
Tecnología#9l\efj8`i\j#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc[\9l\efj8`i\j%
Jefn#:%G%(00. 1Las dos culturas y un segundo enfoque#DX[i`[#<[`kfi`Xc8c`XeqX%
JkXb\#I%<%(00/ 1 Investigación con estudio de casos.DX[i`[#<[`kfi`XcDfiXkX%
(//
D8Ià8:I@JK@E8ÝCM8I<Q
J\Zi\kXi`X[\:`\eZ`XK\Zefcf^ˆX\@eefmXZ`eGif[lZk`mXÆ8i\X[\8Zk`m`[X[\j:`\ekˆÔZXjpK\Zefc^`ZXj
Alm\e`c\j8:KA %
8m[X%:i[fYX/*($.²G`jf$F]%.'*Æ:898#9l\efj8`i\j%
$K\c&=Xo1'(($+*()$.)'.#`ek%.(0
_kkg1&&nnn%j\Zpk%^fm%Xi
dXcmXi\q7Zfii\f%j\Zpk%^fm%Xi
(/0
SECCIÓN 5
<M8CL8:@äE;<CFJGIF:<JFJ;<
=FID8:@äE;<:FDLE@:8;FI<J;<C8
:@<E:@8
La comunicación de la ciencia y
la evaluación de programas para
formar comunicadores
<cX`e\I\pefjf?Xpe\j
I<JLD<E
Cfjgif^iXdXjgXiX]fidXi[`mlc^X[fi\j[\g\e[\e[\cZfek\okf\ehl\jli^\epfY\[\Z\eXe\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\ZˆÔZXj#
Xle\e]fhl\gXik`ZlcXijfYi\cX[`mlc^XZ`epgficfkXekf[\cg\iÔc\jg\iX[fgXiXjlj\^i\jX[fj%8c\mfclZ`feXi\c
Zfek\okf#e\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\k`\e\ehl\df[`ÔZXij\cfjgif^iXdXjgXiXcX]fidXZ`e[\cfj[`mlc^X[fi\j%GXiXdXek\e\ij\
Xc[ˆXpkfdXi[\Z`j`fe\j`e]fidX[Xj#\je\Z\jXi`fjfd\k\i\jkfjgif^iXdXjXlegifZ\jf[\\mXclXZ`egXiXjXY\ij`
\jk}eZldgc`\e[fZfecfjfYa\k`mfj2jXk`j]XZ\ecXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\cX`ejk`klZ`ep[\cfj]lklifj\^i\jX[fjpj`i\Õ\aXe
cfjXmXeZ\j\ecX[`jZ`gc`eX%
<e\jk\XikˆZlcfj\[\jZi`Y\e[fjgif^iXdXjgXiXcX]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\j1\cZlijfK\i`Zf$gi}Zk`Zf[\[`mlc^XZ`e
[\cXZ`\eZ`XgXiXY\ZXi`fj$XeÔki`fe\j[\cfjdlj\fjLE@M<IJLDp\cDlj\f[\cXClqp\c;`gcfdX[f\e;`mlc^XZ`e
[\cX:`\eZ`X#XdYfj[\cXLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`ZfLE8D %J\dl\jkiXcX\mfclZ`e[\XdYfjZlijfj
Zfdfi\jlckX[f[\cX\mXclXZ`epZfdf„jkfjj\]l\ifedf[`ÔZXe[fgXiX`eZfigfiXicXjel\mXjk\e[\eZ`Xj[\cZXdgf#
XjˆZfdfcXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\cfjXcldefj%
G8C89I8J:C8M<
=fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\j#\mXclXZ`e[\ZlijfjgXiX]fidXi[`mlc^X[fi\j#[`gcfdX[f#ZlijfgXiXXeÔki`fe\j%
8C>LE8JI<=C<O@FE<J<EKFIEF8C8<M8CL8:@äE
<cZXd`ef]}Z`cgXiXdf[`ÔZXilegif^iXdXfleXXZk`m`[X[\jYXjXij\\ecX\og\i`\eZ`Xp\cj\ek`[f
Zfd’e%J`e\dYXi^f#\jk\ZXd`ef[\Ôe`k`mXd\ek\ef\j\cd}jXZ\ikX[f#gfihl\j\Zfii\\ci`\j^f[\
ZX\i \e cX XlkfZfdgcXZ\eZ`X# cX ]XckX [\ XlkfZiˆk`ZX p \c [\jZfefZ`d`\ekf [\c `dgXZkf hl\ k\e\dfj
\e el\jkifj Y\e\ÔZ`Xi`fj f ljlXi`fj% Jcf cX \mXclXZ`e j`jk\d}k`ZX efj g\id`k`i} kfdXi [\Z`j`fe\j
`e]fidX[Xj%
CX \mXclXZ`e `ejk`klZ`feXc \j Zfej`[\iX[X leX _\iiXd`\ekX ]le[Xd\ekXc gXiX cX d\afiX Zfek`elX [\
gifZ\jfjpi\jlckX[fj%DXe`Ô\jkXcXe\Z\j`[X[[\\jkXYc\Z\id\ZXe`jdfj[\fi`\ekXZ`ehl\g\id`kXe
ZfefZ\i\ck\ii\efgfi\chl\j\kiXej`kXpXpl[XX[\Z`[`icX[`i\ZZ`eXj\^l`iZfecXdXpfij\^li`[X[
gfj`Yc\#D\[`eX#J%I%p<%D%M`ccXcfYfj#)''-1(. #XcXm\qhl\[\Y\m\ij\Zfdfle`ejkild\ekfmXc`fjf
Zfed`iXjXc]lklif#d}jhl\XcgXjX[fD\[`eX#J%I%#p<%D%M`ccXcfYfj#)''-1), % GficfkXekf#efj\
\mXc’XgXiXZXc`ÔZXi#j`efgXiXd\afiXipgXiXXgi\e[\i%CX\mXclXZ`e[\Y\j\ileXgi}Zk`ZX`e_\i\ek\Xc
[\jXiifccf[\kf[fgif[lZkffXZk`m`[X[#Zfdfled\[`fgXiXZfejkil`icfjZi`k\i`fjhl\j`imXe[\^lˆX
gXiXZfek`elXi\cgifZ\jf%GXiXk\e\ilegXefiXdXcfd}jZfdgc\kfpfYa\k`mfgfj`Yc\\ji\Zfd\e[XYc\
i\Xc`qXileX\mXclXZ`e`ek\ieXpfkiX\ok\ieX%
CX\mXclXZ`e`ek\ieX\jle[`X^ejk`ZfpleXXlkfZiˆk`ZXi\Xc`qX[Xgfi\c\hl`gf[\kiXYXafhl\[\jXiifccX
\cgif[lZkffcXXZk`m`[X[%CX\mXclXZ`e\ok\ieX[\Y\j\i\]\ZklX[Xgfigif]\j`feXc\j\e\mXclXZ`e#
\ok\iefjXcgifp\Zkf%<jkX\mXclXZ`e\ok\ieX[\Y\`eZcl`ile[`ZkXd\e[\cfj\og\ikfj\ecfj[`]\i\ek\j
ilYifj[\ck\dXhl\j\\mXc’X#XjˆZfdffg`e`fe\j[\cfjljlXi`fjfY\e\ÔZ`Xi`fj%CXj[\Z`j`fe\jjfYi\
ZXdY`fj[\Y\i}ei\Xc`qXij\ZfeYXj\\ecfji\jlckX[fj[\XdYXj\mXclXZ`fe\j#YljZXe[f\c\hl`c`Yi`f
\eki\cfjfYa\k`mfj#dfk`mfjpi\Zlijfj[\cX`ejk`klZ`efgif^iXdX#XjˆZfdfcXjfg`e`fe\jZXc`ÔZX[Xj\
`e]fidX[Xj[\c\hl`gf\mXclX[fi\ok\ief%
Gfi ’ck`df# gXiX \m`kXi hl\ j\ fgk\ gfi \c ZXd`ef ]}Z`c hl\ iXiX m\q \j \c d}j XZ\ikX[f p ^XiXek`qXi
hl\cX\mXclXZ`ej\cc\m\XZXYf#\j`dgi\jZ`e[`Yc\hl\cX\mXclXZ`ej\gif^iXd\pj\`eZclpX\e\c
gi\jlgl\jkf[\cgifp\Zkf%
C8=FID8:@äEGIF=<J@FE8C;<CFJ:FDLE@:8;FI<J
;<C8:@<E:@8
(0+
CX\iXXZklXc[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\eD„o`Zfj\`e`Z`ZfecXZi\XZ`e[\c:\ekifLe`m\ij`kXi`f[\
:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X:L:: \ecXLE8D#XZXi^f[\Cl`j<jkiX[X\ecX[„ZX[X[\cfjj\j\ekXj%<jkX
gi`d\iX^\e\iXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\jg`fe\ifj#j\]fidXkiXm„j[\ckiXYXafZfk`[`Xef[\kXcc\i1_XZ`\e[f#
[`jZlk`\e[f#Zfii`^`\e[fp\jkXYc\Z`\e[f]fidXj[\kiXYXafZfeÔXYc\p\ÔZXqQXdXiie#)'')1*,( %<e
legi`eZ`g`fj\Zi\ˆXhl\jcfcfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j\eZ`\eZ`XjeXkliXc\jp\oXZkXjk\eˆXecXZXgXZ`[X[pcfj
ZfefZ`d`\ekfjgXiX[`mlc^XicXZ`\eZ`X%J`e\dYXi^f#efkf[fj#[\cfjgfZfjhl\j\`ek\i\jXife\e\jkX
kXi\X#i\jlckXifeYl\efj[`mlc^X[fi\j%8jˆj\[`fleXj\^le[X\kXgX\ecXZlXccfjZfdle`ZX[fi\jpcfj
g\i`f[`jkXjZfd\eqXifeXXlo`c`XiXcfj`em\jk`^X[fi\j%<jkXZfcXYfiXZ`eef\jklmfc`Yi\[\ZfeÕ`Zkfj1
cfjgi`d\ifjXZljXifeXcfjj\^le[fj[\efjXY\iZ`\eZ`X#[\[\j`e]fidXiXcg’Yc`Zfp[\Zfdle`ZXijcf
cXgXik\j\ejXZ`feXc`jkX%Cfjj\^le[fj#XZljXifeXcfjgi`d\ifj[\efjXY\i\jZi`Y`ip[\dXcdXe\af[\c
^„e\ifg\i`f[ˆjk`ZfKfe[X#)'')1**( %
<jkfj\e]i\ekXd`\ekfj\eki\le^i\d`fpfkifjljZ`kXife`eeld\iXYc\j[`jZlj`fe\j\e]fifjZfdfcfj[\
cXJfZ`\[X[D\o`ZXeXgXiXcX;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`XpcXK„Ze`ZXJFD<;@:pK jfYi\hl`„e[\Y\iˆX
_XZ\icX[`mlc^XZ`e%<jkXgfc„d`ZXefj\[`f’e`ZXd\ek\\eD„o`Zf#Zfdfj\gl\[\ZfejkXkXi\e\cc`Yif
Mundos Separados ?Xikq#p:_Xgg\cc#)''( %
Kf[fj _\dfj `ek\ekX[f i\jfcm\i \jk\ [`c\dX d\[`Xek\ cX Zfe]fidXZ`e [\ ^ilgfj [\ kiXYXaf
`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi`fj% CX ZfcXYfiXZ`e \eki\ gif]\j`fe`jkXj p \og\ikfj \e ZXdgfj kXe [`m\ijfj Zfdf cX
Z`\eZ`X#cXc`k\iXkliX#cXg\[X^f^ˆX#\c[`j\Œf#cXZfdle`ZXZ`e#cXk„Ze`ZXp\cXik\#gl\[\i\jlckXidlp
Zfdgc`ZX[X%<c„o`kfi\hl`\i\[\d\ZXe`jdfjhl\g\id`kXe\ogcfkXiXcd}o`df#[\dXe\iXZfii\ZkX#
\ÔZ`\ek\pXkiXZk`mX#cfjZfefZ`d`\ekfj#_XY`c`[X[\j#kXc\ekfjp\eklj`Xjdf[\kf[fjcfj`emfclZiX[fj
\e\cgifZ\jfZi\Xk`mf%@dgc`ZX\c[\jXiifccf[\lec\e^lXa\ZfdgXik`[fp[\d\kf[fcf^ˆXjZcXiXj\ecXj
ZlXc\jj\\jkXYc\Z\ecXji\^cXj[\ZfcXYfiXZ`e%:fe\ck`\dgf#]l\jli^`\e[fleel\mfgif]\j`fe`jkX#\c
[`mlc^X[fi[\cXZ`\eZ`X#hl\i\leˆX\ejlg\ijfeX#leXZfdY`eXZ`e[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfj#\og\i`\eZ`Xjp
_XY`c`[X[\j[\[`]\i\ek\j}i\Xj[\Zfdg\k\eZ`X%Cfj[`mlc^X[fi\jj\Zfem`ik`\ife\ecfj`ek\id\[`Xi`fj
`[e\fj gXiX ]XZ`c`kXi cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e Xc `ek\i`fi [\c \hl`gf [\ kiXYXaf# Xjˆ Zfdf \eki\ „jk\ p \c
g’Yc`Zf%
Efkf[fjcfjgifp\Zkfji\hl`\i\e[\cX`ek\^iXZ`e[\\hl`gfj[\kiXYXaf`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi`fj%<eXc^lefj
ZXjfj#Zfdfgl\[\j\ileXZfe]\i\eZ`X#lekXcc\ifleXikˆZlcf#\c[`mlc^X[figl\[\cc\mXiXZXYfjlkXi\X
Y}j`ZXd\ek\jfcfZfeleXgfpfdˆe`df[\fkiXjg\ijfeXj%
;`jk`e^fki\j^\e\iXZ`fe\j[\[`mlc^X[fi\j#cXjZlXc\jZf\o`jk\e\ecXXZklXc`[X[%Hl`\ifi\ZXcZXihl\
\c_\Z_f[\hl\le[`mlc^X[fig\ik\e\qZXXleX^\e\iXZ`egfjk\i`fi#ef`dgc`ZXe\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\hl\
jlkiXYXafj\X[\dXpfiZXc`[X[%Cfhl\j`j\gl\[\XÔidXi\jhl\k`\e\d}j_\iiXd`\ekXjk\i`ZXjp
d\kf[fc^`ZXjgXiX[\jXiifccXicf%
CXgi`d\iX^\e\iXZ`ecXZfejk`klp\ecfjg`fe\ifj#cfjhl\j\]fidXife\ecXgi}Zk`ZX%CXdXpfiˆX#ZfeleX
]fidXZ`e`e`Z`Xc\eZ`\eZ`X#X[hl`i`\ife#XkiXm„j[\ckiXYXaf#cfjZfefZ`d`\ekfj#_XY`c`[X[\j#[\jki\qXj
pk„Ze`ZXji\hl\i`[fjgXiXZfdgc\d\ekXijlhl\_XZ\i%Cfjhl\gifm\eˆXe[\cXj}i\Xj[\cXjZ`\eZ`Xj[\
cXZfdle`ZXZ`ef[\cXj_ldXe`[X[\jXZi\Z\ekXifejlZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZXXkiXm„j[\cZfekXZkfZfecfj
Z`\ekˆÔZfj%
CXj\^le[X^\e\iXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\jj\`emfclZi\e\jkXkXi\X\eYl\eXd\[`[XXkiXm„j[\cZfekXZkf
Zfecfjg`fe\ifj%CX[`]\i\eZ`X\jki`YX\ehl\[\Z`[`\ifeZfdgc\d\ekXip]le[Xd\ekXijlXZk`m`[X[\e
[`mlc^XZ`eZfeleXgi\gXiXZ`e]fidXc%:fdf\e\jX„gfZX#ef\o`jkˆX\e\cgXˆje`e^’egfj^iX[f\e
Zfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#YljZXifedX\jkiˆXjp[fZkfiX[fj\e}i\XjXÔe\jXcX[`mlc^XZ`eZfdfcX
g\[X^f^ˆX#cXc`k\iXkliX#\cg\i`f[`jdfp\cZ`e\#gfid\eZ`feXiXc^lefj%
:fe \c k`\dgf# j\ m`f cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ ZfekXi Zfe Zlijfj gcXe\X[fj p [`j\ŒX[fj \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ gXiX
cX]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\j%CXj[fj^\e\iXZ`fe\jZfealekXifejlj\og\i`\eZ`Xjpi\Õ\o`fe\jgXiX
[\jXiifccXi\`dgXik`i\jkfjZlijfj%
CX gi`d\iX gi\^lekX hl\ efj _`Z`dfj ]l\1 ¶:l}c [\Y\iˆX j\i \c ZliiˆZlcf gXiX ]fidXi X cfj ]lklifj
[`mlc^X[fi\j6 CX Y’jhl\[X [\ i\jgl\jkXj efj cc\m X fkiXj gi\^lekXj% ¶:l}c\j [\Y\iˆXe j\i cfj
gi\ii\hl`j`kfj gXiX `e`Z`Xi \jk\ Zlijf6# ¶\j Zfem\e`\ek\ hl\ j\X leX \jg\Z`Xc`qXZ`e# f leX dX\jkiˆX6#
¶Zl}c[\Y\iˆXj\i\cg\iÔc[\c\^i\jX[f6#¶Zl}ekf[\Y\iˆXe[liXi\jkfjZlijfj6
CXi\jgl\jkXX\jkXjgi\^lekXj#\jhl\ef_Xp]idlcXj#[\g\e[\[\cZfek\okf\ehl\jli^\\cgifp\Zkf%
>\e\iXcd\ek\#ZX[Xgifp\ZkffY\[\Z\Xe\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\ZˆÔZXjpgficfkXekfk`\e\fYa\k`mfjgXik`ZlcXi\j%
KXdY`„e[\g\e[\[\cfji\Zlijfj_ldXefj#\Zfed`Zfj\`e]iX\jkilZkliXZfehl\j\Zl\ekX%
8c^lefj]XZkfi\jhl\`eÕlp\e\e\c[`j\ŒfZlii`ZlcXi#pXj\X[\dXe\iX`dgcˆZ`kXf\ogcˆZ`kXjfe1cX
(0,
`dX^\e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xhl\j\k`\e\#cX`dX^\e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xhl\hl\i\dfjZfdle`ZXi#cXZfeZ\gZ`ehl\j\
k`\e\jfYi\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXi\cXZ`ehl\j\hl`\i\]fd\ekXiZfe\c]lklif[\jk`eXkXi`f
[\cfjgif[lZkfjfXZk`m`[X[\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e%
:lXe[fj\Zfd\eqX_XZ\icX[`mlc^XZ`e#^\e\iXcd\ek\j\g\ejXYX\elei\Z\gkfigXj`mf%<jk\i\Z\gkfi
\iX_`gfk„k`ZfpgficfkXekf[\jZfefZ`[f%<c[`mlc^X[fi#dlZ_Xjm\Z\jleZ`\ekˆÔZf#[\Z`[ˆXhl\\iX
cfhl\\cg’Yc`Zf[\Y\iˆXjXY\ipZdfj\cf`YXXZfdle`ZXi%8cgXjf[\ck`\dgf#\jk\[\jk`eXkXi`f
gXj[\j\ilei\Z\gkfi_`gfk„k`ZfXlefZfefZ`[fpi\Xc%J\Zfd\eqXifeXi\Xc`qXi\jkl[`fjgi\m`fjp
\mXclXZ`fe\jgXiXZfefZ\icfpXjˆgf[\igcXe\Xip[`j\ŒXi\cd\ejXa\kfdXe[f\eZl\ekX\cZfefZ`d`\ekf
gi\m`f#cfj`ek\i\j\jpcXje\Z\j`[X[\j[\cg’Yc`Zf%FkiXdXe\iX[\m\iXc[\jk`eXkXi`f#\jZfej`[\iXicfle
Zc`\ek\hl\_XgX^X[flej\im`Z`fpXcZlXcj\c\k`\e\hl\[Xi^ljkf%<jkXdXe\iX[\m\iXc[\jk`eXkXi`f\j
Zfd’e\edlj\fjgi`mX[fj%<efkifjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`X#\c[\jk`eXkXi`fXZl[\Zfe]i\Zl\eZ`X
p j\ Zfem`\ik\ \e le ljlXi`f# cf ZlXc `dgc`ZX fkif k`gf [\ i\kfj gXiX \c \hl`gf [`i\Zk`mf p Zi\Xk`mf%
I\Z`\ek\d\ek\#j\_XZfd\eqX[fX\ogcfiXileXel\mXdXe\iX[\m\iXc[\jk`eXkXi`f#Zfej`[\i}e[fcf
Zfdf le `ek\icfZlkfi# gifZ\jf \e \c ZlXc j\ [X le `ek\iZXdY`f [\ jXY\i\j% <e \jk\ ’ck`df ZXjf# \c
[\jk`eXkXi`fZfcXYfiXXZk`mXd\ek\\e\c[\jXiifccf[\cfjgif[lZkfjpXZk`m`[X[\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e%:X[X
lef[\\jkfj\e]fhl\ji\hl`\i\[\leX]fidXZ`e[`jk`ekXgXiX\c]lklif[`mlc^X[fi%
8c^leXj ]idlcXj hl\ j\ _Xe m`jkf \e Zlijfj gXiX ]fidXi [`mlc^X[fi\j gi\j\ekXe cXj j`^l`\ek\j
ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj%
a) Énfasis en contenidos científicos.<jkfjZlijfjj\YXjXe\e\cjlgl\jkf[\hl\cfd}j`dgfikXek\
\jhl\\c]lklif[`mlc^X[figfj\XleXXdgc`XZlckliXZ`\ekˆÔZX%<ck\dXi`f`eZclp\k\dXjXZklXc\jp
gfc„d`Zfj[\Z`\eZ`XZfdfcfji\cXZ`feX[fjZfeZl\jk`fe\jXdY`\ekXc\jfcXjXcl[%
b) Énfasis en el medio.GifZliXef]i\Z\iXc]lklif[`mlc^X[fileX]fidXZ`ejc`[X\eXc^’ed\[`f
\dgc\X[fgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`eZfdfgl\[\jj\i\c\jZi`kf#\cXl[`fm`jlXcfcfjdlj\fj%
c) Énfasis en la teoría. <e\jk\k`gf[\Zlijfjj\gl\[\egi\j\ekXileffd}jXYfi[Xa\jk\i`Zfjp
d\kf[fc^`Zfj#gXiXcfZlXcj\i\Zlii\XfkiXj}i\Xj[\cZfefZ`d`\ekfZfdfcXÔcfjf]ˆX#cX_`jkfi`X#cX
g\[X^f^ˆX#cXc`k\iXkliX#cXjfZ`fcf^ˆX#cXXekifgfcf^ˆXpcXZfdle`ZXZ`e#gfid\eZ`feXiXc^leXj%
d) Énfasis en la práctica. <e\jk\k`gf[\Zlijfjj\Zfej`[\iXhl\cfd}j`dgfikXek\\jhl\\cXcldef
X[hl`\iXdlZ_X\og\i`\eZ`X#XkiXm„j[\kXcc\i\jf[\jXiifccf[\gif[lZkfj%
e) Énfasis en aspectos administrativos y/o de gestión. <jk\ \e]fhl\ j\ YXjX \e cX `[\X [\ hl\ \c
[`mlc^X[fi [\Y\ X[hl`i`i cfj ZfefZ`d`\ekfj p _XY`c`[X[\j gXiX Zffi[`eXi gifp\Zkfj# X[d`e`jkiXi
\jgXZ`fjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e#XjˆZfdfcXZfej\ZlZ`e[\]fe[fjpi\ZlijfjgXiXcc\mXiXZXYfkXc\j
gifp\Zkfj%
f) Énfasis en la adquisición de habilidades y destrezas complementarias. 8c^lefj#ZlijfjgXiX]fidXi
[`mlc^X[fi\jj\YXjXe\ecXe\Z\j`[X[[\[\jXiifccXip]fikXc\Z\iZ`\ikXj_XY`c`[X[\jp[\jki\qXj\e
jlj Xcldefj Zfdf gl\[\ j\i1 \c dXe\af [\ cX mfq# cX \ogi\j`e ZfigfiXc# \c dXe\af [\ ^ilgfj p
k„Ze`ZXj[\k\Xkif%<jk\k`gf[\e\Z\j`[X[\jj\m\ejfYi\kf[fgXiXcXjg\ijfeXjhl\kiXYXaXi}e\e
dlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`Xf\eXZk`m`[X[\j[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[`i\ZkXZfe\cg’Yc`Zf%
(0-
CXdXpfiˆX[\cfjZlijfjgXiX]fidXi[`mlc^X[fi\j`eZclp\eleXZfdY`eXZ`e[\cfj\e]fhl\jd\eZ`feX[fj#
\edXpfifd\efigifgfiZ`e%<j`dgfj`Yc\[Xi\eleff[fjXŒfjlegXefiXdXZfdgc\kf[\cXdgcˆj`df
p[`m\ijfZXdgf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e%:fdfZlXchl`\ifkiX[`jZ`gc`eX#\jk\k`gf[\Zlijfj[XecXjYXj\jgXiX
hl\gfjk\i`fid\ek\\c[`mlc^X[fimXpXZfejkilp\e[fjlgifg`XkiXp\Zkfi`Xgif]\j`feXc%
GIF>I8D8J G8I8 C8 =FID8:@äE ;< ;@MLC>8;FI<J
<EC8LE8D
CX ;`i\ZZ`e >\e\iXc [\ ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X ;>;: [\ cX LE8D f]i\Z\ mXi`fj Zlijfj gXiX cX
]fidXZ`e[\cfj[`mlc^X[fi\j%
› <cZlijfgXiXY\ZXi`fj[\cfjdlj\fjLE@M<IJLDp\cDlj\f[\cXClq%
› <c;`gcfdX[f\e[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
› CX dX\jkiˆX \e Ôcfjf]ˆX [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# Zfe \jg\Z`Xc`qXZ`e \e Zfdle`ZXZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X# hl\ j\
`dgXik\alekfZfecX=XZlckX[[\=`cfjf]ˆXpC\kiXj[\cXLE8D%
› <c[fZkfiX[f\eÔcfjf]ˆX[\cXZ`\eZ`Xhl\j\`dgXik\ZfecX=XZlckX[[\=`cfjf]ˆXpC\kiXj[\cXLE8D%
<e\jkXgi\j\ekXZ`ed\XYfZXi„Xcfjgi`d\ifj[fjgif^iXdXj#\ecfjZlXc\j_\k\e`[fleXgXik`Z`gXZ`e
`dgfikXek\%
(%:lijfk\i`Zf$gi}Zk`ZfgXiXcfjXeÔki`fe\j[\cfjdlj\fj
8ek\Z\[\ek\j
<c()[\[`Z`\dYi\[\(00)j\`eXl^li\cDlj\f[\cXj:`\eZ`XjUNIVERSUM \e\cZXdglj[\cXLE8D%
<e cfj [fj XŒfj gi\m`fj X cX Xg\ikliX [\c dlj\f# j\ `eXl^liXife *0 \ogfj`Z`fe\j k\dgfiXc\j hl\ j\
dfekXife \e [`m\ijfj j`k`fj p leX dX^eX \ogfj`Z`e ccXdX[X È:`\eZ`X p ;\gfik\É hl\ j`im`\ife gXiX
gifYXicXj\o_`Y`Z`fe\j[`j\ŒX[XjpZfejkil`[Xj\ecXLE8D#i\jg\ZkfXjlZXc`[X[p[liXZ`e#XjˆZfdf
gXiX\jkl[`XicXXZf^`[Xhl\cfjm`j`kXek\j[`\iXeXXhl\ccfj\hl`gXd`\ekfj;\cX?\ii}e#)'')1(/ %<jkXj
\o_`Y`Z`fe\j\mXclX[Xjpd\afiX[Xjj\`eZfigfiXifeXLE@M<IJLD%
<jkXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjgi\m`XjXcX`eXl^liXZ`eXcdlj\f#kXdY`„eXgfikXife`e]fidXZ`emXc`fjX\eZlXekf
XckiXkfpZfdle`ZXZ`eZfe\cg’Yc`Zf%Le[\jZlYi`d`\ekf]le[Xd\ekXc]l\cX`dgfikXeZ`X[\ZfekXi
Zfeg\ijfeXcgXiXXk\e[\iXcfjm`j`kXek\j1gXiXfi`\ekXicfj2dfjkiXic\jZdflk`c`qXicfjXgXiXkfj2XgfikXi
`e]fidXZ`eZfdgc\d\ekXi`X2X[XgkXicfjd\ejXa\jXcfj`ek\i\j\jpe\Z\j`[X[\j[\ZX[Xm`j`kXek\[\
XZl\i[fXjle`m\c\[lZXk`mfp\[X[p\e^\e\iXc\ei`hl\Z`\e[fcXm`j`kX%;\jgl„j[\dlZ_f[`jZlk`i
jfYi\\cefdYi\Xgifg`X[fgXiX\jk\g\ijfeXc#j\[\Z`[`ccXdXicfjXeÔki`fe\j#gl\jkfhl\„jX\jjl
cXYfi\eledlj\f#_XZ\ihl\\cg’Yc`Zfj\j`\ek\Zfdf\ejlZXjXphl\jXhl\\cd}o`dfgifm\Z_f[\jl
m`j`kX%<ccfjjfecXZXiXg’Yc`ZX[\cdlj\fpgl\[\ej\icX[`]\i\eZ`X\eki\leXYl\eXfdXcX\og\i`\eZ`X
gXiXcfjm`j`kXek\j%
:fdf LE@M<IJLD \j le dlj\f [\ cX LE8D j\ kfd cX [\k\id`eXZ`e [\ hl\ cfj XeÔki`fe\j ]l\iXe
\jkl[`Xek\j[\cXle`m\ij`[X[p[X[fhl\j\gi\j\ekXemXi`fjk\dXj#gXiX[`m\ijfjg’Yc`Zfj#j\[\Z`[`
i\ZclkXi X g\ijfeXj [\ [`]\i\ek\j ZXii\iXj le`m\ij`kXi`Xj hl\ Zldgc`\iXe Zfe [fj i\hl`j`kfj Y}j`Zfj1 X ZfekXiZfeledˆe`df[\,'[\Zi„[`kfj[\cXc`Z\eZ`XkliXf\ckˆklcfpY legifd\[`fdˆe`df[\/%'%
<ecfjd\j\jgi\m`fjXcX`eXl^liXZ`e[\LE@M<IJLDj\c\j[`fleZlijfgi\m`fXcfj]lklifjXeÔki`fe\j%<e
\jk\Zlijf`ekif[lZkfi`fj\XYfi[Xifek\dXjZfdf1X cX_`jkfi`X[\cdlj\f#cfjfYa\k`mfj#\cZfek\e`[fp
cXd`j`e#Y Xjg\ZkfjZfeZ\gklXc\jpfg\iXk`mfj[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X#Z Zfek\e`[fj\jg\ZˆÔZfj
[\cXjXcXXj`^eX[XpZ \cljf[\cfj\hl`gfj%8cgfZfk`\dgf[\`eXl^liX[f\cdlj\f#efj[`dfjZl\ekX
[\hl\cXZXgXZ`kXZ`e[\cfjXeÔki`fe\j\iX`ejlÔZ`\ek\%CfjXeÔki`fe\je\Z\j`kXYXedXpfigi\gXiXZ`e
gXiXXk\e[\iXleg’Yc`Zf_\k\if^„e\f\eZlXekfX\[X[\j#e`m\c\[lZXk`mf\`ek\i\j\j%J\\e]i\ekXifeX
m`j`kXek\jZfeZXgXZ`[X[\j[`]\i\ek\j1`em`[\ek\j#[„Y`c\jm`jlXc\j#_`gfXZ’j`Zfjpg\ijfeXjZfe
(0.
gifYc\dXj e\lifdfkfi\j% I\hl\iˆXe [\jXiifccXi \jkiXk\^`Xj gXiX \eklj`XjdXi Xc g’Yc`Zf [\ kf[Xj cXj
\[X[\jp\okiXZkfjjfZ`Xc\j#XjˆZfdfd}j_\iiXd`\ekXjgXiXfi`\ekXiXcg’Yc`Zf\eZlXekfXXZk`m`[X[\j
\`e]fidXZ`eZfdgc\d\ekXi`X%GfifkifcX[f#\cdlj\fgi\Z`jXYXhl\j\c\jZXgXZ`kXiXgXiXcc\mXiXZXYf
fkiXjXZk`m`[X[\jZfdf1Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj#[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j#\jg\Zk}ZlcfjpkXcc\i\j%
;X[fhl\cXjki\j]leZ`fe\jjljkXek`mXj[\cXLE8DjfecX`em\jk`^XZ`e#cX[fZ\eZ`XpcX[`]lj`e[\cX
ZlckliX#g\ejXdfjhl\LE@M<IJLD\iXcX`ejk`klZ`e`[e\XgXiX`e`Z`XiXcfj\jkl[`Xek\j\ecXkXi\X[\
cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpXjˆZfeki`Yl`iXcZldgc`d`\ekf[\cXk\iZ\iX]leZ`ejljkXek`mX%:feYXj\
\e\jkXj`[\Xj#`e`Z`Xdfj\c:lijfÈK\i`Zf$gi}Zk`Zf[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XÉgXiXcfjXeÔki`fe\j[\
LE@M<IJLD%
CfjXeÔki`fe\ji\Z`Y\eleXY\ZX[liXek\jl\jkXeZ`X[\leXŒf\e\cdlj\f#cXZlXc\ji\efmXYc\gfileXŒf
d}j%<ck`\dgfd}o`df[\g\idXe\eZ`X\e\cdlj\f\j[\[fjXŒfj%;liXek\cX„gfZX\ehl\]l`a\]X[\
LE@M<IJLD[\j[\jl`eXl^liXZ`e_XjkXgi`eZ`g`fj[\(00/ #\jk\Zlijf\jklmfYXafd`i\jgfejXY`c`[X[%
Cfj XeÔki`fe\j gXjXYXe )' _fiXj j\dXeXc\j \e \c dlj\f [\ cfj ZlXc\j ZlXkif \jkXYXe [\[`ZX[Xj X jl
ZXgXZ`kXZ`epcXj(-i\jkXek\j\jkXYXe\eg`jfXk\e[`\e[fXcg’Yc`Zf%<e(00-j\`eXl^li\cDlj\f[\cX
Clq#kXdY`„e[\cXLE8D%CfjXeÔki`fe\j[\\jk\dlj\fi\Z`Y\e\cd`jdfZlijfY}j`Zfhl\j\`dgXik\\e
LE@M<IJLDpleXZXgXZ`kXZ`e\jg\ZˆÔZX`dgXik`[Xgfi\cg\ijfeXc[\cDlj\f[\cXClq%
I\]\i\ek\jk\i`Zfj
<c df[\cf [\ cX \og\i`\eZ`X `ek\iXZk`mX =Xcb# A% p C% ;`\ib`e^# (00) f]i\Z\ le dXiZf Xgifg`X[f gXiX
i\Õ\o`feXijfYi\cX]leZ`e[\cfjXeÔki`fe\jpgficfkXekfgXiXgcXe\Xip[`j\ŒXi\cZlijf[\ZXgXZ`kXZ`e
hl\i\hl`\i\e%
<c\a\Z\ekiXc[\\jk\df[\cf\jcX\og\i`\eZ`Xhl\j\m`m\Xcm`j`kXiledlj\f%yjkXZfd`\eqX[\j[\\c
dfd\ekf\ehl\jli^\cX`[\X[\m`j`kXi\cdlj\f#Zfek`e’XZfecXgi\gXiXZ`e#cXcc\^X[X#cX\jkXeZ`X
d`jdXpkf[fcfhl\j\m`m\d`\ekiXjj\\jk}X_ˆpZfeZclp\#kXcm\qXŒfj[\jgl„j#Zfecfji\Zl\i[fj[\
cXm`j`kXhl\j\`eZfigfiXeXel\jkiXji\[\j[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfj%
Kf[Xm`j`kXXledlj\f`emfclZiXcX`ek\iXZZ`e[\ki\jZfek\okfj1
X \cg\ijfeXc#
Y \cjfZ`Xc#
Z \c]ˆj`Zf%
8Zfek`elXZ`ej\[\jZi`Y\Yi\m\d\ek\ZX[Xlef%
Contexto personal1CX\og\i`\eZ`X[\ZX[Xm`j`kXek\\j’e`ZXpcfj\i}ZX[Xm\qhl\m`j`k\\cdlj\f%<c
Zfek\okfg\ijfeXc[\g\e[\[\]XZkfi\jZfdf1cfj`ek\i\j\j[\cm`j`kXek\#jljdfk`mXZ`fe\j#jl\jkX[f
Xeˆd`Zf#jlZfefZ`d`\ekfgi\m`fjfYi\cfjk\dXjhl\m\i}\e\cdlj\fpcX`e]fidXZ`ehl\k`\e\jfYi\
\cdlj\f%
(0/
Contexto social:CXm`j`kXXcdlj\f\jle\m\ekfjfZ`Xc%<eledlj\fj`\dgi\\o`jk\ZfekXZkfZfefkiXj
g\ijfeXj1cfjXZfdgXŒXek\jf\cg\ijfeXc[\cdlj\fXeÔki`fe\j#cfjhl\[Xe`e]fid\j#\cg\ijfeXc[\
m`^`cXeZ`X %<jkXj`ek\iXZZ`fe\jjfZ`Xc\jZfefkiXjg\ijfeXj`eÕlp\e[\dXe\iX[\Z`j`mX\ecX\og\i`\eZ`X#
pXj\XgficXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\j#\c`ek\iZXdY`f[\`e]fidXZ`efcXgXik`Z`gXZ`e\eleXXZk`m`[X[Zfc\Zk`mX%
Gfi\a\dgcf#cX\og\i`\eZ`Xj\i}[`]\i\ek\j`j\m`j`kX\cdlj\fjfcffZfdfgXik\[\le^ilgf%KXdY`„e
j\i}[`jk`ekXj`lef\jXZfdgXŒXek\[\lee`Œffj`XlefcfXZfdgXŒXleXg\ijfeXhl\jXY\dlZ_f
jfYi\cfhl\j\\o_`Y\%
El contexto físico:CXjZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXjgifg`Xj[\ci\Z`ekf`eÕlp\e[\dXe\iX[\Z`j`mX\ecX\og\i`\eZ`X%
8c^lefj[\cfj]XZkfi\jXZfej`[\iXi\e\jk\Zfek\okfjfe1cfjfYa\kfjhl\j\\o_`Y\e#cXXihl`k\ZkliX#
cXk\dg\iXkliX#\cfcfi#cXZ`iZlcXZ`e#cX`cld`eXZ`e#cfjcl^Xi\j[\[\jZXejfjˆcfj_Xp p\ckXdXŒf[\c
dlj\f%
CX\og\i`\eZ`X[\ZX[Xm`j`kXek\\j\ci\jlckX[f[\cX`ek\iXZZ`e[\\jkfjki\jZfek\okfj%:fdfZX[X
Zfek\okfj\Zfejkilp\Zfek`elXd\ek\p[\g\e[\[\dlZ_XjmXi`XYc\j#cX\og\i`\eZ`X[\ZX[Xg\ijfeX#
ZX[Xm\qhl\m`j`kXledlj\f#\j’e`ZX\`ii\g\k`Yc\%
<cXeÔki`epcX\og\i`\eZ`X`ek\iXZk`mX
<cXeÔki`e[\Y\\jkXigi\gXiX[fgXiXkfdXi\eZl\ekXcX`ek\iXZZ`e\eki\\jkfjki\jZfek\okfj%<e
ZlXekfXcZfek\okfg\ijfeXc#[\Y\k\e\icfjZfefZ`d`\ekfjpj\ej`Y`c`[X[gXiXgf[\iX[XgkXi\cd\ejXa\
Xc e`m\c p e\Z\j`[X[\j [\ ZX[X lef [\ cfj m`j`kXek\j% <c XeÔki`e \j le `e^i\[`\ek\ ]le[Xd\ekXc [\c
Zfek\okfjfZ`Xc[\cXm`j`kX%CX`ek\iXZZ`e\eki\\cm`j`kXek\p\cXeÔki`egl\[\`dgc`ZXicX[`]\i\eZ`X
\eki\ leX \og\i`\eZ`X i`ZX p j`^e`ÔZXk`mX f leX \og\i`\eZ`X [\jX^iX[XYc\% <c XeÔki`e gl\[\ Xpl[Xi X
fgk`d`qXi \c Zfek\okf ]ˆj`Zf# gfi \a\dgcf# fi`\ekXe[f Xc g’Yc`Zf _XZ`X j`k`fj d\efj Zfe^\jk`feX[fj#
f]i\Z`„e[fc\XZk`m`[X[\jXck\ieXk`mXj%
8c^leXj[\cXjXZk`m`[X[\ji\Xc`qX[XjgficfjXeÔki`fe\jjfecXjj`^l`\ek\j1
›;Xim`j`kXj^l`X[Xj%
›:fdgc\d\ekXicX`e]fidXZ`ehl\j\f]i\Z\\e\cdlj\f%
›Fi`\ekXiXcfjm`j`kXek\j\e\cYl\eljf[\cfj\hl`gfj%
›Fi`\ekXiXcfjm`j`kXek\j\ejlY’jhl\[X[\`e]fidXZ`e%
›;XiZ_XicXj#Zffi[`eXikXcc\i\j[\Z`\eZ`X#_XZ\i[\dfjkiXZ`fe\j#gXik`Z`gXi\e\jg\Zk}Zlcfj¿
›8k\e[\iXg’Yc`ZfZfee\Z\j`[X[\j\jg\Z`Xc\jp
›GXik`Z`gXi\eXZk`m`[X[\j[\\ok\ej`eZfdf1\ogfj`Z`fe\j`k`e\iXek\jp]\i`Xj%
J\c\ZZ`e[\cfjXeÔki`fe\j
El\jkifj[fjdlj\fj1LE@M<IJLDp\cDlj\f[\cXClqjfem`j`kX[fjgfig\ijfeXj[\kf[XjcXj\[X[\j#
[\kf[fjcfje`m\c\jjfZ`f$\Zfed`Zfjp[\kf[fjcfje`m\c\j\[lZXk`mfj%Cfj`ek\i\j\j#ZfefZ`d`\ekfj
gi\m`fj#dfk`mXZ`fe\j#ZlYi\ele\jg\ZkifXdgcˆj`df%GficfXek\i`fi#j\i\hl`\i\eXeÔki`fe\jgifm\e`\ek\j
[\[`]\i\ek\j[`jZ`gc`eXjpZfeleX^iXe[`m\ij`[X[[\_XY`c`[X[\j%GXiXcf^iXileXYl\eXZfdle`ZXZ`e
Zfe\cg’Yc`Zf#\ji\Zfd\e[XYc\hl\cfjm`j`kXek\jj\gl\[Xe`[\ek`ÔZXiZfecfjXeÔki`fe\j%Ledlj\fZfe
leg’Yc`Zf_\k\if^„e\fi\hl`\i\[\leZl\igf[\XeÔki`fe\jkXdY`„e_\k\if^„e\f#`eZclp\e[fg\ijfeXj
ZfeZXgXZ`[X[\j[`]\i\ek\j%GficfXek\i`fi#j\ZfemfZXX\jkl[`Xek\j[\mXi`XjZXii\iXjle`m\ij`kXi`Xj#
cfjZlXc\jjfej\c\ZZ`feX[fjefjcfgfijljZfefZ`d`\ekfjXZX[„d`Zfj#j`efkXdY`„egfijljXZk`kl[\j
pkiXkfZfe\cg’Yc`Zf%
CX\mfclZ`e[\cZlijf[\ZXgXZ`kXZ`e
:fdfj\Zfd\ekZlXe[f`dgXik`dfj\cgi`d\iZlijf[\ZXgXZ`kXZ`egXiXXeÔki`fe\j#efefj[`dfj
Zl\ekX [\ cX ^XdX kXe ^iXe[\ [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj# _XY`c`[X[\j p _XjkX kXc\ekfj hl\ i\hl`\i\ le Yl\e
XeÔki`egXiXZldgc`iZfejlfYa\k`mfgi`dfi[`Xc1Zfeki`Yl`iXhl\cX\og\i`\eZ`X[\ZX[Xg\ijfeXhl\
m`j`kX\cdlj\fj\Xi`ZXpj`^e`ÔZXk`mX%<cZlijf]l\\mfclZ`feX[fpd\afiXe[f^iXZ`XjXcX\og\i`\eZ`Xp
cX\mXclXZ`e%
(00
CXg\idXe\eZ`X[\cfjXeÔki`fe\j\e\cgif^iXdX[\g\e[ˆX[\leX\mXclXZ`e%J\kfdXife\eZl\ekX
[`]\i\ek\jXjg\Zkfj1jljZfefZ`d`\ekfjjfYi\cfjk\dXjhl\kiXkXYXe#jlZXgXZ`[X[gXiX[`mlc^Xicfj#cX
dXe\iX\ehl\fg\iXYXecfj\hl`gfj#jl[\j\dg\Œf\eXZk`m`[X[\jZfdgc\d\ekXi`XjZlXe[fcXjk\eˆXe
Xj`^eX[Xj #jli\cXZ`eZfe\cg’Yc`Zfpjli\cXZ`eZfejljZfdgXŒ\ifjXeÔki`fe\j%El\jkiXj]l\ek\j
gi`eZ`gXc\j[\`e]fidXZ`e]l\ifecXfYj\imXZ`e[`i\ZkX#cXjfg`e`fe\j[\cg’Yc`Zfpcfji\gfik\j[\cXj
\jZl\cXjpdX\jkifjXk\e[`[fj%
CX `e]fidXZ`e fYk\e`[X kXdY`„e j`im` gXiX \mXclXi \c Zlijf d`jdf# [\k\ZkXi cXj ]fikXc\qXj# cXj
[\ÔZ`\eZ`XjpcXjZXi\eZ`Xj%CX`e]fidXZ`ed}jmXc`fjX]l\cXhl\XgfikXifecfjgifg`fjXeÔki`fe\j%<ccfj
jfecfjhl\fg\iXecfj\hl`gfj[\cdlj\f#cfjhl\cc\mXeXZXYfkf[XjcXjXZk`m`[X[\jZfdgc\d\ekXi`Xj#
g\if jfYi\ kf[f# cfj hl\ k`\e\e \c ZfekXZkf d}j [`i\Zkf p Zfk`[`Xef Zfe \c g’Yc`Zf% Cfj XeÔki`fe\j
_XZˆXefYj\imXZ`fe\jjfYi\\c]leZ`feXd`\ekf[\cfjXgXiXkfj#ZdfcfjdXe\aXYXecfjljlXi`fj#hl„
\ek\e[ˆXephl„d}jhl\iˆXejXY\i%<cg’Yc`Zf#Xek\jhl\ZfcfZXijljjl^\i\eZ`Xj\eleYlqe#Zfdle`ZX
jljfg`e`fe\jXcXeÔki`e%<cZfekXZkfZfk`[`XefZfem`j`kXek\j[\kf[XjcXj\[X[\j#\okiXZkfjjfZ`Xc\j#
e`m\c\j\[lZXk`mfjpZfeleX\efid\^XdX[\`ek\i\j\jpe\Z\j`[X[\j#dfk`mXcfjXeÔki`fe\jXjfc`Z`kXi
leXdXpfiZXgXZ`kXZ`e\eXjg\Zkfjdlp[`m\ijfj%:fdfi\jlckX[f[\cX\mXclXZ`epcXi\kifXc`d\ekXZ`e
gfigXik\[\cg’Yc`ZfpcfjXeÔki`fe\j#\cZlijfk\i`Zf$gi}Zk`ZXgXjgfimXi`fjgifZ\jfj[\df[`ÔZXZ`e%
8Zfek`elXZ`ej\[\jZi`Y\\cZfek\e`[f[\\jk\Zlijf%
:lijfk\i`Zf$gi}Zk`Zf
)''
<cZlijfk\eˆX[liXZ`e[\leXŒf%Cfj\jkl[`Xek\jgXjXYXe)'_fiXjj\dXeXc\j\e\cdlj\f#[\cfj
ZlXc\jZlXkif\jkXYXe[\[`ZX[fjXjlZXgXZ`kXZ`epcXj(-i\jkXek\j\jkXYXe]i\ek\Xg’Yc`Zf%;\cXj
ZlXkif_fiXjj\dXeXc\j[\ZXgXZ`kXZ`e#[fjj\[\[`ZXYXeXleXZXgXZ`kXZ`e^\e\iXcpcXjfkiXj[fjX
leXZXgXZ`kXZ`e\jg\ZˆÔZX[\XZl\i[fXcXjXZk`m`[X[\jhl\k\eˆXeXj`^eX[Xj%CfjZfek\e`[fj^\e\iXc\j
[\cZlijf]l\ifecfjj`^l`\ek\j1
›CXZ`\eZ`Xpjl[`jZlijf%
›8jg\ZkfjZfeZ\gklXc\jpfg\iXk`mfj[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e%
›<cdlj\fZfdfd\[`fgXiX[`mlc^XicXZ`\eZ`X%
›<cdlj\fZfdfXgfpfXcX\[lZXZ`e]fidXc%
›<ogi\j`eZfigfiXcpdXe\af[\mfq%
›J\^li`[X[\e\cdlj\f%
›8k\eZ`eXm`j`kXek\jZfeZXgXZ`[X[\j[`]\i\ek\j%
CXZXgXZ`kXZ`e\jg\ZˆÔZX`eZclˆX1
›:fek\e`[fk\d}k`Zf%
›DXe\af[\\hl`gfj%
› CX [`mlc^XZ`e [\c k\dX [\ XZl\i[f X cXj ZXiXZk\iˆjk`ZXj gXik`ZlcXi\j [\ ZX[X m`j`kXek\1 \[X[#
\jZfcXi`[X[#`ek\i\j\j#ZfefZ`d`\ekfgi\m`fpgi`eZ`gXc\jgifYc\dXjgXiX`ek\igi\kXip\ek\e[\icfj
Zfek\e`[fj%
:X[XXŒf#j\\c\^ˆXlek\dXf}i\X\jg\ZˆÔZX[\[`mlc^XZ`e#gXiXhl\cfj\jkl[`Xek\j[\jXiifccXiXele
gifp\ZkfÔeXc\e\cZlXcXgc`ZXiXekf[fcfXgi\e[`[f%Cfjgifp\Zkfj\iXeZfc\Zk`mfjpZfe\cÔe[\hl\
Xgi\e[`\iXeXkiXYXaXi\e\hl`gf#j\c\j`em`kXYXX`ek\^iXij\\e^ilgfj`ek\i[`jZ`gc`eXi`fj%Gi\j\ekXYXe
jlj gifp\Zkfj \e le Zfcfhl`f Xc ZlXc Xj`jkˆXe jlj ZfdgXŒ\ifj XeÔki`fe\j# g\ijfeXc [\c dlj\f# cfj
i\jgfejXYc\j[\cZlijf[\ZXgXZ`kXZ`ep\og\ikfj\ok\iefj\ecfjk\dXj[\jXiifccX[fj%8c^lefj[\cfj
gifp\Zkfj[\jXiifccX[fj]l\ifecfjj`^l`\ek\j1
X KXcc\i\j[\Z`\eZ`XgXiXe`Œfj%
Y Gifp\Zkfj[\XgfpfXcX\[lZXZ`e]fidXc%
Z ;\jXiifccf[\XZk`m`[X[\jgXiX[`jZXgXZ`kX[fj%
<c\eklj`XjdfpcXZi\Xk`m`[X[[\jgc\^X[XgficfjXeÔki`fe\jpcX`ek\iXZZ`eZfejljZfc\^Xj#XjˆZfdfcfj
Zfd\ekXi`fjpZiˆk`ZXj[\cfjXj`jk\ek\j]l\ifedlpmXc`fjfjgXiXjl]fidXZ`egif]\j`feXc%
GXiXZfeZcl`i#ZXY\d\eZ`feXihl\cX\mXclXZ`eZfejkXek\#\cZfekXZkfg\idXe\ek\Zfe\cg’Yc`Zfp\c
j\Zkfi \[lZXk`mf# g\if jfYi\ kf[f cXj fg`e`fe\j [\ cfj XeÔki`fe\j ]l\ife ]le[Xd\ekXc\j gXiX \c Yl\e
[\jXiifccf p „o`kf [\c Zlijf gcXe\X[f p [`j\ŒX[f gXiX hl\ cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e Zfe cfj m`j`kXek\j ]l\iX cX
gk`dX%
)%;`gcfdX[f\e;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
8ek\Z\[\ek\j
8gi`eZ`g`fj[\cX[„ZX[X[\cfjXŒfj0'cX[`mlc^XZ`e\eD„o`Zfi\Z`Y`le`dglcjfj`egi\Z\[\ek\j
^iXZ`Xj X cX Xg\ikliX [\ mXi`fj dlj\fj p ZXjXj [\ cX Z`\eZ`X \e [`]\i\ek\j Z`l[X[\j [\c gXˆj% ?XjkX
\jX„gfZX#ZfdfpXj\d\eZ`fe#kf[fjcfj[`mlc^X[fi\jj\_XYˆXe_\Z_f\ecXgi}Zk`ZXfYljZXife
dX\jkiˆXjp[fZkfiX[fj\eZXdgfjX]`e\jXcX[`mlc^XZ`egXiXZfdgc\kXijl]fidXZ`e%8]`eXc\j[\c
XŒf (00* j\ `e`Z`# \e \c :L::# YXaf cX [`i\ZZ`e [\c ;i% Afi^\ =cfi\j D\[`eX# J%I%# <% I\pefjf p >%
I\p\j#)''.1-' \cgifp\Zkf[\leZlijf[`j\ŒX[f\ogcˆZ`kXd\ek\gXiXcX]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\j1
\c[`gcfdX[f\e[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%J\ZfekXYXZfe\og\i`\eZ`Xjgi\m`Xj[\ZlijfjZfikfj#cfj
ZlijfjgXiXZXgXZ`kXiXe]`ki`fe\jpleX\og\i`\eZ`Xgi}Zk`ZXjfYi\Zdf[`mlc^XicXZ`\eZ`XXkiXm„j[\
[`]\i\ek\jd\[`fj#jfYi\kf[f\edlj\fj%<cgi`d\i[`gcfdX[f[\[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X\ecXLE8D
XiiXeZ\e(00,%;\Y`[fXhl\\c\j]l\iqfd}jZfeZ\ekiX[fpXZklXchl\j\k\eˆX\e\j\dfd\ekfj\
\eZfekiXYX\e\ck\ii\ef[\c[\jXiifccf[\\ogfj`Z`fe\jpdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X#\cgi`d\i[`gcfdX[f]l\
lei\]c\af[\\jX\og\i`\eZ`X%
<ecfjXŒfjjlYj\Zl\ek\j\c[`gcfdX[fj\]l\df[`]`ZXe[f%J\]l\ife`eZfigfiXe[fel\mfjk\dXj#
fkifjd\[`fj#el\mfjdX\jkifjpXgfik\jk\i`Zfjpd\kf[fc^`ZfjjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`Xpjl[`mlc^XZ`e%
Lefj XŒfj d}j kXi[\# \c [`gcfdX[f _XYˆX m`iX[f ZXj` gfi Zfdgc\kf _XZ`X cX [`mlc^XZ`e \jZi`kX% <c
Xi^ld\ekfgi`eZ`gXc]l\hl\kf[fgifp\Zkf[\[`mlc^XZ`ej\`e`Z`XZfeXc^f\jZi`kf%
?XjkX\c)''.#\c[`gcfdX[f]l\leZlijfXelXcZfeleX[liXZ`e[\)+'_fiXj%CXjZcXj\jj\`dgXikˆXe
[fjm\Z\jgfij\dXeXZfeleX[liXZ`e[\*_fiXjZX[XleX%<cfYa\k`mf]l\Yi`e[XicXj_\iiXd`\ekXj
k\i`ZXjpgi}Zk`ZXjgXiXhl\\c\jkl[`Xek\gl\[X\a\iZ\igif]\j`feXcd\ek\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X%
<e )''. j\ `dgXik` \c O@@ ;`gcfdX[f \e ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X% 8 Zfek`elXZ`e j\ gi\j\ekX leX
Yi\m\[\jZi`gZ`e[\cd`jdf%
<cO@@;`gcfdX[f\e[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X)''.
Cfj i\hl`j`kfj XZX[„d`Zfj gXiX `e^i\jXi ]l\ife1 ZfekXi Zfe le dˆe`df [\c /' [\ cfj Zi„[`kfj f leX
c`Z\eZ`XkliX\eZXii\iXjZ`\ekˆÔZXj#`e^\e`\iˆXfZfdle`ZXZ`e%8gifYXi\c\oXd\e[\X[d`j`e%
<c[`gcfdX[fj\Zfdgljf[\()d[lcfjZX[XlefXZXi^f[\ledX\jkiffZffi[`eX[fi%<ck\dXi`f]l\
\cj`^l`\ek\1
›D[lcf(1?`jkfi`XpÔcfjf]ˆX[\cXZ`\eZ`X
)'(
›D[lcf)1<chl\_XZ\iZ`\ekˆÔZf
›D[lcf*1?`jkfi`X[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e
›D[lcf+1:`\eZ`XpjfZ`\[X[1`d}^\e\jXZklXc\j
›D[lcf,1<c[`jZlijf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e
›D[lcf-1CXi\Zi\XZ`e\e[`mlc^XZ`e1[`]\i\ek\j\e]fhl\j
›D[lcf.1:i\Xk`m`[X[p[`mlc^XZ`e
›D[lcf/1Cfjd\[`fjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e
›D[lcf01G\i`f[`jdf[\Z`\eZ`X
›D[lcf('1;`mlc^XZ`e\jZi`kX
›D[lcf((1KXcc\i[\[`mlc^XZ`e
›D[lcf()1:fe]\i\eZ`Xj[\Z`\eZ`X
G\ijfeXc[\c[`gcfdX[f
<c [`gcfdX[f \e [`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX Z`\eZ`X Zl\ekX Zfe1 le Zffi[`eX[fi XZX[„d`Zf# leX j\Zi\kXi`X
X[d`e`jkiXk`mX#leXZfd`j`eXZX[„d`ZXXj\jfiX#cXgcXekX[fZ\ek\#Zfe]\i\eZ`jkXj`em`kX[fj#g\ijfeXc[\
Xgfpfcf^ˆjk`Zf%
<mXclXZ`e[\c;`gcfdX[f\e;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
Justificación: <e \c kiXejZlijf [\ \jkfj [fZ\ XŒfj [\j[\ hl\ `e`Z` \c [`gcfdX[f# \c Zfek\okf [\ cX
[`mlc^XZ`e \e D„o`Zf _X ZXdY`X[f efkXYc\d\ek\% :lXe[f j\ `e`Z` \c [`gcfdX[f# cX dXpfiˆX [\ cfj
gifp\Zkfj\e[`mlc^XZ`ejli^ˆXe[\cXZXg`kXcZfeXc^lefj\j]l\iqfjX`jcX[fj\efkifj\jkX[fj%?fp\e
[ˆX#\cZXdgf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e\eD„o`Zfj\_X\ok\e[`[fXkf[f\cgXˆj%J\\dgc\Xekf[fjcfjd\[`fj
gXiX [`mlc^Xi cX Z`\eZ`X1 i\m`jkXj# c`Yifj# jlgc\d\ekfj \e cfj [`Xi`fj# iX[`f# k\c\m`j`e# @ek\ie\k# dlj\fj#
Z\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`X#XZlXi`fj#qffc^`ZfjpaXi[`e\jYfk}e`Zfj%<o`jk\ei\m`jkXj[\[`mlc^XZ`egXiXg’Yc`Zf
^\e\iXcfgXiXe`ŒfjglYc`ZX[Xj\emXi`Xjle`m\ij`[X[\jf\e`ejk`klZ`fe\j^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j%8cfcXi^fp
XeZ_f[\cgXˆjj\f]i\Z\eleX^iXemXi`\[X[[\gif^iXdXj[\Zfdle`ZXZ`e[`i\ZkXZfe\cg’Yc`ZfZfdf1
Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj#\jg\Zk}Zlcfj#kXcc\i\jgXiXe`ŒfjpZlijfj[\m\iXef%KXdY`„ej\gl\[\ed\eZ`feXij\i`\j
[\k\c\m`j`e#Z}gjlcXj[\iX[`fpg}^`eXjn\Y#kf[fjjfYi\k\dXj[\Z`\eZ`XpjljXgc`ZXZ`fe\j%
<e(0/-#le^ilgf[\(0[`mlc^X[fi\jg`fe\ifj#iX[`ZX[fjgi`eZ`gXcd\ek\\ecX:`l[X[[\D„o`Zf]le[Xife
cXJfZ`\[X[D\o`ZXeXgXiXcX;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`XJFD<;@:pK %?fp\jkXjfZ`\[X[Zl\ekXZfed}j
[\)''jfZ`fjk`klcXi\j#jfZ`fj`ejk`klZ`feXc\jp[\c\^XZ`fe\ji\^`feXc\j%<e(00-j\Zi\cX8jfZ`XZ`e
D\o`ZXeX[\Dlj\fjp:\ekifj[\:`\eZ`XpK\Zefcf^ˆX8DD::pK %8lehl\cXXjfZ`XZ`eZl\ekXZfe)+
d`\dYifjdlj\fjpZ\ekifj[\Z`\eZ`X #\o`jk\efkifj\jgXZ`fj\ecfjZlXc\jj\gi\j\ekXe\o_`Y`Z`fe\j
[\ Z`\eZ`X p hl\ f]i\Z\e XZk`m`[X[\j [\ Z`\eZ`X gXiX g’Yc`Zf ^\e\iXc% 8dYXj XjfZ`XZ`fe\j fi^Xe`qXe
Zfe^i\jfj#kXcc\i\jpf]i\Z\eZlijfj%K`\e\emˆeZlcfjZfejfZ`\[X[\jpi\[\j`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jZfdfcXI\[
[\GfglcXi`qXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X[\CXk`efXd„i`ZXp\c:Xi`Y\I\[Gfg pcX8jjfZ`Xk`fef]JZ`\eZ\Xe[
K\Z_efcf^p:\eki\j8JK: %
)')
<e ZlXekf X cX ]fidXZ`e [\ [`mlc^X[fi\j# cX LE8D Zl\ekX Zfe cX C`Z\eZ`XkliX \e G\i`f[`jdf# \e cX
=XZlckX[ [\ :`\eZ`Xj Gfcˆk`ZXj p JfZ`Xc\j# \c ;`gcfdX[f [\ ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X [\ cX ;>;: p cX
DX\jkiˆXp;fZkfiX[f\e=`cfjf]ˆX[\cX:`\eZ`XZfefgZ`ek\id`eXc\e:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X #[\cX
=XZlckX[[\=`cfjf]ˆXpc\kiXj[\cXLE8D#Zfej\[\\ecX;>;:%<o`jk\efkifj\j]l\iqfj]l\iX[\cXLE8D
Zfdf\c;`gcfdX[f\e;`mlc^XZ`epG\i`f[`jdf[\cX:`\eZ`X\ecXLe`m\ij`[X[[\c:cXljkifJfiAlXeXp
cXdX\jkiˆX\e:fdle`ZXZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXZlckliX#[\c@ejk`klkfK\Zefc^`Zfp[\<jkl[`fjJlg\i`fi\j
[\FZZ`[\ek\@K<JF KX^•\ŒX#A%p<%I\pefjf#)''- %
<c ZXdgf [\ cX [`mlc^XZ`e j\ _X \ei`hl\Z`[f ^iXZ`Xj X el\mfj Xgfik\j k\i`Zfj p d\kf[fc^`Zfj#
`em\jk`^XZ`fe\j#\jkl[`fj#k\j`jpglYc`ZXZ`fe\j%<jkX\mfclZ`e[\cZXdgf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`ee\Z\jXi`Xd\ek\
k`\e\hl\i\Õ\aXij\\e\c[`gcfdX[f%GficfXek\i`fi#XcXjld`icXZffi[`eXZ`e[\c[`gcfdX[fXgi`eZ`g`fj
[\c)''.#ZfekXZk„XcX;iX%JXiXIfjXD\[`eX#\jg\Z`Xc`jkX\ecX\mXclXZ`e[\gif^iXdXj\`ejk`klZ`fe\j
XZX[„d`ZXjgXiXcc\mXiXZXYf\cgifp\ZkfÈ<mXclXZ`e[`X^ejk`ZX[\c[`gcfdX[f\e[`mlc^XZ`e[\cX
:`\eZ`XÉ%
:feYXj\\ecXd\kf[fcf^ˆX[\gcXe\XZ`e\jkiXk„^`ZXj\cc\mXZXYf\jkX\mXclXZ`e[`X^ejk`ZXhl\
ÈZfej`jk\\e\cXe}c`j`j#ZfefZ`d`\ekfpi\m`j`e[\c;`gcfdX[f#jlj`klXZ`egXjX[X#XZklXcpjljk\e[\eZ`Xj#
Zfe\cgifgj`kf[\`[\ek`ÔZXicfjgi`eZ`gXc\jgifYc\dXjpfYjk}ZlcfjgXiXjl[\jXiifccfpZfejfc`[XZ`e%
@eZclp\[fj[`d\ej`fe\j1\ok\ieX\`ek\ieX%ÉD\[`eX#J%I%#<%I\pefjf?%p>%I\p\j#)''.1* %
Entornos:GXiX\ek\e[\id\afi\cZfek\okfXZklXc[\c[`gcfdX[fj\XeXc`qXifeZlXkif\ekfiefj1
› \c`ek\ieXZ`feXc
› \ceXZ`feXc
› \c`ejk`klZ`feXcp
› \cZfdg\k`k`mf%
<jk\Xe}c`j`jg\id`k`Zfejkil`iledXiZf^\e\iXcgXiXcXgifgl\jkX[\cel\mf[`gcfdX[f#`eZclp\e[fcX
i\cXZ`eZfjkf$Y\e\ÔZ`fpcXZfdgXiXZ`eZfefkifjgif^iXdXj%
Plan de estudios y programas: <cgifp\Zkf[\\mXclXZ`e`e`Z`Zfelej`dgfj`f[\c[`gcfdX[f\e\cZlXc
gXik`Z`gXdfjkf[fjcfjdX\jkifj#\cZfd`k„XZX[„d`Zf[\c[`gcfdX[f#cXZffi[`eX[fiXpcX\mXclX[fiX
\ok\ieX%<e\jk\j`dgfj`fkf[fjcfjdX\jkifjgi\j\ekXifejlgifgl\jkX[\gif^iXdX[\jld[lcfZfe\c
gifgj`kf[\hl\kf[fjcfjXZX[„d`Zfj`emfclZiX[fjklm`„iXdfjleXm`j`e^\e\iXc[\c[`gcfdX[f%<e\c
gcXe[\\jkl[`fjj\[\k\ZkXifeZlXkif^iXe[\jk\d}k`ZXj1È8e}c`j`jpi\Õ\o`ejfYi\cXZ`\eZ`XÉ#È8e}c`j`jp
i\Õ\o`ejfYi\cX[`mlc^XZ`eÉ#ÈCfjd\[`fj\dgc\X[fjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`eÉ#\cÈ;\jXiifccf[\_XY`c`[X[\jp
cXX[hl`j`Z`e[\_\iiXd`\ekXjpZfdg\k\eZ`XjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`eÉ%<eleX[`jZlj`eZfc\^`X[X[\k\ZkXdfj
cXj]fikXc\qXj#cXj[\Y`c`[X[\j#cXj[lgc`Z`[X[\jpcXjZXi\eZ`Xj[\c[`gcfdX[f%
Alumnos: <e\jk\ilYifj\XeXc`qXifeZlXkifgXi}d\kifj1X cfjXjg`iXek\j#Y cfj`ejZi`kfj#Z cfj\^i\jX[fj
ple[ j\^l`d`\ekf[\\^i\jX[fj%
X 8jg`iXek\j1
J\ _`qf le \jkl[`f \jkX[ˆjk`Zf [\c g\iÔc [\ cfj Xjg`iXek\j Zfej`[\iXe[f cXj j`^l`\ek\j ZXk\^fiˆXj1 X `ejk`klZ`e[\gifZ\[\eZ`X#Y k`gf[\le`m\ij`[X[#Z \[X[#[ ^„e\if#\ ^iX[f[\\jkl[`fj#] }i\X[\
ZfefZ`d`\ekf#^ }dY`kfcXYfiXcp_ ZXc`ÔZXZ`efYk\e`[X\e\c\oXd\e[\X[d`j`e%<eZX[XleX[\\jkXj
ZXk\^fiˆXj#j\\ogcfiXifemXi`XjjlYZXk\^fiˆXj#gfi\a\dgcf\e\cilYif[\^„e\if#j\_`qfleXe}c`j`jgfi
\[X[#e`m\cXZX[„d`Zfp}i\X[\ZfefZ`d`\ekf%
8c^lefji\jlckX[fj`ek\i\jXek\j]l\ifecfjj`^l`\ek\j%J\m`fhl\\c[`gcfdX[fk`\e\leXXckX[\dXe[X#g\if
hl\efj\k`\e\ZXgXZ`[X[gXiXjXk`j]XZ\icXkf[X%CXdXpfiˆX[\cfjXjg`iXek\jjfe[\le`m\ij`[X[\jg’Yc`ZXj%
CX\[X[gifd\[`f[\cfjjfc`Z`kXek\j\j[\**%,XŒfj[\cfjZlXc\j\c,/%/jfedla\i\j%<c^iX[fXZX[„d`Zf
gi\[fd`eXek\\j\c[\c`Z\eZ`XkliX#j\^l`[fgfi\c[\gXjXek\j(''[\Zi„[`kfj[\cXc`Z\eZ`XkliXg\if
)'*
j`ekˆklcf %D}j[\cXd`kX[gifm`\e\e[\c}i\X[\hlˆd`Zf$Y`fc^`ZXj%<eZlXekfXjlXZk`m`[X[cXYfiXc#\e
gi`d\icl^Xij\\eZl\ekiXecfj\jkl[`Xek\j[\c`Z\eZ`XkliXfgfj^iX[f #\e\cj\^le[f#g\ijfeXjhl\pX
kiXYXaXe\e\c}dY`kf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`ep\ek\iZ\if#gif]\jfi\j[\e`m\cd\[`fjlg\i`fipjlg\i`fi%
Y @ejZi`kfj1
J\ lk`c`qXife cXj d`jdXj ZXk\^fiˆXj gXiX _XZ\i \c Xe}c`j`j \jkX[ˆjk`Zf [\ cfj Xcldefj hl\ XgifYXife \c
\oXd\e[\X[d`j`epj\`ejZi`Y`\ifeXc[`gcfdX[f%J\fYj\imhl\cXgi`eZ`gXcgif]\j`e\jcX[\Y`cf^f
Zfele)0%/#\ej\^le[fcl^Xi\jk}ecfjXcldefj[\Z`\eZ`Xj[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`eZfe(0%)#\ek\iZ\icl^Xi
j\\eZl\ekiXecfjhlˆd`ZfjZfe/%-#\eZlXikfcl^Xij\\eZl\ekiXecfj]ˆj`ZfjZfe-%-p\e\chl`ekfcl^Xi
\jgXiXcfjdXk\d}k`Zfj#Zfe+%-%<c*(%)i\jkXek\Zfii\jgfe[\XXcldefjgifm\e`\ek\j[\[`]\i\ek\j
}i\XjZfdf:fdle`ZXZ`e>i}ÔZX#Gj`Zfcf^ˆX#D\[`Z`eX\@e^\e`\iˆX%
Z <^i\jX[fj1
<c/-%*[\cfjXcldefjk\id`eXe\c[`gcfdX[f\e\cXŒf\ehl\\jk}e`ejZi`kfj%8c^lefj[\cfjXcldefj
hl\ X[\l[Xe d[lcfj cfj ZlijXe Xc j`^l`\ek\ XŒf% <e cfj [fZ\ XŒfj hl\ cc\mX \c [`gcfdX[f# j\ _Xe
^iX[lX[fZ\iZX[\)''Xcldefj%
[ J\^l`d`\ekf[\\^i\jX[fj1
?XjkX[`Z`\dYi\[\c)''.#jcfj\_Xgf[`[f\eki\m`jkXiXc)(%,[\cfj\^i\jX[fj[\c[`gcfdX[fgXiX
ZfefZ\ijljfg`e`fe\jjfYi\\cd`jdfpZdf_X`eÕl`[f\ejl[\jXiifccfgif]\j`feXc%8gifo`dX[Xd\ek\
le(-[\cfj\^i\jX[fj\eki\m`jkX[fjj\[\[`ZXeXcX[`mlc^XZ`e[\k`\dgfZfdgc\kf%Cfj[\d}ji\Xc`qXe
XZk`m`[X[\jf[\jXiifccXegif[lZkfj[\[`mlc^XZ`eZfdfleXXZk`m`[X[gif]\j`feXcX[`Z`feXc%CXjfg`e`fe\j
m\ik`[Xj]l\ifejldXd\ek\’k`c\jgXiXcXi\\jkilZkliXZ`e[\c[`gcfdX[f%8c^leXj[\cXjjl^\i\eZ`Xjd}j
]i\Zl\ek\j ]l\ife1 X d}j Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj jfYi\ Z`\eZ`X Zfek\dgfi}e\X# Y `eZcl`i d}j `e]fidXZ`e jfYi\
fkifjd\[`fj#\egXik`ZlcXi[\dlj\fj#Z dXpfi[`m\ij`[X[\ecfjkXcc\i\jÔeXc\jp[ d}jgi}Zk`ZX%
Maestros: ;\j[\ hl\ \dg\q \c [`gcfdX[f# j\ _X ZfekX[f Zfe [`m\ijfj `ejkild\ekfj gXiX \mXclXi \c
[\j\dg\Œf [\ cfj dX\jkifj% <jkfj i\jlckX[fj _Xe j\im`[f gXiX hl\ cfj dX\jkifj d\afi\e jl gi}Zk`ZX
[fZ\ek\ p gXiX hl\ cX Zffi[`eXZ`e p \c Zfd`k„ XZX[„d`Zf [\c [`gcfdX[f kfd\e [\Z`j`fe\j jfYi\ jl
g\idXe\eZ`X\e\cgif^iXdX%
Entrevistas a personal directivo: Cc\mXdfjXZXYf\eki\m`jkXjXcg\ijfeXc[`i\Zk`mf[\c[`gcfdX[fXZklXc#
XjˆZfdfcfjhl\gXik`Z`gXifeZfeXek\i`fi`[X[gXiXk\e\ileXm`j`ed}jZfdgc\kXjfYi\Zdfjli^`\c
[`gcfdX[f#XjˆZfdfleXfi`\ekXZ`e\eZlXekfXjl[\jXiifccf%
Escenarios: 8 gXik`i [\ cfj [Xkfj fYk\e`[fj# cXj \mXclX[fiXj \ok\ieXj gifglj`\ife [fj \jZ\eXi`fj1 \c
k\e[\eZ`Xc p \c j`jk\dX Zfii\^`[f% <c k\e[\eZ`Xc `dgc`ZX ef i\Xc`qXi ZXdY`fj j`^e`ÔZXk`mfj# Zfe cf ZlXc
j\gifefjk`ZXhl\jcfj\gf[i}jXk`j]XZ\ile+'[\cX[\dXe[XXZklXc%<cj`jk\dXZfii\^`[fi\hl`\i\
`ekif[lZ`id\[`[Xjpdf[`ÔZXZ`fe\jk\e[`\ek\jX[\jXiifccXijlgfk\eZ`Xc#XglekXe[f_XZ`XcXZfejfc`[XZ`e
p]fikXc\Z`d`\ekf%
:XY\d\eZ`feXihl\\o`jk\eg\k`Z`fe\jgXiX`dgXik`i\c[`gcfdX[f\efkiXj\ek`[X[\j[\cgXˆj\`eZcljf
\e\c\okiXea\if%<eXc^lefjZXjfj#cXj\[\jfc`Z`kXek\#Zl\ekXZfeg\ijfeXcXZX[„d`Zf\eXc^leXj}i\Xj
hl\gf[iˆXgXik`Z`gXiZfdf[fZ\ek\j\e\c[`gcfdX[f%J\\jk}e\ogcfiXe[fcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\\dgc\XicXj
el\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXjgXiXjXk`j]XZ\icX[\dXe[X]fi}e\X#pXhl\ef\jgfj`Yc\_XZ\icX(''gi\j\eZ`Xc%
8 Zfek`elXZ`e j\ gi\j\ekX \c gif^iXdX [\c [`gcfdX[f hl\ j\ f]i\Z\i} \e \c )''/# \e [fe[\ j\ _Xe
m\ik`[fdlZ_Xj[\cXjjl^\i\eZ`Xjpi\Zfd\e[XZ`fe\jfYk\e`[XjXkiXm„j[\cX\mXclXZ`e%
)'+
O@@@;`gcfdX[f\e;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X)''/
D[lcf(1@ekif[lZZ`eXcX[`mlc^XZ`e
› @ekif[lZZ`eXcX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1<cX`e\I\pefjf
› ?`jkfi`X[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1DX%<d`c`X9\p\i
D[lcf)1I\Õ\o`fe\jjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`X
D[lcf)1I\Õ\o`fe\jjfYi\cXZ`\eZ`X
› ?`jkfi`XpÔcfjf]ˆX[\cXZ`\eZ`X1M`fc\kX8i„Z_`^X
› <chl\_XZ\i[\cXZ`\eZ`X18[i`XeXDli^lˆXpDXik_X<c\eXD}ihl\q
D[lcf*1;`]\i\ek\j\e]fhl\jk\i`Zfjpd\kf[fc^`Zfj[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e
D[lcf*1;`]\i\ek\j\e]fhl\jk\i`Zfjpd\kf[fc^`Zfj[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e
:ffi[`eX[fiX1:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q
› <e]fhl\j[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1
<e]fhl\gifgX^Xe[ˆjk`ZfIfcXe[fàj`kX
<e]fhl\ZlckliXc&Xikˆjk`Zf8eXDXiˆXJ}eZ_\q
<e]fhl\\[lZXk`mf:Xid\eJ}eZ_\q
<e]fhl\jfZ`fgfcˆk`ZfClqCXqfj
› <jkl[`fj\`em\jk`^XZ`e\e[`mlc^XZ`e1
<jkl[`fj[\`dgXZkf
<jkl[`fj[\g’Yc`Zf
8e}c`j`j[\cZfek\okf
@em\jk`^XZ`ep\mXclXZ`e\edlj\f
:fecXgXik`Z`gXZ`e[\:Xid\eJ}eZ_\qp<cX`e\I\pefjf D[lcf+%;\jXiifccf[\Zfdg\k\eZ`Xj#_XY`c`[X[\jpX[hl`j`Z`e[\_\iiXd`\ekXjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e
D[lcf+%;\jXiifccf[\Zfdg\k\eZ`Xj#_XY`c`[X[\jpX[hl`j`Z`e[\_\iiXd`\ekXjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e
› G\i`f[`jdfZ`\ekˆÔZf1AXm`\i:i’qD\eX
› ;`mlc^XZ`e\jZi`kX1DXikˆe9feÔcFc`m\iX
› <c[`jZlijf[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e1Cfli[\j9\iil\Zfj
D[lcf,1:`\eZ`XZfek\dgfi}e\X
D[lcf,1:`\eZ`XZfek\dgfi}e\X
:ffi[`eX[fiX1<cX`e\I\pefjf
J\gi\j\ekXi}ek\dXj[\Z`\eZ`X`dgXik`[XjgfiZ`\ekˆÔZfjf[`mlc^X[fi\j%<cZi`k\i`fgXiXj\c\ZZ`feXicfjk\dXjj\i}hl\j\XeXZklXc\j#[\
]ifek\iXlfYc`^X[fjgXiXkf[f[`mlc^X[fi%:fealekXd\ek\ZfecX\ogc`ZXZ`e[\ck\dX#j\_Xi}le\a\iZ`Z`f[\Xe}c`j`jjfYi\jl[`mlc^XZ`e%
D[lcf-1Cfjd\[`fjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e
D[lcf-1Cfjd\[`fjgXiXcX[`mlc^XZ`e
:ffi[`eX[fiX1DXiˆX<d`c`X9\p\i
› D\[`fjXl[`fm`jlXc\jZ`e\pk%m% 1Afj„DXel\c>XiZˆX
› IX[`f1AlXeDXel\cMXc\if
› El\mXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj1DXel\c>feq}c\q:XjXefmX
› :`\eZ`X#Xik\pk\Xkif1J\i^`f[\I„^lc\j
› Dlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X1:feZ\gZ`eIl`q
› <jZi`kfji\m`jkXjpc`Yifj[\[`mlc^XZ`e 1AlXeKfe[X
D[lcf.1KXcc\i\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e
D[lcf.1KXcc\i\j[\[`mlc^XZ`e
› KXcc\i(1;`mlc^XZ`e<jZi`kX1J\i^`f[\I„^lc\j
› KXcc\i)1;\jXiifccf[\gifp\Zkfj1
J\f]i\Z\i}e[fjkXcc\i\jgXiXhl\\cXcldef\jZfaXlef%
› KXcc\i[\gifp\Zkfjdlj\fc^`Zfj1:Xid\eJ}eZ_\qp<cX`e\I\pefjf
› KXcc\i[\gifp\ZkfjXl[`fm`jlXc\j1Afj„DXel\c>XiZˆX
<c[`gcfdX[fk\e[i}leX[liXZ`e[\leXŒf%J\\jg\iXhl\\c\^i\jX[f[\\jk\[`gcfdX[ffYk\e^XleXm`j`e^\e\iXc[\cZXdgf[\cX
[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`Xphl\X[hl`\iXcXjYXj\jpcXj_\iiXd`\ekXjk\i`ZXjpd\kf[fc^`ZXjgXiXjl\a\iZ`Z`fgif]\j`feXc%
)',
:FE:CLJ@äE
CX\mXclXZ`e_Xj`[fleX_\iiXd`\ekXZilZ`Xc\e\cgifZ\jf[\XZklXc`qXZ`epd\afiXd`\ekf[\cfjZlijfj
[\]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\j#gficfZlXc„jkXj\[\Y\cc\mXiXZXYf[\dXe\iXg\idXe\ek\gXiX^XiXek`qXi
\c„o`kfpcXm`^\eZ`X[\cfjgif^iXdXj%
9@9C@F>I8=à8
;\cX?\ii}e#A%)'') 1Museo de las Ciencias: 10 Años de Vida, 6 millones de visitantes, ;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\
;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#D„o`Zf#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf%
=Xcb#A%pC%;`\ib`e^(00) 1The Museum Experience, NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%#N_Xc\jYXZb9ffbj%
?Xikq%A%pI%:_Xgg\cc)''( 1Mundos separados, D„o`Zf#;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#
LE8DpJfZ`\[X[D\o`ZXeXgXiXcX;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`XpcXK„Ze`ZX%
D\[`eX#J%I%p<%D%M`ccXcfYfj)''- 1Evaluación Institucional, D„o`Zf;%=%#GlYc`ZXZ`fe\j:ilqpLe`m\ij`[X[
GXeXd\i`ZXeX%
D\[`eX#J%I%#<%I\pefjfp>%I\p\j)''. 1Evaluación diagnóstica del diplomadoen divulgación de la ciencia,
;fZld\ekf`ek\ief#D„o`Zf;%=%#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf%
I\pefjf#<%#)''( 1CX]fidXZ`e[\[`mlc^X[fi\jgXiXdlj\fj[\Z`\eZ`X#Museolúdica,+#. #GlYc`ZXZ`e
[\cDlj\f[\cX:`\eZ`Xp\cAl\^f%=XZlckX[[\:`\eZ`Xj#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc[\:fcfdY`X #j\^le[f
j\d\jki\[\)''(#gg%),$*'%
KX^•\ŒXG%A%p<%I\pefjf?%)''- 1<cZXdgfgif]\j`feXc[\cX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`XpcXk„Ze`ZXp
jl`dgXZkf\ecXjfZ`\[X[Zfek\dgfi}e\X%;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X#Le`m\ij`[X[
EXZ`feXc 8lkefdX [\ D„o`Zf \e Memorias del I Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencia, Tecnología, Sociedad
e Innovación (CTS+I)% D„o`Zf# ;% =% [\c (0 Xc )* [\ ale`f [\ )''-% ;`jgfe`Yc\ \e1 _kkg1&&nnn%f\`%\j&
Zfe^i\jfZkj`&d\jXj%_kd%
Kfe[X%A%)'') 1¶Hl„\jcX[`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X6 \eKfe[X#A%#8%D%J}eZ_\qpE%:_}m\qZffi[% 1
Antología de la Divulgación de la Ciencia en México, D„o`Zf;%=%#;`i\ZZ`e>\e\iXc[\;`mlc^XZ`e[\cX:`\eZ`X
ÆLe`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#gg%*),$***%
QXdXiie#>%)'') 1;`mlc^XZ`e[\cXZ`\eZ`X1leXZ\iZXd`\ekf#\eKfe[X#A%#8%D%J}eZ_\qpE%:_}m\q
Zffi[% 1Antología de la Divulgación de la Ciencia en México, ;>;:#LE8D#D„o`Zf#gg%*+*$*,)%
<C8@E<I<PEFJF?8PE<J
)'-
:ffi[`eX[fiX [\c ;`gcfdX[f \e ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX :`\eZ`X# ;`i\ZZ`e >\e\iXc [\ ;`mlc^XZ`e [\ cX
:`\eZ`X#Le`m\ij`[X[EXZ`feXc8lkefdX[\D„o`Zf#'+,('D„o`Zf#;=%
\cXi\pef7le`m\ijld%leXd%do
<$9FFB;<8::<JF>I8KL@KF
J\g\id`k\jlZfg`Xp[`jki`YlZ`egfiZlXchl`\id\[`f
j`\dgi\hl\dXek\e^X\ci\ZfefZ`d`\ekf[\jljXlkfi\j#
ef_X^XljfZfd\iZ`Xc[\cXjfYiXjpefi\Xc`Z\e`e^leX
df[`ÔZXZ`e[\\ccXj%
978 607 2 00193 0