POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES
André Pina, Kiti Suomalainen & Leonardo Rosado
January 2008
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Contents
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Biomass
Azores
Anaerobic Digestion
Energy Potential
Conclusions
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Introduction: The Green Island Project
• Indicate prospects for reducing fossil fuel use
– Reduction of energy use
– Increase conversion efficiencies
– Increase share of renewable energy
• Energy consumption
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
–
–
–
–
Fossil fuels, transports, CO2
Electricity consumption, efficiency in buildings
Electricity production, fossil and renewable
Grid capacities
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Introduction: Objectives
• Contribute to the Green island project
– explore a renewable energy source
– endogenous natural resources of the Azores
• Evaluate the economic viability of bovine
biomass
Contents
1. Introduction
–
–
–
–
Energetic potential
Definition of a system to generate electricity
Costs to implement the system
Evaluation of economic viability
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Biomass: What is it?
• Biological material derived from living or recently living
organisms, both animal and vegetable.
Contents
•
•
•
•
•
Virgin wood
Energy crops
Agricultural residues
Industrial waste and co-products
Food waste
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Biomass: What to do with it?
FROM BIOMASS
• Thermal
– Combustion
– Gasification
– Pyrolysis
• Chemical
– Anaerobic digestion
TO USEFUL STUFF
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
•
•
•
Biofuels - transports
Biopower – electricity & heat
Bioproducts – chemicals, replace plastics, pellets (heat)
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Biomass: Facts about biogas from cow dung
• Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon
dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen and other
traces.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
•
•
•
•
•
Heating values (MJ/kg)
Methane:
40
Natural gas:
36
Biogas:
27
Fuel oil:
42
•
•
•
•
•
Cow dung slurry is composed of (%)
Nitrogen (N2):
~2.2
Phosphorus (P2O5):
~1.1
Potassium (K2O):
~0.7
Organic humus:
50-75.
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Azores: Socioeconomical Characterization 1|2
• Spatial Distribution
– 9 isles
– 3 groups
• GDP & Productivity
Contents
1. Introduction
– Lower GDP per capita
– Higher Productivity
2005
GDP
Millions €
GDP per
capita
€
Productivity
(GVA/Employment)
Thousands €
Portugal
143 478
13 575
28,8
Continente
136 259
13 515
27,8
Açores
2890
11 930
29,2
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Azores: Socioeconomical Characterization 2|2
• Population
– ¾ in S. Miguel & Terceira
2005
Population
Population
Area
Pop. Density
%
km2
cap/km2
São Miguel
126937
53.6%
747
170
Santa Maria
5524
2.3%
97
57
São Jorge
9523
4.0%
246
39
Terceira
55599
23.5%
402
138
Graciosa
4813
2.0%
61
79
Faial
15343
6.5%
173
89
Pico
14750
6.2%
448
33
1. Introduction
Flores
4023
1.7%
142
28
2. Biomass
Corvo
461
0.2%
17
27
Azores
236973
100
2333
102
Contents
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Azores: Electricity Consumption
1|5
• Island distribution of primary
energy used
– Higher consumption in Faial
– Lower consumption in Corvo
Sources:
IEA, website consulted in
August 2007,
DGGE 2005,
EDA 2005.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
• Sector distribution of primary
energy used
– Higher consumption in
electricity
– 7% in electricity production
from a non-fossil source
– 3% of total from a non-fossil
source
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Primary energy use
per capita
GJ/cap
São Miguel
64,94
Santa Maria
51,92
São Jorge
58,23
Terceira
57,02
Graciosa
52,15
Faial
79,50
Pico
66,23
Flores
59,16
Corvo
31,92
Lisbon: 97.2 GJ/cap
Primary energy
TJ
Domestic
1123
Commerce/
services
336
Public
services
269
Industries
2382
Transports
4826
Electricity
production
6019
Sources: IEA, website consulted in August 2007, DGGE 2005, EDA 2005.
Azores: Electricity Consumption
2|5
• Final use by sector and island
– Higher consumption in Domestic sector followed
by Commerce & Services
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Azores: Electricity Consumption
3|5
• Consumption per Capita
– Higher consumption in Terceira
– Lower consumption in Corvo
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Electricity consumption per
capita
MWh/cap
São Miguel
2,85
Santa Maria
3,02
São Jorge
2,34
Terceira
3,03
Graciosa
2,20
Faial
2,81
Pico
2,31
Flores
2,36
Corvo
2,10
Azores: Electricity Consumption
4|5
• Fuels’ consumption
– Four main fuels: Butane, Gasoline, Diesel & Fuel oil
– Diesel and Fuel Oil for Electricity production
DIESEL
Domestic
Commerce/services
12%
0% 6%
3%
11%
Public services
0%
Industries and agriculture
Public lighting
68%
FUEL OIL
Transports
Electricity Production
0%
Domestic
0%
Contents
1%
1. Introduction
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Public services
Industries and agriculture
Public lighting
3. Azores
5. Energy Potential
0%
0%
2. Biomass
4. Anaerobic Dig.
Commerce/services
15%
84%
Transports
Electricity Production
Azores: Electricity Consumption
5|5
• CO2 emissions
– Electricity Production & Transports account for 75%
São
Miguel
Santa
Maria
São
Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Faial
Pico
Flores
Corvo
tons CO2
Source: Edifícios
Saudáveis Consultores,
2004.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
Domestic
41824
1759
2698
10556
1113
2142
2704
1213
111
Commerce/s
ervices
20691
0
0
897
0
0
1403
0
0
Public
services
6469
0
63
1790
528
9402
33
0
0
Industries and
agriculture
84621
2732
2337
50551
1597
13014
13192
4339
0
Transports
213384
7122
16207
30282
6689
27051
24682
6263
147
Electricity
Production
195732
7281
15968
127976
6829
33209
25296
3042
739
Total
562721
18894
37273
222052
16756
84818
67310
14857
997
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Anaerobic Digestion: Technological Overview
• A process where bacteria
break down organic material
in the absence of air (oxygen).
• Used for treating
–
–
–
–
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
agricultural,
household and
industrial residues and
sewage sludge.
Anaerobic digestion: Entire process overview
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Anaerobic digestion : 4 steps
1.
Hydrolysis : Complex organic
matter decomposed into simple
soluble organic molecules (water
used to split the chemical bonds
between).
2.
Fermentation: Enzymes, bacteria,
yeasts, or molds decompose
carbohydrates in the absence of
oxygen.
3.
Acetogenesis: Acetogenic
bacteria convert fermentation
products into acetate, hydrogen
and carbon dioxide.
4.
Methanogenesis: CH4 and CO2
are formed from acetate and
hydrogen/carbon dioxide by
methanogenic bacteria.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Anaerobic digestion: The products
• The products of this process
are:
• Biogas (principally methane
(CH4) and carbon dioxide
(CO2))
• A solid residue that is similar to
compost
• A liquid liquor that can be
used as a fertilizer.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
 Biogas can be used for heat
and/or electricity production
Anaerobic digestion: Electricity production
• Electricity (and heat) may be produced in
conventional boilers, (dual)fuel engines or
CHP plants (the same way as natural gas is
used).
• Efficiency
– Electric ~40%
– With heat recovery ~80-85%
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Anaerobic digestion: Example from Luxemburg 1|2
Redange co-operative
• A co-operative of 29 local farms, ”Biogas un der Atert”, in
cooperation with the municipality, the wastes syndicate, the
biogas planning office.
• Area radius 6 km
• Annual energy valorisation of
– 230 tonnes manure
• Energetic valorisation of municipality house waste foreseen
• 2 x 3 x 1000 m3 digesters
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Anaerobic digestion: Example from Luxemburg 2|2
Output and feasibility
• 5 800 m3 biogas per day,
60% methane
• 700 kWe cogeneration
module
– 4.5 GWh(e),
– 5.6 GWh(th) per year
• Investment cost 4.5 M€
(60% Ministry of agriculture,
4000€ per farmer, rest
financed by a loan)
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
• Electricity sold at 10
c€/kWh  investment
return rate <5 yrs
Anaerobic digestion: From small-scale to large-scale
Contents
0.5 kg of cow
dung gives
enough gas to
cook a day's
meals for a family
in India.
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Water Reclamation Plant, Brisbane,
treats sewage and industrial wastes.
Sludges are pre-treated by an
hydrolysis process prior to anaerobic
digestion.
> 10 000 tonnes per year sludge
treated.
Anaerobic digestion: CO2 mitigation
Key ways anaerobic digestion reduces CO2 emissions:
Contents
•
•
•
•
•
Replacement of fossil fuels
Reducing methane emission from landfills
Displacing industrially-produced chemical fertilisers
Reducing transportation to landfill
Reducing electrical grid transportation losses (not in our
case though)
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Anaerobic digestion: Our system
O
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
C
O
Energy Potential: Bovine population in the Azores 1|2
• Total number of cows in the Azores is
estimated to be around 226000
• The number of cows in each island is
proportional to the milk produced
Milk produced Cows
Thousand liters
São Miguel
310730.8 140506
Santa Maria
0.0
0
São Jorge
28979.1 13104
Terceira
129214.5 58428
Graciosa
7468.5
3377
Faial
14047.5
6352
Pico
8346.6
3774
Flores
925.7
419
Corvo
88.8
40
Total
499801.5 226000
2005
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Energy Potential: Bovine population in the Azores 2|2
• On average, 1 tonne of manure can be
produced by 30 cows each day
• How much of the total manure is
available?
•
Depends on the farmers and the space the
cows are confined in (50% will be used)
2005
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
São Miguel
Santa Maria
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Faial
Pico
Flores
Corvo
Total
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Cows
Manure produced (100%)
tonne/day
140506
4683.5
0
0.0
13104
436.8
58428
1947.6
3377
112.6
6352
211.7
3774
125.8
419
14.0
40
1.3
226000
7533.3
Energy Potential: Biogas produced
• From 1 tonne of manure, 25 m3 of biogas
can be produced
• Each m3 of biogas contains around 24 MJ
of energy
2005
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
São Miguel
Santa Maria
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Faial
Pico
Flores
Corvo
Total
Biogas
Energy
m3/day
MJ/day
58544.2 1405060.0
0.0
0.0
5460.0 131040.0
24345.0 584280.0
1407.1
33770.0
2646.7
63520.0
1572.5
37740.0
174.6
4190.0
16.7
400.0
94166.7 2260000.0
Energy Potential: Electricity production 1|3
• Biogas can be used to produce electricity
• Efficiencies are in the order of 40%
2005
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
São Miguel
Santa Maria
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Faial
Pico
Flores
Corvo
Total
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Electricity
kWh/day
156117.8
0.0
14560.0
64920.0
3752.2
7057.8
4193.3
465.56
44.4
251111.1
Electricity
kWh/year
56982988.9
0.0
5314400.0
23695800.0
1369561.1
2576088.9
1530566.7
169927.8
16222.2
91655555.6
Energy Potential: Electricity production 2|3
• How do these values compare with total
electricity consumption?
2005
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
São Miguel
Santa Maria
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Faial
Pico
Flores
Corvo
Total
Electricity
GWh/year
57.0
0.0
5.3
23.7
1.4
2.6
1.5
0.2
0.0
68.7
Electricity
Produced
GWh/year
400.1
18.8
25.1
193.0
11.6
50.4
41
10.3
1.1
751.4
Fraction
%
14.24
0.00
21.17
12.28
11.81
5.11
3.73
1.65
1.47
12.20
• Electricity savings would come directly
from fuel/diesel engines
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Energy Potential: Electricity production 3|3
• Fuel/Diesel savings
2005
São Miguel
Santa Maria
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Faial
Pico
Flores
Corvo
Total
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Electricity
GWh/year
57.0
0.0
5.3
23.7
1.4
2.6
1.5
0.2
0.0
68.7
Fuel/Diesel
Electricity
GWh/year
307.1
16.5
22.4
188.5
9.9
47.1
36.4
4.5
1.1
667.7
• Most promising islands:
–
–
–
–
São Miguel
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Fraction
%
18.56
0.00
23.73
12.57
13.83
5.47
4.20
3.78
1.47
14.47
Energy Potential: Capacity to install
• The capacity to install must be slightly
higher than the estimate
– Only 50% of the biomass was accounted as
useful
2005
São Miguel
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Electricity Capacity needed
kWh/h
MW
6504.9
7.5
606.7
0.7
2705.0
3.2
156.3
0.2
Energy Potential: Costs
1|2
• Two types of costs must be taken into
account:
– Installation costs
– Running costs
• Cost of kW installed decreases with the
total capacity
2005
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
São Miguel
São Jorge
Terceira
Graciosa
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Capacity
installed
MW
7.5
0.7
3.2
0.2
Cost of kW
€/kW
4300
5100
4500
5900
Total installation
cost
M€
32.25
3.57
14.40
1.18
Energy Potential: Costs
2|2
• Running costs include
–
–
–
–
–
Contents
1. Introduction
Staff
Insurance
Transport costs
Annual fees for licenses and pollution control
Operating and Maintenance of digester and
generator
• Running costs are typically considered to
be around 0.03 €/kWh
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Energy Potential: Revenues
• Current legislations supports use of biogas
with tariffs as following:
– 0.104 €/kWh for the first 15 years
– 0.060 €/kWh afterwards (assumed value)
• Future revenues, as well as future
expenses, must be discounted
– Discout rate of 7% will be used
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Energy Potential: Economic Feasibility
São Miguel
São Jorge
80
7
70
6
60
5
50
Total Costs
M€ 40
M€
Total
Revenue
30
20
Total Costs
4
3
Total
Revenue
2
1
10
0
0
1
6
11 16 21 26 31
1
6
Terceira
Graciosa
30
25
20
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
Total Costs
M€ 15
Total
Revenue
10
5
0
1
6
11 16 21 26 31
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
11 16 21 26 31
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
M€
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Total Costs
Total
Revenue
1
6 11 16 21 26 31
Energy Potential: Carbon emissions saved
• For each kWh of electricity produced
using biogas, carbon emissions are
mitigated
Biogas
Electricity
Contents
CO2
Total CO2 Fraction
mitigated
2005
tonneCO2/ tonneCO2/
GWh/year
%
year
year
São Miguel
57.0
Thick fuel oil 3.5%
16723
562721 2.97
São Jorge
5.3
Diesel
1341
37273 3.60
Terceira
23.7
Thin fuel oil
7489
222052 3.37
Graciosa
1.4
Diesel
346
16756 2.06
Total
68.7
25899
838802 3.09
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Fuel saved
Energy Potential: Total savings with CO2 mitigation
• In the future, CO2 will have a cost
– Assumed 20€ for each tonne of CO2 emitted
CO2
Manure used (50% of Savings per tonne of
Savings
mitigated
produced)
manure
2005
tonneCO2/
€/year
Tonne/year
€/tonne
year
São Miguel
16723 334460
2341.8
142.8
São Jorge
1341 26820
218.4
122.8
Terceira
7489 149780
973.8
153.8
Graciosa
346
6920
56.3
122.9
Total
25899 517980
3590.3
144.3
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
• Should the farmers receive money for the
manure, given their contribution to CO2
mitigation?
– If so, how much? (100 €/tonne will be assumed)
– Who would pay for it? (Assumed the company)
– Is it included in the tariffs? (Assumed to be)
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Energy Potential: New Economic Feasibility
São Miguel
São Jorge
80
7
70
6
60
5
50
Total Costs
M€ 40
M€
Total
Revenue
30
20
Total Costs
4
3
Total
Revenue
2
1
10
0
0
1
6
11 16 21 26 31
1
6
Terceira
Graciosa
30
2
25
1.5
20
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
11 16 21 26 31
Total Costs
M€ 15
Total Costs
M€
Total
Revenue
10
5
0
1
Total
Revenue
0.5
0
1
6
11 16 21 26 31
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
1
6 11 16 21 26 31
Conclusions
• 3 Islands show economic viability to
implement this system
– S. Miguel, S. Jorge & Terceira
• Substitution of about 15% of fossil fuels
– Reduce CO2 emissions
– Decrease dependence on energy imports
Contents
1. Introduction
• Including cost of dung still maintains
economic viability for the 3 islands
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Conclusions: Discussion
• How much manure is really available?
– Assumed 50%
– Is this the farmer’s preferred choice?
– Also depends on logistics – where are the cows?
• Should the farmer be paid for the cow dung?
– Who owns the installation (e.g. cooperative or
state)?
– Where do the cows graze (who owns the grass)?
– What happens to the manure otherwise?
• If so, how much?
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
– Delivery costs?
– Price of CO2 emission permits avoided?
– Who pays? Is this included in the feed-in tariff?
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
Bibliography
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
INESC Porto, Avaliação da Capacidade de Integração de Energias
Renováveis em redes das Ilhas dos Açores, 2004.
EDA – Electricidade dos Açores, Informação Estatística, 2006.
DGGE – Direcção Geral de Geologia e Energia, Divisão de Estatística,
Consumo de Combustíveis no Mercado Interno, 2005.
British Biogen, Anaerobic Digestion of Farm and Food Processing
Residues – Good Practice Guidelines, 2000.
SREA – Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Os Açores em
números, 2005.
SREA – Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Séries Estatísticas 19942004, 2006.
IEA – International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics, 2006.
BioMetha inc, Collective biomethanation project of Redange – A public
and lasting project, 2004.
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
We’re here to save the day!
Will you let us?
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Azores
4. Anaerobic Dig.
5. Energy Potential
6. Conclusions
Economics of Natural Resources and Environment
THE END