A OMC e a
emergência da
China
2012
Prof. Vera Thorstensen
Análise Transversal do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio
2
Regras Multilaterais
OMC (DSB), FMI, BM, OCDE, UNCTAD, FAO, OMPI
Regras Preferenciais
Acordos Regionais, Bilaterais e Não Recíprocos
Regras Nacionais
UE, EUA, China, Índia,
África do Sul…
Brasil
Perfil de Comércio - Brasil
3
Fonte:OMC
Perfil de Comércio - China
4
Fonte: OMC
Perfil Tarifário - Brasil
5
Tariffs and imports: Summary and duty ranges
Sum m ary
Total
Simple average final bound
Ag
Non-Ag
31,4
35,4
30,7
13,7
10,3
14,2
Trade w eighted average
2010
2009
10,0
11,0
9,9
Imports in billion US$
2009
126,7
6,5
120,2
0 <= 5
5 <= 10
10 <= 15
Simple average MFN applied
Duty-free
Frequency distribution
WTO member since
1995
Binding coverage:
Total
100
Non-Ag
100
Ag: Tariff quotas (in %)
0.2
Ag: Special safeguards (in % )
15 <= 25
25 <= 50
0
50 <= 100
> 100
Tariff lines and import values (in %)
NAV
in %
Agricultural products
Final bound
2.7
0.0
0.4
1.1
7.0
75.0
13.7
0
0
MFN applied
2010
6.3
6.0
56.7
15.5
14.6
0.8
0
0
0
Imports
2009
2.5
1.7
64.2
17.8
13.8
0
0
0
0
0.7
0.1
0.6
2.1
23.8
72.7
0
0
0
Non-agricultural products
Final bound
Fonte: OMC
MFN applied
2010
5.2
14.6
11.4
28.3
26.3
14.1
0
0
0
Imports
2009
28.8
9.1
10.3
24.9
19.5
7.3
0
0
0
Brasil
6
Tariffs and imports by product groups
Final bound duties
Product groups
AVG
Duty-free
Max
in %
MFN applied duties
Binding
AVG
in %
Duty-free
Imports
Max
in %
Share
Duty-free
in %
in %
Animal products
37,8
5.4
55
100
8,9
7.9
16
0.1
7.5
Dairy products
48,8
0
55
100
18,5
0
28
0.2
0
Fruit, vegetables, plants
34,1
1.0
55
100
9,7
5.4
14
0.9
1.8
Coffee, tea
34,1
0
35
100
13,3
0
20
0.2
0
Cereals & preparations
42,9
0.8
55
100
11,8
8.7
20
2.3
1.4
Oilseeds, fats & oils
34,6
0.4
35
100
8,0
7.4
12
0.6
1.3
Sugars and confectionery
34,4
0
35
100
16,5
0
20
0.0
0
Beverages & tobacco
37,7
0
55
100
17,2
0
20
0.3
0
Cotton
55,0
0
55
100
6,4
0
8
0.0
0
Other agricultural products
28,9
7.8
55
100
7,6
9.9
14
0.4
14.7
Fish & fish products
33,6
3.8
35
100
10,0
6.5
16
0.6
27.8
Minerals & metals
32,9
0.6
35
100
10,1
6.3
20
15.2
40.8
Petroleum
35,0
0
35
100
0,2
96.7
6
10.8
99.1
Chemicals
21,1
0.4
35
100
8,3
1.2
18
17.3
5.2
Wood, paper, etc.
28,4
2.6
35
100
10,7
3.3
18
1.6
19.9
Textiles
34,8
0
35
100
23,2
0
35
2.5
0
Clothing
35,0
0
35
100
35,0
0
35
0.6
0
Leather, footw ear, etc.
34,6
0
35
100
15,7
0.6
35
2.1
0.2
Non-electrical machinery
32,4
0.4
35
100
12,7
12.0
20
16.4
20.7
Electrical machinery
31,9
2.6
35
100
14,1
10.8
20
11.8
17.5
Transport equipment
33,1
0
35
100
18,1
11.1
35
10.8
19.0
Manufactures, n.e.s.
33,0
0.8
35
100
15,3
8.6
20
5.1
30.3
Fonte: OMC
Perfil Tarifário - China
7
Tariffs and imports: Summary and duty ranges
Sum m ary
Total
Simple average final bound
Ag
Non-Ag
10,0
15,7
9,2
9,6
15,6
8,7
Trade w eighted average
2010
2009
4,1
8,0
3,8
Imports in billion US$
2009
914,3
47,5
866,7
0 <= 5
5 <= 10
10 <= 15
Simple average MFN applied
Duty-free
Frequency distribution
WTO member since
2001
Binding coverage:
Total
100
Non-Ag
100
Ag: Tariff quotas (in %)
4.9
Ag: Special safeguards (in % )
15 <= 25
25 <= 50
0
50 <= 100
> 100
Tariff lines and import values (in %)
NAV
in %
Agricultural products
Final bound
6.0
7.0
25.7
25.8
26.2
7.0
2.3
0
0
MFN applied
2010
5.9
8.3
26.5
24.5
25.2
6.9
2.6
0
0.5
Imports
2009
0.9
50.9
32.7
5.5
4.5
4.4
1.0
0
6.5
6.5
18.4
47.1
14.5
12.0
1.4
0
0
0
Non-agricultural products
Final bound
Fonte: OMC
MFN applied
2010
7.7
19.7
46.6
14.4
10.4
1.2
0
0
0.5
Imports
2009
50.6
18.4
25.8
2.7
2.2
0.2
0
0
0.4
China
8
Tariffs and imports by product groups
Final bound duties
Product groups
AVG
Duty-free
Max
in %
Animal products
14,9
Dairy products
Fruit, vegetables, plants
Coffee, tea
Cereals & preparations
MFN applied duties
Binding
AVG
in %
Duty-free
Imports
Max
in %
10.4
25
100
14,8
12,2
0
20
100
14,9
4.9
30
100
14,9
0
32
100
23,7
3.3
65
100
Oilseeds, fats & oils
11,1
7.1
30
Sugars and confectionery
27,4
0
Beverages & tobacco
23,2
2.1
Cotton
22,0
Other agricultural products
Fish & fish products
Share
Duty-free
in %
in %
10.1
25
0.2
12,0
0
20
0.1
0
14,8
5.9
30
0.4
2.9
14,7
0
32
0.0
0
24,3
3.4
65
0.3
0.0
100
11,0
5.3
30
3.2
0.1
50
100
27,4
0
50
0.1
0
65
100
22,3
2.2
65
0.2
2.3
0
40
100
15,2
0
40
0.2
0
12,1
9.2
38
100
11,4
9.4
38
0.5
2.9
11,0
6.2
23
100
10,9
6.3
23
0.6
0.1
Minerals & metals
8,0
5.6
50
100
7,4
8.7
50
20.3
65.9
Petroleum
5,0
20.0
9
100
4,8
20.0
9
11.5
84.2
Chemicals
6,9
0.5
47
100
6,6
1.6
47
12.2
3.1
Wood, paper, etc.
5,0
22.3
20
100
4,4
35.3
20
2.6
79.5
Textiles
9,8
0.2
38
100
9,6
0
38
1.6
0
Clothing
16,1
0
25
100
16,0
0
25
0.2
0
Leather, footw ear, etc.
13,7
0.6
25
100
13,2
0.6
25
1.5
0.2
Non-electrical machinery
8,5
7.8
35
100
8,0
9.0
35
11.9
37.7
Electrical machinery
9,0
25.3
35
100
8,3
24.0
35
20.4
82.1
Transport equipment
11,4
0.8
45
100
11,5
0.8
45
4.7
0.0
Manufactures, n.e.s.
12,2
15.1
35
100
11,9
9.6
35
7.3
15.6
Fonte: OMC
7.1
Investigações de antidumping (1995 - 12/2011)
9
Exporting Country
Brazil
China
Brazil
C hina
European Union
49
European Union
India
South Africa
United States
Total
4
7
10
10
114
107
147
35
107
853
5
17
11
4
33
Russian Federation
5
11
20
19
South Africa
3
1
4
10
United States
33
34
15
33
9
Total
232
191
437
656
216
India
Fonte: OMC
48
87
21
23
155
2
11
124
16
60
234
458
4010
Medidas antidumping aplicadas (1995 – 12/2011)
10
Exporting Country
Brazil
China
Brazil
C hina
33
European Union
India
South Africa
United States
Total
5
8
4
9
82
77
120
18
90
630
European Union
3
12
India
6
4
18
Russian Federation
2
9
17
15
South Africa
2
4
8
United States
15
26
7
21
5
Total
119
151
282
478
128
Fonte: OMC
32
56
12
13
94
2
7
99
9
40
136
305
2601
Investigações de medidas compensatórias
(1995 – 06/2011)
11
Exporting Country
Brazil
China
European Union
India
South Africa United States
Brazil
C hina
2
European Union
India
3
7
29
46
12
18
9
1
United States
Fonte: OMC
1
4
1
South Africa
Total
1
3
Total
3
2
4
60
13
50
2
6
12
1
13
109
262
Medidas Compensatórias (1995 – 06/2011)
12
Exporting Country
Brazil
China
European Union
South Africa
Brazil
C hina
1
United States
Total
3
8
22
33
European Union
India
10
2
12
South Africa
United States
Fonte: OMC
2
1
4
8
31
2
4
6
Salvaguardas (29/03/1995 – 30/04/2012)
13
Reporting Member
Brazil
China, P.R.
European Union*
India
South Africa
United States
Totals for 29/03/1995 - 30/04/2012
Fonte: OMC
Total
Initiations
4
1
5
28
1
10
234
Total
Measures
2
1
3
14
1
6
118
Salvaguardas Transitórias contra a China
14
Country
Provisional
Transitional
Safeguards
Products
(6digits)
Procedures
1 -
Final Transitional
Safeguards
(Products)
Canada
1
Colombia
Dominican
Republic
3
1
1 -
Ecuador
European
Union
4
219 -
-
1
1 -
-
India
8
21
2 2 (9)
Peru
1
94
1 -
Poland
1
4 -
-
Taiwan
1
2 -
-
Turkey
3
4
USA
7
10 -
94
3 1 ( 1)
2 1 (1)
1 ( 2)
Total
31
451
8 5 (13)
Fonte: OMC e Banco Mundial
Casos - DSB
15
Country
Brazil
China
European Union
India
South Africa
United States
Total
Fonte: OMC
Complainant
25
9
87
21
0
100
Respondent
14
26
70
21
3
116
Third Party
67
89
118
74
2
94
438
China – Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio
16
Parceiro
comercial
Chile
Paquistão 1
Temas regulados
RT
AG
RO
MD
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SE
PI
TBT/SPS
X
X
X
X
IN
X
X
Paquistão 2
Nova Zelândia
X
Singapura
X
Peru
X
Costa Rica*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SPS
Novos Temas
Características de economia de não mercado
17
Relatório do Banco Mundial: China 2030 – Building a Modern, Harmounious
and Creative High-Income Society, p. 25
“China’s transition to a market economy is incomplete in many
areas. A mix of market and non-market measures shapes incentives for
producers and consumers, and there remains a lack of clarity in
distinguishing the individual roles of government state
enterprises, and the private sector. It is imperative, therefore that
China resolve these issues, accelerate structural reforms and develop a
market-based system with sound foundations in which the state
focuses on providing key public goods and services – while a vigorous
private sector plays the more important role of driving growth.”
Características de economia de não mercado
18

Obrigações na acessão da China à OMC
 Estado


de Direito
Criação de regime de revisão judicial e administrativo
Aplicação uniforme das regras da OMC
 Tratamento
não-discriminatório de vantagens
concedidas pelo governo – capital estrangeiro
 Liberalização do direito de comércio
 Não influenciar SOEs
 Subsídios são específicos se voltados para SOEs
 Preços determinados por forças de mercado
 Metodologia alternativa em investigações AD
 Salvaguardas transitórias
 Mecanismo de revisão anual
Empresas estatais
19
2008
2009
2010
SOEs
568,793
498,176
457,820
Collective-owned enterprises
856,677
756,060
647,858
FIEs: equity joint ventures
85,932
81,466
79,537
FIEs: contractual joint ventures
13,360
11,992
11,054
188,777
190,276
197,497
6,574,171
7,401,539
8,455,158
FIEs: wholly foreign-owned enterprises
Domestic private enterprises
Fonte: OMC, Trade Policy Review - China
Participação estatal
20
Total (billion)
Number of tradeable shares
2008
2009
2010
1,890.012
2,060.626
2,698.449
696.497
1,420.019
1,944.215
a
669.676
1,392.871
1,916.047
b
26.821
27.148
28.168
1,193.515
640.607
754.234
71.219
189.605
330.404
8.701
12.581
10.446
5.97
29.60
43.81
Disposal of converted shares as a percentage of converted shares (%)
12.22
6.64
3.17
Tradeable shares as a percentage of total shares (%)
36.85
68.91
72.05
A shares
B shares
Number of non-tradeable shares
Number of converted shares
c
Number of disposal of converted shares
d
Converted shares as a percentage of non-tradeable shares (%)
a. A shares are shares issued by joint-stock companies registered in China and listed on the domestic stock exchanges, with face value
denominated in RMB, and traded in RMB by domestic companies, institutions, organizations or individuals (excluding investors from Hong
Kong, China; Macao, China; and Chinese Taipei).
b. B shares are shares issued by joint-stock companies registered in China and listed on the domestic stock exchanges, with face value
denominated in RMB, but traded in U.S. dollars on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and in HK dollars on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
c. Converted shares are shares released from originally non-tradeable shares through the conversion programmes. After the conversion
programme, the originally non-tradeable shares will become tradeable on the A-share market, but there is a lockup period of 1 to 3 years
before those converted shares are actually traded on the market.
d. Disposal of converted shares are converted shares actually sold off on the market after the lockup period.
Fonte: OMC, Trade Policy Review - China
Empresas estatais – indústrias estratégicas
21
Fonte: Report of the US – China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2011
Empresas estatais - investimentos
22
Investimentos estrangeiros das principais empresas estatais da China
Setores: CNPC e Sinopec – petróleo; CIC – fundo soberano; Chinalco - alumínio
Fonte: Report of the US – China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2011
Subsídios
23
Lista de programas de subsídio selecionados, em vigor, do governo central da China
Measures currently in force
(1) Measures notified by China in October 2011
(a) Assistance to the energy sector and to environmental protection
Preferential tax policies for high or new technology enterprises
Preferential tax treatment for public infrastructure projects
Preferential tax treatment for projects for environmental protection
Preferential tax treatment for building material products
Preferential tax policies for Clean Development Mechanism
(b) Assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises
Fund for supporting technological innovation
Development fund for SMEs
Special fund for establishment of service system for SMEs
Fund for international market exploration by SMEs
Preferential tax policies for enterprises making little profits
(c) Assistance to research and development, support for specific
industries, assistance for industrial development
Preferential tax policies for the research and development of
enterprises
Preferential tax policies for enterprises transferring technology
Research and development fund for industrial technologies
Fund for promotion of coordinated development of foreign trade
Subsidy for scrapping old vehicles
Preferential tax policies for integrated circuit industry
Fund for research and development of integrated circuit industry
Fund for development of electrical information industry
Fund for high technology R&D for packaging industry
(d) FDI and regional support
Preferential tax policies in the western regions
(e) Assistance to agriculture and forestry
Preferential tax policies
Fund for specialized economic cooperatives of farmers
Fonte: OMC, Trade Policy Review - China
Incentives
Fund for subsidizing the training of rural migrant labour force
Fund for popularization of agricultural technologies
Fund for subsidizing transformation of agricultural technology
Subsidy for promoting superior strains and seeds
Subsidy for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools
Comprehensive subsidies for agricultural inputs
Direct subsidy to farmers
Fund for agricultural comprehensive development
Preferential tax treatment for imported products
Fund for interest discount of loans
Subsidy for national key constructions on water and soil conservation
Subsidy for prevention from and control of pest and disease
Subsidy for grass seed sowing by airplanes
Preferential tax policies for enterprises of grain or oil reserves
Preferential tax policies for the relief grain and disaster relief grain
b
(2) Information from other official and public sources
(a) Assistance to the energy sector and to environmental protection
Full Purchase on Electricity Generated by Renewable Energy
Price Surcharge of Electricity Generated by Renewable Energy
Golden Sun Demonstration Project
Demonstration Project of Optoelectronic Application Buildings
Energy Regeneration and Utilization of Straws and Stalks
Promotion of high-efficient energy-saving products
(b) Assistance to research and development, support for specific
industries, assistance for industrial development
Foreign Trade Development Fund
Promotion of new-energy and energy-saving automobiles
Domestic appliance to countryside
-------------------------------------------
Subsídios
24
OMC, Trade Policy Review – China
“The use of subsidies and other government assistance appear to
be an important feature of China's trade policy making.
However, because of the limited information made available to the
Secretariat, it is difficult to confirm this. In general, very few details
are available on China's subsidies and other government
assistance, particularly at the sub-central level, on their type and
size, the financial outlays involved, and the objectives of the
programmes and their results. (...) In many cases, there are no
precise figures on the magnitude of subsidies provided by the
government, many of which are in the form of tax benefits.”
Fonte: CEMAP - FGV
Colômbia - Shin
Índia - Johansen
Finlândia - Shin
Estados Unidos - EG
60%
Estados Unidos - Shin
Desalinhamento cambial estimado - Anos selecionados
Finlândia - EG
Estados Unidos - Johansen
China - Johansen
Irlanda - Johansen
Japão - Johansen
França - Johansen
México - Shin
México - EG
Turquia - Shin
Alemanha - EG
Alemanha - Shin
Alemanha - Johansen
México-Johansen
Suécia - Johansen
Portugal - Johansen
Dinamarqua - Shin
Dinamarqua - EG
Portugal - EG
Espanha - EG
Portugal - Shin
Colômbia - Johansen
Espanha - Shin
Cingapura - Johansen
Itália - EG
Holanda - Johansen
Espanha - Johansen
Grécia - Johansen
Turquia - EG
Austrália - EG
Reino Unido - Johansen
Brasil - Johansen
Uruguai - Johansen
Brasil - EG
Brasil - Shin
% em relação ao equilíbrio
Desalinhamentos Cambiais
25
Metodologias:
Análise de Fundamentos - Fundamentos
estimados utilizando 3 metodologias: Shin,
Engle & Granger e Johansen .
40%
20%
0%
2000
-20%
2005
2010
2011
-40%
-60%
Desalinhamentos cambiais - 2011
Level of misalignment - Deviation from long run
equilibrium
26
50,3%
50%
40,5%
40%
30%
26,1%
20%
11,6%
10%
6,8%
3,3% 2,0%
0,6% 0,0%
0%
0,0% -0,3% -0,4% -1,5%
-10%
-6,7%
-8,5% -8,9%
-11,4%-11,9%
-20%
-22,0%
-25,6%
-30%
Countries
Fonte: CEMAP - FGV
Desalinhamento da China
27
Fonte: CEMAP - FGV
Efeitos do câmbio no mercado brasileiro
28
Tarifas do Brasil - Efeito Valorização Cambial do Brasil 2011
Médias simples a HS 2 dígitos - fonte OMC (2010)
60%
Cereais
50%
Laticínios
40%
Tabaco
Farmaceuticos
Algodão
Aeronaves
Tarifas Consolidadas
30%
Tarifas Aplicadas
20%
10%
Tarifa consolidada
ajustada: BR + 40%
0%
1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16 - 19 - 22 - 25 - 28 - 31 - 34 - 37 - 40 - 43 - 46 - 49 - 52 - 55 - 58 - 61 - 64 - 67 - 70 - 73 - 76 - 79 - 82 - 85 - 88 - 91 - 94 - 97 -
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
Tarifa aplicada ajustada:
BR + 40%
Efeitos do câmbio no mercado brasileiro
29
Tarifas do Brasil - Efeito Do Desalinhamento Cambial Brasil + China 2011
Médias simples a HS 2 dígitos
60%
Laticínios
Cereais
Tabaco
Farmaceuticos
Algodão
Aeronaves
40%
Tarifas Consolidadas
20%
Tarifas Aplicadas
0%
1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16 - 19 - 22 - 25 - 28 - 31 - 34 - 37 - 40 - 43 - 46 - 49 - 52 - 55 - 58 - 61 - 64 - 67 - 70 - 73 - 76 - 79 - 82 - 85 - 88 - 91 - 94 - 97 -
Tarifa consolidada ajustada
-Efeito BR + CH: 51%
-20%
Tarifa aplicada ajustada Efeito BR + CH: 51%
-40%
-60%
Efeitos do câmbio no mercado brasileiro
30
Tarifas Aplicadas do Brasil - Evolução do Efeito Brasil + China 2010-2011
Médias simples a HS 2 dígitos
40%
Vestuário
30%
20%
Bebidas
alcoólicas
Couro
Automóveis
Laticínios
Tarifas Aplicadas
10%
0%
1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16 - 19 - 22 - 25 - 28 - 31 - 34 - 37 - 40 - 43 - 46 - 49 - 52 - 55 - 58 - 61 - 64 - 67 - 70 - 73 - 76 - 79 - 82 - 85 - 88 - 91 - 94 - 97 -
Nível tarifário
aplicado ajustado
2010
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
-60%
Nível tarifário
aplicado ajustado
2011
Conclusões
31

Desafios
1 - China - economia híbrida
Regras na OMC para NME :
. Art. VI do GATT - Ad Note
. Art. XVII do GATT - STE
2 - Temas a discutir
. Câmbio e sistema financeiro
. Subsídios
. SOE