Obstacles to the introduction of
the e Government
Fernando Galindo
Zaragoza University, Spain
LEFIS SEMINAR ON E GOVERNMENT AND
DIGITAL INCLUSION
&
SEGUNDO ENCUENTRO IBERO LATINOAMERICANO
SOBRE GOBIERNO ELECTRÓNICO E INCLUSIÓN DIGITAL
Jaca, 26th and 27th July 2007
Summary
I. Activities directed to solve the
obstacles to the introduction of e
Government and to promote the digital
inclusion, by LEFIS
 II. Another initiatives, in comparison
 III. Objectives of the Jaca Meeting
 IV. Proposals to debate

I. LEFIS SEMINAR ON
E GOVERNMENT AND DIGITAL INCLUSION
Programme
The LEFIS context
From Europe
Partners
www.lefis.org
 114 institutions

Europe
 America
 China
 India

255 persons
 260 persons in the distribution list

Last Meetings








Albarracín, Spain, 18th and 19th May 2007, the LEFIS virtual
campus desing
Beijing, China, 12th June 2007, Electronic signature: several
experiences
Beja, Portugal, 2th May 2007, Encontro Luso-Brasileiro sobre
"Prote(c)ção do Consumidor no Comércio Ele(c)trónico"
Istambul,Turkey, 2nd and 3rd February 2007, Information and
Communication Technologies: Teaching of e-government
Reykjavik, Iceland, 13th -14th July, Legal informatics and
egovernance as tools for the knowledge Society
Rovaniemi, Finnland,19th and 20th January 2007,The LEFIS
Teaching in the Faculties of Law
Santa Catarina, Brasil, 27th -28th June, Primeiro Encontro ibero
latino americano de governo electronico e inclusao digital
Vilnius, Lithuania, 13th and 14th April 2007, The Teaching of
Management, e-business and e-comerce
Next Meetings
 Istambul,
Turkey, 3rd-14th September,
LEGIS Intensive Programme on Legal
Aspects of Information Society
 Santa Catarina, October-November
2007, Third joint Meeting on E
Government and digital inclusion
 Wroklaw, Poland, 17th-18th September,
LEFIS General Assembly
Books in preparation:
the LEFIS Series







Ahti Saarenpää (ed.), Privacy
Pilar Lasala (ed.), The on line teaching in the Faculties
of Law
Erich Schweighofer (ed.), E-governance in the
information sector
Javier García (ed.), The juridical responsiblity of
documentalists in the knowledge society (in Spanish)
Aires Rover (ed.), Electronic Government and digital
inclusion (Spanish-Portuguese version)
Cesare Maioli (ed.), Electronic Government and digital
inclusion (English version)
Philip Leith (ed.), Documents and Law
R+D+I Projects
in execution and evaluation







Data protection and electronic signatures: a
prototype, a practice code and a theory
EGOBS: Observatory of electronic government
GERSOCO: Governance and regulation
estrategies for the knowledge society
Law & Ict shared virtual campus
Lawful interception in IP networks, Guidelines for
potential policy Amendments.- LIGA
Lefis-wide: making known the LEFIS network
PRIME: Privacy and Identification Management
LEFIS activities

Concrete activities directed to solve the
obstacles to the introduction of e Government
and to promote the digital inclusion...





Meetings
Books
Teaching
Activities of Interdisciplinar and international
character
Activities made jointly by teachers and researchers
(different specialities), civil servants, firms, public
institutions and citizens
Examples of LEFIS activities

LEGIS


LEFIS



Intensive Programme on Legal Aspects of the Information
Society: interdisciplinary programme, Turkey (3rd-14th
September 2007)
International Observatory on electronic government :
www.egobs.org
LEFIS: Legal Framework for the Information Society
Learning activities



Electronic Administration as model for learning
Democratic use of the electronic signature (PKI:
lefis.unizar.es),
Study of learning contents attending to opinions of teachers,
students and the learning context: habilities and competences
LEGIS content








Data protection and
privacy
Intellectual property
rights (IPR)
Copyright and patents
e-Commerce
Telecommunications law
e-Democracy and eInclusion
e-Government and eGovernance
e-Administration








Security
Electronic signature
Ontologies
XML
Web 2.0 and community
computing
Open source
Ethics and legislation for
engineering
Globalization and
technologies
Learning

Ellaboration of the LEFIS blended offer
 Concrete subjects as example:




Governo Eletrônico e inclusão digital (Santa
Catarina)
Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías. Administración
Electrónica y Gobierno Digital (La Plata)
Administración electrónica (Zaragoza and on line,
Grupo G9)
Master and graduate courses
Practical character
Learning from professional competences
 Use of public key certificates:
lefis.unizar.es/pki
 From the study on contents, made by
teachers and students attending to
standards research procedures

Santa Catarina

Objetivo geral:



Capacitar os alunos para a compreensão tecnológica dos
fenômenos governamentais em caráter interdisciplinar.
Objetivos específicos:
Capacitar os alunos para os seguintes aspectos:





1. Pesquisar e publicar trabalhos internacionais;
2. Desenvolver conceitos técnicos e científicos;
3. Discutir soluções tecnológicas com aplicação prática;
4. Atuar como multiplicador;
5. Entendimento das atividades governamentais no contexto
digital.
Summary of results:
Administración electrónica (ECTS)
Profesor
Alumnos
Profesor
Alumnos
P5: Coste real de la asignatura para el alumno
P5:
CosteNúmero
real dede
lacréditos
asignatura
el alumno
P5.1
de lapara
asignatura,
según Plan de Estudios (en horas)
P5.1
Número
de
créditos
de
la
asignatura,
según
Plan de Estudios (en horas)
P5.2 Número de horas de clases teóricas que
ha asistido
P5.2
Número de horas de clases teóricas que ha asistido
P5.3 Número de horas de clases prácticas que ha asistido
P5.3
P5.4
P5.4
P5.5
P5.5
P5.6
P5.6
P5.7
P5.7
P5.8
P5.8
P5.9
P5.9
P5.10
60
Número de horas de clases prácticas que ha asistido
Número de horas invertidas para resolución de casos
Número de horas invertidas para resolución de casos
Número de horas de estudio invertidas
Número de horas de estudio invertidas
Número
de horas de lecturas y trabajos adicionales invertidas
Número de horas de lecturas y trabajos adicionales invertidas
Número
Número de
de horas
horas de
de examen
examen invertidas
invertidas
Número
de
horas
de
autoevaluación
Número de horas de autoevaluación invertidas
invertidas
Número
Número de
de horas
horas de
de exposición
exposición de
de trabajos
trabajos que
que ha
ha invertido
invertido
Número de horas invertidas
en
otras
actividades
invertidas en otras actividades (especificar
(especificar las
las actividades):
actividades):
Mín
Media
Máx
Mín
Media
Máx
60,00
60,00
30
45,00
30
15,00
60,00
24,00
20,00
0,00
13,00
14
7
15
23,5
40
21
22
00
12
12
1
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,25
0,00
0,00
0,00
60,00
60,00
43,22
40,75
11,44
14,72
8,22
11,11
8,56
11,89
6,78
12,46
1,67
2,29
1,22
0,64
5,86
3,61
3,56
0,45
Horas invertidas-Varias actividades
40
30
20
10
0
P5.4
M ín
P5.5
P5.6
M edia
P5.7
P5.8
M áx
P5.9
P5.10
P ro feso r
60,00
60,00
60,00
45,00
34,00
15,00
25,00
30,00
30,00
60,00
15,00
42,00
7,00
30,00
3,00
10,00
25,00
20,00
20,00
6,00
Desviación
Desviación
típica
típica
0,00
0,00
13,75
6,86
10,48
0,57
9,42
7,66
9,77
10,96
4,94
8,54
2,69
5,75
1,09
1,81
8,63
5,14
6,54
1,27
Summary of results:
Administración electrónica (Acquired Competences)
Mín
Media
Desviación
típica
Máx
P6: Competencias específicas adquiridas
P6.1
P6.2
P6.3
P6.4
P6.5
(valorar entre: 1=no conseguido y
5=totalmente conseguido)
Presentar información visual y oralmente
Demostrar conocimiento de los principios y valores jurídicos en relación con el
Proyecto de Ley para el acceso electrónico de los ciudadanos a las
Administraciones Públicas
Acceso a textos legales
Interpretación de textos legales en su contexto
Aplicación de textos legales en su contexto
4,00
2,00
4,44
3,67
5,00
5,00
0,53
1,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
4,44
3,78
3,67
5,00
5,00
5,00
1,01
0,97
1,00
Competencias Específicas Adquiridas
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
P6.1
P6.2
M ín
P6.3
M edia
P6.4
M áx
P6.5
Summary of results:
Administración electrónica (time to acquire Knowledge)
Alumnos
Profesor
Mín
Profesor
P7: Conocimientos Adquiridos
Mín
P7: Conocimientos
Adquiridos
- Tiempo dedicado
en horas
P7.1 Orígenes de las Tecnologías de la información y de la administración electrónica
- Tiempo práctica
dedicadodeenejemplos
horas de Administración electrónica
P7.2 Presentación
P7.1
Capacidad
de
distinguir
clases deelectrónica
aplicacióndesde
jurídica
P7.3 Clasificación de servicios de varias
Administración
diferentes
P7.2
Conocer
los
diferentes
métodos
de
interpretación
de
textos jurídicos
aproximaciones
Búsqueda
y recuperación
de información
adecuada sobre Administración
Capacidad
de presentar
y defender argumentos
P7.4P7.3
electrónica
P7.4 Capacidad de encontrar documentación jurídica adecuada
Conocimiento
básico
sobre Derecho
de las TIC,
ejemplo
Principios
básicos de
la normativa
que gobierna
el usocomo
de las
TIC en relación con
P7.5P7.5
Media
Alumnos Máx
Media
Máx
Desviación
típica
Desviación
típica
10,5
20
1920,5
19
6735,5
3
420,5
1,00
0,50
0,000,00
0,00
0,001,00
0,00
0,000,00
5,56
3,28
3,283,78
4,31
2,834,56
4,33
3,784,22
20,00
10,00
10,00
10,00
15,00
6,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
10,00
5,70
3,09
2,543,49
3,63
1,733,40
3,86
5,223,56
20
0,00
4,11
10,00
3,33
la Administración electrónica
P7.6
Estado de desarrollo de la provisión de servicios administrativos públicos con
ayuda de las TIC
Tiempo invertido para adquirir
conocimentos
40
30
20
10
0
P7.1
M ín
P7.2
P7.3
M edia
P7.4
M áx
P7.5
P7.6
P ro feso r
Summary of results:
Administración electrónica (Acquired Knowledge)
Alumnos
Mín
Media
Desviación
típica
Máx
P7: Conocimientos Adquiridos
P7.1
P7.2
P7.3
P7.4
P7.5
P7.6
- Valorar entre 1=no adquirido y 5=totalmente adquirido
Orígenes de las Tecnologías de la información y de la administración electrónica
Presentación práctica de ejemplos de Administración electrónica
Clasificación de servicios de Administración electrónica desde diferentes
aproximaciones
Búsqueda y recuperación de información adecuada sobre Administración
electrónica
Principios básicos de la normativa que gobierna el uso de las TIC en relación con
la Administración electrónica
Estado de desarrollo de la provisión de servicios administrativos públicos con
ayuda de las TIC
2,00
4,00
3,89
4,44
5,00
5,00
1,05
0,53
2,00
3,67
5,00
0,87
3,00
4,33
5,00
0,87
1,00
3,44
5,00
1,24
3,00
3,89
5,00
0,60
Conocimentos Adquiridos
5
4
3
2
1
P7.1
P7.2
M ín
P7.3
P7.4
M edia
P7.5
P7.6
M áx
II. Another initiatives, in comparison



Legal Informatics
Governance as approach, some time ago
Social and legal obstacles for the
implementation of the Electronic Government:
the risks


Participation as alternative/complementary
approach
Communicative theories best as
conceptual/analitical theories.
 The importance is in the promotion of the participation and, also,
the use of the social sciences tools
Legal Informatics

Objective: to build and to study (from 1970) an own academic
knowledge area like Civil Law, Penal Law, Systems
organizations...


It does not obtain good results coming from the juridical and
computer science knowledge areas:


The sweet decadence of the XIX century founded knowledge areas as only conceptual
paradigms as the person, the juridical texts, the procedure
The more convinient and interesting is the participative and
interdisciplinary study of social, real, problems:


Another knowledge disciplines were early interested in the studies area
Another reason:


To study the juridical information systems and/or the Law on the Information and
Communication Technologies
Personal data protection, security of the telecommunications, legal information systems, ECommerce, E- Government, LEFIS, for example...
The teaching and research are organized more from concrete
needs as from general conceptual categories
Electronic Government as example





The exercice of the public power with the help of the
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
Legislative, executive and judicial powers
According with the democratic principles,
charactersitics of the State of Law, specially:
participation and powers division
It is the same as to say that E Government is the
citizens’s participation in the exercice of the public
power with the help of the ICT
The study requires political, juridical and
interdisciplinary approaches. This is also to study
the obstacles
But Governance as approach,
some time ago

Art of government that has as objective the obtention
of an economical, social and institutional development
of durable character, promoting a sane equilibrium
between the State, the civil society and the market of
the Economy (Spanish Dictionary)


Put in practice of the principle of openness, participation,
responsibility, efficienz and coherenz
“the legislative road constitues frequently a part of
a more broad soluction” COM 2001 (European
Commissión on Governance)

Promotion of Governance is the objective of the research
Breaking Barriers to eGovernment www.egovbarriers.org,
organized by request of the European Union, General
Directorate of Information Society and Multimedia (20052007)
Obstacles Inventory
Leadership failures
 Financial inhibitors
 Digital divides & choices
 Poor coordination
 Workplace and organizational inflexibility
 Lack of trust
 Poor technical design

The risks: causes of the obstacles
are in the Legal Foundations








Administrative law
Authentication and Identification
Intellectual Property Rights
Liability
Privacy and data protection
Public administration transparency
Re-use of Public Sector Information
The Relationships between Public
Administrations, Citizens, and other ICT actors
Participation as alternative/
complementary approach
 Exercice
of the principles of the
State of Law
 Democracy
and participation
 Powers division
 Interdisciplinary
 Attending
study of the Law
to the citizens opinions and
theoretical proposals
Possible theories to use: 1

ALEXY (from 1990): the Law is a normative system
 1) called to the justice,
 2) integrated by all norms que are part of a real
constitution... and
 3) by the principles and normative arguments that
foundament and ought foundament the procedure
of juridical application to satisfy the justice
requirements

Problems.- Too near to the Governance,
analytical arguments, conceptual
approach, normative approach specially
Communicative theories: 2

COMMUNICATIVE CONCEPT OF LAW (from 1993): just activity of
jurists with relation to juridical texts
 HABERMAS (2005): an activity is only “rationaly acceptable” if the
activity is put in practice by the impartial proposal of a discursive
procedure of formation of opinion and will, and
 TAKIKAWA (2005):
 1) it exists a general obligation to solve the problems,
 2) the useful form to fulfill the general obligation is to give an especial
obligation to a concrete agent,
 3) we have the especial obligation to solve the problem,
 4) we must associate us with others to solve several problems,
 5) the optime solutions to the problems, this is: the logic, the size, the
frontiers of these associations will vary according to the natur of the
problems, and
 6) the frontiers of the associations are complex and with multiple
levels
III. Objectives of the Jaca Meeting

Another LEFIS activity, focused on E Government and
digital inclusion, this is




the diagnostic on which are the more significative problems on
digital inclusion in relation with E Government
the obstacles and policies to overcome the inclusion problems
from concrete examples: several European countries and
another countries
It has special interest the comparison with Brasil on
those topics like an exemplar case




first Meeting in Brasil, one month ago (27-28th June)
stays of research in Europa begin
more joint meetings are foreseen
this is the second Meeting
The Brasil case

The experience of the first Meeting in Santa Catarina




Methodological aproaches: comparison
Technical and legal approaches: comparison
Several students coming from Master in Knowledge
Engineering and e Government (a joint subject) participated
actively in the Meeting
Possible joint research and development in interfaces and
knowledge bases retrieval and e signatures (PKIs) was
explored



But where the digital inclusion problems and the initiatives to
solve them are?
We have seen the cultural differences in the streets and in the
roads in Brasil, but not in the discussions. These were very
interesting from a methodological perspective, but initial only on
digital inclusion
These will be the objective of the brasilean proposals in Jaca
Contents from the 1st Meeting: the
brasilean position

Digital inclusion: needs in Brasil of technological and
telecommunications infrastructure
 Policies for the E Government (1999) and
telecommunications in the Third World
 Realizations today: a guide
 Legal aspects: 20.III.2007 changes in the civil
procedure are put in force


Comparison between judicial systems (from Uruguay)
Juridical problems: software property, contracts, penal
law, marks and industrial law, internet service
providers, consumer law, tax law and internet
Contents from the 1st Meeting: the
spanish position

Obstacles to the introduction of the E
Government, coming from a technological
centred perspective



Difficulties to the introduction of technological
devices in the Administrative practice
The reglaments must be adapted attending to laws,
needs and citizens participation
Experiences in E Government:


The protection of the bibliographical patrimony:
responsabilities of the civil servants
Advances in Electronic National Identity Card
IV. Proposals to debate






Only conceptual solutions are not more enough support?
The study from Governance brings reductions to the
participative and democratic principles and approaches?
The solution is discussion and participation: the principles
of the State of Law attending to the fact of the E
Government and its social consequences?
LEFIS like example of participative/communicative theories
and practical approachs?
The solution is to speak in this meeting on e Government
and digital inclusion from a comparative and interdisciplinar
perspective?
How to made two books?


Electronic Government and digital inclusion I (Aires, ed.) and
II (Maioli, ed.)
The LEFIS Studies?