Journal
Journalof
ofCoastal
CoastalResearch
Research
SI 64
pg -- pg
1228
1232
ICS2011
ICS2011 (Proceedings)
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
Exploitation and Management of Natural Resources by Rural
Communities in the Caeté River Basin in northern Brazil
D. O. Guimarães†*, L. C. C. Pereira†, A. Gorayeb‡ and R. M. da Costa†
† Instituto de Estudos Costeiros
∞ Departamento de Geografia
Universidade Federal do Pará,
Universidade Federal do Ceará
Bragança, 6860-000. Brazil.
Fortaleza, 60833-500, Brazil.
*Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Guimarães, D.O., Pereira, L.C.C., Gorayeb, A. and Costa, R.M. da, 2011. Exploitation and management of
natural resources by rural communities in the Caeté River Basin in northern Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research,
SI 64 (Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), 1228-1232. Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208
The Caeté River basin is located on the Amazon coast, and has an area of 2195 km². The main river runs some
149 km from its source, in the municipality of Bonito, to its mouth, in Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, and passes
through four other municipalities, and 18 rural communities. The aims of the present study were to (i)
demonstrate the effects of anthropogenic impacts and natural phenomena on the natural resources available to
these communities, and (ii) present guidelines for the implementation of effective environmental management
strategies by local authorities. Data were collected between January and June, 2006, using direct observation and
analysis of water in 23 wells for the assessment of the presence of fecal coliforms. Data from previous studies
were also used for the mapping of the main environmental problems. The Caeté Basin is located in the most
populated portion of northeastern Pará, and over the past few decades, a number of anthropogenic impacts have
been increasing, with growing pressure on local resources. The lack of effective public policy has accentuated
both environmental and socio-economic problems. The authors suggest several measures to improve the current
situation, including: (i) the regulation of land use to reduce the environmental impact of the economic sector; (ii)
implementation of management programs for the sustainable exploitation of natural resources (fish, crabs, clay,
lumber); (iii) installation of public services, in particular piped water and sanitation; (iv) better monitoring and
penalization of the illegal exploitation of natural resources.
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Environmental, Management, Hydrographic Basin, Amazon littoral.
INTRODUCTION
Coastal zones and exoreic basins are linked through
hydrological discharges, forming continuous fluvial-marine
systems. Over the past few decades, population growth and
economic development have been exerting ever-increasing
impacts on these complex systems worldwide (Gray and Becker,
2002; Turgeon et al., 2004; Ouyang et al., 2006; Batarseh, 2006;
Plummer and Long, 2007; D’Alessandro et al., 2007). In Brazil,
around two-thirds of the 190 million inhabitants live within 100
km of the coast, and the ongoing urbanization of this zone creates
burgeoning pressures on its natural resources. While integrated
management of the country’s coastal zones and basins is currently
a major environmental challenge, it has received limited attention
from either scientists or local authorities (Szlafsztein, 2003;
Nicolodi et al., 2009).
The westernmost basin of the Northeast Atlantic region
is one of Brazil’s 12 hydrographic regions. It encompasses the
catchment basins flowing towards the Atlantic coast in the area
between western Maranhão and eastern Pará. The region includes
a diversity of ecosystems, including rainforests, mangroves,
estuaries, and rivers (Lara, 2003). Population density is low and
there is little industrial development, but agriculture, mining,
fisheries, and tourism are relatively well-developed (Szlafsztein
and Sterr, 2007).
The Caeté River basin is located in northeastern Pará,
and has an area of 2,195 km² (Gorayeb et al., 2009). The main
river runs some 149 km from its headwaters, in the municipality of
Bonito, to its mouth, in Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, and passes
through four other municipalities – Ourém, Capanema,
Tracuateua, and Santa Luzia do Pará. The Caeté Basin is located
in the most populated portion of northeastern Pará, and over the
past few decades, anthropogenic impacts have been increasing,
with growing pressure on local resources (Pereira et al., 2009;
Guimarães et al., 2009a; Pereira et al., 2010; Gorayeb et al.,
2010). The lack of effective public policy has accentuated both
environmental and socio-economic problems. Given this, the aims
of the present study were (i) to demonstrate the effects of both
anthropogenic impacts and natural phenomena on the natural
resources available to the rural communities of the Caeté Basin,
and (ii) present proposals for the implementation of effective
coastal management strategies by local authorities.
STUDY AREA
The Caeté River basin is located in northeastern Pará.
The main river channel runs through a total of 18 rural
communities, which were surveyed in the present study (Figure 1).
Two of these communities – Arraial do Caeté, in the municipality
of Ourém and São João do Caeté/Ramal da Onça in Santa Luzia
do Pará – are located on the upper Caeté. Eight communities (São
João do Caeté/Vila do Caeté, and Tentugal in Santa Luzia do Pará;
Nova Mocajuba, Arimbú, Jutaí, Tororomba, Monte Alegre, and
Fazendinha in Bragança) are located in the river’s mid sector,
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1228
Exploitation and management in rural communities
Exploitation and management in rural communities
while the remaining eight (Camutá, Sítio Grande, Vila Quiera,
Caratateua,
Bacuriteua,eight
Acarajó,
Vila dos
in Bragança,
while the remaining
(Camutá,
SítioPescadores
Grande, Vila
Quiera,
and
Ponta Urumajó
in Acarajó,
AugustoVila
Corrêa)
are in the in
lower
basin
Caratateua,
Bacuriteua,
dos Pescadores
Bragança,
(Gorayeb
al., 2009).in Augusto Corrêa) are in the lower basin
and PontaetUrumajó
(Gorayeb et al., 2009).
Bordalo, 2007). The samples were analyzed using the American
Public
Health
(APHA,
2004) method.
about
Bordalo,
2007).Association
The samples
were analyzed
using Studies
the American
social
economic
pressures,
and2004)
exploration
the natural
Public and
Health
Association
(APHA,
method. ofStudies
about
resources
that hydrographic
basin
also usedofto the
support
the
social andineconomic
pressures,
andwere
exploration
natural
resources in that hydrographic basin were also used to support the
Study area
Study area
Figure 1. Localization of the Caeté River basin in northern Brazil.
Figure 1. Localization of the Caeté River basin in northern Brazil.
The local climate is characterized by two distinct
seasons (rainy
and climate
dry). Around
85-90% by
of two
the distinct
annual
The local
is characterized
precipitation
falls and
duringdry).
the rainy
season
(normally
seasons (rainy
Around
85-90%
of from
the January
annual
to
June), which
is during
when intense
fluvial
flooding
occurs.
Minimum
precipitation
falls
the rainy
season
(normally
from
January
andJune),
maximum
are around
33°C,
to
which is temperatures
when intense fluvial
flooding18°C
occurs.and
Minimum
respectively,
with temperatures
an annual mean
do Estado
and maximum
areof 25.5°C
around (Governo
18°C and
33°C,
do
Pará, 2004).
respectively,
with an annual mean of 25.5°C (Governo do Estado
Guimarães et al. (2009a) recorded a total of 2,207
do Pará, 2004).
families living
in these
rural communities,
withofa 2,207
total
Guimarães
et al.18(2009a)
recorded a total
population
of 9,573
inhabitants.
The communities,
majority of this
population
families living
in these
18 rural
with
a total
has
low income,
limited
education
poor of
living
population
of 9,573
inhabitants.
The and
majority
this conditions.
population
Inadequate
services
and infrastructure
a lackconditions.
of public
has low income,
limited
education andinclude
poor living
sanitation
water supplies,
refuse collection,
Inadequateorservices
and infrastructure
includeschools,
a lackorofmedical
public
assistance.
local
economy
is based
on fishing,
farming,
and
sanitation orThe
water
supplies,
refuse
collection,
schools,
or medical
shopkeeping
(Pereira
al., 2006;
2006; Gomes
al.,
assistance. The
local et
economy
is Silva
basedetonal.,fishing,
farming,et and
2009;
Guimarães
et al.,
shopkeeping
(Pereira
et 2009a)
al., 2006;
. Silva et al., 2006; Gomes et al.,
2009; Guimarães et al., 2009a).
METHODS
Data were collected
between January and June, 2006,
METHODS
using direct
to demonstrate
the and
effects
of 2006,
both
Dataobservation
were collected
between January
June,
anthropogenic
impacts andto natural
phenomena
on the ofnatural
using direct observation
demonstrate
the effects
both
resources
available
to the
rural
communities
of the
Basin.
anthropogenic
impacts
and
natural
phenomena
onCaeté
the natural
The
main available
environmental
were identified,
georreferenced,
resources
to theimpacts
rural communities
of the
Caeté Basin.
photographed,
and mapped.
During
theidentified,
same period,
samples of
The main environmental
impacts
were
georreferenced,
water were collected
from During
23 wells
least
one samples
from each
photographed,
and mapped.
the (at
same
period,
of
community)
for testing
presence
of one
thermotolerant
water were collected
fromfor23the
wells
(at least
from each
coliforms
and Samadpour,
2007; Bordalo
and Savvacommunity)(Fielda
for testing
for the presence
of thermotolerant
coliforms (Fielda and Samadpour, 2007; Bordalo and Savva-
local mapping and the proposals for the environmental
management.
we suggest
guidelines
for the
local mappingFinally,
and the
proposalsseveral
for the
environmental
effective
management
the suggest
natural resources
of the CaetéforBasin
management.
Finally, ofwe
several guidelines
the
by
the pertinent
local authorities.
effective
management
of the natural resources of the Caeté Basin
by the pertinent local authorities.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Human
pressure was
found
in the 18 rural communities
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
along the Human
Caeté Basin,
andwas
the found
principal
environmental
problems
pressure
in the
18 rural communities
were
related
solid and
waste
discharge of problems
untreated
along the
CaetétoBasin,
the disposal,
principal environmental
effluents,
illegal
of ornamental
miningof extraction,
were related
to capture
solid waste
disposal, fish,
discharge
untreated
over
exploration
fishesofand
crabs, deforestation
andextraction,
oil spill.
effluents,
illegal of
capture
ornamental
fish, mining
The
social
economic
pressures,
well
as
over description
explorationofofthe
fishes
andand
crabs,
deforestation
andasoil
spill.
the
of the
are shown
below. as well as
Themapping
description
of pressure
the socialindicators
and economic
pressures,
the mapping of the pressure indicators are shown below.
Economic activities
Economic activities
The mid and upper river sectors
total
population
the upper and middle Caeté
The midThe
and
upper
river of
sectors
Basin is estimated
3,053 inhabitants,
and the
economic
The total atpopulation
of the upper
andmain
middle
Caeté
activities
are agriculture
andinhabitants,
ranching and
(Gorayeb
et al.,
2009;
Basin is estimated
at 3,053
the main
economic
Guimarães
et al.,
2009a). Manioc,
beans, (Gorayeb
rice, corn, et
oranges,
açaí
activities are
agriculture
and ranching
al., 2009;
(Euterpe
and cupuaçu
grandiflorum)are
the
Guimarãesoleracea)
et al., 2009a).
Manioc,(Thebroma
beans, rice,
corn, oranges, açaí
main
crops.
While provides
employment
or subsistence
for a large
(Euterpe
oleracea)
and cupuaçu
(Thebroma
grandiflorum)are
the
part
the While
local population,
it has also
thea large
local
main of
crops.
provides employment
or transformed
subsistence for
landscape
provoked
2B) andthe
affected
part of the(Figure
local 2A),
population,
it erosion
has also(Figure
transformed
local
the
fertility(Figure
of the soil
al., 2010).
landscape
2A),(Gorayeb
provokedeterosion
(Figure 2B) and affected
the fertility of the soil (Gorayeb et al., 2010).
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1229
Guimarães et al.
Guimarães et al.
Figure 2. General conditions recorded around rural communities of the Caeté River Basin.
Figure 2. General conditions recorded around rural communities of the Caeté River Basin.
The river’s primary springs are found on a cattle ranch
from major landowners to sell their properties for conversion into
in Bonito. The
A large
number
of cattle
ranches
are also
in ranch
Nova
pasture
(Guimarães
et al.,to2009a).
river’s
primary
springs
are found
on found
a cattle
from major
landowners
sell their properties for conversion into
Mocajuba.
is a of
primary
cause of
deforestation
In Fazendinha,
extraction of clay (Figure 2E) for the
in Bonito. ARanching
large number
cattle ranches
areillegal
also found
in Nova
pasture (Guimarães
et al.,the
2009a).
(Figure
2C)Ranching
and riverbank
erosion
(Figure
2D). deforestation
In addition,
fabricationIn of
bricks, tiles,
and other
ceramic
products,
Mocajuba.
is a primary
cause
of illegal
Fazendinha,
the extraction
of clay
(Figure
2E) for has
the
smallholders
municipalities
under 2D).
constant
pressure
resulted
in the
of water
loss of topsoil
and has
the
(Figure 2C) in
andboth
riverbank
erosion are
(Figure
In addition,
fabrication
of alteration
bricks, tiles,
and courses,
other ceramic
products,
smallholders in both municipalities are under constant pressure
resulted in the alteration of water courses, loss of topsoil and the
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1230
Exploitation and management in rural communities
Exploitation and management in rural communities
proliferation of vector insects in abandoned pits. This has resulted
in
the propagation
of insects
diseasesin such
as malaria,
and dengue
and
proliferation
of vector
abandoned
pits. This
has resulted
yellow
fevers in thisofcommunity
(Silvaasetmalaria,
al., 2009).
in the propagation
diseases such
andDeforestation
dengue and
for
the fevers
production
firewood (Silva
for theet ceramics
is also a
yellow
in thisofcommunity
al., 2009).kilns
Deforestation
problem
(Silva et of
al.,firewood
2009; Guimarães
et al.,kilns
2009a).
Thisa
for the production
for the ceramics
is also
economic
activityethas
an influx ofetmigrants
from other
problem (Silva
al.,attracted
2009; Guimarães
al., 2009a).
This
communities,
which
generated
resulting
from
economic activity
hashas
attracted
an social
influx conflicts
of migrants
from other
squatting,
unemployment,
and the
over-exploitation
of from
clay
communities,
which has generated
social
conflicts resulting
deposits
et al., 2009). and the over-exploitation of clay
squatting,(Silva
unemployment,
In thiset sector
of the basin, a number of other problems
deposits (Silva
al., 2009).
were observed
al.,basin,
2009,a2010),
illegal
In this(Gorayeb
sector ofetthe
numberincluding
of otherthe
problems
capture
of ornamental
fish
black
market
(Figurethe2F),
the
were observed
(Gorayeb
et for
al., the
2009,
2010),
including
illegal
illegal
of gravel
and
(Figure
to supply
captureexploration
of ornamental
fish for
thesand
black
market2G)
(Figure
2F), the
local
andand
illegal
2C) the
for
illegalconstruction
explorationmarket,
of gravel
sanddeforestation
(Figure 2G)(Figure
to supply
the
of charcoal
and illegal
firewood
to fuel the (Figure
kilns and
other
localproduction
construction
market, and
deforestation
2C)
for
establishments
such
as bakers
pizzerias.
the production of
charcoal
andand
firewood
to fuel the kilns and other
establishments such as bakers and pizzerias.
The lower river
The river
estuarine sector of the basin has an estimated
The lower
populationThe
of 6,520
inhabitants
(Guimarães
al., an
2009a).
This
estuarine
sector of
the basinet has
estimated
sector
is partly
located
within(Guimarães
the Caeté-Taperaçu
Marine
population
of 6,520
inhabitants
et al., 2009a).
This
Extractive
Reserve,
whichwithin
is destined
for the sustainable
sector is partly
located
the Caeté-Taperaçu
Marine
exploitation
of natural
resources
by the
local
Extractive Reserve,
which
is destined
for traditional
the sustainable
populations.
is based
on fishing,
(mainlylocal
the
exploitation This
of natural
resources
by crabbing
the traditional
mangrove
crab,
Ucides
cordatus)
harvesting
of mollusks,
populations.
This
is based
on and
fishing,
crabbing
(mainly such
the
as
Mytellacrab,
sp. Ucides
(Glaser cordatus)
and Grasso,
1998; Krause
et al., 2001;
mangrove
and harvesting
of mollusks,
such
Glaser,
2003;
Glaser,
2003;
Glaser
and Diele,
as Mytella
sp.Krause
(Glaserand
and
Grasso,
1998;
Krause
et al., 2004).
2001;
However,
overexploitation
of U. cordatus
has led
a decline
in
Glaser, 2003;
Krause and Glaser,
2003; Glaser
andtoDiele,
2004).
stocks,
andoverexploitation
a reduction in of
theU.income
of some
However,
cordatus
has ledhouseholds.
to a declineThe
in
processing
2H) by of
thesome
localhouseholds.
women wasThe
an
stocks, and ofa crabmeat
reduction (Figure
in the income
important
the local
(Magalhães
et al.,
processing component
of crabmeatof(Figure
2H) economy
by the local
women was
an
2007),
but component
it was recently
prohibited
by the public
prosecutor’s
important
of the
local economy
(Magalhães
et al.,
office.
2007), but it was recently prohibited by the public prosecutor’s
office. Ice factories and fish processing plants (Figure 2I) in
BacuriteuaIceand
Caratateua
are processing
part of the
industrial
factories
and fish
plants
(Figure fishery
2I) in
infrastructure
supplies are
local,
international
Bacuriteua andthat
Caratateua
partnational,
of the and
industrial
fishery
markets.
Whilethatthissupplies
industrylocal,
provides
employment
for local
infrastructure
national,
and international
residents,
it has also
workers
from other
markets. While
thisattracted
industrymigrant
provides
employment
forregions
local
of
Brazil,it which
once migrant
again, workers
generatedfrom
social
residents,
has alsohas,
attracted
otherconflicts
regions
resulting
problems
limitedgenerated
employment
opportunities
of Brazil,from
which
has, such
onceasagain,
social
conflicts
and
squatting
et al.,
In addition,
the fishing
boats
resulting
from (Silva
problems
such2006).
as limited
employment
opportunities
(Figure
2J) have
beenetresponsible
spills and
dumping
of
and squatting
(Silva
al., 2006).forInoiladdition,
thethefishing
boats
solid
waste
into the
estuaryfor
(Silva
et al.,and
2006;
Gorayeb of
et
(Figure
2J) have
beenCaeté
responsible
oil spills
the dumping
al.,
solid2009).
waste into the Caeté estuary (Silva et al., 2006; Gorayeb et
al., 2009).In this estuarine sector, mangrove forests have also been
destroyed In
illegally
for the production
of charcoal
andhave
firewood.
this estuarine
sector, mangrove
forests
also been
andthe
other
natural processes
spring
destroyed Flooding
illegally for
production
of charcoal(equinoctial
and firewood.
tides) have
causedand
erosion
Vila processes
dos Pescadores,
which
has
Flooding
other in
natural
(equinoctial
spring
resulted
in the
destruction
of Vila
local dos
buildings,
mangroves
tides) have
caused
erosion in
Pescadores,
which and
has
dunefields
and Glaser,
2003;
Pereira mangroves
et al., 2006;
resulted in (Krause
the destruction
of local
buildings,
and
Szlafsztein
Sterr, and
2007 Glaser,
and Pereira
et al.,
2009).etTheal.,
intertidal
dunefields and
(Krause
2003;
Pereira
2006;
zone
of the and
localSterr,
beach2007
is around
700 metwide,
but theThe
topographic
Szlafsztein
and Pereira
al., 2009).
intertidal
profile
of is
itsaround
tidal 700
channel
has but
revealed
a 12 m
zone of monitoring
the local beach
m wide,
the topographic
decrease
in this zoneof
perits
yeartidal
(Pereira
et al.,has
2007).
profile monitoring
channel
revealed a 12 m
decrease in this zone per year (Pereira et al., 2007).
Services
ServicesThe lack of public services – in particular sanitation,
piped water,
refuse
collection
– was–a in
problem
common
to all
Theand
lack
of public
services
particular
sanitation,
the
communities
surveyed
in this study,
affects
both public
piped
water, and refuse
collection
– was which
a problem
common
to all
health
standards and
the quality
the environment.
the communities
surveyed
in thisofstudy,
which affectsThe
bothdisposal
public
of
solidstandards
waste and
effluents
into the
health
andthe
the discharge
quality of of
theuntreated
environment.
The disposal
river
throughout
its course
have affected
the quality
of the into
waterthe
in
of solid
waste and
the discharge
of untreated
effluents
all
sectors its
(Silva
et have
al., 2006,
2009;
Pereiraofetthe
al.,
2006,
riverthree
throughout
course
affected
the quality
water
in
all three sectors (Silva et al., 2006, 2009; Pereira et al., 2006,
2009, 2010; Gorayeb et al., 2009, 2010; Gomes et al., 2009). The
figure 2010;
2H shows
the rudimentary
in Ponta
2009,
Gorayeb
et al., 2009,building
2010; Gomes
et de
al.,Urumajó.
2009). The
in the
town of Bragança
and
neighboring
Cereja
figure 2H Studies
shows the
rudimentary
building in
Ponta
de Urumajó.
River have
shown
that
outlets
at theand
waterfront
discharge
Studies
in the
town
of Bragança
neighboring
Cereja
untreated
sewage
directly
the Caeté
estuary,
and thatdischarge
the local
River have
shown
that into
outlets
at the
waterfront
macrotides
can transport
thisthepollution
some and
distance
upriver
untreated sewage
directly into
Caeté estuary,
that the
local
(Guimarães
et al.,
2009b; this
Pereira
et al., some
2010).distance
In the upriver
present
macrotides can
transport
pollution
study,
21 ofetthe
wells Pereira
analyzed
measurable
of
(Guimarães
al.,23
2009b;
et had
al., 2010).
In thelevels
present
thermotolerant
coliforms.
two uncontaminated
wells,
which
study, 21 of the
23 wellsThe
analyzed
had measurable
levels
of
are
both locatedcoliforms.
in Caratateua,
are uncontaminated
some distance from
thermotolerant
The two
wells,polluted
which
areas
and located
are overin30Caratateua,
m in depth.are
Allsome
otherdistance
wells were
considered
are both
from
polluted
improper
withother
coliform
of
areas and for
are human
over 30consumption,
m in depth. All
wellsconcentrations
were considered
between
and
moreconsumption,
than 1100 NMP/100ml.
Given
the lack ofofa
improper3for
human
with coliform
concentrations
public
system
the study area,
findings
betweensanitation
3 and more
than within
1100 NMP/100ml.
Giventhese
the lack
of a
constitute
clear system
evidence
of the
the study
contamination
local
public sanitation
within
area, these offindings
groundwater
by fecal
coliforms.
almost
all cases, the of
wellslocal
are
constitute clear
evidence
of Inthe
contamination
relatively
shallow
andcoliforms.
located near
cesspits,
refusethe
deposits
or
groundwater
by fecal
In almost
all cases,
wells are
animal
enclosures.
Similar
bacterial
contamination
wells has
relatively
shallow and
located
near cesspits,
refuseofdeposits
or
been
recorded
at other
locations
of thecontamination
Amazon region
et
animal
enclosures.
Similar
bacterial
of(Amaral
wells has
al.,
Silva
and locations
Araújo, 2003;
and(Amaral
Barbosa,
been1994;
recorded
at other
of the Nascimento
Amazon region
et
2005).
al., 1994; Silva and Araújo, 2003; Nascimento and Barbosa,
2005). The lack of adequate supplies of drinking water has
serious implications
foradequate
public health.
Diarrhea
is one ofwater
the most
The lack of
supplies
of drinking
has
common
ailments reported
by the
residents
of all
serious implications
for public
health.
Diarrhea
is 18
onecommunities
of the most
(Gorayeb
et al., 2009).
Theby
results
of the present
study
indicate a
common ailments
reported
the residents
of all 18
communities
clear
and pressing
need The
for special
measures
(Gorayeb
et al., 2009).
results regulatory
of the present
study within
indicatethea
basin.
clear and pressing need for special regulatory measures within the
basin.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The FINAL
higher population
density and anthropogenic
CONSIDERATIONS
pressures The
werehigher
observed
around density
the lower
river sector.
population
and anthropogenic
Management
strategies
are urgently
required
all levels
of
pressures were
observed
around the
lowerat river
sector.
government
and federal)
and theatauthors
suggest
Management(municipal,
strategies state,
are urgently
required
all levels
of
the
following
measuresstate,
as aand
means
of and
reducing
impacts:
(i)
government
(municipal,
federal)
the authors
suggest
effective
regulation
of land
in of
order
to avoid
conflicts
the following
measures
as a use,
means
reducing
impacts:
(i)
between
economic
sectoruse,
andin the
protection
natural
effective the
regulation
of land
order
to avoidof conflicts
resources;
(ii) economic
urban planning,
to ensure
the management
of
between the
sector and
the protection
of natural
natural
landscapes;
(iii) the
implementation
resources;resources
(ii) urbanandplanning,
to ensure
management of
management
programs
the sustainable
of natural
natural resources
andforlandscapes;
(iii)exploitation
implementation
of
resources
(fish,
crabs, for
clay,thelumber),
which
is essential
to the
management
programs
sustainable
exploitation
of natural
subsistence
of most
inhabitants;
(iv) installation
public services,
resources (fish,
crabs,
clay, lumber),
which isofessential
to the
in
particularofpiped
and sanitation,
in order
to improve
the
subsistence
most water
inhabitants;
(iv) installation
of public
services,
quality
of life
of the
inhabitants,
and reduce
of
in particular
piped
water
and sanitation,
in ordertheto incidence
improve the
disease;
monitoring
andand
penalization
the illegal
quality of(v)lifebetter
of the
inhabitants,
reduce theofincidence
of
disease; (v) ofbetter
exploitation
naturalmonitoring
resources. and penalization of the illegal
exploitation of natural resources.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
study is a product of the CT-AGRO project n.
552760/2005-6
universal
supported
by the
This and
study
is a project
productn. 471985/2004-0
of the CT-AGRO
project
n.
Brazilian
National
The authors
would like
to
552760/2005-6
andResearch
universalCouncil
project (CNPq).
n. 471985/2004-0
supported
by the
thank
CNPq
and Capes
for their
individual
research
grants.would
We are
Brazilian
National
Research
Council
(CNPq).
The authors
likealso
to
indebted
to Stephen
Ferrari
careful
correction
of thegrants.
English.
thank CNPq
and Capes
forfor
their
individual
research
We are also
indebted to Stephen Ferrari for careful correction of the English.
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
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