OCCURRENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE SLAUGHTERED UNDER
SANITARY INSPECTION IN UBERLÂNDIA CITY, MINAS GERAIS STATE,
BRAZIL
Beatriz da Silva Frasão¹*, Kênia de Fátima Carrijo², Marcos Dias Moreira³
¹Doutoranda em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
²Doutora, Docente Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de
Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
³Mestre, Médico Veterinário autônomo, Uberlândia, Brazil. *Autor para
correspondência e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Recebido em: 31/03/2015 – Aprovado em: 15/05/2015 – Publicado em: 01/06/2015
ABSTRACT
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease characterized by chronic,
granulomatous, cheesy and necrotic process that affects especially the lungs and
lymph nodes. It caused by the tubercle bacillus, known as Mycobacterium bovis,
being the most common agent of bovine tuberculosis, but there is the possibility M.
tuberculosis that affects almost all species. This microorganism is a causative agent
of foodborne illness, with tuberculosis characterized as a zoonosis that causes
losses in the production of meat and milk in several countries. Tuberculosis can be in
the widely or not widespread in cattle, committing various tissues and or body or
affecting only a tissue or organ, respectively. We used data provided by the
Inspection Service of two slaughterhouses located in Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais
state, Brazil, in order to determine and analyze the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis
from January 2005 to December 2009, checking that the period in which the
incidence the disease was higher, the trend over the five years. The year 2007 was
most frequent (0.233%), and the prevalence in the period of five years was (0.17%).
Among the slaughterhouses significant difference in the monthly occurrence, annual
and total tuberculosis. The slaughterhouse under federal sanitary inspection service
showed occurrences greater than the slaughterhouse under municipal sanitary
inspection service.
KEYWORDS: Foodborne disease, Mycobacterium bovis, Bovine, Slaughterhouse
OCORRÊNCIA DE TUBERCULONE EM BOVINOS ABATIDOS SOB INSPEÇÃO
SANITÁRIA NO MUNICÍPIO DE UBERLÂNDIA, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
RESUMO
A tuberculose bovina é uma doença infecciosa caracterizada por apresentar
processo crônico, granulomatoso, caseoso e necrótico que afeta principalmente os
pulmões e linfonodos. É causada pelo bacilo da tuberculose, conhecido como
Mycobacterium bovis, é o agente mais comum da tuberculose bovina, porém há a
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possibilidade de infecção pelo M. tuberculosis que acomete quase todas as
espécies. Este microrganismo é um agente causador de doença alimentar, sendo a
tuberculose caracterizada como uma zoonose que provoca perdas na produção de
carne e leite em vários países. A tuberculose pode apresentar-se na forma
generalizada ou não generalizada nos bovinos, acometendo vários tecidos e ou
órgão ou acometendo apenas um tecido ou órgão, respectivamente. Foram
utilizados dados fornecidos pelo Serviço de Inspeção de dois matadouros-frigoríficos
localizados no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com o objetivo de
determinar e analisar a ocorrência da tuberculose bovina no período de janeiro de
2005 a dezembro de 2009, verificando qual o período em que a incidência da
doença foi maior, a tendência ao longo dos cinco anos. O ano de maior ocorrência
foi 2007 (0,233%), e a prevalência no período dos cinco anos foi de (0,17%). Entre
os matadouros-frigoríficos ocorreu diferença significativa na ocorrência mensal,
anual e total de tuberculose. O matadouro com serviço de inspeção sanitária federal
apresentou ocorrências superiores ao matadouro com serviço de inspeção sanitária
municipal.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Doença alimentar, Mycobacterium bovis, Bovino, MatadouroFrigorífico.
INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is the single most important inflammation of the lungs, especially
in cattle (SANTOS, 1979). Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious cattle disease
characterized by a chronic granulomatous process cheesy necrotic that mainly
affects the lungs and lymph nodes, caused by Mycobacterium bovis and
Mycobacterium caprae and can also affects small ruminants, birds, humans and
even other mammals (O’REILLY & DABORN, 1995; ARANAZ, 2003; SKUCE et al.,
2012; DOMINGO et al., 2014). Although the majority of human infections with
tuberculosis are caused by M. tuberculosis, some are caused by M. bovis, acquired
by eating or drinking cattle products such as raw milk moreover, infection can occur
by direct contact, as it infection is considered zoonosis becomes a public health
problem (OIE, 2010; CDC, 2011; HIKO & AGGA, 2011; MAMO et al., 2011; ZERU et
al., 2014).
Injuries caused by this infection may be presented localized or widespread,
being found in various tissues or organs. The caseous exudative typical
characteristic of tuberculosis is often not observed in infected company animals, and
the lesions are shown in proliferative form (DOMINGO et al., 2014). The location and
the spectrum of the lesions can be determined transmission way of bovine
tuberculosis. The most common route is inhalation of contaminated particles, in this
case the majority of the lesions are present in the nasopharynx and lower respiratory
tract, especially in their lungs and lymph nodes (NEILL et al., 2001). However, when
observed lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and some or no visible lesions in
the gut wall suggests that the contamination has been through the M. bovis ingestion,
either in water or contaminated pasture ration (MENZIES & NEILL, 2000). The tonsils
has also been considered a site of infection by M. bovis. Due to eradication programs
implemented in various countries, including Brazil, the transplacental infection routes,
genius or intramammary are uncommon (MENZIES et al., 2012; DOMINGO et al.,
2014).
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Disease onset occurs in the formation of a primary focus, which is mostly the
lung occurs later in lymphatic drainage, leading to damage in the form of caseous
injury to adjacent nodes, thereby forming a primary complex, difficult to heal, and
progresses rapidly or slowly. If it finds form the tuber that is nothing more than a
granulomatous mass, there is continuously growing granuloma increases and the
sequence can undergo necrosis and subsequent mineralization, or encapsulation.
There may be spread to various organs and this will vary according to the speed of
development and the way it is then for the spread and can be taken two forms of
tuberculosis, acute miliary tuberculosis and chronic tuberculosis (SOUZA et al., 1999;
DOMINGO et al., 2014).
During the slaughter of cattle, the inspection line, it is the verification of
organs, tissues and housing in search of some pathological change or not, being one
of the changes sought that observed in cases of tuberculosis. Depending on the state
animal before slaughter, the degree, the type and extent of the injury observed, what
is done by the federal sanitary inspection service to the infected carcass during
slaughter, varies and may be total condemnation of same or conditional use with
heat treatment, yet all organs which have their infected ganglia should be discarded
and also injured bodies, heads with injury are also condemned. Any housing to
present injury, even if it is intended to conditional using can be exported (BRASIL,
2010). The sanitary inspection service is of great importance for the detection of
tuberculosis (SHITTU et al., 2013), preventing contaminated food reaches the
consumer's table, ensuring their health.
Being tuberculosis a disease that in addition to harming the economy,
prevents exports and affects human health, the aim of this study was to analyze the
occurrence of tuberculosis in bovine slaughtered under sanitary inspection in two
slaughterhouses located in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in a period of five
years.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This research was developed in two slaughterhouses under sanitary
inspection service located in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from January
2005 to December 2009. This study was based on data and information coming from
slaughterhouses; by the records and maps provided by the Federal Inspection
Service (FIS) and the records and maps provided by the Municipal Inspection
Service (MIS). Data were collected from 216,888 cattle slaughtered in
slaughterhouse with MIS and 157,440 cattle slaughtered at the slaughterhouse with
FIS. The record of the number of occurrences of tuberculosis, from January 2005 to
December 2009, was ordained, tabulated and analyzed.
Data were statistically analyzed using Minitab software version 16 (TRIOLA,
2008), and was applied the Kruskal Wallis test or H test, which has the same goal as
the T test, but is best for non-normal data (series) which was the type of data
analyzed in this work
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total and Annual Occurrence of Tuberculosis
In the 5-year period analyzed (2005-2009), in Uberlandia city the occurrence
of bovine tuberculosis was in 2005 of 107 positive animals of 81208 animals
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slaughtered (0.131%), in the year 2006, 149 positive of 90396 slaughtered (0.165%),
in 2007, 187 positive of 80191 slaughtered (0.233%), in 2008, 139 positive of 61792
slaughtered (0.225%) and in 2009, 72 positive of 60741 slaughtered (0.119%). It is
observed that from 2005 to 2007 there was an increase in tuberculosis cases, and
from 2007 to 2009 cases fell. In 2009 was the year with the lowest incidence of
tuberculosis and in 2007 was the year of higher incidence of tuberculosis (Figure 1).
Relating the present data with REIS & ALMEIDA (2001) found that 0.08% of
the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais state,
Brazil in 1984-1998, noted an increase of 0.095% incidence of tuberculosis in this
municipality. But when compared with research by GUIMARÃES (2003), with
tuberculosis occurrence in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from 1984 to 2001
of 0.21%, we can notice a drop of 0.035% incidence of tuberculosis when compared
with this study had occurrence of tuberculosis 0.175%, in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais
state, Brazil in 2005-2009. The difference can be attributed due to climate variables,
cattle density and a change in the range of host and breeds (HUANG et al., 2013).
Still, bovine tuberculosis may vary among the flocks, and some herds have
various periods of infection and other peaks keeps free of infection. Furthermore, the
occurrence of bovine tuberculosis are not uniform, can occur sporadically, permanent
or recurrent form (SKUCE et al., 2012). It can also be influenced due to introduction
of infected animals in the herd, which is considered one of the main forms of
tuberculosis introduction in it (WHELAN et al., 2010).
The tuberculosis prevalence in other countries is much higher than that found
in this study, ranging from 12 to 65%, Mozambique, Uganda, Govuro (INANGOLET
et al., 2008; MOIANE et al., 2014). This fact can be explained by the climate
difference, the implementation of control and tuberculosis eradication programs in
Brazil, way of raising animals in other countries because as it is a disease whose
main route of transmission of the particular inhalation being so the density of the herd
can influence
Total and Annual Occurrence of Tuberculosis in each Slaughterhouse
During the five years analyzed (2005-2009), was observed 220 (0.101%)
animals positive for tuberculosis within 216,888 animals slaughtered in the municipal
slaughterhouse, and 434 (0.276%) animals positive for tuberculosis within 157440
animals slaughtered under federal inspection service slaughterhouse. It appears then
that the slaughterhouse with Federal Inspection Service has more occurrence of
bovine tuberculosis than in the slaughterhouse with Municipal Inspection Service,
although a few cases in the two slaughterhouses.
At the slaughterhouse with Federal Inspection Service he prevalence of
tuberculosis was 0.186% in 2005; 0.182% in 2006; 0.439% in 2007; 0.354% in 2008;
and 0.227% in 2009. At the slaughterhouse with Municipal Inspection obtained a
prevalence of 0.092% in 2005; 0.151% in 2006; 0.068% in 2007; 0.133% in 2008;
and 0.057% in 2009 (Figure 1). According to statistical analysis and the H test
performed comparing the data of the two slaughterhouses, found that H = 6.82; DF =
1; P = 0.009; where P <0.05 there is a significant difference between the occurrence
of tuberculosis per year between the two slaughterhouses.
The difference between the two slaughterhouses at the same time, can be
attributed to the fact that the origin of the animals despite being nearby regions, are
not always the same region, also the presence or absence of sources as infected
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wild animals can also interfere (WHITE et al., 2013). Futhermore bovine tuberculosis
may vary among the flocks, and the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis, is
sporadically, permanent or recurrent, not presenting a uniform behavior (SKUCE et
al., 2012). Still, the greatest prevalence found in the slaughterhouse with federal
inspection can be attributed to a greater number of trained agents, with closer
inspection, then detecting smaller and injuries. And also because the number of
animals slaughtered in the slaughterhouse with federal inspection be less than the
number of animals slaughtered at that with municipal inspection, for probably the
inspection line had lower speed that he brought down fewer animals, while allowing a
more detailed inspection.
FIGURE 1 Annual Occurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in slaughterhouse with
Federal Inspection Service (FIS), slaughterhouse with Municipal
Inspection Service (MIS), and total of the two (TOTAL), in a period
from January 2005 to December 2009, in Uberlandia City, Minas
Gerais State, Brazil.
The year with the highest occurrence in the municipal slaughterhouse was
2006 with 0.151% prevalence of tuberculosis and the lowest was 2009 with 0.057%;
in the federal slaughterhouse the year with high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis
was 2007 with 0.439% and the lowest was 2006 with 0.182% of tuberculosis cases.
The same year, mostly occurring at the municipal slaughterhouse was the lowest
occurrence in federal slaughterhouse, 2006 (Figure 1). These years had a higher
occurrence may be due to the presence of foci of infection for cattle slaughtered at
this time, or by varying the slaughtered herd.
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Monthly occurrence of Tuberculosis
The occurrence in every month of every year in the slaughterhouse with
Municipal Inspection and with Federal Inspection were compared and obtained the
results shown in the Figure 2, with the total occurrence percentage. The H test
observed H = 17.29 and P = 0.00 ; where p<0.05 has significant difference in
incidence of tuberculosis comparing each month between slaughterhouses.
FIGURE 2 Monthly Occurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in slaughterhouse with
Federal Inspection Service (FIS), slaughterhouse with Municipal
Inspection Service (MIS), and total of the two (TOTAL), in a period
from January 2005 to December 2009, in Uberlandia City, Minas
Gerais State, Brazil.
The federal slaughterhouse had important peaks of prevalence of tuberculosis
in March 2005 (0.830%), June 2007 (1.157%), March 2008 (1.082%) and June 2009
(1.538%) the latter being the highest peak. The municipal slaughterhouse had an
important peak in July 2008 (0.520%), other months remained low occurrence, and
until this peak that stood out from the other months in the slaughterhouse with
Municipal Inspection is lower than the peaks observed at the slaughterhouse with
Federal Inspection. In 2007 and 2009, the month of June was the month of highest
incidence observed in the federal slaughterhouse. At the municipal slaughterhouse,
July 2008 was the month with higher numbers. These peaks can be explained by the
fact that a wide range of livestock slaughtered in each slaughterhouse, with the ability
to focus on property (WHITE et al., 2013) that had slaughtered those months
specifically. In addition, tuberculosis is a respiratory disease it may be more common
in the colder seasons as autumn and winter, months up presented then within two
seasons and can also be a justification for the presence of peaks. One of the main
form of introduction of tuberculosis in cattle is the acquisition of animals infected with
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the causative agent (PÉREZ-LAGO et al., 2014), one justification to the peaks
observed the acquisition of new infected animals in herds led to the slaughter.
Further research will be carried out so that we can determine the real factors
the event of high tuberculosis in some periods of the year, and the occurrence of
difference between slaughterhouse with federal inspection and one with municipal
inspection.
CONCLUSION
The occurrence of tuberculosis in the slaughterhouse with municipal
inspection and slaughterhouse with federal inspection as well as the municipality of
Uberlandia, have low levels. And as an occasional or recurrent, without a uniform
behavior during each year and also within each year.
A lower speed on the slaughter line may favor a more detailed inspection,
allowing more reliable detection Tuberculosis.
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