________________________________Ciências Agrárias
AN UPDATED LIST OF PLANT FUNGI FROM
CEARÁ STATE (BRAZIL) II. RUSTS
Francisco das Chagas Oliveira Freire1
Reinhard Berndt2
RESUMO – O presente trabalho apresenta uma lista atualizada das espécies
de ferrugens (Basidiomicota, Uredinales), identificadas sobre plantas do estado do Ceará, atingindo, até o momento, um total de 113 espécies fúngicas
associadas a 129 plantas hospedeiras. O gênero com o maior número de espécies foi Puccinia, com 46 espécies, seguido por Uromyces, com 21 espécies.
Os gêneros Achrotelium, Chaconia, Dasyspora, Esalque, Hemileia, Kimuromyces,
Maravalia, Melampsora, Phragmidium, Porotenus, Physopella, Prospodium, Pucciniosira,
Sphaerophragmium, Sphenospora e Ypsilospora estão representados por uma espécie cada. Maravalia allophyli, Phakopsora merremiae, Prospodium bicristatum, Puccinia
tianguensis, Uredo calatheae, Uredo stryphnodendri e Uromyces cearensis são incluídas
como novas espécies. Dentre as espécies catalogadas, Coleosporium solidaginis,
Phakopsora euvitis, Puccinia horiana e Uromyces transversalis foram introduzidas
recentemente no Ceará através de material vegetativo infectado proveniente
da região Sudeste.
Palavras-chave: Ferrugens. Novas espécies. Levantamento.
1 INTRODUCTION
This unique group of fungi parasitizes a wide range of host
plants, including ferns, conifers and angiosperms, and have been
classified in the Order Uredinales of the Class Basidiomycetes. The
name rust fungi stems from the frequent orange to red-orange colour
of the rust sori (sporulating structures). Their relationships with their
hosts, on which they are completely dependent and with which they
1
Eng. Agrônomo, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 60.511-110, [email protected]
2
Biólogo, Ph.D., Micologist, ETH Zurich, Institute of integrative Biology (IBZ),
Switzerland
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have coevolved, are highly specialized. Although in their natural
habitat they behave as obligate biotrophic parasites (CUMMINGS &
HIRATSUKA, 2003). The only comprehensive study of rust fungi in
Ceará State was provided by Almeida (1988). As part of a project to
identify fungi associated with plants from Ceará State (Brazil), in
progress since 1997, we present in this work the second list which
encompasses rust fungi.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens have been collected from all types of vegetation in
different counties of Ceará state and examined using light (LM) and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All determinations were based
on a careful morphological study of the available spore stages and
assigned to species using standard literature (CUMMINGS &
HIRATSUKA, 2003).
When necessary, for comparative purposes, specimens were
borrowed from the following herbaria: Mycological Herbarium of the
Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil
(CCAM), Berlin (B) and Upsala (UPS). Holotypes were deposited in
Herbarium of Brasilia University (UB). Additional specimens have
been retained in the senior author,s personal herbarium (HFF), in
Fortaleza city, State of Ceará (Brazil).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All rust species so far confirmed on plants from Ceará State
are listed in Table 1. A total of 113 species and 129 host plants are
included. One hundred and nine rust species belong to holomorph
genera, while only Aecidium and Uredo are considered anamorphic.
Puccinia is the most common genus encompassing a total of 46 species,
followed by Uromyces with 21 species. Achrotelium, Chaconia, Dasyspora,
Esalque, Hemileia, Kimuromyces, Maravalia, Melampsora, Phragmidium,
Porotenus, Physopella, Prospodium, Pucciniosira, Sphaerophragmium,
Sphenophora and Ypsilospora are represented by only one species each.
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Species indicated by asterisks are new record for Ceará State or for
Brazil. All others species, otherwise stated, were already reported by
Almeida (1988). The species Maravalia allophyli, Phakopsora merremiae,
Prospodium bicristatum, Puccinia tianguensis, Uredo calatheae, Uredo
stryphnodendri and Uromyces cearensis represent new species and have
been published elsewhere (BERNDT, 2002; BERNDT & FREIRE,
2004; BERNDT et al., 2007; 2008). Puccinia fuireniphila is proposed as a
new name for Puccinia fuirenicola (BERNDT & FREIRE, 2004).
Phakopsora phyllanthi and Phakopsora vernoniae are newly reported for
Brazil and the New World, whilst Puccinia melaena is new for Brazil and
Tocoyena guianensis (Rubiaceae) is new host genus for this fungus
species. Arachis pintoi is also a new host for Puccinia arachidis in this
State.
Although rust infections are not generally fatal to plants, they
may severely limit growth and fruiting ability. Among the species listed
many are important pathogen of cultivated plants. The following
diseases caused by rut fungi are considered to be economically
important to farmers of Ceará State: corn leaf rust (Puccinia polysora),
coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), sugarcane rust (Puccinia
melanocephala), bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), cowpea rust (Uromyces
vignae), peanut rust (Puccinia arachidis) and sunflower rust (Puccinia
helianthi).
The species Coleosporium solidaginis, Phakopsora euvitis, Puccinia
horiana and Uromyces transversalis were recently introduced into Ceará
State through infected seedlings from southeast region (FREIRE et al.,
2004). Due to the frequent introduction of contaminated or infected
plant parts into Ceará State a strict eradication and control campaign
must be implemented aiming to protect the fruit and the ornamental
industries. However, all efforts by the Federal Plant Health Inspection
may fail if the trade and sell of these materials continue without
curtailment.
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55
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Table1 – Rust species on plants from Ceará State (Brazil).
(Continues)
Species
Aecidium cordiae Henn. & Magn.
A. erigerontis Kern. & Whetzel*
Achrotelium lucumae (Arth. & R. Johnston)
Cummins
Cerotelium fici (Butl.) Arth.
Chaconia brasiliensis Ono & Henn.*
Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schw.) Burr.*
C. solidaginis (Schyw.) Thuem.*
C. plumierae Pat.
C. vernoniae Berk. & Cut.
Crossopsora byrsonimatis (Henn.) R.S.
Peterson
C. notata (Arth. & J.R. Johnston) Arth.
Dasyspora gregaria (Kuntze) Henn.*
Esalque holwayi (H.S. Jacks.) J.F. Hennen,
Figueiredo & A.A. Carvalho
Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.
Kimuromyces cerradensis Dianese, Santos,
Medeiros & Furlaneto*
Maravalia allophyli R. Berndt & F. Freire*
Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.) Cast.*
Phakopsora crotonis (Burr.) Arth.
P. jatrophicola Cummins Ex Cummins
P. gossypii (Lagh.) Hirat.
P. cf. argentinensis (Speg.) Arth.*
P. lenticularis (Mains) Buriticá & J.F.Hennen *
P. melaena H. Syd.*
P. merremiae R. Berndt & F. Freire*
P. phyllanthi Dietel*
P. euvitis Ono*
56
Hosts
Cordia sp.
Conyza sp.
Lucuma grandiflora A. DC.
Ficus carica L.
Stryphnodendron coriaceum
Ipomoea sp.
Solidago canadensis L.
Plumeria alba L.
Elephantopus sp.
Byrsonima sp.
Byrsonima crassifolia H.B.K.
Xylopia sp.
Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.
Coffea arabica L.
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott
Allophylus sp.
Euphobia heterophylla L.
Croton sp.
Jatropha pohliana Muel. Arg.
Gossypium hirsutum L.
Croton sp.
Lasiacis sp.
Tocoyena guianensis
Merremia aegypta Mart.
Phyllanthus acidus Skeels.
Vitis vinifera L.
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Table1 – Rust species on plants from Ceará State (Brazil).
Species
P. vernoniae Joerstad*
Phragmidium sp.
Physopella compressa (Mains) Cummins &
Ramachar
Porotenus sp.*
Prospodium aff. anomalum*
P. tecomicola (Speg.) Jacks. Holw.
P. bicristatum R. Berndt & F. Freire*
Puccinia abrepta Kern
P. arachidis Speg.
P. arechavaletae Speg.
P. aristidae Tracy var. chaetariae Cummins &
Hussain
P. canaliculata (Schw.) Lagh.*
P. cenchri Diet. & Holw.
P.chaseana Arth. & Fromme
P. cnici-oleracei Pers. ex Desm.
P. conoclini Seym. ex Burr.
P. cucumeris Henn.
P. cynodontis Lacroix ex Desm.
P. cyperi Arth.
P. distinguenda (Syd.) Jacks. & Holw.
(continuation)
Hosts
Vernonia sp.
Rosa sp.
Axonopus compressus Beauv. ,
Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Memora sp.
Pleonotomus sp.
Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl)
Nicholson
Mansoa sp.
Cyperus sp.
Arachis hypogaea L.; Arachis
pintoi Krapov. & W.C.
Gregory
Cardiospermum sp., Paulinia
pinnata L., Serjania sp.
Aristida setifolia H.B.K.
Cyperus surinamensis Rottb.
Cenchrus echinatus L.
Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.)
Kuntze
Acanthospermum brasilum
Schrank, Emilia sonchifolia DC.,
Spilanthes acmella Murr.
Eupatorium ballotaefolium
H.B.K.
Cucumis anguria L.
Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers.
Cyperus sp., Kyllinga odorata
Vahl
Ipomoea batatas Poir., I.
crassicaulis Robinson , I.
fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy
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Table1 – Rust species on plants from Ceará State (Brazil).
(continuation)
Species
P. dolosa Arth. & Fromme var. circumdata
(Mains) Ramachar & Cummins
Hosts
Panicum maximum Jacq.
P. fuireniphila R. Berndt & F. Freire* comb.
nov.
P. helianthi Schw.
P. heterospora Berk. & Curt.
Fuirena umbellata Rottb.
P. horiana Henn.*
P. huberi Henn.
P. hydrocotyles Cke.
P. inaequata Jacks. & Holw.*
P. insueta Winter*
P. invaginata Arth. & Johnst.*
P. lantanae Farl.
P. lateritia Berk. & Curt.
P. lithospermi Ell. & Kell.
P. malvacearum Mont.*
P. melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd.**
P. melampodii Dietel & Holw.*
P. mogiphanis Arth.
P. neorotundata Cummins*
P. oahuensis Ell. & Ev.
P. obliqua Berk. & Curt.
P. oxalidis (Lév.) Dietel & Ellis
P. pappophori Cumm.
P. pelargoni-zonalis Doidge*
P. psidii Winter
58
Helianthus annuus L.
Herissantia tiubae (K. Schum)
Brizichy, Pseudabutilon spicatum
R.E.Fr., Sida spinosa L.,
Wissadula amplissima (L.) R.E.
Fries
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramt.
Panicum microspermum Fourn.
Hydrocotyle sp.
Vernonia sp.
Malpighiaceae
Gouania sp.
Lantana camara L.
Diodia sp.
Evolvulus sp.
Urena sp.
Saccharum officinarum L.
Melampodium sp.
Alternanthera polygonoide R. Br.
var. diffusa Mart.
Vernonia sp.
Digitaria horizontalis Willd.
Macroscepis sp.
Oxalis sp.
Leonotis sp.
Pelargonium zonale
Psidium guajava L., Myrcia sp.
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Table1 – Rust species on plants from Ceará State (Brazil).
(continuation)
Species
P. polysora Underw.
P. porophylli Henn.*
P. posadensis Sacc. & Trott.
P. purpurea Cke.
P. sorghi Schw.
P. thalliae Diet.
P. tianguensis R. Berndt & F. Freire*
P. ventanensis Mont.*
P. verbesinae Schw.
Pucciniosira pallidula (Speg.) Lagh.
Ravenelia cassiaecola G.F. Atk. var. cassiaecola*
Ravenelia cebil Speg.
R. cohniana Henn.
R. indigoferae Tranz. & Dietel
R. oligotheles Speg.*
R. pileolariodes Syd. & P. Syd.
R. pithecolobii Arth.
Sphaerophragmium acaciae (Cke.) Magn.
Sphenospora smilacina H. Syd.*
Uredo anthurii (Har.) Sacc.*
Uredo cf. borreriae (Henn.) Kern & Whetzel
Uredo calatheae R. Berndt & F. Freire*
U. centrosemae Viégas*
U. cf. chrysophylli Syd.*
U. coccolobae Henn.
Hosts
Zea mays L.
Porophyllum sp.
Andropogon condensatus H.B.K.
Sorghum vulgare Pers., S. bicolor
(L.) Moench
Zea mays L.
Canna indica L.
Hyptis sp.
Alternanthera brasiliana Moq.
Verbesina diversifolia DC.
Triumfetta sp.
Chamaecrista hispidula (Vahl)
Irv. & Barn.
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.)
Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.)
Altschul
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Albizzia inundata (Mart.)
Barneby & Grimes
Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.
Pithecellobium multiflorum Benth.
Albizzia lebbek Benth.
Smilax sp.
Anthurus sp.
Borreria sp.
Calathea neoviedii Petersen
Centrosema brasilianum (L.)
Benth.
Chrysophyllum sp., Sideroxylon
sp.
Coccoloba sp.
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Table1 – Rust species on plants from Ceará State (Brazil).
(continuation)
Species
U. cypericola Henn.
U. cf. guettardae Hirats. & Hashioka*
U. hymenaeae Mayor
U. ignava Arth.
U. stryphnodendri R. Berndt & F. Freire *
Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus
(Pers.) Unger
Hosts
Cyperus sp.
Guettarda angelica Mart.
Hymenaea sp.
Bambusa sp.; Guadua tagora
Kunth.
Stryphnodendron coriaceum
Benth.
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
U. appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var.
brasiliensis R. Alm.
Phaseolus lathyroides L., P. martii
Benth. , P. panduratus Mart.
U. asclepiadis Cke.
U. bauhiniae Henn.
U. bidenticola Arth.
U. blainvilleae Berk.
U. bradburyae Jacks. & Holw.
U. castaneus P. Syd. & Syd.
U. cearensis R. Berndt & F. Freire*
U. cestri Bert. ex Mont.
U. commelinae Cke.
U. cucullatus Syd. & P. Syd.
U. euphorbiae Cke. & Pk.
U. decoratus Syd.*
U. manihoticola Henn.
U. neurocarpi Diet.
Asclepias curassavica L.
Bauhinia sp.
Bidens pilosa L.
Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass.
Centrosema pubescens Benth.
Desmodium incanum DC.
Ipomoea sp.
Cestrum sp.
Commelina nudiflora L.
Wedelia scaberrima Benth.
Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.
Crotalaria retusa L.
Manihot esculenta Crantz
Clitoria laurifolia Poir , Galactia
sp.
Bauhinia sp.
Euphorbia hirta L.
Panicum maximum Jacq., Setaria
viridis Beauv.
U. perlebiae Vestergren
U. proeminens (DC) Pass.
U. setariae-italicae Yosh.
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Table1 – Rust species on plants from Ceará State (Brazil).
(conclusion)
Species
U. transversalis Winter*
U. vignae Barcl.*
Ypsilospora tucumanensis Hernandez et
J.F.Hennen*
Hosts
Gladiolus sp.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Inga sp.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Despite its small geographic area Ceará State presents a remarkable variation in its vegetation and a wide mycological biodiversity as shown in the table above. Many other rust species may be present in the ecologically different habitats waiting to be collected and
described.
AN UPDATED LIST OF PLANT FUNGI FROM CEARÁ STATE
(BRAZIL) II. RUSTS
ABSTRACT - This work presents an updated list of rust fungi (Basidiomycota,
Uredinales) from plants of Ceará State (Brazil). A total of 113 species and 129
host plants are included. Puccinia is the most common genus presenting a total of
46 species, followed by Uromyces with 21 species. Achrotelium, Chaconia,
Dasyspora, Esalque, Hemileia, Kimuromyces, Maravalia, Melampsora,
Phragmidium,
Porotenus,
Physopella,
Prospodium,
Pucciniosira,
Sphaerophragmium, Sphenospora and Ypsilospora are represented by only one species each. The species Maravalia allophyli, Phakopsora merremiae, Prospodium
bicristatum, Puccinia tianguensis, Uredo calatheae, Uredo stryphnodendri and
Uromyces cearensis represent new species. Coleosporium solidaginis, Phakopsora
euvitis, Puccinia horiana and Uromyces transversalis were recently introduced into
Ceará State through infected seedlings from southeast region.
Key words: Rust. Survey. New species.
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REFERENCES
ALMEIDA, R.T. Espécies de Uredinales do estado do Ceará. Fortaleza: Universidade Federal do Ceará. 1988. 39p. (Boletim Técnico
Científico, Série Fitotecnia 1).
BERNDT, R. New species, reports and observations on rust fungi.
Nova Hedwigia, v. 75, n.3/4, p. 415 – 431, 2002.
BERNDT, R.; FREIRE, F.C.O. New species of rust fungi from Brazil. Mycological Progress, v. 3, n. 3, p. 257 – 263, 2004.
BERNDT, R.; ROSSEL, A.; FREIRE, F.C.O. New species and reports of rust fungi (Basidiomycota, Uredinales) of South américa. Mycological Progress, v. 6, n. 1, p. 27 – 34, 2007.
BERNDT, R.; FREIRE, F.C.O.; PIATEK, M. New species of
Phakopsora (Basidiomycota, Uredinales) on Dissotis, Melhania and
Merremia from Cameroon, South Africa and Brazil. Sydowia, v. 60, p.
15-60, 2008.
FREIRE, F.C.O.; COSTA, A.K.F.; VIANA, F.M.P. Introduction of
four plant rust fungi in Ceará State (Brazil). In: CONGRESSO
BRASILEIRO DE MICOLOGIA, 4., 2004, Ouro Preto. Anais... Ouro Preto: Sociedade Brasileira de Micologia, 2004. p. 55.
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