ELETROBRAS
Av. Presidente Vargas, 409 / 13º andar – Centro
20071-003 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Caixa Postal: 1639
Tel: (21) 2514–5151
www.eletrobras.com.br
[email protected]
PROCEL Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica
Av. Rio Branco, 53 / 13º andar – Centro
20090-004 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
www.eletrobras.com/procel
[email protected]
PROCEL EDIFICA Eficiência Energética em Edificações
Av. Rio Branco, 53 / 15º andar – Centro
20090-004 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Fax: (21) 2514-5767
www.eletrobras.com/procel
[email protected]
E L E T R O B R A S
P R O C E L
Presidente da ELETROBRAS
José da Costa Carvalho Neto
Superintendente de Eficiência Energética da ELETROBRAS
Renata Leite Falcão
Chefe do Departamento de Projetos de Eficiência Energética
Fernando Pinto Dias Perrone
Chefe da Divisão de Eficiência Energética no Setor Privado
Marco Aurélio Ribeiro Gonçalves Moreira
E Q U I P E
T É C N I C A
E LE T R O B R AS
P R OC E L
Equipe do PROCEL Edifica
Edison Alves Portela Júnior
Elisete Alvarenga da Cunha
Estefânia Neiva de Mello
João Queiroz Krause
Lucas Mortimer Macedo
Luciana Dias Lago Machado
Maria Teresa Marques da Silveira
Colaboradores
Clóvis José da Silva
Frederico Guilherme Cardoso Souto Maior de Castro
Solange Nogueira Puente Santos
Vanda Alves dos Santos
Revisão Gráfica
Kelli Cristine Vidal Mondaini
Autores
Roberto Lamberts
Luciano Dutra
Fernando O. R. Pereira
Ilustração
Luciano Dutra
curriculum resumido dos autores
Roberto Lamberts: Professor Titular do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina. Engenheiro Civil (1980), Mestre em Engenharia Civil (1983) pela
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e PhD pelo Department of Civil Engineering da
University of Leeds (Inglaterra) em 1988. Supervisor do Laboratório de Eficiência Energética
em Edificações (LabEEE). Atua nos cursos de pós-graduação Engenharia Civil (Mestrado e
Doutorado) e Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Mestrado e Doutorado) e da UFSC. Coeditor do
periódico Ambiente Construído, membro do comitê editorial dos periódicos Advances in
Building Energy Research e do Journal of Building Performance Simulation. Membro das
associações científicas ANTAC, Associação de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído (onde foi da
diretoria por vários mandatos) e IBPSA, associação internacional para a simulação do
desempenho de edificações e membro do GT e ST de edificações do MME apoiando o
desenvolvimento da etiquetagem de eficiência energética em edificações. Desenvolve
pesquisas na área de Engenharia Civil, com ênfase em Eficiência Energética, desempenho
térmico
de
edificações,
bioclimatologia
e
conforto
térmico.
(http://lattes.cnpq.br/0755959610406012)
Luciano Dutra: Arquiteto e Urbanista pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em 1991,
mestre em Conforto Ambiental pela mesma instituição em 1994 e PhD pela Architectural
Association School – AA School (Londres - Inglaterra) em 2010. Atualmente é professor do curso
de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL). É coordenador
do curso de Especialização em Arquitetura Sustentável e Bioclimática, ministrando disciplinas
neste curso e também no curso de Especialização em Engenharia e Segurança do Trabalho,
ambos da UNISUL. É integrante da equipe do Projeto REGSA (Promoting Renewable Electricity
Generation in South America), um convênio internacional entre a UNISUL e três outras
universidades. Tem experiência na área de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, com ênfase em
Arquitetura Bioclimática e Sustentável, atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: projeto
de arquitetura, ensino de arquitetura, arquitetura bioclimática, eficiência energética e
conforto ambiental. (http://lattes.cnpq.br/4612184525520681)
Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira: Professor Titular do Departamento de Arquitetura e
Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Eng. Civil (1979), Mestre em Eng. Civil
(1984) pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e PhD pela School of Architectural
Studies, University of Sheffield (Inglaterra) em 1992. Supervisor do Laboratório de Conforto
Ambiental desde a sua criação em 1987. Atua nos cursos de pós-graduação em Arquitetura e
Urbanismo (Mestrado e Doutorado) e Engenharia Civil (Mestrado e Doutorado) da UFSC. Diretor
(gestão 2002 – 2008) do PLEA – Passive and Low Energy Architecture International Association,
Membro da IESNA - Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, membro do Comitê de
Iluminação Natural da IESNA e do CIE – Commission Internacionale de L’Éclairage – seção
Brasil, Divisão 3 e é Editor Regional - América do Sul, do International Journal Management of
Environmental Quality. Desenvolve pesquisas nas áreas “Insolação e Iluminação no Ambiente
Urbano, Sistemas Inovativos de Iluminação Natural, Simulação da Iluminação e Eficiência
Energética no Ambiente Construído e Ensino de Conforto Ambiental e Eficiência Energética.
(http://lattes.cnpq.br/2498471958439979)
iv
eficiência
energética
na
arquitetura
prefácio
A primeira edição do livro Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura foi elaborada pelos
professores Roberto Lamberts, Luciano Dutra e Fernando O. R. Pereira, em Convênio
com o Procel – Programa Nacional de Conservação de Energia Elétrica no ano de 1997,
sendo desde então referência sobre Arquitetura Bioclimática, em todo o País. Em
2004, uma segunda edição foi lançada e, passados mais de 15 anos, a Eletrobras,
empresa do setor elétrico brasileiro que administra há quase três décadas o Procel,
orgulha-se em apresentar à sociedade esta nova versão.
A 3ª edição, além de uma extensa revisão e atualização de conteúdo, conta com uma
considerável ampliação, tratando de maneira mais específica conceitos e
questionamentos relacionados è Eficiência Energética e à Sustentabilidade, como
iluminação e ventilação naturais. Concomitantemente, propõe uma abordagem
sistêmica listando estratégias e descrevendo os processos para a elaboração de
Projetos de Arquitetura Bioclimática. Permanece, porém, a essência de levar à
comunidade acadêmica, de um modo bastante didático, uma publicação de qualidade
e com conceitos atuais de arquitetura energeticamente eficiente, sustentabilidade e
conforto ambiental.
A importância deste livro torna-se ainda mais evidente no presente cenário em que a
Eletrobras Procel, em parceria com o Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e
Tecnologia – Inmetro, implementaram o Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem em
Edificações (PBE Edifica). Desde 2009, existem critérios técnicos nacionais para a
avaliação de edifícios residenciais, comerciais, públicos e de serviços quanto ao nível
de Eficiência Energética, e para a emissão da Etiqueta Nacional de Conservação de
Energia. O objetivo é, mediante uma ferramenta orientativa, criar um mercado mais
exigente e consciente quanto ao uso da energia elétrica nas edificações, sem,
contudo, privar seus usuários de suas funcionalidades e conforto. Nesse contexto, esta
publicação é de suma importância por contribuir para a formação acadêmica de
futuros profissionais cada vez mais engajados com as novas soluções para os setores de
Arquitetura e Construção Civil no Brasil.
A Eletrobras, como empresa consciente da importância das energias limpas para o
Brasil, rejubila-se em presentear a sociedade brasileira com esta publicação que visa a
um modo de pensar e de construir edificações confortáveis, energeticamente
eficientes e com respeito ao meio ambiente.
JOSÉ DA COSTA CARVALHO NETO
Presidente da Eletrobras
eficiência
energética
na
arquitetura
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lamberts,
vi
dutra
e
pereira
eficiência
energética
na
arquitetura
apresentação
Nos últimos nove anos, desde a publicação da segunda edição do livro “Eficiência
Energética na Arquitetura” em 2004, muita coisa surgiu em termos de eficiência
energética, incluindo algumas publicações brasileiras. Estas iniciativas vêm suprir,
numa primeira instância, as antigas carências em publicações nesta área no país. Além
disso, refletem sobre nossa arquitetura e sobre os problemas e dificuldades
enfrentadas pelos profissionais da área.
Na sua terceira edição e com conteúdo completamente revisado e atualizado, o livro
“Eficiência Energética na Arquitetura” retorna com novos conceitos. Busca agora
trazer, não somente uma atualização, mas também novos questionamentos referentes
à arquitetura sustentável e sua relação com a eficiência energética e a arquitetura
bioclimática.
O objetivo principal do livro continua o mesmo, introduzir os principais conceitos
relativos ao manejo e controle do consumo de energia em edificações, tendo como
critério central de projeto o conforto de seus usuários.
Um dos pressupostos é de que os conceitos físicos básicos precisam ser bem
entendidos e assimilados quando se busca aplicar e implementar o controle ambiental
de modo inteligente. Para isso, o livro baseia-se intensamente em esquemas,
diagramas conceituais e analogias para guiar o leitor ao entendimento intuitivo sobre
como o aquecimento, resfriamento e iluminação afetam as pessoas, o projeto das
edificações e a energia utilizada pelos principais sistemas mec6anicos e elétricos.
O livro traz capítulos novos como “geometria solar”, “iluminação natural” e
“ventilação natural”, todos essencialmente práticos, mas cujos conteúdos são mais
aprofundados que na edição anterior. Nestes capítulos, o leitor acessará
conhecimentos essenciais ao bom projeto bioclimático e à eficiência energética.
O último capítulo do livro presta atenção ao aspecto mais importante no tema, o
“projeto de arquitetura bioclimática”, onde o leitor irá trilhar pelos principais
conceitos de projeto arquitetônico e verá como as variáveis discutidas no livro
interagem ao longo do processo de projeto.
Esta terceira edição é completamente revisada e ampliada em relação à edição
anterior, publicada em 2004. Traz 366 páginas e tem, ao todo, 334 ilustrações, das
quais 137 são novas. Estas ilustrações seguem o mesmo padrão das edições anteriores
(são coloridas e, na sua maioria, feitas completamente à mão) e buscam tornar claro e
atraente um tema que, apesar de importante, nem sempre é facilmente digerido pelos
estudantes das engenharias e da arquitetura e pelos próprios profissionais destas
áreas. Espera-se, com isso, que o livro possa informar, conscientizar e preparar o
arquiteto e demais profissionais da construção civil para enfrentar um novo desafio,
projetar e construir edificações não somente adequadas às condicionantes ambientais
do local e às necessidades de conforto do usuário, mas também com eficiência
energética e a consequente sustentabilidade.
ROBERTO LAMBERTS, LUCIANO DUTRA e FERNANDO O. R. PEREIRA
eficiência
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na
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vii
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e
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eficiência
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na
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sumário
Capítulo 1: Um Segundo Breve Histórico
O Conceito de Eficiência Energética .................................................. 5
Da Arquitetura Vernacular aos Nossos Dias .......................................... 8
A Crise de Petróleo ...................................................................... 15
A Situação Atual.......................................................................... 16
Consumo nos Setores Residencial, Comercial e Público............................ 16
Normalização ............................................................................. 20
O Conceito de Sustentabilidade ....................................................... 22
Bons Exemplos de Arquitetura Contemporânea ..................................... 23
A Atuação de Cada Profissional ........................................................ 31
Estrutura do Livro ........................................................................ 33
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 34
Bibliografia também consultada ....................................................... 37
Capítulo 2: Conforto Ambiental
Conforto Térmico ........................................................................ 43
Mecanismos Termorreguladores ..................................................... 44
Conceito de Conforto ................................................................. 46
Variáveis de Conforto Térmico ...................................................... 46
Índices de Conforto Térmico ......................................................... 49
Programas de Análise e Simulação de Conforto Térmico ........................ 51
Instrumentos de medição ............................................................ 53
Conforto Visual ........................................................................... 57
Nível de Iluminação ................................................................... 57
Contraste ............................................................................... 58
Ofuscamento ........................................................................... 59
Escalar e Vetor Iluminação ........................................................... 62
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 64
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na
arquitetura
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Capítulo 3: Arquitetura e Clima
Variáveis Climáticas .................................................................... 71
Radiação Solar......................................................................... 72
Luz Natural ............................................................................ 76
Temperatura........................................................................... 77
Vento ................................................................................... 79
Umidade ................................................................................ 80
Climas do Mundo ........................................................................
Os Climas do Brasil ......................................................................
Microclima ................................................................................
A Bioclimatologia Aplicada à Arquitetura............................................
Zona de Conforto .....................................................................
Zona de Ventilação Natural .........................................................
Zona de Inércia Térmica Para Resfriamento ......................................
Zona de Resfriamento Evaporativo e Umidificação ..............................
Zona de Aquecimento Solar .........................................................
Zonas de Condicionamento Artificial com Isolamento Térmico .................
Zona de Sombreamento...............................................................
Interseções entre Estratégias .......................................................
Métodos de Avaliação Bioclimática ...................................................
Avaliação Bioclimática com Dados Climáticos Horários ..........................
Avaliação Bioclimática pelas Normais Climatológicas ............................
Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro ..................................................
81
81
83
83
86
87
88
88
89
90
91
91
92
92
93
97
ZONA 1 .................................................................................
ZONA 2 .................................................................................
ZONA 3 .................................................................................
ZONA 4 .................................................................................
ZONA 5 .................................................................................
ZONA 6 .................................................................................
ZONA 7 .................................................................................
ZONA 8 .................................................................................
Programas de Análises Bioclimáticas .................................................
O Programa Analysis-Bio .............................................................
“Painel Bioclimático” ...................................................................
REFERÊNCIAS .............................................................................
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
99
100
100
101
103
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Capítulo 4: Geometria Solar
A Radiação Solar como Fonte de Calor ............................................... 112
Trajetória da Terra em Torno do Sol ................................................. 114
Posição do Sol no Céu ................................................................... 116
Norte Geográfico versus Norte Magnético ............................................ 116
Horário Local versus Horário Solar .................................................... 117
A Carta Solar.............................................................................. 119
Aplicações práticas da carta solar .................................................. 124
O Transferidor de Ângulos .............................................................. 127
O ângulo A .............................................................................. 127
O ângulo B .............................................................................. 128
O ângulo G .............................................................................. 129
Análise de insolação e sombreamento de obstruções e aberturas................ 130
Análise de proteções solares ........................................................... 131
Proteção Solar horizontal ............................................................ 131
Proteção solar vertical ............................................................... 133
Projeto de proteções solares ........................................................... 135
Análise de sombreamento e projeto de proteções solares com aparatos de simulação
em maquetes ............................................................................. 140
Relógio Solar ........................................................................... 140
Heliodons e Solarscópio .............................................................. 141
Análise de maquetes com heliodons e solarscópios .............................. 142
Simulação de sombreamento e acesso solar com auxílio de programas computacionais
............................................................................................. 143
Analysis-SOL-AR ........................................................................ 143
Outros Aplicativos ..................................................................... 144
Tabela de Brises.......................................................................... 145
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 145
Capítulo 5: Iluminação Natural
Fontes de Luz Natural ................................................................... 151
Avaliação da Iluminação Natural ...................................................... 152
Céu Artificial ............................................................................. 154
Céu artificial do tipo Caixa de Espelhos ........................................... 154
Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico .................................................. 154
Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico com/sem domo translúcido ................. 154
Céu artificial do tipo Hemisférico com domo opaco reflexivo .................. 154
eficiência
energética
na
arquitetura
xi
lamberts,
dutra
e
pereira
Medindo a Contribuição de Iluminação Natural com o céu artificial .......... 154
Estratégias de Iluminação Natural .................................................... 155
Pátios e Átrios ......................................................................... 155
Prateleiras de Luz .................................................................... 156
Cores ....................................................................................
Distribuição e posicionamento de Janelas ........................................
Orientação .............................................................................
Iluminação Zenital ....................................................................
157
157
158
158
Iluminação Artificial como Suplemento da Iluminação Natural ..................
Sensor Fotoelétrico ...................................................................
Distribuição das Luminárias .........................................................
Dimmer .................................................................................
Sensor de Presença ...................................................................
Programador de Tempo ou Minuteria ..............................................
Iluminação de Tarefa .................................................................
Programas de Análise de Iluminação .................................................
Radiance e Desktop Radiance .......................................................
Ecotect Analysis 2011 ................................................................
Apolux ..................................................................................
TropLux.................................................................................
Lux ......................................................................................
Relux ....................................................................................
DIALux ..................................................................................
REFERÊNCIAS .............................................................................
160
160
160
161
161
161
162
163
163
164
166
166
167
167
167
168
Capítulo 6: Ventilação Natural
A rosa-dos-ventos ....................................................................... 174
Correção da velocidade do vento ..................................................... 175
Coeficiente de pressão do vento ($CPL) .............................................
Área útil de ventilação .................................................................
Fluxo de ar ...............................................................................
Redução do fluxo de ar .................................................................
Número de Trocas de Ar (N) ...........................................................
Influência da implantação e da orientação na ventilação natural ...............
Barreiras de Vento ......................................................................
Ventilação Cruzada .....................................................................
xii
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energética
na
176
176
177
178
179
181
183
185
arquitetura
Captadores de vento, peitoris ventilados, mansardas, lanternins e torres de ventilação
............................................................................................. 186
Elementos direcionadores e filtrantes da ventilação natural ..................... 187
Ventilação noturna ...................................................................... 190
Ventilação em fachada dupla e periférica ........................................... 190
Túneis de Vento e Mesa d’Água ........................................................ 191
Túnel de Vento com Serragem ......................................................... 191
Túnel de Vento com Fumaça ........................................................... 191
Mesa d’Água .............................................................................. 191
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 191
Capítulo 7: Propriedades Térmicas dos Elementos Construtivos
Fechamentos Opacos e Transparentes ................................................ 197
Fechamentos Opacos.................................................................. 197
Fechamentos Transparentes ......................................................... 198
Absortividade, refletividade, transmissividade e emissividade ................... 208
Condutividade térmica .................................................................. 210
Resistência térmica ...................................................................... 210
Resistência Térmica Superficial ..................................................... 212
Resistência térmica de câmaras de ar ............................................. 213
Transmitância térmica .................................................................. 215
Densidade de Fluxo de Calor ........................................................... 216
Temperatura SOL-AR .................................................................... 217
Fluxo de Calor ............................................................................ 218
Capacidade térmica ..................................................................... 220
Fator Solar ................................................................................ 221
REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................. 225
Capítulo 8: Equipamentos e Sistemas Eficientes
Sistemas de Aquecimento de Água ..................................................
Elétrico ...............................................................................
A Gás .................................................................................
Solar ..................................................................................
A Biomassa (lenha) ..................................................................
Sistemas de Iluminação Artificial ....................................................
Lâmpadas ...............................................................................
Incandescentes ......................................................................
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231
232
232
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233
234
xiii
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Descarga Gasosa ....................................................................
Novos Tipos de Lâmpadas ..........................................................
Luminárias ..............................................................................
Reatores ................................................................................
235
238
241
242
Controle da Iluminação ...............................................................
Climatização Artificial .................................................................
Ventilação Mecânica ................................................................
243
243
243
Aquecimento .........................................................................
Aquecimento a Biomassa ...........................................................
Aquecimento a Gás ..................................................................
Resfriamento ...........................................................................
Ar Condicionado de Janela ...........................................................
Mini Centrais de Pequeno Porte ou Split ..........................................
Multisplit .............................................................................
Self Contained .......................................................................
Chiller & Fan-Coil ...................................................................
REFERÊNCIAS ...........................................................................
245
248
249
249
249
250
251
252
253
253
Capítulo 9: Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática
O Partido Bioclimático ................................................................
Análise do Terreno .....................................................................
Análise do Clima Local .................................................................
Análise dos Usuários e dos Horários de Uso .........................................
Programa de Necessidades ...........................................................
261
261
262
262
262
A Função ................................................................................
A Forma .................................................................................
Os Materiais Construtivos .............................................................
O uso das Estratégias Bioclimáticas de Forma Integrada .........................
A Expressividade Arquitetônica .......................................................
Definição dos Elementos Bioclimáticos a serem Empregados .....................
Ventilação ............................................................................
Resfriamento Evaporativo e Umidificação ........................................
Usar Inércia Térmica .................................................................
Aquecimento Solar Passivo .........................................................
Ar Condicionado .....................................................................
Aquecimento Artificial ..............................................................
Outras Técnicas para Diminuir o Consumo de Energia ..........................
262
263
267
268
268
269
269
271
274
275
277
278
279
xiv
eficiência
energética
na
arquitetura
Iluminação Natural e Artificial .....................................................
Análise e Síntese da Primeira Alternativa de projeto ..............................
Simulação e Propostas Alternativas .................................................
Uso de Energia Alternativa ............................................................
284
288
289
290
Captação da Água da Chuva ..........................................................
Reutilização de Água ...................................................................
Projeto de Arquitetura Bioclimática .................................................
290
291
291
REFERÊNCIAS ...........................................................................
296
Referências Bibliográficas
Referências Bibliográficas .............................................................
299
Apêndices
APÊNDICE 1: Paineis Bioclimáticos ...................................................
APÊNDICE 2: Confecção de um Relógio Solar para uma Latitude Específica ....
APÊNDICE 3: Tabela de Brises .........................................................
APÊNDICE 4: Tabelas de Propriedades Térmicas ...................................
APÊNDICE 5: Unidades e Conceitos Físicos .........................................
Quantidades Térmicas ..............................................................
Princípios Termodinâmicos .........................................................
Psicrometria .........................................................................
Processos Psicrométricos ...........................................................
APÊNDICE 6: Carga Térmica ..........................................................
Conceitos .............................................................................
Exemplo Numérico ..................................................................
REFERÊNCIAS ...........................................................................
313
328
331
342
349
349
350
353
355
357
357
359
365
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