Sistemas Agroindustrias de
Produção e Inovação no Brasil:
Grãos e Cana de Açúcar
Agribusiness Sector Systems of
Production and Innovaton in Brazil:
Sugar and Grains
Maria da Graça Derengowski Fonseca
INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA- UFRJ e INFOSUCRO-NUCA/IEUFRJ
José Maria Jardim da Silveira
INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA- NEA/ UNICAMP
Equipe de Pesquisa do INFOSUCRO
Charles Menard (economista senior e consultor
Infosucro-NUCA/ IE- UFRJ)
Francisco José Peixoto Rosário (doutorando IE –
UFRJ e professor da ESAMC-Alagoas)
Rômulo Neves Ely ( estagiário e mestrando
COPPE-UFRJ)
GRAINS and SOY
Participation of Soy and Poultry on the
Brazilian Exports ( 1999 a 2004)
5,0
5,9
5,7
5,0
4,0
(%)
3,0
4,7
3,8
4,0
4,5
3,9
3,3
3,1
2,6
1,8
2,2
2,2
2,3
2002
2003
1,5
1,0
1999
2000
2001
Anos
2004
years
Soja na exportação
da economia
brasileira
Exports of Soy
on Total Exports
Carne deExports
frangoofna
exportação
economia brasileira
Poultry
on Totalda
Exports
Parcela de
mercado
das exportações
Brasil
na exportação agrícola mundial
Brazilian
Agribusiness
Share of agrícolas
Market ondo
Total
Exports
FAO e MIDIC/ SECEX
Participation of Soy and Poultrys Exports on the
Brazilian Agribusiness Exports (1999 a 2004)
80
69,2
60
(%)
71,6
58,3
76,5
73,3
41,5
40
17,1
18,1
17,0
20,5
19,8
20
0
11,5
6,3
1999
6,3
2000
8,0
2001
Anos
years
8,0
2002
8,2
2003
of Soy on
Exportsde
of grãos
Grains
SojaExports
na exportação
brasileira
of Soy on
Agribusiness
Exports
SojaExports
na exportação
agrícola
do Brasil
Exports
of Poultry
on Agribusiness
Exports
Carne
de f rango
na exportação
agrícola
do Brasil
Fonte: FAO e MIDIC/ SECEX
9,2
2004
Soy, Poultry, Beef -Participation on the Total Exports of
Agribusiness Products in Brazil (1999 a 2004)
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1999
2000
soja
soy
2001
carne
de frango
poultry
2002
2003
2004
carne
beebovina
f
Source FAO e MIDIC/ SECEX
The Importance of Grain Crops in Brazilian
Agriculture, selected years
Total
Area
Grains
Others
Area
Hectares
Share of
total
harvested
area (%)
Area
Hectares
Share of
total
harvested
area (%)
years
Hectares
1990
50,514,696
39,722,379
0.79
10,792,317
0.21
1995
50,761,717
39,694,779
0.78
11,081,938
0.22
2000
50,197,382
38,802,850
0.77
11,394,532
0.23
2005
62,639,616
49,822,380
0.80
12,817,236
0.21
Source: IBGE,2006
Grain Production and Harvested
Area, 1990-2005
140,00
Produçtion (106 hec)
120,00
Harvested area (106 hec)
100,00
80,00
60,00
40,00
20,00
0,00
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: Agrianual (2006)
RR
AP
AM
AC
PA
MA
P
I
TO
RO
MT
90´s
CE
RN
PB
PE
AL
SE
Crops by Main
Regions
BA
80´s
GO
54,4
46,6
MG
MS
70´s
SP
60´s
50´s
ES
31,2
RJ
PR
SC
RS
43,6
8,9
2,6
3,2
2,4
Norte
23,5
19,2
19,4 17,7
16,4
4,3
6,5
Nordeste
Sudeste
1990
1996
Sul
2002
Centro Oeste
Partial Productivity by Region and Selected Years (ton/hectares)
Region
1995
1999
2003
Coffee
Beans
Corn
Soybean
Wheat
North
1,25
0,46
1,56
1,81
-
Northeast
0,86
0,31
0,80
2,21
-
Southeast
0,99
0,78
2,85
2,11
1,99
South
0,55
0,89
3,03
2,21
1,55
Central-West
1,11
0,80
3,44
2,21
0,95
Brazil
0,99
0,54
2,49
2,20
1,54
North
1,15
0,61
1,52
2,45
-
Northeast
1,00
0,41
1,02
2,11
-
Southeast
1,50
0,99
3,07
2,52
2,55
South
2,15
0,87
3,16
2,10
1,95
Central-West
1,37
1,27
3,67
2,71
1,59
Brazil
1,48
0,69
2,76
2,38
1,95
North
0,69
0,70
1,67
2,41
-
Northeast
0,55
0,45
0,94
1,88
-
Southeast
1,14
1,20
3,82
2,71
2,07
South
0,96
1,10
3,47
2,28
1,43
Central-West
0,92
1,76
3,77
2,94
1,20
Brazil
1,05
0,81
3,01
2,57
1,43
Brazil: Total Sales of Fertilizers and Grain
Production (1990-2005)- mil ton
25000
150
20000
15000
100
10000
5000
50
0
0
90
92
94
96
GR AIN
Source: MAPA
(www.mapa.gov.br)
98
00
FER T
02
04
Soy in Brazilian States – Farm and Industrial
Capability in 2005
Brazilian States
Farm
Production
%
(1000 ton year)
Industrial
Production
%
(ton/ per day)
Paraná
9.386
17,6
32.115
23,4
Rio Grande do Sul
7.519
14,1
21.200
15,5
15.877
29,7
21.000
15,3
Goiás
6.985
13,1
18.500
13,2
São Paulo
1.569
2,9
15.600
11,4
Mato Grosso do Sul
4.376
8,2
8.295
6,1
Minas Gerais
2.483
4,6
6.600
4,8
Bahia
1.991
3,7
5.344
3,9
Santa Catarina
815
1,5
4.034
2,9
Piauí
545
1,0
2.360
1,7
51.545
1,0
135.048
1,0
1.869
0,0
2.050
0,0
Brasil
53.414 100,0
Source:Abiove e Soybean Yearbook , 2006
137.098
100,0
Mato Grosso
Sub-total
Outros
Forecast of Brazilian Deficit of Storage Capacity
for Grain Exports
SYSTEM OF INNOVATIONS
• Competitiveness in the Production of grain
seeds in Brazil is based on innovation and
partnership among the SNDA/EMBRAPA
and private companies
• The launch Property Laws (Lei de
Proteção aos Cultivares-9456 Law) helped
to develop efficiency in grain seeds crops
maintaining the importance of the R&D
Systems (EMBRAPA and SNDA)
The EMBRAPA and SNPA Research
System
Itens
EMBRAPA
SNPA
6
22
781
1.200
Number of Researchers
Pesquisadores
2.206
2.100
Número
TotalEmployees
de empregados
Total
8.619
8.100
480
1.100
National Research Programs
Programas Nacionais de Pesquisa
Projetos
em Andamento
Number
of Projects
Orçamento
(US$
milhões,
valores de 2005)
Budget
US$
Million,2005
SNPA/ EMBRAPA-Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa Agropécuária
Property Rights in seeds: R&D licencences in
the SNPC
(1996-2005)
companies
Or melhramento
Bretagne-P
IAPAR (13)
Fundação Mato Grosso (14)
Empresas
Naturalle Agromercantil (16)
UFV (18)
FECOTRIGO (20)
COPERSUCAR (29)
COODETEC (46)
MONSOY (81)
Outros 68 ( <11 cultivares)
Embrapa (219)
0
50
100
150
Cultivares
Source Teixeira (2006)
200
250
Seed and Crop Yelds- Participation of
EMBRAPA on Value of Production and
Economic Benefit (2002/2003)
Produto
Embrapa Seeds and
Crops (%)
Value of Production
EMBRAPA- 2002/2003crops
(R$ Million) *
EMBRAPA Benefit
(R$ Million) *
Cotton
53,3
1.753,8
924,5
Water rice
37,8
1.114,1
253,2
Dry Rice
43,2
1.441,0
405,1
Beans
53,6
2.268,2
1.641,1
Corn
8,0
840.0
425,9
Soy
39,0
9.932,7
997,0
Wheat
28,5
583,1
295,4
n.s.a.
17.932,4
4.943,4
total
Fonte: Teixeira, 2006.
EMBRAPA and Innovation
• The importance of EMBRAPA e other
governmental centers is related to their
efficiency on biotechnology innovations
grain and other crops, with exception of
corn
EMBRAPA: Funding Innovation Activities using
Royalties e Partnership Contracts (2001/06)
25000
20532
20000
15000
11993
13499
8991
10000
5617
5000
3117
225 651
270
1200 463
1500
351
1264
309
1211 451
0
2001
2002
2003
Licenciamento de Cultivares (1.000 ton.)
2004
2005
2006
Arrecadação de royalties (R$ 1.000)
Número de Contratos
Licences (1.000 ton)
Source: Teixeira, 2006
Royalties (R$ 1.000)
Number of Contracts
The Sugar and Alcohol SSPI
Sugar and Alcohol Institutional History in Brazil
1937: Instituto de Açúcar e Alcohol (IAA) was
created to coordinate production defining rules and
norms of production and comertialization to the
private agents
1971: Planalsucar: R&D agency belonging to IAA
1970/1971 Centro de Tecnologia da Copersucar (CTCOPER) into COPERSUCAR
 First Oil Crisis-1974/75 Proalcool is created in
1975 – national security perspective
 Second Oil Crisis and Economic Debt Crisis in Brazil
in the end of the 70´s/ beginning of the 80´s
Impossibility to sustain governmental programs
End of Proálcool in 1990
Evolution of Sugar Cane and Ethanol Production
and Facts
Source: UNICA- Quoted from Delgado,V.,BNDES(2007)
Source: Unica
Brazilian Exports of Sugar and Alcohol in US$ FOB
FIGURA 17- Evolução das Exportações de Açúcar e Álcool no Brasil
Sugar 1.000 US$1.000
FOBUS$ FOB
Alcohol 1.000.000 US$ FOB
Source
Fonte:
MDIC/ AliceWeb, 2007
Brazilian Exports of Sugar and Alcohol by
Countries
BRICS
BRICS
Brics
Brazilian Exports of Sugar by Destiny
US,UE and Brazil Ethanol Production(2006)
US
Brazil
Source www.ebio.org (06/2006)- Quoted from Delgado,BNDES(2007)
UE
Biggest Producers of Ethanol
*
(10 countries:89% of global production)
Brazil and US: 70% of Production
Millions of GAL per year
Source:RFA (F.O.Licht)
* All degrees of ethanol
Sugar and Alcohol
Production in Production
(1970/1971-2003/2004)
18.000
30.000
12.000
10.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
70
/7
1
73
/7
4
76
/7
7
79
/8
0
82
/8
3
85
/8
6
88
/8
9
91
/9
2
94
/9
5
97
/9
8
00
/0
1
03
/0
4
Álcool (mil m3)
14.000
Source : Infosucro
10.000
5.000
-
Açúcar (milhões/tons)
16.000
Álcool
Açúcar
Potential Production for Sugar Cane Agriculture
Source:IG-UNICAMP- CGEE
BRAZIL-Sugar Cane Mills and Alcohol Production
Plants
Produtores
de Açúcar
e álcool
( Usinas
e destilarias)
SUGAR
AND
ALCOHOL
PLANTS
400
316
300
250
Usinas
Sugar de açúcar
Alcohol
Produtores
de álcool
200
Total = açúcar + álcool
150
130
100
50
20
03
20
01
19
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
90
186
19
88
19
86
unidades fabris
350
Source: IBGE/PIA
Concentration Rates of Sugar Cane Industrial Plant
Producers Production in Brazil (2002/2006)
E V OLU Ç Ã O D OS Í N D I C E S D E C ON C E N T R A Ç Ã O
50%
45%
44%
42%
43%
27%
29%
15%
16%
43%
43%
43%
29%
29%
41%
40%
35%
30%
30%
29%
27%
25%
20%
18%
16%
15%
14%
15%
14%
10%
2006/ 2005
2005/ 2004
2004/ 2003
Cr (4)
2003/ 2002
Cr (10)
2002/ 2001
2001/ 2000
2000/ 1999
Cr (20)
Source: Fonseca and Menard,
INFOSUCRO IE-UFRJ
Sugar Cane Diversification
Sugar,Alcohol and Eletricity Co-Generation consume in TEP*
Consumo de açúcar, álcool e energia elétrica (cogeração), em TEP
70.000
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
ÁLCOOL
1990
AÇÚCAR
1995
COGERAÇÃO
Source of Data: BEN-EPE quoted by Ely,R.N. - INFOSUCRO
9
*TEP: 10x10 cal (joules)
2000
2005
Ethanol Production Costs (US$/galon)
US White Sugar
UE Beet
US Cane
US Beet
US corn
Brazil Sugar-cane
Source:USDA
Productivity Gains
Center-South Region
Gal ethanol/hectare
tcane/hectare
85,00
1.750,0
tcane/hectare
75,00
1.550,0
70,00
1.350,0
65,00
60,00
1.150,0
55,00
50,00
950,0
45,00
40,00
750,0
75
Source: UNICA
80
90
00
04
gal ethanol/hectare
80,00
Productivity and Agribusiness Yields
160,00
150,00
140,00
130,00
120,00
110,00
100,00
90,00
80,00
70,00
60,00
50,00
Ton cane/hectare
Tonelada de cana por hectare
*kg ART/ton sugar cane
Source: INFOSUCRO
Industrial Yelds*
Rendimento industrial - Kg ART / Ton de cana
04
/0
5
02
/0
3
00
/0
1
98
/9
9
96
/9
7
94
/9
5
92
/9
3
90
/9
1
88
/8
9
86
/8
7
84
/8
5
82
/8
3
80
/8
1
78
/7
9
76
/7
7
74
/7
5
72
/7
3
70
/7
1
40,00
SELLING CARS IN BRAZIL ACCORDIND THE
TYPE OF FUELS
Vendas Autoveículos Nacionais por Tipo de Combustível - Unidade
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
GASOLINA
1991
1993
ÁLCOOL
1995
FLEX
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Innovation in Sugar Cane
Production
Sugarcane crops in Brazil/Innovation
Protection from pests and diseases is a strength of
Brazil’s production: it is based on a continued supply of
resistant sugar-cane varieties and not much on
phytosanitary barriers ( natural traps)
The sugar-cane genetic improvement programs in
Brazil released 51 varieties over the past ten years; the
most used variety occupies just 12.6 percent of the
area.
Brazil has (non-commercial) transgenic varieties since
the 1990’s.
Next Step Innovations
Next 10 – 20 years much more efficient use of
sugar cane biomass will increase significantly the
range of products and their value
– Some technologies in advanced development
stage (worldwide) are key for this
transformation: the hydrolysis of biomass
(bagasse and trash) as well as many different
fermentation technologies; and the biomass
gasification, leading to power or fuel synthesis.
– Sugar cane appears an ideal feedstock for future
“bio-refineries”, for its relatively low cost, large
availability and an interesting mix of 1/3 sucrose
& 2/3 pre-processed ligno-cellulosic material.
R&D Institutional Structure
PRIVATE
• CTC- Centro de Tecnologia Canavieiro (old CT-COP
from Coopersucar created in 1970)  incremental
innovations and development of new varieties of sugar
cane (genetic improvements)
GOVERNMENTAL
• APTA: Agência Paulista de Tecnologia do Agro-negócio
da Secretaria de Agricultura de SÃO PAULO
• Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, IB ans
IEA (SP)
• Planalsucar (Araras-SP) belongs now to the
Universidade Federal de São Carlos
• EMBRAPA
UNIVERSITIES
- UNICAMP- CBMEG
- SÃO CARLOS- Departamento de
Biologia Vegetal Programa de
Melhoramento Genético da Cana e
Departamento de Recursos Naturais e
Proteção Ambiental
- FEALQ- Piracicaba
- Universidade Federal Rural de Alagoas
- Centro de CARPINA em Pernambuco
CTC Second Generation Varieties
CTC 6
CTC 7
Destaca-se pela alta
produtividade, com alta resistência
às principais
doenças sendo recomendada para
colheita do meio para o final da
safra, em ambientes de boa a
média produção. Apresenta fibra
baixa, pouco florescimento
Destaca-se pela precocidade, com
alto teor de sacarose e resistência
às principais doenças, sendo
recomendada para colheita no
início da safra, em ambientes de
alta a média produção. Apresenta
fibra média, pouco florescimento
CTC 8
CTC 9
Destaca-se pela ótima brotação de
soqueira e porte ereto, sendo
recomendada para colheita do
meio para o final da safra, em
ambientes de média produção.
Apresenta fibra alta, pouco
florescimento e pouca
isoporização.
Destaca-se pelo alto teor de
sacarose e precocidade, sendo
recomendada para colheita no
início da safra, em ambientes de
média a baixa produção.
Apresenta fibra média, pouco
florescimento e pouca
isoporização.
Biotecnology and Sucar Cane
Sugar Cane Project
UNICAMPCBMEG
Other Projects
X. citri
X. campestris
Fonte: Fapesp/ Embrapa
Xylella strains
Leifsonia
Leptospira
Eucalyptus
Human pathogens
Bovine
Coffee
start-ups
Genetic and genomics innovations related to the
development of agribusiness products: soya,
citrus,grapes, eucaliptus and sugar-cane
UNICAMP
Objetivo: bio-informátics projects
UNICAMP
Genetics and genomics to develop new sugar
cane varities
São Carlos
Thank you!
Brazilian Exports of Sugar by Destiny
Other
West of Asia
Africa
East of Asia
UE
US
BRICS
Source: MDIC- AliceWeb-INFOSUCRO (2007)
Brazilian Exports of Alcohol by Destiny *
Other
Central America
West of Asia
Africa
Japan
UE
US
BRICS
T
Source: MDIC- AliceWeb-INFOSUCRO (2007)