RESEARCH ARTICLES
Availability and consumption of
groundwater resources in the
Campinas Region, SP, Brazil
Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira
Institute of Geosciences
University of Campinas – UNICAMP
[email protected]
Annkarin Aurélia Kimmelmann e Silva
Bandeirantes University – UNIBAN
ABSTRACT
This study presents an evaluation of the availability of groundwater
resources in the Campinas Metropolitan Region, SP, Brazil, through the estimation of rates of
groundwater reserves and consumption. The region is characterized by low permeability aquifer
systems, such as: Tubarão Aquifer Systems (glacial and post glacial consolidated sediments),
Crystalline Aquifer Systems (granites, migmatites and gnaisses) and diabase sills and dikes.
These aquifer systems present the following median values of productivity: 0.1 m3/h/m, 0.11
m3/h/m and 0.06 m3/h/m, respectively, and 0.07 m3/h/m for wells exploiting two or more
aquifers. The region has a population of 2,151,543 inhabitants, is highly industrialized and it
is located in the Piracicaba River Hydrographic Basin. The chronic scarcity of water reflects
incalculable human interference, such as the water transpositions by Cantareira System. The
total availability of groundwater resources was estimated at 3,22 m3/s (1996) and the consumption
was estimated at 1,73 m3/s, representing an exploitation of 54%. Now, this rate is estimated at
72%. It is predicted that in 5 years this exploitation will reach the total reserve. Finally this
study concludes with the discussion of the quality and quantity of information, since the most
recent data are from 1994/95 and this was the last update of well records in the region.
KEYWORDS
Introduction
groundwater resources, availability, Campinas Metropolitan Region
The Campinas Metropolitan Region is located
150 km from the state capital, São Paulo, between
parallels 22 o 25’S and 23 o15’S and meridians
46o30’W and 47o35’W. The cities considered part
of this region are: Americana, Artur Nogueira,
Campinas, Cosmópolis, Engenheiro Coelho,
Holambra, Hortolândia, Indaiatuba, Jaguariúna,
Monte Mor, Nova Odessa, Paulínia, Pedreira, Santa
Bárbara d’Oeste, Santo Antonio da Posse, Sumaré,
Valinhos and Vinhedo. This region is defined by
EMPLASA (1993) as the Campinas Region
Metropolitan Area. This study chose the area
proposed by EMPLASA (1993) due to the inclusion of cities with rural profile at the initial stages
of the metropolitan process.
A general evaluation of the occupation process
was obtained at the territorial level, and more specifically, a complete and updated situation analysis
of groundwater resources in urban areas as well as
in agricultural and livestock areas.
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
It was necessary to calibrate the different sets of
real data analyzed, because of the date of the last
record in the region (1994) and the age of the database (DAEE 1981). With the earlier and the updated
values in hand, a correction value was defined that
considered the demographics of each city.
Regarding water resources management, the
area is located inside Management Unit 5
(UGRHI), composed of the Piracicaba, Capivari
and Jundiaí hydrographic basins (State Law number 9034, from December 27th, 1994).
The main access routes to the region are the following highways: Bandeirantes (SP-348),
Anhangüera (SP-330), Dom Pedro I (SP-065) and
Marechal Rondon highway (SP-300). The local map
is shown in Figure 1.
a) Estimate of groundwater availability – The
calculation procedures for groundwater availability were based on the method proposed by Lopes
(1994). Volume calculation of available groundwater is done through the following expression,
adopted by the Geological Institute (IG, 1993) for
Campinas city:
Methodological procedures
The studies of the groundwater availability and
consumption consisted of the use of the SIPO Database, from the Geological Institute, where data
recorded for some cities were found, such as
Campinas (1993), Sumaré, Hortolândia, Holambra,
Paulínia, Jaguariúna, Americana, Nova Odessa and
Cosmópolis (1994). For the remaining cities, the
records of the Water and Electrical Energy Department (DAEE) from 1981 were employed. The
population data were compiled from SEADE 1995.
Qavailable = S. Q7,10 .f, where:
l
l
l
Figure 1 – Localization map of Campinas Region
35
Q = flow in cubic meters of available
groundwater per unit of time in seconds.
S = recharge area in square kilometers.
Q7,10 = minimum seven-day average flow and
return period of 10 years, which is similar to
the multi-annual transitory recharge values for
the aquifer. It is the average amount of water
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
that passes through the aquifer from
precipitation and it constitutes the base flow
of the superficial drainage system of the area
considered (in cubic meter per second per
square kilometer).
l
l
l
f = percent factor that represents the maximum amount of water to be exploited from
the recharge due to technical and hydrogeological limiting factors. This value varies empirically between 0.2 (fractured rocks – Crystalline and Diabase aquifer) and 0.25 (sedimentary rocks – Itararé and Cenozoic aquifers).
Study area – Campinas Metropolitan Region
Campinas was founded in the 18th Century as a
lodging place for the colonists (Bandeirantes). In 1774
the city was called “Nossa Senhora da Conceição
de Campinas”. At that time, the sugar cane crop in
several farms was the most important economic
activity, surpassing mining, in decay by that time.
In 1797 Campinas began to be considered a village,
and was called São Carlos until 1842, when it was
raised to the status of a city, and called Campinas.
From this period until the end of the 19th Century,
coffee was responsible for prosperity, making
Campinas a center for the coffee trade and the main
state railroad intersection, with the intersection of
the Paulista, Mogiana and Sorocabana railroads.
b) Groundwater consumption – an estimate of
consumption is based on the IG (1995) and Lopes
(1994) methods, through the following expression:
CONSUMPTION = Qz . Nwells . Tpump/24,
where:
l
Tpump = average pumping time in hours per
day, considering the type of water use (9 hours
per day).
The number of wells in the study area was based
on a calculated estimate by IG (1993, 1995) and Lopes
(1994) for 1994 (closing date for Wells Recording).
The consumption estimate was calculated for
several economic activities in the region and
matched with the data available for groundwater,
in order to obtain an updated picture of the situation and its perspectives. The percentage of wells
used for this type of economic activity (primary, secondary and tertiary) and for public distribution and
private distribution were determined taking the existing numbers in the Record (Table 1).
The resulting values were used to estimate the
number of wells, the consumption per economic
activity and finally the total consumption of groundwater in the study area. For each area, the attributed
pumping time is: cattle raising and agriculture – 8h/
day; industry – 18h/day; trade – 6h/day; public supply – 24h/day and private distribution – 2h/day.
The per capita consumption (estimated at 300
liters/day) results in a total estimate of superficial
water for the calculation of losses in the water supply network, considering that 90% of the total population in the study area is provided by waterworks
companies. In the Campinas Metropolitan Region
a total population of 1,912,782 was considered; the
water consumption estimated was 6.0 m3/s, considering that 90% of the population is supplied with
superficial water. Therefore, the calculated loss is
1.02 m3/s or 3.2 million cubic meters per year.
The available flow is considered the multi-annual and transitory recharge of the aquifer, equivalent to the water volume infiltrated to the aquifer
by precipitation in a sub-basin that acts directly on
the base flow of the superficial water bodies. In other
words, it is the water volume located between the
potentiometric surface and the base level of drainage from a determined region. This volume becomes the potential renewable groundwater reservoir of a basin (Lopes 1994).
The study area was divided according to the subbasins that compose the Piracicaba, Capivari and
Tietê river basins, and the base flow data were collected by the river flow monitoring database of
DAEE (1982).
Availability was also calculated for the system
aquifer/Tubarão aquifer, Crystalline, Diabase and
Cenozoic.
On the resulting calculated availability, a 17 percent value is added to the total volume of treated
and distributed water that corresponds to losses in
the water distribution network, and is part of the
water that infiltrates to the groundwater.
The water loss in the water distribution network
that infiltrates to the aquifer varies from 10 to 25%,
depending on each city’s situation; 17% was considered an average for the calculation in this study.
This total value is an estimate.
l
Nwells = total number of active wells in the
studied area.
CONSUMPTION = total volume of
groundwater exploited by the wells in the city
in cubic meters by time in seconds.
Qz = average discharge (m3/s) of the wells in
the studied area (6.0 m3/h).
36
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
Table 1 – Estimates of numbers of wells by economic activities in the Campinas Region – SP, Brazil
Municipalities
Population
Number
of wells
registered
Number
of wells
estimated
Cattle
raising/
agriculture
Campinas
Vinhedo
Monte-Mor
Valinhos
Indaiatuba
Pedreira
S.Bárbara Oeste
Artur Nogueira/
Eng. Coelho
873,612
35,844
27,976
71,166
110,515
28,791
160,582
672
27
36
126
43
15
42
806
110
182
363
168
45
105
137
26
60
51
39
9
5
8
5
0
0
0
40
0
21,045
13
70
27
S.Antônio Posse
Americana
Nova Odessa
Sumaré
Hortolândia
Paulínia
Cosmópolis
14,828
158,526
36,484
157,887
99,510
40,068
36,606
5,960
24,295
1,910,782
7
106
56
101
89
81
25
124
83
1,646
28
120
60
115
95
87
28
125
85
2,592
4
1
5
10
9
4
7
120
26
540
Holambra
Jaguariúna
Total
These railroads were responsible for the transportation of coffee to Santos Port. The industrialization process started in 1850 with the installation of
the first Melting Stations necessary for the processing of coffee and the manufacturing of parts for the
maintenance of the railroads (EMPLASA 1993).
At the beginning of the 20th Century, coffee was
still outstanding among the most important economic activities. Production was decreasing because
of the depletion of the soil and the increase in cotton
farming, which ended up taking coffee’s place as
the main agricultural product. The industrialization
process continued due to the strategic position of
Campinas, its transportation benefits and its importance as a consumer market. In the 30’s and 40’s,
urban commercial activities, industries and services
were the most important activities, surpassing agricultural production. Urban centers and housing for
workers expanded, creating an urban orientation,
consolidated by the Prestes Maia state government
in 1934 with the implementation of urban planning.
According to EMPLASA (1993), in the 50’s and
60’s there was an implementation of large industries, such as Singer, General Electric, Bosch, Clark
and Rhodia, among others. The industrialization of
Trade
Private
supply
Public
supply
209
37
36
77
32
3
30
137
0
5
29
3
0
0
217
37
76
181
94
12
35
98
5
5
25
0
3
35
0
6
10
10
17
0
0
1
1
3
2
0
0
7
45
4
47
34
52
36
46
3
0
6
658
0
11
5
7
1
26
2
0
8
244
20
56
11
42
39
6
15
5
35
891
0
5
4
3
7
3
1
0
3
214
Mining Industry
Campinas occurred mainly along the regional road
axis, such as the Anhangüera Highway, followed by
roads such as Santos Dumont, D. Pedro I, Bandeirantes and on the roads linking Campinas with
Mogi Mirim, and Campinas with Paulínia. The
consolidation of Campinas’ industrial profile turned
this city into the interior industrial center, its urban
shadow expanded into the surrounding industrial
areas and in the 60’s the city was considered to be
one of the best in the country by urban standards.
In the 70’s, Campinas became a large city and the
population concentration extended towards the neighboring cities that were located along the Anhangüera
Highway: Valinhos, Vinhedo, Sumaré, Nova
Odessa, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste and Americana. The
implementation of REPLAN- Petroleum Refining
(known as Refinaria do Planalto) in Paulínia and
public investments in the region such as COHAB,
as well as the creation of incentives and agricultural
policies, installation of research centers and universities, and the opening of the Viracopos Airport were
the hallmarks of this period in the region.
Agricultural activity was also present in this region. Now, the main seasonal cultivations are: sugar
cane, corn, tomatoes, and rice. The main producing
37
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
tive growth of these cities was 341.3%, 147.0% and
162.6%, respectively (EMPLASA 1993).
This industrialization process created a high
urbanization level in the region, where the rate
reached values above 90% in 1991 for some
component cities, such as the cities of Americana,
Campinas, Indaiatuba, Nova Odessa, Pedreira,
Santo Antonio da Posse, Sumaré and Vinhedo, and
high values (above 75% – with the exception
of Artur Nogueira) for the remaining cities
(EMPLASA 1993, SEADE 1993).
Quality of life was reduced, with the disorderly
growth characteristic of the occupation during the
last decades; national economical instability was an
important factor in this decline. In the 80’s - 90’s,
there was a decrease in the growth rhythm in the
region. The growth rate was 3.5% versus 6.6% in
the past decade, reflecting the worsening of the Brazilian economic crisis. This reduction was more significant in the large urban centers (Americana and
Campinas); the population redistribution phenomena was observed across the state, where there was a
migration from large centers to medium and small
cities (EMPLASA 1993).
The Campinas Metropolitan Region always had
economic importance and social responsibilities,
because it was situated in a strategic location with
access to the interior of São Paulo and Minas Gerais
State, making possible the participation of historic
processes of predominant economic activities, such
as coffee cultivation and industrialization, which resulted in the consequent urban expansion.
The increased industrialization in the region,
its structural consolidation with the implementation of modern industries, and the amplification of
traditional industries that occurred from the 70’s
through the 90’s, were responsible for the urbanization process in Campinas, and the consequent
co-urbanization in the region that extended as far
as Piracicaba. This process explained the growth and
the behavior of the economically active population.
In the 80’s, the growth rate of Campinas Metropolitan Region declined reflecting the national
economic crisis. However, its participation at the
state level was increasing, keeping in mind that other
industrialized areas, such as the São Paulo Metropolitan area, reduced in participation in the state.
In the 90’s, there was a reactivation of industrial growth, which promoted the amplification of
the industries already implemented, the automation
of other industries, mainly the textiles industries,
and the implementation of petrochemical and
thermoelectrical industries in the region.
cities are: Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Cosmópolis,
Monte Mor; Campinas, Indaiatuba, Artur Nogueira
and Sumaré.
There is some permanent cultivation, such as:
oranges, coffee, tangerines, pears and grapes, and
the producing cities are Cosmópolis, Santo Antonio da Posse, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Indaiatuba,
Campinas, Vinhedo and Valinhos.
Holambra is important in this region due to the
history of Dutch colonization and the main
agricultural and livestock economic activity, with
diversified and significant production of products
such as ornamental plants, oranges, pig breeding and
aviculture.
The growth process of this region was followed
by the decrease in quality of life, with larger slums
and poor areas in Campinas and surrounding cities
explained by intense industrialization, which was
also responsible for the high level of urbanization.
The cities of Sumaré, Nova Odessa, Americana and
Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, located on Anhangüera axle,
were responsible for the highest registered population growth rate, caused by the industrialization of
the region. This population growth was caused in
part by migration, specifically to the cities of
Sumaré, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Nova Odessa, Artur
Nogueira, Campinas and Vinhedo, which went
from negative growth in the 60’s to values higher
than 60% of absolute total growth.
In the 80’s, the metropolitan process of Campinas was evident. The implementation of industries
such as computers, microelectronics, telecommunications and fine chemistry, as well as the increase of
traditional industries (metals, machinery, transportation material, paper and cellulose, among others),
occurred not only in Campinas, but also in the cities
of Americana, Indaiatuba, Paulínia, Santa Bárbara
d’Oeste, Sumaré, Valinhos and Vinhedo. The courbanization process that was initiated in the 70’s
settled in the next period, with the dislocation of the
population of Campinas to the neighboring cities.
Growth practically doubled in the period of the
70’s and 80’s (the population rose from 652,450 in
the 70’s to 1,235,124 inhabitants in the 80’s). This
sudden increase in population was the result of intense migration caused by the high rate of job offers with the increase and significant diversification
of the industrial activities in the region. The migration rate in this period reached 69.1% of 89% total
population growth in the region, against 59.1% of
68.5% of growth in the earlier decade. The city that
received the most migrants was Sumaré, followed
by Santa Bárbara d’Oeste and Nova Odessa; the rela-
38
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
are difficult to analyze according to spatial and layering parameters. This system is considered an aquifer of regional extension, with primary porosity. It
is a free to semi-confined aquifer, which is heterogeneous, discontinuous and anisotropic.
In the study area, the wells located in this aquifer
system presented median specific capacity and
discharge values of 0.11 m3/h/m and 6.0 m3/h,
respectively. It is interesting to mention the presence
of wells with specific capacity values in the interval
0.1 to 0.2 m3/h/m and discharge between the interval
of 1 to 12 m3/h, which can be considered as limited
productivity for this aquifer system.
The influence of the rock structures in well productivity is also important, and it is represented by
the median specific capacity value (0.14 m3/h/m)
and discharge value obtained in wells located in
drainage lines (12 m3/h) against 0.125 m3/h/m and
7.0 m3/h of median values for these parameters
obtained in wells located outside of drainage lines.
The analysis of geological profiles of wells
determined the thickness of sandstone and the
percentage of the sandstone thickness, which were
correlated to the wells productivity. There is a
tendency to increase the productivity values in
function of the presence of sandstone in higher
percentages.
The Diabase Aquifer showed the lowest average
specific capacity values and flow (0.06 m3/h/m and
4.5 m3/h) found in the metropolitan region. The
distribution for the specific capacity and discharge
values indicated larger concentrations at a lower
interval (0 to 0.01 m3/h/m and between 0 to 1 m3/h,
respectively).
This aquifer productivity depends on the existent rock fracturing, corroborated with the determination of a median of the specific capacity of 0.12
m3/h/m in wells located inside the drainage line, in
comparison with the obtained value of 0.05 m3/h/
m, averaged from the determined values in wells
located outside these lines.
The large number of wells that draw from more
than one aquifer system (around 271 deep tubular
wells) justified separate hydrodynamic and productivity analyzes in the study area. This situation results
from the geological state of the area: it is on the edge
of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, the sediments of
which are still not very thick, and therefore the
crystalline rocks are found at low depths. Besides
this, there are diabase occurrences in the surface and
subsurface in bodies of limited extension, which
increases the complexity of this border basin region.
Results
1. Aquifer systems characterization
The Campinas Metropolitan Region has two
large aquifer systems with regional characteristics:
the Crystalline Aquifer System, with fissure porosity,
which occurs in the eastern portion of the area, and
the Tubarão Aquifer System, specifically the Itararé
Aquifer, of primary porosity, situated in the central
and western portion.
Second, the diabase bodies are considered local
aquifers, due to their occurrence in bodies of various
dimensions and depths; their productivity is
associated with fracturing in the rock.
Finally, the sediments of the Cenozoic deposits, which occur in the top of large hills, and the
alluvionar sediments, on the banks of rivers, are
aquifers of primary porosity. In general they are not
exploited by the wells from the region, and therefore are not evaluated in this study.
The Tubarão, Crystalline and the Diabase aquifer systems are analyzed below, as well as areas where
there are wells that explore more than one aquifer.
The Crystalline Aquifer System is presented in the
literature as an aquifer of regional extension, with
secondary porosity (groundwater circulation occurs
in the rock fractures), it is anisotropic and heterogeneous, and displays various behaviors, from semiconfined to non-confined.
In the hydrodynamic characterization of the 312
wells that draw exclusively from this aquifer, a median specific capacity of 0.1 m3/h/m (average of 0.28
m3/h/m) and median discharge of 5.2 m3/h (average of 7.3 m3/h) were found.
In the distribution of the specific capacity and
discharge, the values were concentrated in intervals
of 0.05 to 0.5 (mainly in the interval 0.05 to 0.2)
m3/h/m and 1 to 10 m3/h (relevant at the interval
between 1 to 6 m3/h).
In seven wells, the transmissibility values calculated varied from 0.13 to 6.85 m3/day/m.
The largest median specific capacity and
discharge values for wells were located close to the
drainage line (that points out rock fracturing),
indicating the relationship between the productivity
and the presence of structures in the hosting rocks.
The Tubarão Aquifer System – Itararé Aquifer has
high hydrogeological complexity due to the deposition of its sediments and the consequent occurrence of cross-bedding sedimentary geometry which
39
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
In general, the median of specific capacity obtained for this area was 0.07 m3/h/m (average flow
4.8 m3/h). In the distribution of the specific capacity
values by the number of wells, a concentration of
values in the interval 0.05 to 0.3 m3/h/m were observed,
where approximately 108 specific capacity values
were found in this first interval (0.05 m3/h/m).
The influence of the fracturing that exists in this
area on tubular well productivity was not noticed
at first, with the median values obtained similar to
the specific capacity and flow for wells located inside and outside the drainage lines (approximately
0.07 m3/h/m and 4.5 m3/h, respectively).
The tubular wells that explore both the Tubarão
Aquifer System and the Diabase presented the best
productivity, capable of median specific capacity values (0.1 m3/h/m) as opposed to the wells that explore the Crystalline, Tubarão and Diabase Systems.
Transmissivity was calculated for three mixed
wells that exploit the Tubarão and Crystalline Systems and values of 0, 1.13, 2.77 and 0.71 m3/day/m
were obtained.
The wells that exploit more than one aquifer
system/aquifer presented very distinct zones of productivity. The lower potential region was located
across the crystalline emergence contact area,
followed by an area of high productivity and one of
intermediate values. In the region that contains the
cities of Engenheiro Coelho, Artur Nogueira and
Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, high well productivity was
again present.
2. Groundwater flow – recharge and
discharges conditions
The groundwater exploited by wells in the Metropolitan Region belongs to a flow system with local characteristics, with strong influence from the
topographic variations of the terrain (relief).
The outcroppings, located on the east of the area,
presented terrains topographically more elevated and
consequently had the highest hydraulic gradients in
the area. The diverging direction of flow to the less
Table 2 – Groundwater availability from aquifer systems/aquifers by base flow data interpretation from mean rivers
sub-basins in the Campinas Region (modified from Lopes 1994)
Annual
Available
3
6 3
discharge (m /s) storage (10 m )
Stream
Gauge
Base flow
3
2
(m /s/km )
Aquifer
(% area)
Aquifer
area (km2)
Index
(%)
626150
Jaguariúna
0.0047
Crystalline (100)
230
20
0.39
12.30
4D 0001
Jaguariúna
0.0074
Diabase (15)
Itararé (55)
Crystalline (30)
55
203
111
20
25
20
0.01
0.21
0.05
0.31
6.60
1.60
3D 003
Atibaia
0.0100
Crystalline (100)
397
20
0.41
13.00
4D 009
Atibaia
0.0049
Cenozoic (3)
Diabase (30)
Itararé (42)
Crystalline (25)
10
97
135
81
25
20
25
20
0.0004
0.0300
0.0700
0.0200
0.011
0.897
2.200
0.624
4D 010
Piracicaba
0.0049
Cenozoic (49)
Diabase (12)
Itararé (32)
Crystalline (7)
388
95
253
55
25
20
25
20
0.230
0.010
0.100
0.004
7.300
0.352
3.100
0.119
62420
Capivari
0.0039
Cenozoic (17)
Itararé (57)
Crystalline (26)
65
218
100
25
25
20
0.01
0.12
0.02
0.338
3.800
0.636
627070
Piracicaba
0.0039
Cenozoic (57)
Diabase (10)
Itararé (32)
Crystalline (1)
476
84
267
8
25
20
25
20
0.260
0.006
0.083
0.006
8.300
0.204
2.600
0.195
623950
Jundiaí
0.0061
Cenozoic (28)
Itararé (27)
Crystalline (45)
90
87
146
25
25
20
0.040
0.036
0.080
1.2
1.1
2.5
40
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
elevated terrain and the spaced disposition of the
equipotentials, observed mainly in the south portion of this area, indicated the presence of a groundwater divisor and the recharge area of the region.
In the central and northern region, some local
recharge areas can be visualized through the divisors located between the Capivari and Atibaia rivers and in terrains located on the right bank of the
Jaguari river.
The gradual decrease of topographical altitude
was followed by equipotentials, which are spaced
according to terrain declivity.
The recharge areas are located in the centralwest and southeast portions, in the largest rivers such
as the Atibaia and the Jaguari (Salto Grande Dam
and surrounding areas), the Capivari, the Quilombo
river (left bank affluent of the Piracicaba river), and
the Jundiaí river.
Table 3 – Groundwater availability by aquifer system in
the Campinas Region
Annual
Available
Storage
discharge
6 3
3
(10 m /year)
(m /s)
Aquifer
System
Total
area
2
(km )
Cenozoic
1,029
0.540
17.00
Diabase
331
0.056
1.77
Itararé
1,163
0.620
19.50
Crystalline
1,127
0.980
30.90
Total
3,650
2.200
69.20
Table 4 – Groundwater exploitation estimates by aquifer
system in the Campinas Region
Aquifer
System
3. Availability and consumption of
groundwater resources
The availability of groundwater resources was
calculated according to the procedures proposed by
Lopes (1994) and adapted to the study region. Table
2 shows the results of availability for the aquifer and
for the sub-basins.
The total available discharge found for Campinas
Metropolitan Region was 2.2 m3/s, or 69.2 x 106 m3/
year, where approximately 0.54 m3/s (17 million cubic meters) comes from the Cenozoic aquifer, 0.056
m3/s (1.77 million cubic meters) from the Diabase,
0.62 m3/s (19.5 million cubic meters) from Itararé
and 0.98 m3/s (30.9 million cubic meters) from the
Crystalline System (Table 3). The value obtained
for the Cenozoic Aquifer is significant, compared
with the other values; however, its thickness and its
layer architecture (in relation to the other aquifer
systems) and topography (in the tops of hills) qualify
this aquifer as a source area (recharge) for the other
aquifers. The biggest groundwater storage is contained in the Crystalline Aquifer System, followed
by Itararé.
The values of natural availability can be added
to the losses of the treated water distribution system in urban areas, 17% (1.02 m3/s), producing a
total of 3.22 m3/s (101.5 x 106 m3/year) for Campinas
Metropolitan Region.
The estimate of groundwater consumption was based
on the number of wells planned for 1994 in the
region, where 70% (1,814 wells) were considered
Estimated Estimated
Number
of wells exploitation exploitation
6
3
3
(10 m /year)
(m /s)
estimated
Itararé
637
0.57
18.0
Crystalline
568
0.53
16.7
Diabase
86
0.06
1.8
active, at an average flow of 6.0 m3/h, taking in
consideration the average pumping time according
to the type of economic activity. The resulting
product, 1.73 m3/s or 54.6 million cubic meters, is an
estimate of the total consumption of groundwater in the study
area. This consumption corresponds to a very high
exploitation rate – 79% of the natural active reserve,
or 54% of the total reserve.
The exploitation of groundwater by aquifer system is shown in Table 4.
The estimate of groundwater exploration reveals
a higher consumption for the Itararé Aquifer, followed by the Crystalline Aquifer.
These results represent the following rates of utilization of aquifers:
Itararé – 92%, Crystalline – 55%, Diabase –
1.0%. The elevated utilization value for the Diabase
Aquifer is uncertain regarding the estimated values,
due to the low number of wells explored in the region, as well as the chaotic disposition of the Diabase bodies of low extension at the surface and subsurface. For the wells in the Itararé and Crystalline
Systems, the values obtained for exploitation were
added for the mixed wells.
41
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
These utilization rates indicated a high groundwater consumption level in the aquifer systems in
the region, mainly in the sediments of Itararé, justified by the localization of more populated cities and
the region’s industrial area.
However, the significant contribution of the
Cenozoic deposits to the Itararé sediments were not
considered. These deposits have an active reserve of
17.0 x 106 m3/year; in the case where there is total
contribution, the utilization rate of the Itararé aquifer
is smaller and the value is reduced by half.
In addition, the industrial sector is the largest
groundwater consumer in the study area, with exploitation of 0.82 m3/s, followed by the public supplying (0.36 m3/s), the primary sector (0.33 m3/s)
and finally by the private use and the tertiary sector
(0.12 and 0.10 m3/s, respectively).
The regions formed by Campinas, Valinhos,
Hortolândia, Sumaré, Paulínia, Nova Odessa, followed by the cities of Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Americana, Monte Mor and Indaiatuba, presented the
highest levels of groundwater consumption in the
study area, because they contain the industrial area
of this Metropolitan Region. The secondary sector
was the largest groundwater user, followed by private use; the cattle raising and agriculture sector
appeared as a large consumer in the northeast portion of the area, especially Holambra, with 96% of
wells used by agricultural and livestock operations.
The remaining cities, such as Engenheiro Coelho, Artur Nogueira, Cosmópolis, Santo Antonio
da Posse, Jaguariúna and Pedreira were characterized by low groundwater consumption, in which
the main user was still the sector essentially characterized by agricultural and livestock activities.
It is interesting to note that groundwater consumption by the trade sector was only relevant in
Campinas, which is the leader for industrial and urban human occupation in the region and probably
the commercial center of the region; it is believed
that an increase in the number of groundwater consumers in this sector would occur with the profile
of economic activity in the city.
In the agriculture and livestock activities sector,
the largest users consisted of small and large farms
(fowl, cattle, pigs and horses); in Holambra, pig
breeding and avicultivation, and the cultivation of
flowers and ornamental plants are the most important users. In Pedreira, the main groundwater user
was mining activity (mainly ceramics).
In the most industrialized area, in the central
and western portion of the metropolitan region, the
textile industry, chemical/petrochemical, electronics, metallurgical, civil and food, among others, were
the largest users. Most of the industries in the region use water from sources other than the public
system, using groundwater or neighboring drainage resources.
The private users were characterized by people
that use the groundwater for domestic supply of
water; condominiums, vacation homes, and residences that generally do not use the public water
supply system.
The users from the trade sector are commerce
(stores, gas stations, restaurants, clubs, hotels/motels,
etc.). The public supply is the municipal services
(SEMAE, SAEE, SAMAE and SABESP) that exploit
the groundwater for supplying communities that
do not have public distribution system.
Final considerations and discussion
The evaluation studies of the availability of
water or groundwater resources had problems
regarding the lack of dependable and updated data.
The dispersion and access to the information also
reflected lack of organization, and indirectly the
absence of control and management of this resource
can be observed.
As far as the data is concerned, there is a history
of lack of investment regarding basic data and its
updating. The absence of systematic hydrogeological
databases (for this study in particular) interfered in
essential studies for the elaboration of public
policies, as well as decisions that are necessary for
the economic development of the region.
The existent information about groundwater in
São Paulo State is the product of favorable political
moments, such as the studies for groundwater
developed by DAEE at the end of the 70’s and
beginning of the 80’s, and the initiative and effort
of a few individuals and academic institutions.
The most dependable well databases are
6 years old in the study region. The remaining areas
were normalized by a real record procedure from
some cities.
An update of the data for the year 2000 considers
the average growth rate for wells at 20% per year
(since 1996), and the current population of
2,151,543 inhabitants (FUNDAÇÃO SEADE
2000). The loss of water from the system (17%)
would have an increase of 1.27 m3/s (or 0.4 x 108
m3/year), and the availability would have an increase
42
TERRÆ, 1(1):34-43, 2004
PEREIRA, S.Y., KIMMELMANN E SILVA, A.
of 3.47 m 3/s (or 11 x 10 7 m 3/year). However,
groundwater consumption becomes 2.49 m3/s or 7.8
x 107 m3/year, with an exploitation rate of 72%.
Therefore the groundwater consumption could
reach the annual storage in less than 5 years, if the
rates of growth, the number of wells and the population are considered.
This proportion is not distributed homogeneously throughout the whole region. There are
cities with intense exploitation, such as Holambra,
where the water is mostly used for agricultural and
livestock activities. In some areas such as the
outskirts of Americana on the Atibaia river bank,
there is alarming dewatering of the potentiometric
level in high density locations in which tubular wells
exist. On the other hand, there are cities such as
Cosmópolis, with low number of existing wells and
therefore with local reserves that haven’t been
exploited.
Even with the limitation exposed above for the
availability calculations and consumption estimates,
it is possible to determine that the situation in the
Campinas Metropolitan region is serious, mainly
in the most urbanized and industrialized cities, with
intense agricultural and livestock activities. The
region is within the Piracicaba River Basin and has
a lot of restrictions regarding the availability of
superficial water resources.
Keeping this scenario in mind regarding the
limited availability of water resources, it will be
necessary to optimize use, and all parties involved
(i.e. public institutions, private and civil society) will
be obligated to participate in the integrated
management of these resources.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are extended to the Geological Institute,
Environmental Secretariat of São Paulo State,
especially to the Head of Hydrogeology Office,
Geologist Geraldo Hideo Oda. Thanks to Geologist
Élcio Linhares Silveira from the Department of
Water and Electric Power (DAEE).
References
DAEE. 1981. Estudo de Águas Subterrâneas, Região Administrativa 5 (Campinas), SP. São Paulo: Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica (DAEE). 2v.
EMPLASA. 1993. Cenário regional, Região de Campinas,
Área de Metropolização – Aspectos Físico-Ambientais e
Sociais. Technical report. EMPLASA, v1. 199 p.
IG-SMA. 1993. Subsídios do meio físico-geológico ao
planejamento do município de Campinas (SP). Technical report. Instituto Geológico (IG-SMA), 2v.
IG-SMA. 1995. Subsídios para o planejamento regional e
urbano do meio físico na porção média da Bacia do rio
Piracicaba, SP. Technical report. Instituto
Geológico (IG-SMA), 2v.
Lopes, M.F.C. 1994. Condições de ocorrência de água
subterrânea nas bacias dos rios Piracicaba e Capivari.
MSc dissertation. Campinas: Fac. Engenharia
Civil, UNICAMP. 83 p.
Yoshinaga-Pereira, S. 1996. Proposta de representação
cartográfica na avaliação hidrogeológica para o estudo de
planejamento e meio ambiente, exemplo da Região
Metropolitana de Campinas, SP. PhD thesis. São
Paulo: Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de
São Paulo (USP). 190 p.
Submitted in November 2002
Accepted in January 2003
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