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land policies and, 359, 369, 541, 577
Ligas Camponesas, 146
modernisation and, 486, 487
prices and, 577 See also inﬂation
productivity and, 346
recession and, 517
reform and, 145, 156, 541
rural society and, 586
rural workers. See workers, rural
Second World War and, 310
small farms, 486
subsistence level, 304
AIB. See Ação Integralista Brasileira
Albuquerque, José Lins de, 241
Albuquerque Lima, Afonso de, 190
Aleixo, Pedro, 51, 69
Alencar, José de, 276
Aliança Democrática, 232, 241
Aliança Liberal, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 25
Aliança Libertadora, 7, 9, 11, 12
Aliança Nacional Libertadora (ANL), 24, 35, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 47
Aliança Renovadora Nacional (ARENA), 166,
178
elections of 1974 and, 204, 205
Electoral College and, 231
MDB and, 210, 212, 213, 214
Aliança Social Trabalhista (PTB/PSD), 94, 99,
107, 147
Alkmin, José Maria, 127, 161, 172, 337
Almeida, José Américo de, 20, 45, 48, 49, 50, 74,
115
Almino, Afonso, 139, 146, 147
ALN. See Ação Libertadora Nacional
Alves, Hermano, 186, 187
Alves, Mário, 185
Amado, Jorge, 77
Amaral, Azevedo do, 60, 65
Amazon region, 346, 370, 378, 380, 539
ABE. See Associação Brasileira de Educação
ABI. See Asociação Brasileira de Imprensa
Abreu, Hugo, 210
Abreu, João Leitão de, 216, 223
Ação Democrática Parlamentar (ADP), 147
Ação Integralista Brasileira (AIB), 24, 35, 549
ANL and, 47
communism and, 36
Estado Novo and, 55
golpe of 1937 and, 52
ideology of, 35, 36
organization of, 35
putsch by, 55
Salgado and, 36, 55
Vargas and, 37
Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN), 185, 188
Ação Popular (AP), 149, 275
Ação Social Nacionalista, 479
Acordo Interpartidário, 107, 108
ADP. See Ação Democrática Parlamentar
Afonso, Almino, 146
Africa, 208
agrarian reform, 144
agriculture, 7, 52, 463, 573, 582 See also speciﬁc
crops
capital intensive, 485, 541
changes in, 379
credit in, 371
droughts and, 346
economic strategy and, 399
employment levels, 304, 456, 517
exports, 287 See also exports. See also speciﬁc
products
GDP and, 286, 378
general references, 569
Goulart and, 146
history of, 577
imports. See imports. See speciﬁc products
industry and, 356
591
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Index
Amazonas, João, 194
Amin, Esperidião, 258
Andrada, Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de, 11, 15, 30,
44
Andrade, Auro de Moura, 141, 162
Andrade, Doutel de, 181
Andrade, Mário de, 479
Andrade, Rodrigo Melo Franco de, 62
Andreazza, Mário, 225
ANL. See Aliança Nacional Libertadora
Araguaia foco, 194
Aranha, Oswaldo, 44, 55, 114, 296, 306, 331
banking and, 303
biographies of, 547
coffee and, 297
Liberal Alliance and, 15
mission to Washington, 306
resignation of, 51, 71
revolution and, 15
Vargas and, 11, 14, 20, 45, 48
ARENA. See Aliança Renovadora Nacional
Argentina
economy of, 308, 442, 443, 445
Falklands/Malvinas war, 224
Geisel and, 208
Lula and, 451
Paraná River and, 200
population of, 6
Sarney and, 416
Second World War, 308
Treaty of Asunción and, 246, 425
Arns, Paulo Evaristo, 194
Arraes, Miguel, 147, 176, 222, 237, 506
Arruda, Diógenes, 146
Asian crisis, 437
Asociação Brasileira de Imprensa (ABI), 201
Assis Brasil, Joaquim Francisco de, 11, 20, 25
Assis Chateaubriand, Francisco de, 116
Associação Brasileira de Educação (ABE), 474,
475, 523
Asunción, Treaty of, 246, 425
automotive industry, 214, 339, 341, 450, 451, 488
Azevedo, Fernando, 475
Bahia, 8, 11, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44,
49, 51, 69, 92, 96, 97, 98, 123, 127, 130, 141,
193, 195, 237, 252, 272, 304, 314, 474, 480,
509, 530
Baker Plan, 404
Banco Central do Brasil, 284, 295, 303, 366, 371,
373, 375, 384, 396, 401, 408, 410, 415, 419,
432, 433, 435, 439, 443, 446, 453
Banco do Brasil, 116, 291, 335, 340, 348
Central Bank and, 112, 371, 372, 408
credit control and, 385
© Cambridge University Press
foreign banks and, 313
growth of, 328
interest rates and, 384
Jafet and, 331
monetary policy and, 298, 299, 302, 366, 371,
384
stabilisation and, 324, 328, 331, 343
SUMOC and, 320, 372
Banco do Estado de São Paulo (Banespa), 435
Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (BNB), 372
Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH), 367,
371
Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Econômico e Social (BNDES), 333, 388,
432, 435
Banespa. See Banco do Estado de São Paulo
Bank of Brazil. See Banco do Brasil. See also
banking. See also speciﬁc topics
banking, 300, 312, 340, 399, 424, 578 See also
monetary policy. See exchange rates. See
interest rates. See also speciﬁc institutions,
topics
Aranha scheme, 303
BNH and, 367, 371
bonds and, 437
deﬁcit and, 324
ﬁnanceiras and, 367
gold standard, 296
inﬂation and, 318, 435
state banks, 331, 435, 449
SUMOC and, 320, 340, 358, 366, 372
Vargas and, 331
workers in, 472
Barbosa, Rui, 13
Barros, Ademar de, 95, 96, 104, 106, 109, 119, 121,
129, 155
Barroso, Gustavo, 36, 61
Basbaum, Leôncio, 15
Bastos, Abguar, 41
Bastos, Justino Alves, 159
beans, 286, 379
beef, 6, 286, 304, 308, 322
Belo Horizonte, 76, 79, 92, 118, 119, 146, 157, 159,
161, 235, 245, 253, 260, 265, 275, 342, 458,
492, 512, 537
Benario, Olga, 41
Bergamini, Adolfo, 12, 21
Berger, Harry, 39, 41
Berle, Aldolf A., Jr., 81, 87
Bernardes, Artur, 8, 11, 26, 96, 107
Bernstein, Edward, 335, 337
Bevilaqua, Peri Constant, 117, 187
Bezerra, Gregório, 41, 106
Bilac, Olavo, 161, 479
biônicos, 211, 216, 232
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blacks
afﬁrmative action and, 532, 590
civil service quotas, 532
education and, 531
miscegenation, 481
population, 481, 482
racism and. See race
slavery and, 7, 462, 480, 507
Vargas and, 482
Bloco Operário Camponês (BOC), 13
Bloco Parlamentar da Revolução, 177
Bloody Friday, 184
BNB. See Banco do Nordeste do Brasil
BNDES. See Banco Nacional do
Desenvolvimento Económico e Social
BNH. See Banco Nacional de Habitação
BOC. See Bloco Operário Camponês
Bonﬁm, Antônio Maciel, 39
Borges de Medeiros, Antônio Augusto, 11, 21, 26,
28, 29
Castilhos and, 12
interview with, 14
revolution and, 15
Vargas and, 12
Borghi, Hugo, 79, 104
Brady agreement, 423
LIBOR and, 423
Braga, Odilon, 51, 69
Braga, Saturnino, 222
Brás, Wenceslau, 11, 27
Brasil Grande strategy, 389
Brası́lia, 90, 149, 175, 337, 342, 489, 494
Brazil–United States Mixed Commission, 338
Brazilian Association for the Advancement of
Science (SBPC), 220
Brazilian Bar Association (OAB), 216, 220, 222,
243
Brazilian Light and Power, 389
Brazilian Traction, 325
Bresser Pereira, Luı́s Carlos, 410
Bresser Plan, 405, 410
Brizola, Leonel, 249, 263
cassados and, 171
Goulart and, 161
Grupos dos Onze and, 154
Kubitschek and, 128
Lacerda and, 183
Lula and, 275
PTB and, 147, 214
Browderism, 69
Bulhões, Octávio Gouveia de, 198, 360
bureaucratic system, 463, 464, 469
Burnier, João Paulo Moreira, 192
CACEX. See Carteira de Comércio Exterior
© Cambridge University Press
593
Café Filho, João, 105, 109, 334, 335
administration of, 119
contra-golpes and, 125
economic policy and, 571
IMF and, 364
Kubitschek and, 122
UDN and, 119
Cairns coalition, 417
Caixa de Amortização, 328
Caixa de Aposentadoria e Pensões (CAP), 470
Caixa de Estabilização, 291, 293
Caixa de Mobilização Bancária (CAMOB), 297,
328
Caixa Econômica Federal, 363, 371
Câmara, Dom Helder, 194
CAMOB. See Caixa de Mobilização Bancária
Campos, Francisco, 11, 50, 55, 60, 171, 474, 475,
476
Campos, Milton, 69, 120, 123, 130, 132, 161, 174
Campos, Roberto, 198, 241, 335, 337, 343, 354,
360
Campos Salles, Manuel Ferraz de, 327
Canada, 451
Cancún conference, 452
CAP. See Caixa de Aposentadoria e Pensões
Capanema, Gustavo, 55, 61, 476, 499
Cardoso de Mello Neto, José Joaquim, 49
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 222, 242, 257,
418
assessment of, 260
civil servants and, 261
coalition and, 260
Congress and, 259, 261
crisis and, 436
democracy and, 267
desenvolvimentistas and, 435, 436
devaluation and, 439
economic policies and, 257, 431, 435, 438, 448
elections of 1998 and, 262
exchange rates and, 435
exports and, 451
ﬁrst administration, 434
Franco and, 265
GDP growth and, 447
IMF and, 438, 446
inﬂation and, 259, 266, 429
Kubitschek and, 266
Lula and, 258, 264
Plano Real and, 257, 259, 273, 423, 431
PMDB and, 264
PSDB and, 259, 260, 262
Quadros and, 257
race relations and, 530
reforms and, 449
Russian crisis and, 441
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Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (cont.)
second administration, 264, 266, 439
trade and, 447, 449
Cardoso, Francisco, 114
Central Bank and, 440, 441
exchange rate and, 440
G7 and, 439
IMF and, 439
interest rates and, 440
taxes under, 450
Carneiro Leão reform, 475
Carteira de Comércio Exterior (CACEX), 389
Carvalho, Apolônio de, 185
Cascardo, Hercolino, 38
cassados, 171, 174, 212
Castelo Branco, Humberto de Alencar, 152, 157,
164, 167, 207, 360
AI-2 and, 178, 181
brother of, 252
cassados and, 174
castelistas and, 170
Costa e Silva and, 177
economic plan, 175
election of, 172
GDP and, 363
golpe of 1964 and, 556, 559
Goulart and, 556
government of, 173
hardliners and, 178
Institutional Acts and, 177
MDB and, 178, 181
military and, 172
new Constitution and, 182
reforms and, 369
STF and, 176
supporters of, 170
Castilhos, Júlio de, 12
Catholic Church, 168, 182, 220, 221, 222, 223
Ação Popular and, 180
activists and, 214
agrarian reform and, 488
AIB and, 35
birth control, 498
CNBB and, 194, 195
Comissão Pastoral da Terra, 487
corporate structure and, 473
during 1930–1945, 550
land reform and, 541
liberalization and, 562
military regime and, 183, 194
opposition to, 195
PCB and, 148
PDC and, 96
race relations and, 479
radicals in, 556
© Cambridge University Press
Vargas and, 52, 80
cattle-raising, 6, 286, 304, 308, 322
Cavalcanti, Carlos de Lima, 11, 21, 43, 44, 51, 57
CDE. See Conselho de Desenvolvimento
Econômico
Ceará, 521
cement, 339
CEMIG company, 338
CENIMAR. See Centro de Informações da
Marinha
census data, 6, 482, 485, 499, 503, 583
Central Bank. See Banco Central do Brasil. See
speciﬁc topics
Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT), 222,
244
centralization, 4, 25, 298, 368, 377, 378
Centrão coalition, 241, 242, 243
Centres of Internal Defense Operations
(CODIs), 191
Centre-West, 97, 512, 537, 538
Centro de Informações da Aeronáutica (CISA),
191
Centro de Informações da Marinha
(CENIMAR), 158, 191, 192
Centro de Informações do Exército (CIE), 191
Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História
Contemporânea do Brasil (CPDOC), 545,
558
CEPAL. See Economic Commission for Latin
America
CFCE. See Conselho Federal de Comércio
Exterior
CGT. See Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores
Chamber of Deputies, 97, 179, 197, 211, 214, 215,
238, 268 See Congressional elections,
Chandler, Charles, 185
Chapa Única, 30, 31, 32
Chaves, Aureliano, 217, 224, 233, 248
Chermont, Abel, 41
CHESF. See Companhia Hidroelétrica do São
Francisco
China, 135, 152, 208, 305, 451, 497
CIE. See Centro de Informacões do Exército
CIP. See Conselho Interministerial de Preços
CISA. See Centro de Informações da
Aeronáutica
Citizen’s Constitution, 518
civil rights, 63, 524, 528, 530
civil service, 58, 261, 324
Civil War, 16, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35
Cleofas, João, 110
CLT. See Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho
Clube 3 de Outubro, 21, 23
CNBB. See Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do
Brasil
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CNC. See Conselho Nacional do Café
CNI. See Confederação Nacional de Indústria
CNOP. See Comissão Nacional de Organização
Provisória
CNP. See Conselho Nacional do Petróleo
CNPq. See Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas
CNT. See Confederação Nacional dos
Trabalhadores
CNTI. See Confederação Nacional de
Trabalhadores da Indústria
coal, 314
cocoa, 304
Código dos Interventores (August 1931), 21
Coelho, Danton, 112
coffee, 13, 345, 567
agricultural imports, 4, 379
Aranha and, 297
exchange rates and, 331
Goulart and, 350
government and, 297, 299
industry and, 569
Inter-American Coffee Agreement of 1940,
307, 309
modernization and, 357
price of, 287, 290, 293, 294, 316, 322
rent-seeking and, 318
São Paulo and, 8, 11
Second World War and, 306, 308
tenentes and, 22
United States and, 68, 300, 316, 322, 332,
350
Vargas and, 332
Whitaker and, 295
world market, 287
Cohen Plan, 49
Cold War, 105, 151, 172, 229
COLINA. See Comando de Libertação Naconal
Collor de Mello, Fernando, 246, 396,
418
administration of, 250
cabinet of, 252
carapintadas and, 253
Congress and, 252, 253
elections and, 251
family of, 246
impeachment of, 253, 254, 268, 423
inﬂation and, 251, 252, 253, 511
Lula and, 247, 248
ministries and, 251
neo-liberalism of, 510
PMDB and, 251
PRN and, 246
stabilisation plans. See Plano Collar I and II
Collor, Lindolfo, 13, 20, 22
Collor, Pedro, 252
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595
colonization, 59
Comando de Libertação Nacional (COLINA),
185, 188
Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores (CGT), 141,
148
labour unions, 148
Comissão de Estudos Financeiros e Econômicos
de Estados e Municı́pios, 298
Comissão Nacional de Organização Provisória
(CNOP), 69
commercial arrears, 296, 298, 300, 306, 329, 330,
334
communications, 467, 483, 488
Communists and communism. See Partido
Comunista do Brasil/Partido Comunista
Brasileiro (PCB). See Partido Comunista
do Brasil (PCdoB)
Companhia de Energia Elétrica Rio-Grandense,
351
Companhia Hidroelétrica do São Francisco
(CHESF), 326
Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, 58, 244, 313,
424
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, 57, 314, 334, 340,
449
CONCLAT. See Coordenacao Nacional da
Classe Trabalhadora
Confederação dos Trabalhadores do Brasil
(CTB), 103, 106
Confederação Nacional de Indústria (CNI),
151
Confederação Nacional de Trabalhadores da
Indústria (CNTI), 122, 148
Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores
(CNT), 103
Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na
Agricultura (CONTAG), 148, 487
Confederación de Trabajadores de América
Latina (CTAL), 76, 102
Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil
(CNBB), 138, 183, 194, 195, 222, 243
Congressional elections, 85, 90, 97, 165, 236,
243, 257, 268 See also speciﬁc persons, parties
elections of 1934, 85
elections of 1945, 89, 90, 96
elections of 1947, 104
elections of 1950, 108, 111
elections of 1954, 119, 120, 127, 142
elections of 1958, 96, 128
elections of 1962, 96, 142, 146
elections of 1966, 181
elections of 1970, 195
elections of 1974, 204
elections of 1978, 211
elections of 1982, 218
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Congressional elections (cont.)
elections of 1986, 236, 237, 238
elections of 1990, 251
elections of 1994, 257
elections of 1998, 263
elections of 2002, 277, 278
Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico
(CDE), 338, 388
Conselho de Polı́tica Aduaneira (CPA), 345, 388
Conselho de Segurança Nacional (CSN), 56
Conselho Federal de Comércio Exterior
(CFCE), 52, 57, 304
Conselho Interministerial de Preços (CIP), 389
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq), 457
Conselho Nacional do Café (CNC), 57, 297,
298, 299
Conselho Nacional do Petróleo (CNP), 57, 314
Conselho Técnico de Economia e Finanças
(CTEF), 314
Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), 63, 315,
473
Constitution of 1891, 4, 18, 31
Constitution of 1934, 30, 31, 32, 43, 548
Constitution of 1937, 54, 171
Constitution of 1946, 86, 90, 96, 100, 125, 182,
231, 368, 554
Constitution of 1967, 195, 231, 234, 240, 241
Constitution of 1988, 242, 243, 256, 261, 406,
413, 518
balance of power and, 413
regions and, 243
Constitutionalism, 26
construction industry, 464, 488
Contribuição Provisória sobre Movimentações
Financeiras (CPMF), 450
Convergência Socialista, 275
Coordenação da Mobilização Econômica, 58, 314
Coordenacao Nacional da Classe Trabalhadora
(CONCLAT), 222, 243
Cordeiro de Farias, Oswaldo, 51, 57, 109, 110,
139, 160
Cordeiro, Cristiano, 69
corn, 286
corporatism, 63, 65, 472, 487
Correa e Castro, Pedro, 324
Correia, Adalberto, 41
Correia de Melo, Francisco de Assis, 160, 169
Costa e Silva, Artur da, 300
AI-5 and, 186
bomb attack, 180
Castelo Branco and, 177, 208
economic policy and, 300, 370, 376
election of, 180
ﬁscal incentives, 380
golpe of 1964 and, 160, 164, 169, 175, 176, 559
© Cambridge University Press
government of, 182
stroke, 190
Costa, Artur de Souza, 55, 300
Costa, Fernando, 75
Costa, Miguel, 10, 21, 22, 25
Costa, Otávio, 192
Costa, Zenóbio da, 110, 117, 122
cotton, 302, 308, 322, 328, 451, 569
Couto e Silva, Golbery do, 115, 152, 174, 202,
216, 558
Couty, Louis, 4
Covas, Mário, 242, 247, 248, 265
CPA. See Conselho de Polı́tica Aduaneira
CPDOC. See Centro de Pesquisa e
Documentação de História
Contemporânea do Brasil (CPDOC)
CPMF. See Contribuição Provisória sobre
Movimentações Financeiras
credit policies, 363
crime
murder rates, 514
crime rates, 462, 514
Cruzada Democrática, 113
Cruzado Plan, 237, 405, 406, 409, 511, 579
CSN. See Conselho de Segurança Nacional
CTAL. See Confederación de Trabajadores de
América Latina
CTB. See Confederação dos Trabalhadores do
Brazil
CTEF. See Conselho Técnico de Economia e
Finanças
CTG
Goulart and, 161
Cuba, 132, 134, 148, 153, 184, 351
Cuban Revolution, 132
CUT. See Central Única dos Trabalhadores
Czechoslovakia, 15
Dantas, Francisco San Tiago, 140, 141, 154, 351,
352, 353
Dantas, João, 15
Dante amendment, 222
DASP. See Departamento Administrativo de
Serviço Público
Davis, Horace B., 468
Delﬁm Neto, Antônio, 182, 241, 370, 386,
397
Dellamora, Carlos Afonso, 192
democratization, 70, 228, 234, 565 See also speciﬁc
elections, topics
in Brazil, 99
elections and, 75, 104, 268, 271
federal system and, 270
ﬂaws in, 268
formal vs. substantive, 273
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liberalization and, 564
numbers voting, 273
party-switching and, 269
Second World War and, 551
third wave of, 221
in 2000, 268
United States and, 221
Vargas and, 70, 72
Denys, Odı́lio, 83, 127, 135, 136, 137, 138
Deodoro da Fonseca, Manoel, 7
Departamento Administrativo de Serviço
Público (DASP), 58, 314, 469
Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda
(DIP), 59, 60, 61
Departamento de Ordem Polı́tica (DOPS), 59
Departamento Nacional de Obras contra as
Secas (DNOCS), 346
Departamento Nacional do Café (DNC), 57,
297, 298, 299
desenvolvimentistas, 441
developing countries, 417
diamond mining, 322
Diegues Júnior, Manuel, 509
DIP. See Departamento de Imprensa e
Propaganda
Dirceu, José, 275
diretas já movement, 222, 225, 229, 232, 242
DNC. See Departamento Nacional do Café
DNOCS. See Departamento Nacional de Obras
contra as Secas
domestic service, 464
Domingues, Aﬁf, 241
DOPS. See Departamento de Ordem Polı́tica
Dornelles, Ernesto, 110
Dornelles, Francisco, 233, 404
Dreifuss, René, 151
Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 254
administration of, 100, 554
CNT and, 103
Communists and, 105
Congress and, 99
CTB and, 103
economic policy, 570
elections of, 85, 319
foreign reserves and, 321
GDP and, 336, 358
Góis Monteiro and, 15, 48, 53, 56
gold reserves and, 321
industrial output and, 336
inﬂation and, 324
labour unions and, 102, 106
military and, 43, 55, 86
oil and, 326
PCB and, 104, 106
Prestes and, 78
© Cambridge University Press
597
PSD and, 86, 88
PTB and, 101
SALTE Plan and, 325
support for, 107
UDN and, 108
Vargas and, 71, 75, 78, 85
Dutra, Olı́vio, 265, 266
East Germany, 134
economic boom, 299
Economic Commission for Latin America
(CEPAL), 338
education, 5, 61
ABE and, 523
blacks and, 531
Campos reforms, 476
compulsory, 522
culture and, 549
enrolment, 459, 522
Estado Novo and, 476
expansion of, 520
FUNDEF and, 524, 544
funding for, 523
gender and, 521
higher, 475, 500, 522
history of, 588
inequalities in, 541, 588
level of, 460
literacy and, 477
primary, 477, 501, 521, 523
proﬁciency test, 524, 541
race and, 521
reforms in, 473, 499, 588
Revolution of 1930 and, 475
SAEB Plan, 523
secondary, 522
social inequality and, 540
technical, 476
tiers of, 588
UFRJ and, 476
universities, 475
urbanisation and, 522
voting and, 5
EEC. See European Economic Community
EFTA. See European Free Trade Association
Elbrick, Charles Burke, 189
elections. See Congressional elections; municipal
elections; presidential elections; See state
elections
Electoral College, 211, 220, 221, 226, 231, 234
electric power, 287, 298, 424, 442, 443
electric products, 388
electricity, 495
Eletrobrás, 368
Eloy Chaves Law. See Lei Eloi Chaves
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energy crisis, 442
energy imports, 289
energy utilities, 338
Erhard Plan, 418
Ernesto (Batista), Pedro, 12, 21, 24, 42
Escola Superior da Guerra (ESG), 117, 122, 124,
132, 169, 170, 174
Esquerda Democrática (ED), 78
Estado Novo (1937–1945), 54, 549 See also speciﬁc
persons, topics,
administration of, 57
agencies under, 57
AIB and, 55
authoritarianism and, 65
Carta Constitucional, 54, 62
civil rights and, 63
CLT and, 103
co-optation during, 65
corporalist system, 63
corporatism and, 63, 65
DASP and, 58
democratization and, 73
dictatorship in, 58, 159
economics and, 305
education and, 476
end of, 3, 69, 551
establishment of, 4, 53, 549
fascism and, 65, 70, 87
free press and, 61
golpe of 1937 and, 51
immigrants and, 59
labour and, 62, 64, 65, 473
Labour Code, 63
middle class and, 53
military and, 55, 56, 58
opposition to, 68
PSD and, 75
repression under, 58, 59, 61
Revolution of 1930, 19, 57
social policy, 61
social rights, 63
support for, 53
United States and, 316, 551
urban workers and, 62
Vargas and, 3, 52, 55
Etchegoyen, Alcı́des, 113
ethanol, 577
ethnic communities, 59 See also race relations
Europe of the Nine, 290
Europe of the Six (EC-6), 288, 289
European Economic Community (EEC), 403,
415
European Free Trade Association (EFTA),
415
European Union, 451
Ewert, Arthur Ernst, 39
© Cambridge University Press
exchange rates, 284, 322, 571, 573
banking and, 296
Cardoso government, 435
coffee and, 331
controls, 300, 306, 330, 342, 401
crawling-peg, 373, 438
crisis of, 329
demand and, 398
devaluation and, 294, 440, 441
direct foreign investment and, 324
exports and, 398
external bonds and, 447
foreign capital and, 340
foreign debt and, 330
foreign exchange and, 299, 568
freeze on, 420
Goulart and, 353
government and, 296, 299
imports and, 318, 320
indexation and, 373, 401
inﬂation and, 322, 361, 401
Instrução 70 and, 344
interest rates and, 443
Law 1807, 330, 332
pegged rates, 364
for period 1980–1994, 396
for period 1994–2000, 433
Plano Real and, 580
postwar period, 318
rent-seeking and, 358
since 1980, 396
swaps, 345
terrorist attacks and, 443
United States and, 291, 300, 330
Vargas and, 305
Export and Import Bank (Eximbank), 325, 330
exports, 284
ALADI and, 415
Cruzado Plan, 413
devaluation and, 412
Europe and, 350
exchange rates and, 398
expansion of, 387, 390
foreign policy and, 373
imports and, 333
improvement in, 412
incentives, 364, 582
increase in 1968–1973, 374
Kubitschek and, 345
Latin American economies and, 382
manufactures and, 374
Middle East and, 382
peaks in, 365
since 1980, 396, 433
subsidies, 382, 403, 416
tariff policy and, 582
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tax rebates and, 373
United States and, 350, 415, 451
external shocks, 395
Fábrica Nacional de Motores (FNM), 57,
314
Falklands/Malvinas war, 224
Farias, Paulo César, 252, 253
fascism, 549
Estado Novo and, 65, 70
Integralistas and, 21, 47. See AIB
Italy and, 35, 473, 540
military and, 172
Vargas and, 66, 69
Fausto, Boris, 3
favela, deﬁned, 468
FEB. See Força Expedicionária Brasileira
Federal District. 98 See Rio de Janeiro,
Federal Foreign Trade Council. See Conselho
Federal de Comércio Exterior
feijão com arroz policy, 410
Ferrari, Fernando, 132
Ferreira, Joaquim Câmara, 185
fertilizers, 424
FGTS. See Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de
Serviço
Fiel Filho, Manuel, 206
Figueiredo, Euclı́des, 28
Figueiredo, João Batista, 241, 386
amnesty bill and, 213
Dante amendment and, 223
direct elections and, 224
GDP and, 395
Geisel and, 209
heart attack, 217
liberalization and, 562
military and, 167, 216
oil shock and, 397
Figueiredo, Morvan Dias, 104
First Republic (1889–1930), 3
Constitution of 1891 and, 4
decentralisation and, 474
elections and, 7, 9
end of, 19
ﬁrst presidents, 7
military and, 7
Minas Gerais and, 8
political system of, 4
São Paulo and, 8
United States and, 5
urban population, 6
Vargas and, 18
voting and, 5, 6, 7
Fiscal Responsibility Law, 448
Fiúza, Ricardo, 241
Fiúza, Yedo, 84, 88
© Cambridge University Press
599
Flores da Cunha, José Antônio, 21, 27, 28, 30,
42, 43, 45, 53
Fonseca, Hermes da, 9
food industries, 286, 304, 464, 488
Força Expedicionária Brasileira (FEB), 55
Ford, Gerald, 208
foreign debt, 568, 576
agreement of 1988 and, 413
bonds and, 422, 446
coffee and, 294
Costa e Silva and, 376
crisis and, 397, 510
deﬁcit and, 400
deﬁnition of, 400
during late 1920s, 290
exchange rates and, 330, 438 See also exchange
rates
Goulart and, 351
inﬂation and, 400
Kubitschek and, 345
monetary policy and, 414
private sector and, 422
recovery and, 453
since 1980, 396, 433
stabilisation and, 580
suspension of interest, 415
trade surplus and, 453
U.S. and, 351, 386
foreign direct investment, 284, 396, 433, 582
devaluation and, 441
during 1920s, 290
exchange rate and, 324, 441
GDP and, 375, 422
Great Britain and, 303, 323
industry and, 375
inﬂation and, 396
private sector and, 340
privatisation and, 450
public services and, 298
sources on, 573, 582
SUMOC and, 358
U.S. and, 303
Fortunato, Gregório, 117
FPN. See Frente Parlamentar Nacionalista
Fraga, Armı́nio, 439
France, 25, 39, 135, 191, 208, 288, 307, 375,
476
Franco, Gustavo, 438
Franco, Itamar, 254, 266, 423, 438
Cardoso and, 265
government of, 255, 434
inﬂation and, 396
national referendum, 255
Plano Real and, 511
stabilisation plan, 256
temperament of, 423
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Franco, Virgı́lio de Melo, 11
Frazier, Franklin E., 477
Free Trade Area of the Americas, 427, 451
Freire, Paulo, 500
Freitas, Antônio de Pádua Chagas, 210
Frente Ampla, 182, 183, 185
Frente Liberal, 224, 229
Frente Nacional de Redemocratização, 210
Frente Negra Brasileira, 482
Frente Parlamentar Nacionalista (FPN), 128, 146
Frente Popular, 109, 128
Frente Trabalhista, 275, 277
Frente Única Gaúcha (FUG), 11, 26
Frente Única Paulista (FUP), 25, 26
Freyre, Gilberto, 60, 480
Frota, Sı́lvio, 207
fruits, 379
FTGS. See Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de
Serviço
Funaro, Dilson, 404, 407, 410
FUNDEF, 524, 544
funding loan, 295, 303
Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço
(FGTS), 198, 369, 379
Fundo Federal de Eletriﬁcação, 333
Fundo Social de Emergência, 426, 427
furniture industries, 464, 488
Furtado, Celso, 149, 353, 574
G-7 meetings, 439
G-10 coalition, 417
G-20 coalition, 451
Gama, Almerinda Farias, 31
Gama e Silva, Luı́s Antônio da, 182
Garotinho, Anthony, 266, 274
Gaspari, Elio, 188
GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade. See speciﬁc rounds
gaúcho tradition, 4, 10, 12, 13, 546
GDP. See gross domestic product
Geisel, Ernesto, 201, 385, 559, 575
administration of, 559
AI-5 and, 202
Costa e Silva and, 177
economic policies, 220, 385
election of, 201, 205
Figueiredo and, 209
foreign policy and, 208
GDP growth and, 387
Institutional Act and, 203
labour movement and, 214
liberalization and, 201, 207, 227, 562
MDB and, 203, 206, 210
military regime and, 206
oil shock and, 381
© Cambridge University Press
pacote de abril and, 210
program of, 167
Geisel, Orlando, 200
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), 403, 417, 425
Generation of 1907 law students, 11, 15
German, Clifford, 106
Germany, 25, 35, 41, 65, 87, 134, 189, 208, 288,
294, 302, 304, 307, 309, 344, 375, 418
compensation trade, 302, 303, 306, 317
imports and, 289
nuclear programme and, 389
trade with, 301, 317
Vargas and, 550
Ghioldi, Rodolfo, 40, 41
Gini index, 461, 503, 505, 533, 534
Góis Monteiro, Pedro Aurélio de, 44, 53, 56, 547
Civil War and, 33, 36
Dutra and, 48, 71, 100
fascism and, 47
PCB and, 104
revolution and, 15, 17, 19
Vargas and, 15, 21, 36, 42, 84
gold reserves, 296, 321, 330, 345
gold standard, 293, 295
Goldemberg, José, 252
golpe of 1937, 43, 48, 51, 57, 83, 570
civilian leadership and, 49, 56
Estado Novo and, 51
federal control and, 314
Góis Monteiro and, 49
Integralists and, 52
Vargas and, 18, 305
golpe of 1964, 168
cassados and, 171, 172
Castelo Branco and, 556, 559
Constitution and, 165
Costa e Silva and, 169, 559
Goulart and, 139, 156, 157, 168
Institutional Acts and, 165, 171
Kruel and, 159
left/right and,
military and,
U.S. and, 162, 199, 558
UDN and, 95
workers and, 489
Gomes, Angela de Castro, 65
Gomes, Ciro, 263, 274
Gomes, Eduardo, 51, 75, 81, 108, 109
1950 elections and, 110
defeated in 1945, 88
Prestes and, 78
Vargas and, 78
Gomes, João, 42
Gomes, Paulo Emı́lio Sales, 78
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Gonçalves, Leônidas Pires, 226
Good Neighbor policy, 72
Goodwin, Richard, 152
Gordon, Lincoln, 146, 152, 154, 158
Gorender, Jacob, 185
Goulart, João ‘Jango’, 349, 365
administration of, 139, 555
agriculture and, 146, 156
balance of payments and, 364
Brizola and, 161
cassados and, 171
Castelo Branco and, 556
Centre-Right and, 140
coffee and, 350
comı́cio and, 155
communism and, 137, 157
Congress and, 146
crisis of 1960s and, 572
CTG, 161
economic policy and, 150, 354
exile of, 161, 162, 168
failures of,
foreign policy, 557
GDP and, 358
golpe and, 124, 139, 156, 157, 168
inﬂation and, 352, 353
Kruel and, 159
labour unions and, 115, 137, 146
Lacerda and, 153, 183, 556
land reform, 147
military and, 138, 142, 147, 149, 157
monetary policy and, 349
novembrada and, 124
Operation Brother Sam, 162
opposition to, 137, 151, 153, 154, 168
overthrow of, 556
parliamentary system and, 138, 139
presidentialism and, 141, 142
PTB and, 120, 148, 154, 349
Quadros and, 135
referendum of 1963, 142, 143, 353
reform and, 147, 150, 155
return of, 139
Right and, 155
rural workers and, 487
strikes and, 151
UDN and, 138, 146
United States and, 152, 153, 157, 162
Vargas and, 144, 333
wages and, 489
workers and, 146, 147
Grabois, Maurı́cio, 146, 194
Great Britain, 289
Anglo-Brazilian agreement of 1940, 323
beef and, 308
© Cambridge University Press
601
cotton and, 308
exports to, 307
imports from, 289
investment and, 303, 313
Second World War and, 313
sterling balances, 323
trade with, 317
United States and, 323
Vargas and, 550
gross domestic product (GDP), 283, 285 See also
speciﬁc policies, products; speciﬁc programs,
sectors; speciﬁc topics
agriculture and, 286
Castelo Branco and, 363
decline in, 355
deﬁcits and, 327
Dutra and, 336, 358
economic boom and, 356
export-GDP ratio, 288
falls in, 510
ﬁxed investment and, 287
foreign reserves and, 311
Goulart and, 358
growth in, 285, 380, 411
import substitution and, 355, 358, 390
industry and, 286, 304, 336, 395
inﬂation and, 328 See also inﬂation
internal debt and, 292
Kubitschek and, 352, 358
military regime and, 395
monetary policy and, 313
from 1930–1980, 395
from 1942–1962, 336, 355
from 1945–1980, 484
from 1968–1973, 378
from 1970s to 2000, 395
from 1980–1994, 396, 415
from 1994–2004, 432, 433
1993–1994 increases, 428
Programa de Metas, 347
public debt and, 371, 422
public expenditure and, 310
regional shares, 390
regions and, 285
Second World War, 308, 310
textiles and, 286
Vargas and, 358
variation in, 285, 355, 380, 428
Grupo de Trabalho para o Desenvolvimento do
Nordeste (GTDN), 346, 353
Grupos dos Onze, 154
Guanabara, 95, 98, 147, 175, 197, 205
Gudin, Eugênio, 119, 315, 319, 334, 335
Guedes, Carlos Luı́s, 159
guerillas, 214, 560
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Guevara, Che, 184, 189
Guimarães, Ulysses, 127, 140, 201, 222, 227, 232,
236, 247
Hanna Corporation, 351
Harris, Marvin, 507, 509
health
mortality rates, 514
health systems, 460, 584
Heck, Sı́lvio, 135, 137
Herzog, Vladimir, 206
Hoffman, Rodolfo, 505
Holanda, Sergio Buarque de, 60
Hora do Brazil radio programme, 65, 73
Horta Barbosa, Júlio Caetano, 56, 110, 113
Horta, Oscar Pedrosa, 137
housing, 367, 468
human rights, 208, 389
hydropower, 326, 340, 442
IAP. See Instituto de Aposentadoria e Pensões
IAPs. See Institutos de Aposentadorias e Pensões
IBAD. See Instituto Brasileiro de Açao
Democrática
ICMS. See Imposto Sobre Circulação de
Mercadorias e Serviços
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
immigration, 59, 466, 583, 589
imports, 284, 296, 301, 332 See also speciﬁc
products, countries
anti-import sentiments, 321
balance-of-payments and, 376, 381, 383
categories of, 344
CET rate, 427
controls on, 321
deﬁcit and, 375
domestic supplies and, 304
energy and, 289
essentiality of, 331
exchange rates and, 318, 320
Franco and, 434
free market and, 348
GDP and, 355, 358, 390
Germany and, 289
Great Britain, 289, 307, 317
industrialization and, 484, 515
laissez-faire and, 392
liberalization and, 245, 329, 375, 450
nonessential, 316
overvaluation and, 450
during period 1953–1964, 332
during period 1980–1994, 396
during period 1994–2004, 433
Plano Real and, 427
Programa de Metas, 341
© Cambridge University Press
protectionism, 425, 576
rationing, 316
remittances, 350
repression of, 382
special category imports, 365
substitution of, 304, 309, 316, 341, 357, 390,
484, 515
tariffs and, 289, 301, 304, 326, 341, 365, 375,
383, 392
United States, 289, 415
Vargas and, 305, 329
Imposto Sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e
Serviços (ICMS), 450
Imposto sobre Operações Financeiras (IOF), 372
income tax, 362, 385, 408
India, 403, 417
industry, 569, 573, 582 See also speciﬁc types
agriculture and, 356
blacks in, 482
BNDES and, 388
Brasil Grande strategy, 389
clothing, 464
CNTI and, 148
coffee and, 569
commercial policy and, 569
concentration of, 467
consumer goods, 484
decline in, 384
employment levels, 456
food, 464
furniture, 464
GDP and, 286, 304, 336, 378, 395
import substitution and, 484, 488, 515, 519
incentives for, 388
industrial boom, 375, 380
Kubitschek and, 484
labour market and, 488
metropolitan regions, 491, 518
modernisation and, 357, 457
oil shock and, 399
in postwar years, 484
productivity and, 346
protection of, 576
role of industrialists, 563
São Paulo and, 467, 484
Second World War and, 310, 483
structural difﬁculties of, 577
traditional, 488
urbanisation and, 491, 518
workers and, 468, 585 See also workers
inequalities
income and, 502
poverty and. See poverty
social, 462
infant mortality, 390
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inﬂation, 237, 342, 489, 572
capital market reform, 367
causes of, 344
chronic, 406
Collor de Mello and, 511
demand and, 398
depreciation and, 447
exchange rates and, 322, 361, 401
foreign debt, 400
GDP and, 328
Goulart and, 352, 353
high rates, 395, 398
IMF and, 403
indexation and, 366, 395, 398, 404, 405, 406,
411, 575
inertial, 406, 579
interest rates and, 443
interpretations of, 575
monetary policy and, 391
oil shocks and, 387
overinvestment and, 401
performance criteria, 400
Plano Real and, 429, 431
price controls, 370, 384, 411
Quadros and, 348
recession and, 397
Sarney administration 1985–90, 417
Second World War and, 309
stabilisation plans, 353, 360, 395, 406
target for, 397
tax system and, 434
wages and, 398
informatics, 427
infrastructure, 57, 107, 144, 286, 319, 323, 325,
330, 336, 337, 359, 368, 377, 388, 460, 465,
493
Institutional Act no. 1 (AI-1), 171, 172, 174
Institutional Act no. 2 (AI-2), 177
Institutional Act no. 3 (AI-3), 177
Institutional Act no. 4 (AI-4), 182
Institutional Act no. 5 (AI-5), 166, 186, 187, 202,
203, 212
Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática
(IBAD), 151, 152
Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento
Florestal (IBDF), 372
Instituto de Aposentadoria e Pensões (IAP), 64,
472
Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais (IPES),
151
Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool (IAA), 57, 298
Institutos de Aposentadorias e Pensões (IAPs),
472
insurance sector, 312
Integralistas. See Ação Integralista Brasileira
© Cambridge University Press
intellectual property, 403, 417
intellectuals, 60, 214, 479, 498
intelligence sevices, 377
Inter-American Coffee Agreement of 1940, 307,
309
Inter-American Development Bank, 413, 438
interest rates, 284, 510
Asian crisis and, 437
banking and, 371, 384 See also banking
exchange rates and, 442, 443 See also
exchange rates
GDP and, 398
inﬂation and, 443 See inﬂation,
international, 510
Lula and, 447, 452
money supply and, 408 See also monetary
policy
stabilisation and, 407 See also stabilisation
plans
International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development. See World Bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 221, 320,
343, 344, 353, 364, 399, 400, 403, 404, 410,
413, 438, 441, 442, 445, 446, 449, 576
International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT),
351
IPES. See Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos
Sociais
iron, 288, 314, 339, 424, 449
Israel, 208
ITT. See International Telephone and Telegraph
Jafet, Ricardo, 112, 328, 331
Jaguaribe, Hélio, 252
Japan, 307, 527
Jews, 551
Jornal Nacional, 249
Julião, Francisco, 132, 145
Juventude Universitária Católica ( JUC), 148
Kelly, Prado, 107
Keynesian theory, 297, 308
Kissinger, Henry, 199, 208
Klinger, Bertoldo, 27, 28
Korea, 113, 329
Kruel, Amaury, 122, 141, 147, 159, 180
Kubitschek de Oliveira, Juscelino, 119
administration of, 126, 489, 555, 571
cabinet of, 127
Café Filho and, 122, 356
Cardoso and, 266
cassacão of, 174
Dutra and, 356
economic crisis and,
economic policies, 359, 571
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Kubitschek (cont.)
election of, 123
exports and, 345
foreign debt and, 345
Frente Ampla and, 183
GDP and, 127, 352, 358
Goulart and, 122
IMF and, 344
industrialization and, 484
J-J alliance, 121, 122
Lacerda and, 174, 556
long-term effects, 348
military and, 127
Programa de Metas, 341
PSD and, 94, 99, 127, 131
public administration, 341
stabilisation and, 337, 342
support for, 122, 126
suspension of rights and, 174
labour unions, 62, 63, 64, 148, 470, 550
auto workers and, 214
CAPs and, 472
CNTI and, 148
Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores (CGT),
148
communists and, 102
co-optation and, 65
Dutra and, 102, 106
Estado Novo and, 63, 65, 473
Geisel and, 214
Goulart and, 115, 146
horizontal organizations, 63
Labour Code, 63
labour force, 585
legislation and, 470
Liberal Republic and, 473
Lula and, 247
MUT and, 80, 102
National Labour Congress, 102
PCB and, 102
pelegos and, 472
political parties and, 553
post-1930, 587
PT and, 95
Quadros and, 129
repression and, 65
rural unions, 148, 487, 560
Sarney and, 243
strikes and, 22, 76, 101, 142, 151, 198, 214, 414
union tax, 472
unrest, 101
Vargas and, 73, 115
wages and, 64, 101
workers. See workers
© Cambridge University Press
Lacerda, Carlos, 95, 112, 117, 125, 128
banned from television, 183
Frente Ampla and, 182
Goulart and, 153, 183, 556
Kubitschek and, 174, 556
Quadros and, 130
Vargas and, 556
Lafer, Celso, 252
Lafer, Horácio, 112, 328
LAFTA. See Latin American Free Trade
Association
Lamarca, Carlos, 188, 193
land reform, 350, 359, 369, 541
Landless Rural Workers’ Movement. See
Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem
Terra
Langoni, Carlos, 504
latifúndio system, 486, 541
Latin American Free Trade Association
(LAFTA), 350
Leal, Newton Estillac, 110, 113
Lei Eloi Chaves, 23, 470, 472
Lei Falcão, 211
Lei Saraiva, 5
Letras do Tesouro Nacional (LTN), 371
Liberal Alliance. See Aliança Liberal
Liberal Front Party. See Partido da Frente Liberal
Liberal Republic (1945–64), 87, 242, 473
liberalization, 203
abertura and, 220
Church and, 562
democratisation and, 564
economics and, 245, 336, 375, 450
elections and, 204
Figueiredo and, 562
Geisel and, 207, 227, 562
military and, 216, 368
Vargas and, 72
life expectancy, 390
Liga de Defesa Nacional, 69, 479
Ligas Camponesas, 145, 146
Lima, Albuquerque, 190
Lima, Hermes, 142, 187
Lima, Waldomiro, 30
Lima Sobrinho, Barbosa, 201
Linhares, José, 84, 87
Lins de Barros, João Alberto, 25, 58, 74, 83
Lisbon Declaration, 182
literacy, 5, 26, 61, 145, 234, 264, 390, 458, 459,
474, 501, 521 See also education
living standards, 578
Lopes, Isidoro Dı́as, 25, 28
Lopes, José Machado, 138
Lopes, Lucas, 126, 337, 343
Lott, Henrique Teixeira, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 131
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Lourenço Filho Reform, 474
Lowenstein, Karl, 55
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 214, 263, 564
Argentina and, 451
Brizola and, 275
campaign funds, 276
Cardoso and, 258, 264
challenges facing, 278
Collor de Mello and, 248
Congressional elections and, 277
depreciation and, 452
election of, 274, 277
energy crisis and, 443
external accounts and, 453
ﬁnancial markets and, 446
interest rates and, 447, 452
municipal elections and, 278
open letter from, 236, 448
policies of, 432
PT and. See Partido dos Trabalhadores
social security and, 453
support for, 257, 258, 265, 276, 277, 444
unions and, 214, 247
Lutz, Berta, 31
Luz, Carlos, 124, 125
Luzardo, João Baptista, 11, 20, 78
Macedo Soares, José Carlos de, 43, 50, 126
Machado, Cristiano, 108, 110
Maciel Filho, José Soares, 118
Maciel, Marco, 224, 233, 236, 241, 257
Maciel, Olegário, 13, 20, 21, 27, 28, 30, 35
Magalhães Pinto, José de, 130, 182, 210
Magalhães, Agamenon, 43, 50, 57, 74, 84, 110
Magalhães, Juraci, 21, 43, 50, 51, 81, 109, 130, 131,
141
Maia, César, 253
Malan, Pedro, 432, 439
Maluf, Paulo, 225, 232, 260
Mamede, Jurandir, 83, 124, 151, 152
Manaus Free Zone. See Zona Franca de Manaus
Mangabeira, João, 41
Manifesto dos Mineiros, 68, 69, 95
Marcondes Filho, Alexandre, 55, 65, 84
Marighella, Carlos, 41, 184, 193
Marxism, 148, 508
Mascarenhas de Morais, João Batista de, 67
Mato Grosso do Sul, 270
Mazzilli, Ranieri, 137, 162, 169
MDB. See Movimento Democrático Brasileiro
MEB. See Movimento de Educação de Base
Medeiros, Octávio Aguiar de, 216, 226
media, 116
Médici, Emı́lio Garrastazu, 190, 195, 200, 370,
559
© Cambridge University Press
605
medidas provisórias, 261
Melo, Nélson de, 113
Melo, Zélia Cardoso de, 251, 421
Melo Franco, Afonso Arinos de, 69, 116, 161,
242
Melo Franco, Afrânio de, 20
Melo Franco, Virgı́lio de, 11, 69
Mena Barreto, João de Deus, 17
Mendes, Ivan de Souza, 226
Mendonça, Duda, 276
Mercosur, 246, 425, 427, 451
Mesquita Filho, Júlio de, 34, 61
metallurgy, 388
Mexican crisis, 399, 427, 434
middle class, 53, 464, 489, 553
Middle East, 208
migration, 467, 484
military. See also speciﬁc persons
budget share, 56
Castelo Branco and, 172
after Civil War, 32
Clube Militar, 110, 113, 117
communists and, 163
Costa e Silva and, 182
Cruzada Democrática group, 124
democracy and, 163
divisions in, 216
Dutra and, 86
economic crisis and, 220
Estado Novo and, 55, 56, 58
fascism and, 172
Figueiredo and, 216
First Republic and, 7
golpes and. See speciﬁc events, persons
Goulart and, 138, 142, 147, 149, 157
intelligence groups, 158
internal tensions within, 192
international image, 173
Kubitschek and, 127
liberalization and, 216
Lott and, 127
MDB/PMD and, 228
Movimento Militar Constitutionalista and,
122
National Security Council and, 56
political role of, 554
in postwar period, 99
Quadros and, 132
regime. See military regime
repression and, 207, 560
Revolution of 1930 and, 547
role of, 173
Sales Oliveira and, 51
Second World War and, 56
tenentes, 9, 109
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military (cont.)
tensions within, 229
Vargas and, 24, 43, 55, 56, 84, 109, 113, 116,
117
military regime (1964–85)
AI-5 and, 187, 188, 189, 190, 206
cassados and, 187
Catholic Church and, 194
CNBB and, 194
crisis and, 206
economic policies and, 390, 395, 560
elections and, 205, 561
end of, 212
foreign relations and, 563
four phases of, 167
Geisel and, 206
guerrilla groups and, 193
intelligence and, 192
internal tensions, 192
opposition to, 183, 188, 189, 194
political parties and, 561
repression under, 166, 187, 188, 191, 559
Revolution of 1964 and, 167
Right and, 185
rural struggle, 194
Sarney and, 233
socioeconomic aspects of, 558
student movement and, 184
torture and, 206
United States and, 199
women and, 560
Minas Gerais, 7, 11, 35, 44, 93, 96, 98, 147, 175,
197, 223, 225, 247, 252
minimum wage, 13, 22, 31, 64, 115, 146, 149, 155,
271, 315, 333, 346, 349, 353, 361, 363, 386,
400, 407, 472, 489, 505, 510, 516, 531
mining, 424, 463
Ministério da Revolucão, 22
Ministry of Education and Public Health,
22
Ministry of Finance, 23, 112, 257, 304, 314, 327,
335, 336, 360, 407, 423, 436, 457
Ministry of Labour, Industry and Commerce
(MTIC), 22, 471
Ministry of Planning, 360, 579
MNPT. See Movimento Nacional Popular
Trabalhista
MOBRAL, 372
modernisation, 93, 325, 456, 483, 508
agriculture and, 486, 487
coffee and, 357
industry and, 357
urbanisation and, 539
women and, 496
workers and, 487
© Cambridge University Press
Modernist movement, 479
monetary policy, 385, 408, 427 See also banking;
speciﬁc plans, persons, topics
banking and, 371, 384
Cardoso government, 435
Cruzado Plan, 518, 579
depreciation, 452
economic planning and, 574
exchange rates and. See exchange rates
federalism and, 581
foreign debt and. See foreign debt
inertialists, 575
inﬂation and. See inﬂation
interest rates and. See interest rates
Keynesian theory, 297, 308
miracle years and, 228, 574
monetarists, 575
monetary correction, 292, 362, 366, 384, 388,
391, 407, 419
money supply and, 408
ofﬁcial publications, 574
Plano Real and, 580
price control and, 411
references for, 568
stabilisation. See stabilisation
state-controlled assets, 424
URV and, 426
Monteiro, Euler Bentes, 210, 232
Montevideo, Pact of (1967), 183
Montevideo, Treaty of (1960), 350
Montoro, André Franco, 223, 225, 242, 257
Moreira Alves, Márcio, 185, 186, 187
Moreira, Marcı́lio Marques, 252, 418, 421
Morena, Roberto, 103
Morgan, Edwin, 295
Morgenthau, Henry, 305
Moss. Gabriel Grün, 135, 137
Motley, Langhorne, 221
Mourão Filho, Olı́mpio, 49, 159
Movimento de Educação de Base (MEB),
145
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB), 166,
178, 181
ARENA and, 210, 212, 213, 214
defeat in 1970, 197
elections of 1970 and, 196
elections of 1974 and, 204, 205, 206
Geisel and, 203, 206, 210
military and, 228, 229
multiparty system and, 212
PMDB and, 232
role of, 180
Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra
(MST), 266, 486, 542
Movimento Militar Constitutionalista, 125
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Movimento Nacional Popular Trabalhista
(MNPT), 122
Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro (MR-8),
189
Movimento Trabalhista Renovador (MTR),
93
Movimento Uniﬁcador dos Trabalhadores
(MUT), 76, 78, 80, 101
MR-8. See Movimento Revolucionário 8 de
Outubro
MST. See Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais
Sem Terra
MTIC. See Ministry of Labour, Industry and
Commerce
MTR. See Movimento Trabalhista Renovador
Müller, Felinto, 37, 58
multinational ﬁrms, 392
municipal elections, 88, 90, 93, 165, 175, 195,
202, 204, 215, 219, 235, 242, 253, 262, 356
Muricy, Antônio Carlos, 157, 159, 160, 190
Murtinho, Joaquim, 361
MUT. See Movimento Uniﬁcador dos
Trabalhadores
OAB. See Brazilian Bar Association
Obrigações Reajustáveis do Tesouro Nacional
(ORTN), 371
oil, 144, 571 See also Petrobrás
alcohol and, 399
discovery of, 314
Dutra and, 326
imports and, 403
petrochemical industry, 388, 399
public ownership, 326, 424
shocks, 202, 289, 381, 399, 484
Oliveira Viana, José Francisco de, 21, 60, 65
Oliveira, Dante de, 222, 223 See also Dante
amendment
Operation Bandeirantes (OBAN), 191
Organisation of Latin American Solidarity
(OLAS), 184
Organization of American States (OAS), 351
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), 403
ORTN. See Obrigações Reajustáveis do Tesouro
Nacional
Osasco strike, 183
National Confederation of Agricultural
Workers. See Confederação Nacional dos
Trabalhadores na Agricultura
National Economic Development Bank. See
Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento
Econômico e Social
National Security Council. See Conselho de
Segurança Nacional
National Union of Students. See União
Nacional de Estudantes
nationalization, 377, 577
natural gas, 260
natural resources. 144 See speciﬁc resources,
Nazism, 35, 36, 47, 59, 65
Negrão de Lima, Francisco, 49
Negrão de Lima, Octacı́lio, 102
Neruda, Pablo, 77
Neves, Tancredo, 140, 223, 226, 232, 241, 349,
351, 404
Neves da Fontoura, João, 11, 113, 115, 323
newspapers, 59, 61
NGOs. See non-governmental organizations
Niemeyer report, 295, 303
Nixon Doctrine, 199, 208
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 531
Noronha, José Isaias de, 17
North, 88, 97, 512, 527, 537
Northeast, 21, 97, 113, 145, 194, 346, 507, 512, 527,
528, 537, 541, 543
novembrada, 124, 336
nuclear power, 199, 208, 389, 396
pacotes, 210, 217, 220, 231
Pact of Montevideo, 183
PAEG. See Programa de Ação Econômica do
Governo
Paim Filho, Firmino, 11
Paraguay, 245
Paraná, 17, 27, 28, 30, 41, 59, 96, 97, 98, 129, 131,
133, 138, 145, 197, 245, 252, 278, 332, 467
Paraná River, 200
Paris Club, 399
Partido Agrário Nacional, 96
Partido Comunista Brasileiro Revolucionário
(PCBR), 185, 188
Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCdoB), 149, 185,
194, 222, 226, 234, 238, 241, 258, 263
Partido Comunista do Brasil/Partido Comunista
Brasileiro (PCB), 149, 185, 189, 214, 222,
226, 234, 238, 241, 258
AIB and, 35, 36
Almeida and, 47
ANL and, 35, 39
anti-Communism and, 105
BOC and, 13
Browderism and, 36
Cohen Plan and, 159
Costa e Silva and, 178
diretas já and, 222
Dutra and, 104, 105, 106
elections and, 84, 89, 105
Goulart and, 154, 157, 164
growth of, 101
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Index
PCB (cont.)
illegalization of, 37, 86, 88, 89, 93, 96, 102,
104, 109, 122, 131, 144
insurrection of 1935 and, 40, 41, 106, 548
labour unions and, 102
Left and,
Marighella and, 185
membership of, 76
military and, 163
MR-8 and, 190
MUT and, 76, 101
PCBR and, 184, 188, 234
PCdoB and, 149, 185, 194, 234, 241, 263
Perón and, 78
political police and, 58
PPS and, 238, 274
Prestes and, 10, 14, 15, 77, 84
PTB and, 78, 96
Quadros and, 144
Queremismo and, 75, 80
reforms and,
revisionism in, 146
Revolution of 1930 and, 15
rural areas and, 148
sales and, 50
sources on, 548, 553
Truman Doctrine and, 105
UDN and, 78, 108
Vargas and, 13, 37, 41, 51, 52, 69, 79, 81, 144
working class and, 76, 148
Partido Constitucionalista (PC), 34
Partido da Frente Liberal (PFL), 444
Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB),
242, 260, 262, 269, 444
Partido de Representação Popular (PRP), 96
Partido Democrata Cristão (PDC), 96
Partido Democrático (PD), 11, 546
Partido Democrático Nacional (PDN), 11
Partido Democrático Social (PDS), 166, 213, 218
Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT), 214,
234, 245, 269
Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro
(PMDB), 213, 407, 444
Cardoso and, 264
Centrão and, 241
Collor de Mello and, 251
Cruzado Plan and, 409
diretas já and, 225
MDB and, 232
Neves and, 225, 233
party system and, 213, 217, 269
party-switching and, 269
Sarney and, 236, 240, 242
Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), 274, 442, 444,
445, 446
© Cambridge University Press
Campo Majoritário, 275
democratization and, 229
formation of, 214, 563
labour unions and, 95
Lula and, 234, 238, 265, 276, 277, 431, 447 See
also Lula
onda vermelha and, 245
social security and, 453
Partido Federalista, 7
Partido Libertador (PL), 11, 96
Partido Popular (PP), 213
Partido Popular Paulista, 22
Partido Popular Sindicalista, 96
Partido Popular Socialista (PPS), 258 See also
Communist Party
Partido Progressista Brasileiro (PPB), 30, 260
Partido Republicano Democrático, 7
Partido Republicano Liberal (PRL), 30
Partido Republicano Mineiro (PRM), 7, 11
Partido Republicano Paulista (PRP), 7, 11, 104
Partido Republicano Progressista, 96
Partido Republicano Riograndense (PRR), 7, 11
Partido Social Democrático (PSD), 75, 93, 95,
171, 553
ala moça and, 93, 127
Dutra and, 88
elections and, 94
Estado Novo and, 75
interventores and, 93
Kubitschek and, 99
mayors and, 93
PTB and, 94, 147
UDN and, 75, 121, 138
UDN/PR alliance, 107
Vargas and, 75
Partido Social Progressista (PSP), 96, 104, 121, 553
Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB), 24, 78, 94,
106, 142
Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), 75, 93, 482
See also speciﬁc topics, persons
Aliança Social Trabalhista and, 148
Communism and, 78
Dutra and, 101
election of 1960 and, 131
Estado Novo and, 88
getulista project, 96
Goulart and, 148, 171, 349
Lott and, 131
PCB and, 96
PSD and, 94, 147
Quadros and, 131
Rio Grande do Sol and, 95
São Paulo and, 109
sources on, 553
Vargas and, 95, 109 See also Vargas
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Partido Trabalhista National (PTN), 143
Passos, Oscar, 180
Pastore, José, 506
paulistas, 96, 104, 507, 508
PRR and, 57
Sales Oliveira and, 44
São Paulo and, 8
Vargas and, 25, 52
Pawley, William D., 101, 104
PC. See Partido Constitucionalista
PCB. See Partido Comunista do Brasil/Partido
Comunista Brasileiro
PCBR. See Partido Comunista do Brasil
Revolucionario.
PCdoB. See Partido Comunista do Brasil
PD. See Partido Democrático
PDC. See Partido Democrata Cristão
PDN. See Partido Democrático Nacional
PDS. See Partido Democrático Social
PDT. See Partido Democrático Trabalhista
peasants. See workers, rural
Peçanha, Nilo, 8
Pedro II, Emperor, 4
Peixoto, Ernani do Amaral, 110, 120
Peixoto, Floriano, 7
Pena, Afonso, 9
pension plans, 64
Pereira da Costa, Canrobert, 108, 109, 117, 119,
122, 124
Pereira de Queiroz, Carlota, 31
Pereira de Sousa, Washington Luı́s, 3, 53
Aliança Liberal and, 12, 17
assassination of, 15
exile of, 17
Góis Monteiro and, 16
golpe and, 49
opposition to, 10
Prestes and, 17
Revolution and, 16
succession and, 11, 53
Vargas and, 12
Pereira, Astrojildo, 15, 69
Pereira, Jesus Soares, 571
Pereira, José Canavarro, 191
Pernambuco, 8, 11, 21, 24, 29, 36, 43, 44, 49, 51,
57, 85, 89, 92, 97, 98, 105, 110, 120, 131, 143,
145, 148, 171, 176, 186, 195, 219, 224, 237,
247, 252, 274, 474, 499
Perón, Juan, 82, 83, 115
Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicı́lios
(PNAD)
PNAD surveys, 457, 462, 504, 509, 534, 536
Pessoa, Epitácio, 8, 12, 346
Pessoa, João, 12, 15, 20, 53
Petrobras, 113, 260, 333, 354, 554
© Cambridge University Press
609
petrochemicals, 399, 424
Peyton, Patrick, 157
PFL. See Partido da Frente Liberal
Piauı́, 501, 521
Pierson, Donald, 481, 506
Pilla, Raul, 11, 26, 28, 138
PIN. See Programa de Integração Nacional
Pinto, Carlos Alberto Carvalho, 128, 149, 354
Pires, Waldir, 217, 226, 227, 233, 237
PIS. See Programa de Integração Social
PL. See Partido Libertador
Plano Bresser. See Bresser Plan
Plano Collor I and II, 418, 420, 580
Plano Cruzado. See Cruzado Plan
Plano de Coerência Macroeconômica, 411
Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (PND) II,
383, 384, 574
Plano Real, 425, 431, 432
Cardoso and, 431, 434
exchange rates and, 580
ﬁscal policy and, 580
Franco and, 434
inﬂation and, 431
Plano SALTE, 325, 570
Plano Trienal, 353, 354
Plano Verão, 410, 414
PMDB. See Partido do Movimento Democrático
Brasileiro
PNAD. See Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de
Domicı́lios
polı́tica externa independente, 141, 351, 557
political police, 58
political prisoners, 212
population
census data, 6, 455, 464, 466, 482, 485, 499,
503, 583
demographics.
463 See speciﬁc topics, sectors,
fertility rates, 496, 497, 498
growth in, 456, 457, 483
immigration and, 59, 466, 583, 589
mobility. See social mobility
race and. See race relations
rural. See rural areas
sectoral distribution.
485 See speciﬁc sectors,
urban. See urban areas
populism, 18, 46, 65, 129, 407
Portela, Jaime, 182
Portella, Petrônio, 185, 213
Portinari, Cándido, 105
Portuguese language, 59
postal services, 362
poverty, 462, 502
cash-transfer schemes, 544
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poverty (cont.)
clientelismo and, 543
Cruzado Plan, 518
deﬁned, 502, 536
inequalities and, 462, 533, 539
literacy and, 459
measures of, 536
metropolitan, 536
persistence of, 533
population and, 536, 541
regional, 490, 537, 541
regions and, 542
rural areas and, 541
social programmes, 543
studies of, 587
urban areas and, 536, 541, 542
power generation, 338
PP. See Partido Popular. See Partido Progressista
PPB. See Partido Progressista Brasileiro
PPS. See Partido Popular Socialista
Prado, Jr., Caio, 60
presidential elections, 254, 268
of 1930, 85
of 1937, 44
of 1945, 88
of 1950, 110
of 1955, 119, 123
of 1960, 129, 131, 132
of 1989, 246
of 1994, 258
of 1998, 263
of 2002, 274, 444
press, 59, 61, 482
Prestes de Albuquerque, Júlio, 3, 11, 13, 17, 53, 295
Prestes, Luı́s Carlos, 84, 106, 132, 171
ANL and, 38
Communist Party and, 10, 14
Dutra and, 78
Gomes and, 78
military and, 99
Neruda and, 77
Prestes Column and, 10
repression and, 41, 42
Vargas and, 69, 74, 75, 78
Washington Luı́s and, 53
privatization, 424, 434, 435, 438
PRL. See Partido Republicano Liberal
PRM. See Partido Republicano Mineiro
Proer program, 435
Programa de Ação Econômica do Governo
(PAEG), 175, 360, 574
Programa de Ação Imediata, 426
Programa de Estabilização Monetária, 343, 349
Programa de Integração Nacional (PIN), 380
Programa de Integração Social (PIS), 450
© Cambridge University Press
Programa de Metas, 127, 337, 341, 347, 484
propaganda, 59, 65
protectionism, 301, 425, 576 See also imports
Proterra, 372
PRP. See Partido de Representação Popular;
Partido Republicano Paulista
PRR. See Partido Republicano Riograndense
PSB. See Partido Socialista Brasileiro
PSD. See Partido Social Democrático
PSDB. See Partido da Social Democracia
Brasileira
PSP. See Partido Social Progressista
PT. See Partido dos Trabalhadores; Workers’
Party
PTB. See Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro
PTN. See Partido Trabalhista Nacional
public debt, 372, 385, 396, 400, 419, 422, 423,
437, 440, 442, 448, 452
public sector surplus, 434, 441
public services, 368, 568
publishing, 488
Quadros, Jânio, 90, 95, 114, 130, 171
administration of, 132, 133
Café Filho and, 335
campaign of, 132
Cardoso and, 257
career of, 129
coup of 1964 and, 136
crisis in 1960s and, 572
foreign policy, 134, 351, 557
inﬂation and, 348
janismo and, 129
labour and, 129
Lacerda and, 130
Luz and, 125
military and, 132
opposition to, 134
PCB and, 144
populism, 129
PTB and, 131
resignation of, 135, 349, 555
return of, 143
rural workers and, 144
São Paulo and, 114, 119, 134
stabilisation and, 342
UDN and, 99, 130, 134
quartz, 322
Queirós, Ademar de, 152, 157, 170
Quércia, Orestes, 248, 258
Queremismo, 75, 79
race relations, 477
blacks and. 524 See blacks,
discrimination and, 524, 525, 528, 530, 531
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education and, 521
immigration and, 589
income and, 528, 535
miscegenation and, 589
NGOs and, 531
pardo population, 527
Paulista School, 507
population and, 527
qualiﬁcation of, 507
racial identity and, 509, 525, 589
racism and, 530
regions and, 527
social class and, 529, 530
women and, 528
workers and, 478, 528, 590
Rademaker, Augusto, 160, 169, 182,
190
radio, 59, 61, 495
railways, 286, 298, 323, 362
Ramos, Artur, 480
Ramos, Graciliano, 41
Ramos, Nereu, 107, 108, 120, 125, 126
Rao, Vicente, 44, 114
Reajustamento Econômico, 297
Reale, Miguel, 36
recession, 305, 384, 385, 397
Recife, 507
regional development agencies, 327
Rego, Gustavo Morais, 192
rent control, 367
repression, 59, 207, 363, 560
reserves, 284, 293, 297, 309, 317, 321, 328, 345,
350, 376, 384, 386, 396, 398, 402, 405, 410,
422, 433, 437, 438, 446
Retirement and Pensions Fund, 470
retirement beneﬁts, 261, 470
Revolution of 1930, 3, 4, 545
centralisation and, 4
education and, 475
elections of 1933 and, 30
Estado Novo and, 19, 57
gaúcho tradition and, 546
Góis Monteiro and, 19
military and, 547
São Paulo and, 294
state government and, 34
Tasso Fragoso and, 17
tenentes and, 546
voter registration and, 30
workers and, 471
World Depression and, 4
Revolution of 1964. See golpe of 1964
Ribeiro, Jaı́r Dantas, 142
rice, 286
Richa, José, 242
© Cambridge University Press
611
Rio de Janeiro, 6, 8, 13, 24, 64, 88, 90, 93, 95, 96,
98, 197, 205, 247, 252, 464, 466, 468, 491,
494, 507, 512
Rio Grande do Norte, 5, 21, 23, 38, 40, 109, 285
Rio Grande do Sul, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17, 21, 35, 49, 50,
93, 98, 120, 147, 154, 197, 205, 247, 252
Riocentro incident, 216
Rios, José Artur, 509
roads, 286, 338, 347, 378
Rocha, Francisco de Paula Brochado da, 352
Rodrigues Alves, Francisco de Paula, 8, 10, 327
Rodrigues, Nina, 480
Romano, Antônio Emı́lio, 39
Romualdi, Seraﬁno, 106
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 72, 73
Roosevelt, Theodore, 477
rural areas, 507
guerrillas and, 560
labour unions and, 560
poverty and, 541
society of, 458
workers in, 144, 148, 471, 556, 586
Russian crisis, 434, 437, 441
Sales Oliveira, Armando de, 34, 44, 47, 50, 51, 74
Sales, Dom Eugênio, 194
Salgado Filho, Joaquim Pedro, 22
Salgado, Plı́nio, 21, 35, 37, 47, 49, 55, 96, 121
Salles, Walter Moreira, 141, 349
SALTE Plan. See Plano SALTE
Salvador hypotheses, 481, 506, 508
Sampaio Doria Reform, 474
Santa Catarina, 98, 120
Santa Rosa, Virgı́lio, 9
Santos, José Anselmo dos, 158
São Paulo, 24, 26, 29, 38, 44, 69, 89, 90, 93, 98,
104, 109, 147, 195, 205, 223, 242, 247, 252,
253, 464, 466, 467, 468, 501, 507, 512, 527,
540, 543 See also speciﬁc persons, topics
Civil War and, 29, 33, 548
coffee and. 8, 11 See coffee,
Constitutionalist Revolution in, 29, 548
economic hegemony, 11
First Republic and, 8
industry and, 467, 484
metropolitan region, 485
Minas Gerais and, 7, 8, 11
OBAN initiative in, 191
paulistas and, 8
PD and, 546
population of, 6, 491
Quadros and, 134
state autonomy and, 26
Vargas and, 25, 30
working class in, 585
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São Paulo Federation of Industry (FIESP),
151
Sarney, José, 227, 232, 404
administration of, 233, 510
Centrão and, 242, 243
Congress and, 236, 240
democracy and, 245, 564
economy under, 417
elections of 1986 and, 237
inﬂation, 250, 417
labour unions and, 243
military regime and, 233
municipal elections, 244
PMDB and, 236, 240, 242
political parties and, 235
stabilisation and, 396
term of ofﬁce, 241, 242
unpopularity of, 245
SBPC. See Brazilian Association for the
Advancement of Science
Schacht, Hjalmar, 302
Second World War, 489, 551
agriculture and, 310
Argentina and, 308
Brazil and, 59, 66, 67, 70, 81
coffee and, 306, 308
democratisation and, 86, 87, 90, 551
Estado Novo and, 4
European markets and, 307
export prices and, 308
GDP and, 308, 310
Great Britain and, 313
Holocaust and, 551
industry and, 310
inﬂation and, 75, 309
military and, 56
Soviet Union and, 69
United States and, 313
Vargas and, 66
self-employment, 464
self-sufﬁciency, 385
Sen, Amartya, 505
SENAC. See Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem
Comércio
SENAI. See Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem
Industrial
Senate
biônicos, 210, 215, 232
composition of, 179, 239
elections. See Congressional elections
party reform and, 214, 219
Serra, José, 274, 276, 432, 444
service sector, 456, 488
Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Comércio
(SENAC), 476
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Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial
(SENAI), 476
Serviço Nacional de Informações (SNI), 174, 202
sewage systems, 460
Silveira, Antônio Francisco Azeredo de, 208
Silveira, Badger, 145
Silveira, Guilherme da, 324
Simonsen, Mário Henrique, 383, 386, 397
Simonsen, Roberto, 105, 315
sindicatos. See labour unions
Siqueira Campos incident, 309
Sisson, Roberto, 51
slavery, 7, 464, 480, 507
SNI. See Serviço Nacional de Informações
social indicators, 390, 460
social mobility, 586 See also speciﬁc groups. See
also topics
class structure and, 520
education and, 540
race and, 529
rates of, 458, 494
rural workers and, 457
stratiﬁcation and, 463, 481
workers and, 514
social policies, 61, 470
social rights, 13, 63
social security, 64, 315, 438, 453, 470, 540
Sociedade dos Amigos da América, 69, 71
Sorbonne group, 152, 170
SOS Racismo, 531
South, 36, 88, 512, 537
South Africa, 307
South Korea, 445
Southeast, 36, 88, 247, 339, 467, 507, 537, 538, 539
Souto, Édson Luı́s de Lima, 184
Soviet Union. See also Cold War
soya products, 288, 379
stabilisation plans, 579 See also Bresser Plan,
Cruzado Plan, Plano Collar I and II, Plano
Verão, Plano Real
Bank of Brazil and, 331
during 1980s, 415
failures of, 332, 405, 406
foreign debt and, 580
IMF and, 439
in 1986–89, 417
in the 1980s, 415
indexation ended, 414
inﬂation and, 353, 360, 395, 406 See also
inﬂation
Kubitschek and, 342, 343
price indexation and, 406
reforms and, 360, 418
repeated failure of, 417
Vargas and, 329
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standard of living, 502
state banks, 331, 435, 449
state elections, 87, 90, 104, 105, 165, 174, 177, 181,
196, 204, 210, 239, 242, 265 See also speciﬁc
persons, parties
of 1947, 105
of 1950, 111
of 1954, 119
of 1958, 128
of 1960, 133
of 1962, 143
of 1982, 218
of 1986, 237
of 1990, 252
of 1994, 260
of 1998, 265
of 2002, 278
state-owned enterprises, 377, 391, 424, 577
steel, 313, 339, 424, 569
Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 73
student movement, 184, 185, 189
subsidies, 291, 316, 334, 340, 346, 353, 357, 365,
372, 375, 382, 391, 403, 411, 416, 451
SUDAM. See Superintendência de
Desenvolvimento da Amazônia
sugar, 286, 288, 577
Superintendência da Moeda e do Crédito
(SUMOC), 320, 328, 340, 358, 365, 366, 372
Instrução 113, 334, 340, 358
Instrução 70, 331, 332, 344
Superintendência de Desenvolvimento da
Amazônia (SUDAM), 372, 388
Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do
Nordeste (SUDENE), 347, 353, 372, 388,
573
Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), 149, 176, 187
Switzerland, 189, 375
Tasso Fragoso, Augusto, 17, 21
Tavares, Lira, 182, 190
Tavares, Mário, 104
Távora, Juarez, 15, 17, 20, 24, 45, 81, 109, 117, 121,
122
tax system, 362, 434, 450
Teixeira, Anı́sio, 457, 474
Telebras, 260
telecommunications, 377, 388, 424, 427
television, 495
tenentes, 53 See also speciﬁc persons, topics
armed revolt and, 10
coffee and, 22
complaints of, 9
Costa and, 21
economic policy and, 22
ideology of, 9
© Cambridge University Press
613
Liberal Alliance and, 13, 15
Long March, 10
loss of inﬂuence, 23
military and, 9, 109
Revolution of 1930 and, 546
Revolutionary Legion, 22
rise of, 9
second generation, 19
Torres and, 9
Vargas and, 19, 21, 24, 81, 109
tenentes civis, 14, 21
terrorist attacks, 443
textiles, 304, 464, 488
Third Republic, 356, 566
Third World countries, 134, 199, 516
tobacco, 304
Tocantins, 194, 243
Tocatins, 243
Toledo, Pedro de, 27
Torres, Alberto, 9
traditionalism, 508
Trans-Amazon highway, 378, 380
treasury, 297, 305, 328, 337, 340, 366, 371, 400,
446
Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), 92, 104, 105
Truman, Harry, 81, 105, 330
Turkey, 445
UDN. See União Democrática Nacional
UDS. See União Democrática Socialista
UNE. See União Nacional de Estudantes
UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Social
and Cultural Organization, 507
União Democrática Nacional (UDN), 69, 75,
171, 553
banda de música, 95
Café Filho and, 119
chapa branca, 113
Clube da Lanterna, 117
coup of 1964 and, 95
creation of, 75, 93
Dutra and, 108
electoral support, 95
electoral system and, 121
Gomes and, 108
Goulart and, 138, 146
presidentialism and, 141
PSD and, 75, 121, 138
Quadros and, 99, 130, 134
Vargas and, 75, 94, 117
União Democrática Socialista (UDS), 78
União Nacional de Estudantes (UNE), 148,
184
unions. See labour unions
United Nations, 71, 199, 338, 506
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614
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United States, 56, 72, 81, 87, 113, 189, 208, 300,
557
Abbink mission, 326, 570
abertura and, 221
aid from, 334, 365
air bases and, 67, 316
bonds and, 434
Carter administration, 208
CIA and, 157
CMBEU projects, 330
coffee and, 300, 316, 322, 350
Cold War and, 105, 151, 172, 229
compensation agreements, 302
Cooke mission, 68
cotton and, 302
coup of 1964 and, 558
debt service and, 305, 311, 351, 386
democracy and, 249
democratisation and, 221
developing economies and, 403
dollar reserves, 320
economic conditions in, 403, 442
economic policies of, 301, 386, 403, 442
EEC and, 403
Estado Novo and, 316, 551
exchange rates and, 291, 296, 300, 330
Export and Import Bank and, 325
exports to, 288, 350, 415, 451
First Republic and, 5
GATT and, 382
golpe of 1964 and, 162, 168, 199, 558
Goulart and, 152, 153, 157, 162, 351
Great Britain and, 323
imports and, 289, 332, 415
interest rates and, 397
investment levels, 303, 313, 323, 325
Joint Brazil-US Technical Commission, 326,
570
Kennedy administration, 152
Lend-Lease aid, 309
military rule and, 199
multilateralism and, 317
Nixon Doctrine, 199, 208
nuclear programme, 389
Operation Brother Sam, 157, 158, 162
Pan-Americanism and, 311
Point IV, 330
postwar period, 557
Reciprocal Trade Act, 301
relations with, 351
San Tiago Dantas visit, 353
Second World War and, 313
trade surplus with, 317
Truman administration, 82, 326, 330
USAID and, 365, 368
© Cambridge University Press
Vargas and, 56, 66, 72, 316, 330, 334, 550
Washington agreements (1942), 67, 307
Williams report, 300
urban areas, 492 See also speciﬁc cities. See also
speciﬁc topics
crime rates, 462
discontent in, 75
education and, 522
Estado Novo and, 62
favelas and, 468, 493
First Republic and, 6
guerrillas and, 189
housing and, 465, 468
industry and, 491
infrastructures of, 465
metropolitan, 492
middle class and, 3, 6
modernisation and, 539
population of, 6, 458, 490, 491, 493, 537
poverty and, 542
size of, 463
Southeast and, 467
workers and, 61, 62
urbanisation, 459, 490, 512
Uruguay, 245, 445
Uruguay Round, 417, 425, 582
Usinas Siderúrgicas de Minas Gerais
(USIMINAS), 339
Valadares, Benedito, 35, 43, 45, 50, 75, 108
Vale do Rio Doce company, 449
Vandré, Geraldo, 184
Vanguarda Armada Revolucionária
(VAR-Palmares), 188
Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária (VPR), 184,
185, 188, 222
Vargas, Benjamin, 84
Vargas, Getúlio, 15, 36, 75, 254
administrations of, 20, 112, 489, 554
Almeida and, 46
assumption of power, 18
autogolpe and, 305
background of, 12
banking and, 331
Barros and, 109
biographies of, 547
blacks and, 482
Catholic Church and, 52
charges against, 116
Civil War and, 30
Clube Militar and, 110, 113
coffee and, 300, 322, 332, 350
Communists and, 41, 52, 69, 81
Constitution and, 18, 24, 27, 32, 43
democracy and, 70, 72
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Index
dictatorship and, 27, 56
Dutra and, 78, 85, 107
economic policies, 297, 318
elected senator, 107
elections and, 13, 25, 30, 47, 71, 73, 78, 81, 87,
107, 110, 111, 327
Estado Novo and, 50, 52, 55
exchange rates and, 305
family of, 57, 122
fascism and, 66, 69
First Republic and, 18
foreign relations and, 305, 557
FUG and, 11
gaúcho tradition and, 12, 18
GDP and, 358
Germany and, 66, 550
Góis Monteiro and, 15
golpe of 1937 and, 48, 51
Gomes and, 78
Goulart and, 144
Great Britain and, 550
hydropower and, 326
imports and, 296, 305, 329
inﬂation and, 318
interventores and, 34, 57
junta and, 18
labour and, 73, 115, 487, 587
Lacerda and, 556
Liberal Alliance and, 19, 24, 68
liberalization and, 72
macroeconomics and, 318
military and, 17, 19, 20, 24, 43, 55, 56, 84, 109,
113, 116, 117
National Security Law and, 38
opposition to, 51, 75
paulistas and, 25, 52, 111
PCB and, 37
Perón and, 83
Pessoa and, 12
Petrobras and, 113
political abertura and, 75
populism and, 65
press and, 116
Prestes and, 13, 78
PSD and, 75, 108, 113, 130
PTB and, 95, 109
PTB/PSP coalition and, 112
putsch of 1935 and, 40
Queremistas and, 79, 87
resignation of, 84
Revolution of 1930 and, 16, 17, 18, 43
Rio Grande do Sul and, 11, 21
Roosevelt and, 72, 73
São Paulo and, 25, 30
Second World War and, 66
© Cambridge University Press
secondary education and, 477
speeches by, 115, 116, 567
stabilisation and, 329
state government and, 34, 42, 43, 49, 51, 57
state of emergency and, 54
state ownership and, 318, 333
suicide of, 95, 99, 116, 118, 123, 334, 555, 556
support for, 65
tenentes and, 19, 21, 24, 81, 109
transfer of power to, 4
Truman and, 82
U.S. and, 56, 66, 72, 316, 330, 334, 550
UDN and, 94, 108, 113, 116, 117
Volta Redonda project, 319
Wainer interview, 108
Washington Luı́s and, 14
women and, 25
workers and, 115, 333
World Depression and, 20
Vargas, Ivete, 213
Vaz, Rubens Florentino, 117
Velasco, Domingos, 41
Vergara, Luiz, 55
Viana, João de Segadas, 112, 141
Vidigal, Gastão, 324
Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 61
Volta Redonda, 57, 67, 244, 245, 309, 313, 319
voting, 218 See also speciﬁc persons, parties,
elections
age and, 26
ballots in, 90
compulsory, 26, 74
constitution of 1946 and, 121
corruption in, 92
education and, 5
electoral system, 121, 195
electorate expanded, 165
First Republic and, 5, 6, 7
literacy and, 26, 236
military rule and, 165
participation in, 273
purchase of, 92
registration for, 26, 111, 236
universal suffrage, 26, 88, 234
Vargas and, 25
women and, 5, 25
Voz da Raça (journal), 482
VPR. See Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária
Wainer, Samuel, 108, 154
Walters, Vernon, 152, 153, 168
Washington Luı́s. See Pereira de Sousa
water, drinking, 495
water, public, 460
Weberian types, 170
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Index
WFTU. See World Federation of Trade
Unions
Whitaker, José Maria, 20, 294, 295, 335
Williams, John H., 300, 567
women, 13, 459, 482 See also speciﬁc types
education and, 521
fertility rates, 477
income of, 535
military dictatorship and, 560
modernisation and, 496
race and, 528
voting and, 5, 25
women’s movements, 563
workers, 459, 496, 538
workers, 144, 471, 488 See also speciﬁc sectors
agricultural, 144, 457, 471, 485, 505, 520, 556,
586
CAP and, 470, 472
carteira de trabalho, 488
categories of, 457
census of 1920, 464
Citizen’s Constitution and, 518
civil servants, 261, 324
CNTI and, 148
Communists and, 76
coup of 1964 and, 489
DASP system, 470
discrimination and, 525
documentation of, 472, 488
family and, 463, 505
ﬁlhotismo and, 470
Goulart and, 146, 147
growth rate and, 519
IAPM and, 472
income distribution, 380
income inequality, 461
industry and, 457, 468, 488, 518, 519, 585
inequalities and, 533
informal sector and, 516
job security, 369
labour market, 64, 538, 585
labour standards, 315, 470
labour unions. See labour unions
© Cambridge University Press
modernisation and, 487
MST and, 266
occupational mobility, 518, 520
oversupply of, 466
pensions for, 64, 261, 540
private sector and, 517
proletarian cities, 64
PT and. See Partido dos Trabalhadores
public sector and, 469, 517
race and, 478, 528, 589, 590
Revolution of 1930 and, 471
rights of, 13, 315
rural, 144, 146, 457, 463, 471, 485, 505, 520,
556, 586
São Paulo and, 468
sectoral distribution, 485 See also speciﬁc
sectors
social inequalities, 462
social mobility of, 514
strikes, 22, 76, 101, 151, 198, 214
textile sector, 466
unemployment and, 514
unions. See labour unions
urban, 61, 62
Vargas and, 115
wage adjustments, 379
wages and, 13, 22, 31, 64, 115, 146, 149, 155, 271,
315, 333, 346, 349, 353, 361, 363, 386, 400,
407, 457, 466, 472, 489, 502, 505, 510, 516,
517, 531, 533, 578, 585, 586
women, 459, 496, 538
workers’ movement, 183
working day, 465
Workers’ Party. See Partido dos Trabalhadores
World Bank, 200, 325, 326, 330, 345, 365, 413,
438, 573
World Cup, 197, 198
World Depression of 1928–33, 4, 13, 20, 293,
316
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU),
76, 102
World Trade Organization (WTO), 425, 450,
451
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