WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
BRAZILIAN CHALLENGES
Ney Maranhão
WATER WEEK LATINOAMERICA
Ciudad de Mexico – 23JUN2014
Premisses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Water availability is fundamental to development. Water
governance is the key to sustainable development.
Hydrographic basins are natural unities of a national territory and
must be taken into account in water governance.
Water resources management and territory management are
mutually complementary as are quantity and quality of water in a
hydrographic basin.
Water resources governance is a complex orchestration: it
requires horizontal articulations (sectoral uses of water and
participation of society), vertical (government levels) and a
dialogue with territorial and natural resources management
/exploitation.
In this scenario, cities stand up as voraceous resource consuming
entities in the territory.
Water access is a human right.
Governance and its conflicting signs:
opportunities to meet and challenges to face
• Brazil can save 1% of its electrical
consumption and increase its GCP in US$35B
with public policies regarding waste
management and its recycling
• São Paulo metropolitan region (22 million
people) is facing the worst water supply crisis
in the last 80 years.
Brazil - Water availability/year/hab
8,5 million sq. Km
201 million inhabitants
Qmed
per inhabitant
Hydrographic regions
Brazil:
33.000 m3/hab/yr
Brazil + Neighbor countries
contribuiton:
49.000 m3/hab/ano
500
Muito pobre
Escassez
1.000
Pobre
1.700
Regular
Estresse
4.000
Suficiente
10.000
Rico
Confortável
3
m per capita
Muito rico
Water use versus water availability in Brazil
Semi-arid region basins
“Stress” due to vey low water
avaiability
Demanda/Disponibilidade hídrica
< 5% Excelente
5 - 10% Confortável
10 - 20% Preocupante
20 - 40% Crítica
> 40% Muito crítica
Tietê river basin
“Stress” due to
very intense water
demand for urban
uses
Região hidrográfica
Basins in the Hydrographic
Region of Uruguai
Stress due to extremely
intense water demands for
irrigation
GROUND WATER
•
•
Renewable reserves: 42.265 m3/s (24% of Qmed; 49% of Q95).
Ground water availability: 8.453 m3/s
Boa Vista
•
Sedimentary basins: 48%
•
Cristaline rocks (fractured
rocks and karstic): 52%
Motuca
Alter do C hão
Barreiras
Serra Grande
Itapecuru
Jandaíra
Cabeças
Corda
Solimões
Açu
Be beribe
Mis são V elha
Exu
Poti-Piauí
Tacaratu
Inajá
Urucuia-Areado
Parec is
Marizal
Sã o Seba stiã o
Furnas
Bambuí
MAIN AQUIFER SYSTEMS(27)
 67% sedimentary basins;
Ponta G ross a
Barreiras
Bauru-Caiuá
Guarani
 32% of brazilian territory;
Total surface: 2.760.000 km2
 Explotable reserves: 4.090 m3/s;
Serra Geral
Recharge area of main
aquifers
Water Quality
Water quality index - IQA
Parâmetros que integram o Índice de Qualidade das Águas:
pH
temperatura da água
oxigênio dissolvido
coliformes termotolerantes
DBO
Turbidez
Nitrogênio total (ou nitrato)
Fósforo total (ou fosfato)
Resíduo total
RM Recife
RM de Belo Horizonte
RM de Vitória
Ótima
9%
Péssima Ruim
2%
5%
RM São Paulo
RM de Curitiba
RM Porto Alegre
•Total de pontos considerados = 1173 pontos
Boa
70%
Fonte: FEMA, IMASUL, FEPAM, SUDERHSA, CETESB, IGAM, IEMA, SANEATINS, IMA, CPRH, IGARN, SUDEMA, AGÊNCIA AMBIENTAL DE GOIÁS
Aceitável
14%
Water Quality
Trophic Index - IET
Estados da Paraíba e
Pernambuco
Análise: Observa-se um grande número de pontos classificados nas
categorias “supereutrófico” e “hipereutrófico” nos Estados da
Paraíba e Pernambuco. Nesta região semi-árida, a água acumulada
em alguns açudes fica estagnada e submetida à intensa evaporação,
o que, juntamente com as escassas precipitações do Nordeste
brasileiro, concentra os compostos de fósforo, acelerando a
eutrofização e o conseqüente crescimento de microalgas e
cianobactérias.
Observa-se, em termos gerais, que 35 % dos pontos de
monitoramento apresentam estado acelerado de eutrofização
(eutrófico, supereutrófico ou hipereutrófico) e 65 % apresentam
valores mais baixos do IET (mesotrófico, oligotrófico e
ultraoligotrófico).
Bacia do Velhas
Supereutrófico
10%
Hipereutrófico
11%
Ultraoligotrófico
6%
Rio Tietê
Eutrófico
14%
Bacia do Sinos
•Total de pontos considerados = 1034 pontos
Fonte: IMASUL, FEPAM, SUDERHSA, CETESB, IGAM, IEMA, SANEATINS, IMA, CPRH, IGARN, SUDEMA, AGÊNCIA AMBIENTAL DE GOIÁS
Mesotrófico
42%
Oligotrófico
17%
WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Three different situations in Brazil
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S-SE and the limits to the traditional development model
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Changing development patterns - cleaner technologies
Investment in sanitation
NE and the coexistence with the semi-arid climate
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The search for different local solutions and corresponding criteria
Radical regional solutions: large scale water transfer and public reactions
The N and Center: the search for innovative approaches
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Devise new models to reconcile development and environmental
sustainability
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WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• The S-SE Agenda
• The development already achieved and the damages imposed to
the water resources
• Demand management, reuse of water, promotion of rational use
• Alocated water stocks – change criteria?
• Recomposition of water stocks damaged by pollution: depollution
+ quality control
• Sanitation!
• Support to new development levels x limits for development
model under sustainable basis -> bearing capacity of territory and
water bodies
• Water supply comes distant sources at higher costs
10
WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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The NE Agenda
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Two norheasts (the humid and the semi-arid)
The sanitation issue in temporary rivers
Water quality in ponds and reservoirs
S. Francisco Water Transfer and its rational use
management
Aquifer management support and dessalination systems
for wells in small communities
The limits for the development in NE
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WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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The North and Center Agenda
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The search for a new development model and the water role
in it.
Sanitation
The multiple use of water resources
–
–
–
–
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•
Agriculture and irrigation– prioritary areas
River navigation problems and potential
Hydro energy production
Aquiculture and livestock production
Other uses: tourism, recreation, sports
The Anticipation Strategy
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Do not wait. Act now.
Trade-offs
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Solos
Extreme events, climatic changes and
resilience build-up
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Droughts and floods – damages,losses and changes
– The paradox of disordered development as a stressor of vulnerability
– Intensity and location: acute, short events x long term events; local x
widespread
Climatic changes
– What we know
– What we still do not know
Resilience build-up and adaptative measures
– Social dimension
– Technology
– Institutions
Infrastructure – replacement , refurbishment, new facilities
– Recovery of accumulated deficit
– How many? How much?
– Where?
– Which criteria?
– No regret strategy
Critical events
Droughts in 2007
Total 5549 municipalities
795 declared emergency due
to some ocurrence of drought
The classical events and their area of
occurrence
The 2013-2014 trend of events: new
affected areas and the intensity of events
Municipalities that experienced some kind of drought in 2007
86%
14%
Mun icíp ios co m ocorrência
Mun icíp ios sem o corrência
Counties that registered droughts
100%
90%
80%
70%
Análise: Nota-se, através do mapa, que há uma concentração de ocorrência dos
eventos de seca na região do semi-árido nordestino. Tais ocorrências
abrangem as Bacias Hidrográficas: do Rio São Francisco, do Parnaíba, Atlântico
Nordeste Oriental, Atlântico Leste e uma porção da Tocantins-Araguaia.
As manchas localizadas na Bacia Amazônica não representam grande número de
ocorrências, e sim eventos pontuais. Tais manchas devem-se ao fato que os
municípios ali localizados possuem grandes áreas territoriais.
As regiões das bacias: Atlântico Nordeste Ocidental, Atlântico Sudeste, Atlântico
Sul, Paraná, Paraguai e Uruguai, além da Amazônica, não apresentaram número
significativo de eventos de estiagem.
Fonte: Defesa Civil
60%
50%
40%
170
142
133
30%
87
20%
10%
56
13
1
26
83
71
3
2
1
0%
AM
TO
PI
CE
RN
PB
PE
Municípios com Ocorrência de Estiagem
AL
BA
MG
ES
Municípios sem Ocorrência
RS
MT
A new pattern?
• Droughts
• 2 big droughs in Amazonic
basin (2005 and 2010)
• In the southern region (SW of
Rio Grande do Sul; of Santa
Catarina)
• Parana and São Paulo
– The RM S.Paulo case
(Cantareira system)
– The Paraiba do Sul
• The NE of Brasil
• Consequences for urban living;
energy production; crop losses
• The nexus water-energy-food> water security
• Floods
• From January 2014 to the
present days
• Madeira River (20m above
maximum level)
• Amazonas River (right now, in
June, 4th greatest)
• Iguaçu River (120 counties
declared emergency)
• Flash floods in Rio de Janeiro
state and Doce river basin
(frequency and disribution)
• Loss of lives; material losses
• Territory use
SUGGESTIONS FOR A ROADMAP TO
WATER GOVERNANCE
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New approach: induction, flexibility, trade-offs
Water availability, water uses, vulnerabilities and IWRM
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Intensive articulation
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With States
With federal government agencies acting in these regions
With counties(*)
Regulation, normatization enforcement and delegation
Mediation (among competitive users) and conflict management
– detection and responses
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Areas of traditional intensive uses
Areas of rapid growing demands
Cooperative management
Data availability, information systems and decision rules
Antecipate
Intervene
Prevent
Directives privileging multiple and rational
use of water resources and monitoring
Orient
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Extreme events – resilience building/strenghtening
Water resources management and territory management
Education and social participation
Water Resources Plans as a vehicle for implementing
the Water and Sustainable Development Agenda
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Water resources plan as an instrument
Water resource management :
• what they provide today
• what they will have to provide
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Risk management, uncertainties and water resource plans
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Climate change adaptation
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The 2nd generation of plans and their integration with
territorial planning
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Muchas gracias!
[email protected]